%* o ege Definition *Chi- square test is the test of significance. Ht was first of all used by Karl Pearson in the year 1900. Chi-square test is a useful measure of comparing experimentally obtained result with those expected theoretically and based on the hypothesis. 2 *It is denoted by the Gr. sign- \’ Following is the formula. xr=> (Observed — Expected)’ Expected |* is a mathematical expression, representing the ratio between experimentally obtained result (O) and the theoretically expected result (E) based on certain hypothesis. It uses data in the form of frequencies (i.e., the number of occurrence of an event). * Chi-square test is calculated by dividing the square of the overall deviation in the observed and expected frequencies by the expected frequency. 2 P quency: 2 (O-EF) x7 => E O =the frequencies observed E = the frequencies expected xs = the ‘sun of”* TF there is no difference between actual and observed frequencies, the value of chi-square is zero. “If there is a difference between observed and expected frequencies, then the value of chi- square would be more than zero. But the difference in the observed frequencies may also be due to sampling fluctuations and it should be ignored in drawing inference.“Degree of Freedom “in test, while comparing the calculated value of with the table value, we have to calculated the degree of freedom. The degree of freedom is calculated from the no. of classes. Therefore, the no. of degrees of freedom ina test is equal to the no. of classes minus one.“If there are two classes, three classes, and four classes, the degree of freedom would be 2-1, 3-1, and 4-1, respectively. In a contingency table, the degree of freedom is calculated in a different manner: d.f. = (r-1) (c-1) where- r= number of row in a table, ¢ = number of column in a table. *Thus in a 2x2 contingency table, the degree of freedom is (2-1 ) (2-1) = 1. Similarly, in a 3x3 contingency table, the number of degree of freedom is (3-1) (3-1) = 4. Likewise in 3x4 contingency table the degree of freedom is (3-1) (4-1) = 6, and so on.*Contingency Table * The term contingency table was first used by Karl Pearson. my contingency table is a type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the variables. They are heavily used in survey research, business intelligence, engineering and scientific research. They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two variables and can help find interactions between them.*The value of depends on the no. of classes or in other words on the number of degrees of freedom (d. f.) and the critical level of probability. * 9x2 table when there are only two sample, each divided into classes and a 2x2 contingency table is prepared. It is also known ad four fold or four cell table.2 rows x 2 columns a cures a ROW 1 a ie RT1 Cry iE + RT 2 eo mole cT1 cT2 Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1) = (2-1) (2-1) =1x] =1” Characteristics of chi-square test- The chi-square distribution has some important characteristics 1. This test is based on frequencies, whereas, in theoretical distribution the test is based on mean and standard deviation. 2. The other distribution can be used for testing the significance of the difference between a single expected value and observed proportion. However this test can be used for testing difference between the entire set of the expected and the observed frequencies. 3. A new chi-square distribution is formed for every increase in is the number of degree of freedom. 4. This rest is applied for testing the hypothesis but is not useful for estimation* Assumptions for validity of chi-square test- There are a few assumptions for the validity of chi-square test. 1. All the observation must be independent. No individual item should be included twice or a number of items in the sample. 2. The total number of observation should be large. The chi-square test should not be used if n>50. 3. All the events must be mutually exclusive. For comparison purposes, the data must be in original units, 5. Ifthe theoretical frequencies is less than five, than we pool it with the preceding or the succeeding frequency, so that the resulting sum is greater than five.“Application of Chi-square test- The chi-square test is applicable to varied problems in agriculture, biology and medical science- 1. To test the goodness of fit. 2. To test the independence of attributes. 3. To test the homogencity of independent estimates of the population variance. 4. To test the detection of linkage.“Determination of Chi-square test- * . . . Following steps are required to calculate the value of chi-square. Identify the problem Make a contingency table and note the observed frequency (O) is each classes of one event, row wise i.e. horizontally and then the numbers in cach group of the other event, column wise i.e. vertically. Set up the Null hypothesis (H,,); According to Null hypothesis, no association exists between attributes. This need s setting up of alternative hypothesis (H,). It assumes that an association exists between the attributes. E). Find the difference between observed and Expected frequency in each cell (O-E). Calculate the expected frequencies Calculate the chi-square value applying the formula. The value is ranges from zero to Infinite.