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Complex 4

This is all about Complex Variable and Linear Algebra.

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Bhoomi Gupta
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37 views

Complex 4

This is all about Complex Variable and Linear Algebra.

Uploaded by

Bhoomi Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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752 Higher Engineering Mathematics [f@)-flzg)l [,fed-o Proved, Note If there is no pole inside and on the contour then the value ofthe integral of the funetion is zero. ach eTet Example 14. Find the integral i AEATAT de, where Cis the circle |z Solution, Poles of the integrand are given by putting the denominator equal to 260, zels0 = =I 1 The given cirle|z|= + with cnte at: 1 O and radius 5 does not enclose any singularity of the given function x ach Tee oad (By Cauchy Imegral theorem) Ans. www. EngineeringEBook Complex Integration 753 Example 18. Find the value of de, if Cis the circle |z + 1| = 1 ee +2245, Solution, Poles of integrand are given by putting the denominstor equal to zero, 224204520 ale £41 ayo = -tt2i ‘The given circle |e + 1] = 1 with cenire at z = ~ 1 and radius unity does not enclose any singularity of the +4 function 9245 ft = 008y Cauchy integral Theorem) F42e45 Example 16. Evaluate Gj ds, where cis the circle |= Solution. The point z= ~ I lies outside the circle by Canty’s intel tearm weve G55 Git=0 Ans. ‘ 245 Example 17. Evaluate: §. 577 py where C is the square with the vertices at - T+ 248242, 1+ 2h > (429 (+2) 245 - ie Sottion Hews SO" reo Poles are given by 2 = ~2 (pole of order 3) z= £24 simple poles), Since the obtained poles do not lie inside the contour C with vertices at 1+ i,2+ i, 2+ 2é and 1+ 2i, hence by Cauchy Integral theorem, § 2°45 e+e +) 29.4 EXTENSION OF CAUCHY’S THEOREM TO MULTIPLE CONNECTED REGION IF (2) is analytic in the region R between two simple closed curves ¢, and ¢, then [fore [sexe root. [jee=0 vc vier the path of integration fe / \ along AB, and curves ¢, in elock- sey o 7 wise direction and aloag BA and te ange, master Ne ) =0, Ans. www. EngineeringEBook 754 Higher Engineering Mathematics Jaloee- = -[, foe+[ soa=o wf ,f@d=-f fot rode forte fs [row Sledde Proved. Corollary. J Seyde = [, feordes | fesydes J Sede zs cu eons ann fa fi Proof. Consider the function =~, which is analytic at all points Now fo is analytic in the region between C and Cy; hence by as _/ Cauchy's Integral Theorem for multiple connected region, we have [ios te a [PLP )-I@) G9 fg er re® and de=ire"d®) = Jun) soruo-0 (where r tends to zero). Ls - fe oof ido =i(0];" = 201 Putting the values of the integrals in R.H.S. of (1), we have [22 eoepwan = oa tf £2 28.6 CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR THE DERIVATIVE OF AN ANALYTIC FUNCTION (RGPL’, Bhopal, III Semester. Dec. 2007) If a function f (2) is analytic in a region R, then its derivative at any point z = a of Ris also analytic in R, and is given by S@= £0) I Gay 2xi Engineering BooksPd Complex Integration 755 ‘where c is any closed curve in R surrounding the point z= a Proof. We know Cauchy's Integral formula Differentiating (1) wars ‘a’, we get ran f tomas Liesl: 1) LO £0 sahieae Similarly, 29.7 MORERA THEOREM (Converse of Cauchy's Theorem) If function f (2) is continuous in region D and if the integral f f(2bde, taken around any simple closed contour in D,is zero then f (2) i an analytic function inside D, Proof, f° (ede is independent of path from s ixed pont oa variable point an hence ‘must be function of z only. Thus [yon 6) Jovsinedc sia) U+iV and f(c)=utiv ” 9) PR ate = ant 2 sc y= ¥ hao ean) Differentiating under the sign of integral, we gt aul, av wu ow a a a a WW yg WU - Ox by oy Thus, Vand Vsatisy CR emutions ou 0G av = Ziaur fo) _F(2) is the derivative of an analytic function (2). Proved. 29.8 CAUCHY'S INEQUALITY If (is analytic within a circle Ci, ~ al U +i" is an analytic function, and if (| < M on C, then nay) |a|, and also R> |b / By Cauchy's integral formula [22 areyie) at [Lac «2040 \o ) anitsion~ fo = [LOS [LO a, lepepfoe e=a [px Y@- ton de la-ll f@)Il de ares [f@- fo) s Lal a lao fz Lae} 5 (Since fe) |z, |and R>| | S@)-h@) = = 1 ade pl lf@n-seDI| Uf@|0 Hence, fe) =f) Fl) is constaat Proved. “Alternative, On puting n= 1 in Cauchy's inequality was @ rars4 As Rm, f(0)=0, i, f(@) is constant for al finite values of z Proved. 29.10 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA Every polynomial of depree 21 has alteast one zero (ro) in C Proof. Let f(z) be a polynomial of degree 2 1. Suppose, f(z) has no zero in C, then S@) 20 forall Fue, (2) nent ent ne compe plane is also an entire function, Also as 7-2, f(2) > L IP ale a 7” i TO as 230 is a bounded function, Thus, by Liouville’ theorem > is constant function +. J i aconstant function and hence itis a polynomial of degree zero which is a contradiction. Hence, (2) has atleast one root in C. Proved. 29.11 POISSON INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR A CIRCLE Iff(@) is analytic within and on the cirele C given by |z|= Rand z= re® is any point within C, then 28 e ip 2 ee a kK 1? RE —2rReos0—6)+™ f Sire” Proof. Since z= re is any point within C, by Cauchy's ° / integral formula, we have NN 7 fo) tf LO ay 42% o a The inverse ofthe point z wir. Cis given by ~ and les ouside C. By Cauchy's theorem, we have @ 0 f Le Engineering Book: Higher Engineering Mathematics Subtracting (2) from (1), we get why areas fog fF 1 P-R = bf pent Dike BPG Rw eR Taking w =Re, we have from (3), 1 pt__ P= Ry pRe Richa Bide re 8 (re )= Re Rie __ fi Re RR + Rie ca c e nto Re Dividing the numerator and denominator by e, we get -t c (PR yf Re dd et pa ype: Rel REPO GPa Re Rr Ih Pak eRe ee A] fie edb (eRe +Rre® db {Since o* +e" = 2e08x.] This is called Poisson's integral formula for a circle. I expresses the values of a harmonic function within a circle in terms of its values on the boundary. i ‘fire®)= ulr,8)+iv(r,8) and f(Re) =u R,§)-+iR, 6), then we have pe (WR A+ ARO) RP 2rReos6— +r? Equating real and imaginary parts, we get 1 u(r, 8)+i0(7,8) = Ar. 0) 4107.0) = 5 OD eae 2n1 RP -2Reos0-4)+r an (Rta and wnoy= LP Indo R® —2Reos(h-$) +r’ Example 18, Using Poison’s integra formula fora circle, show that 28 6 costsing) 4 2% eso fo 5—4co0s(0-) 3 Solution Poisson's integral formula forthe circle el = Ris wy 1 px_ a= ypie*) foes Baamcone-o7 Comparing the given integral with the integral on RH.S. of (1), we get REP? =5,R=2, (Re) =e cos(sind) cos(sind) a whence R =2,r =, fire”) =e? cos(sind) www. EngineeringEBook Complex Integration 759 Substituting these values in (1), we get e038, L_px(2?-1) e** cos(sin$) eh conksin®)= 2h, —S—4ea—4) 2 69 cos(sin 14 ond) yy = 2H pom? cosisind) Proved. Jo S—4cos(8-6) 3 29.12 POISSON INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR A HALF PLANE its um tats fin inte per ao he ieee ya pai eee Relies fo ae ® eee semi-circle along with its bounding diameter. Since a= o.+iB is an interior point, a=c.—iB lies By Cauchy integral formula, fi@)=-f Lorde cry arilcz=a Y &, va eh fon Bai So Goayemw) Lg 12) a azati 2ni Se Fane +02 4B ' "I where Cs the semi-circular are of C [AS Ry, the second integral becomes zero, 1p ben poy=A [YO ag 3 sepa ° ‘This is called Poisson integral formula for a half-plane. It expresses the values of a harmonic function in the upper half-plane in ferms of the values on the real axis. 1 fla) = f(ce+ip) = ua.) +0.) and JAX) = W(x 0)-+ir(0), then We have 1 Blots, O)+ (8 Og (xno +6 (a,B)+iv(a,B) www. EngineeringEBook Higher Engineering Mathematics Equating real and imaginary parts, we get But.) Bote, 0) PO a. (nay +B Cao Example 19, Find a function harmonic in the upper half of the z-plane which takes the {following values on the x-axis. ce p=t ‘de and va,B) -LxSl Solution. Let #(x,y) be the function harmonic inthe upper half ofthe z-plane, then 1pe_ x60 aw seats {Obiained from (Anicle 35.12) on page 949, on replacing «by x, y and the variable of integration x by w) “[fi—2t ave 22a 2 = sof] jltx ke fs wee fe +e ye liay Tex lex x" ay Which the required harmonic funtion Ans Example 20. Prove ha [. { xe-l Goy=} 0, -Lex e es Example 24, Evaluate by Cauchy's integral formula (rtp wine curjaeantes cms Poe runnin 2=0,-ni (simple poles) ‘The given curve C is a circle with centre at z= — 3i ie. at (0, -3) and radius 1 Clearly, only the pole z = - ai lies inside the circle. 1 (acta ~ beta www. EngineeringEBook Higher Engineering Mathematics = 2a 2 Which is the required value of the given integral Example 25. Evaluate the complex integral Jjtenzdz where is [2] foe || =2, isa circle with centre at origin and radius = 2 Poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero, knoe PTT Sotaion. [en x ‘The integrand has two poles at <= and = the given circle | <|=2. On applying Cauchy imegral formula S05 go {RE a cou fina], +21 f6ne cose * +h, cose *= 2 ne, +20 [a ni(l)+ 2xi(-1)= 0 ‘Which is the required value of the given integral Ans, Example 26. Evaluate f° 4: where Cis the circle |e Solution. (f(e) = eis an analytic function LN Het en 1nd ca ce ee, By Cauchy's integral formule, $e He, e-E-H Integral Formula. (RGPL:, Bhopal, Ill Semester, ane 2006) Solution, We have, Example 27. Evaluate: J, 2 where Cis the circle | z| = 2 by using Cauchy's 4 where C is the circle with centre at origin and radius 2. Y e-4) Poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero. @-De-4 > za 14 Here there are two simple poles at z= 1 and z= 4, ‘There is only one pole at z = 1 inside the contour. Therefore www. EngineeringEBook Complex Integration 763 — a = -m) Le ew (By Cauchy Integral Theorem) id Which is the required value ofthe given integral ‘Ans. 2 Example 28. [//() = pte where Cis the circle x? + y? = 4, find the values of OSA. SU>D., UDF" =d. Solution. The given circle C is x? + y*=4 or|z|= 2. ‘The point z= 3 lies outside the circle [2 © say= § 8 By Cauchy's integral theorem, we have 3247241 4 . § 2H 20 = =o. am. (i) z,=1~ ilies inside the circle C. jy Cauchy's Integral formula, we have 2 [2H aceon a 47 fle) = 21 G2 +7241) S'@) = 2ni 62 +7) f'Q-) = 2ni [60 -) +7) > S.-i) = 2ni [13 - 61) > f=) = 2n [6 +134] J") = 2116 f"~i = Rt Ans, Example 29, Evaluate es 4y [efit over ihe crotar path || = 2. Fa Solution. Poles of the integrand are given by putting the denominator equal to zero, 24120 > 22-1 > cHti ‘The integrand has two simple poles at <= 7 and z= — i. Both poles are inside the given circle with centre at origin and radius 2 [pnw 1 Bet het ® = {ean 2 isint=2nisint ‘Which is the required value of the given integral Ans. Second Method. Laat Leena i; www. EngineeringEBook Higher Engineering Mathematics = zi), = x(2isin}) = 2xisint ‘Which is the required value of the given integral Ans. Example 30, State the Cou’ imegral formal. Show thr, —£— de =2risint if > Oand Cis the circle |: wr Hi Sones, Dec. 2009) Solution, See Art. 29.5 on page 754 i Hes, wehave [py ‘The poles are determined by puting the denominator equal o 210. tet a : > = ste = 2 ‘The integrand has two simple poles at z = i and at z= — i, Both poles are inside the given circle with \ centre at origin and radius 3. {By partial fraction) Now. eG ee eda “alle eth, Sa lem eet ole er] xample 1. Evaluate J,-2, where Cite cice #4yt = 4 Solution. Poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero. ‘x, 2isint The given circle x +)? encloses two simple poles at owl, =xi-ni = 0 ‘Which is the required value of the given integral Ans. www. Engineering BooksPdf.com Complex Integration 785 Example 32. Evaluate she following integral using Cauchy integral formula 4-32 ii FEDELDH where cis the circte |e = a (AMIETE, Dec. 2009, R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, June 2008) Solution. Poles of the integrand are given by putting the ‘denominator equal to zero. 2(e- 1-2 12 ‘The integrand has three simple poles at z= 1, 2 3 The given circle |<| = 5 with centre at <= 0 and 3 radius = > encloses two poles z= 0, and z= ; poles z (—* ez @=Ne-2 [ASS] 28 DED eg 4 4-3 = 2a. 42k = 2h ey a=) = 2x Which is the required value of the given integral. Ans. wvaluate |, ry & Bxample 88. Evaluate Jeo? 4) where ¢ is the circle | z| = 10. (U.P. IIT Semester, June 2009) sawn fervour ‘The poles are determined by putting the denominator equal to zero, ies G+ @+4=0 > =1,-Landz=#27 ‘The circle | z| = 10 with centre at origin and radius = 10, encloses a pole at z =~ 1 of second order and simple poles = # 2 ‘The given integral = I, + I, +1, api| C49C2-2)-0+2) 2-0 +4 www. EngineeringEBook 766 Higher Engineering Mathematics 2 GED ge 9 _f 2 wayi|__~t-# 22s 22 (i+)? 21420) eed e=2i) (e+? +20. Pw [SHE =n era Qe | Gy e-20),..» =2ni| “44° dng) oD Cais? 2/2 Gi-a) -22 1)*(z? +4) ahthth . 81420 (HL)s20 4 ‘) 25 a3 Wad 14, G-) 443i) Gi-4). (+) Gi-4) 46-4439 = 16) gg ld + Gi-4-3- 4+ 4-34-30] ° Ans, Example 34. Integrate the counter clock-wise sense around the circle y Solution. Poles ofthe given function are found by putting “ ‘denominator equal to zero, c @-p = Bees x pe +24) x citvi-a4_-1+V3 1 l. = Y 2 2 272! ‘The circle e~ 1] = 1 with centre at z= 1 and unit radius encloses a pole of order two at By Cauchy Integral formula Nae ee rea) 202+1) =2nf OD ie geet) azt42 Example 38. Find the value of “a U.Ciscircle|z—1|= 1 (RGPLV., Bhopal, Ill Semester, June 2007) Solution, Potes ofthe integrand are given by puting the denominator equal to zero. ‘Complex Integration 787 ‘The citele with centre z= 1 and radius unity encloses a simple pole at By Cauchy Integral formula ‘Which she equied vaio the ven neal Example 36. Evaluate 4, where Cis circle, 3 @ l= @lz-1 =1, (id) lel = Solution. Poles ofthe integrand are given by putting the denominator ean to ero. F-1=0 => =I Y ; 2 ssequsonorercleCwitenre Gants 3 Both poles 2=1, -1 lie inside C. ola], = ‘Which is the required value of the given integral Ans. (id [2-1|=1 is equation of circle C with centre 1 and radius 1 encloses only pole 2=1. waft a (iii) |2\ = is equation of circle C with centre O and radius ‘There is no pole inside C. Example 37. Use Cauchy integral formula to evaluate. sin xz? +008 22 f, (@-DE=2) where C is the circle | | (AMIETE, Dec. 2010, R.G.P.V., Bhopal, II Semester, June 2003) www. Engineering BooksPdf.com 768 Higher Engineering Mathematics Solution. FRE POE ae (z-D@-2) Poles ofthe integrand are given by putting the denominator equal to ze. (-D(e-2)=0= 2-1, 2 ‘The integrand has two poles at ‘The given circle |z both the poles Land z= 2, = GD ne [iets cose | emf 2 hore x 1 santon) snsesonte) ax(!)ra0{!) =a Which is the required value of the given integral Ans. Example 38. Evaluate the following complex integration using Cauchy's integral formula pel (+3) where C is the circle | z| = 2. Solution. Poles ofthe integrand are given by putting, ‘the denominator equal to zero, ie, @-DE+=0 =1,=3 Simple poles) inside the given circle while the pole z = ~3 lies outside it. ae 32 to41 324241 te eoneea et eonee a eel 4g 2 EemeD, 7 GDesd opera * Le Lee Beh +ct1 Bel +ctl = leone), oon atest | (Using Cauchy's Integral formula) «= m3) ‘Which isthe required value ofthe given integra ne Example 39. Using Cauchy's imegral arma, vate {whee pinta lies within the closed curve C, rae sion (ae = Bel | Complex Integration 769 2m Gnetee tl ay, Bri" (e—a)® ‘Which is the required value ofthe given integral x Ans, Example 40. Derive Cauchy Integral Formula Boe [art where C is the circle |z—n|=3.2 * heen] = ai t2 ena rae" Sait = dpa = Blase! = Nasa Solution, Here, = J. = heen : Where Cis acirele {J 7x] =3.2} with centre (x, 0) and radius 3.2 Poles are determined by putting the denominator equal to ze. Gtm 20 rennon on ‘There is a pole at =~ of order 3. But there is no pole within C. By Canty ie oma fy a5 am Example 41. Térify, Cauchy theorem by integrating e along the boundary of the triangle with the vertices atthe points 1+ i, -I'* ‘and ~ 11 soit, fee = (8) = Herre] = ] w a-06 [ec'e = Macro gov] y - et] @ Jace = @) On adding (1), (2) and (3), we get ye'der peace fede = Mere )alererdale et] = Janse = 0 “ ‘The given function has no pole. So there is no pole in A ABC. ‘The given function e” is analytic inside and on the triangle ABC. By Cauchy Theorem, we have [edz = 0 (5) From (4) and (5) theorem is verified, www. EngineeringEBook

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