Republic of the Philippines the ways in which people study the natural world and propose

Department of Education explanations based on the evidence they gather. The term is also
REGION VIII synonymous to scientific investigation.
Division of Northern Samar
CATARMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Research is defined as the careful study that is done to find and
Catarman, Northern Samar report new knowledge about something. It is a rigorous inquiry requiring
investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation
of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Practical Research 1- Grade 11
LESSON 1: Importance of Research in Daily Life
 As a country that is constantly plagued by natural calamities, we
cannot ignore the benefits and practical applications of research.
LEARNER’S SUPPORT
Without research, we would likely be utterly defenseless to the
Subject Teacher: MR. HERMIE C. VISAYA brutal forces of nature.
Contact No. 0968-294-1542  Medical technology and discovery would be non-existent.
Facebook: Hermie Visaya  It’s the most reliable way we can begin to understand the
Email: [email protected] complexities of various issues in the society
 To gain knowledge is to thrive. Without research, our lives as we
MELC: Shares research experiences and knowledge, and explains the know it would have been very different.
importance of research in daily life
Performance Standard: The learner is able to use appropriate kinds of research
in making decisions LESSON 2: The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

INTRODUCTION A. Characteristics of Research

Research is a salient part of our daily lives. Unknowingly, we apply it in
our daily lives. For example, choosing and buying a better product entails Research is a process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
different strategies such as asking previous customers or friends who have tried information to answer questions. But to qualify as research, the process
must have certain characteristics:
the products before and comparing the products based on appearance and
performance. This action entails interview and observation. This is a kind of 1. Controlled
research. We conclusively arrive at a decision based on the knowledge we This characteristic is especially true for experimental research. In
gathered from the strategies we employed in choosing the product that we real life there are many factors that affect an outcome. The concept of
want to purchase. control implies that, in exploring causality in relation to two variables
(factors), you set up your study in a way that minimizes the effects of other
Meaning of Research factors affecting the relationship.
It may not be your first time to hear or read the word research. What words
do you associate research to? Experimentation perhaps? Or maybe 2. Rigorous
You must be scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed
investigation? Inquiry?
to find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified. Again,
Inquiry can be defined as the process of asking questions in order the degree of rigor varies markedly between the physical and social
to gather, collect, and examine information about something. It refers to sciences and within the social sciences.
 The table below shows examples and non-examples of good research
3. Systematic problems:
This implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation
follow a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a Examples Non-examples
haphazard way. Some procedures must follow others. Do students in Algebra I classes Why do students seem so
who engage in the new curriculum undisciplined?
4. Valid and Verifiable perform significantly differently on This is not specific or
This concept implies that whatever conclusion made on the basis of national tests than students who clear, nor does it reflect an
findings is correct and can be verified by the researcher and others. do not participate in that intervention, if one is planned, or
curriculum? a target group of participants.
5. Empirical This one is good because Better questions might be: Are
This means that any conclusion drawn is based upon hard evidence it is specific and clear. It mentions science students more engaged
gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations. who the participants will be, and in class discussions when a
the one that is being tested: response strategy is used
6. Critical student performance on state tests (experimental)? What are the
Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is is the problem. reasons for apathy among various
crucial to a research inquiry. The process of investigation must be foolproof and groups of high school students
free from drawbacks. The process adopted and the procedures used must be (descriptive)?
able to withstand critical scrutiny.
Do language teachers evaluate Does computer practice improve
student homework differently than state test scores?
B. Basic Processes of Research math teachers, based on five Even though an
criteria? intervention is mentioned and a
The research process is the step-by-step procedure of developing Assuming this is way of measuring performance is
research. The process is similar to undertaking a journey. For a research descriptive research, the problem implied
journey, there are two important decisions to make: is evident, the target participants (i.e., state test scores), the
are noted, and the question is problem and target group are
 What you want to find out about or what research questions (problems) pretty clear. unclear.
you want to find answers to;
 How to go about finding their answers.
C. Ethics of Research
Steps in Research Process: Ethics, according to Jones & Bartlett Learning (n.y.) is “doing
what is morally and legally right in the conducting of research.” (p.20).
 Formulating the Research Problem- a problem that needs to be solved
 Extensive Literature Review- background information about the issue The proceeding research ethics are those concerning young
 Developing the objectives- narrowing down the problem researchers.
 Preparing the Research Design including Sample Design
 Collecting the Data 1. Plagiarism
 Analysis of Data Plagiarism is the act of passing off somebody else’s ideas,
 Generalisation and Interpretation thoughts, pictures, theories, words, or stories as your own. If a researcher
 Preparation of the Report or Presentation of Results-Formal write ups of plagiarizes the work of others, they are bringing into question the integrity,
conclusions reached.
ethics, and trustworthiness of the sum total of his or her research. In
addition, plagiarism is both an illegal act and punishable, considered to be
 on the same level as stealing from the author that which he or she ACTIVITY 2. Write down four research problems in your field that you
originally created. might be interested in exploring.
To prevent plagiarism, cite all borrowed ideas and information that is not
common knowledge.
1.__________________________________________________________
2. Research Misconduct
2.__________________________________________________________
Research misconduct concerns three aspects: fabrication, falsification, or
plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting 3. _________________________________________________________
research results.
2.1. Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. 4. _________________________________________________________
2.2. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or
changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record. B. Provide an instance or situation when you or someone you know
2.3. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, applied research in your or his/her daily life?
or words without giving appropriate credit. ___________________________________________________________
Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of
___________________________________________________________
opinion.
___________________________________________________________

SUMMARY
Research is a rigorous inquiry requiring investigation or experimentation PREPARED BY:
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or
laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised
theories or laws.
The process is characterized as being systematic, rigorous, verifiable, and MR. HERMIE C. VISAYA
critical. Research can be classified into a variety of ways depending on the Subject Teacher
objective, methodology, application, and mode of inquiry.
The conduct of research is governed by generally accepted ethics which
protects the credibility of the research study. Research follows a systematic step-
by-step procedure and the most crucial of them all is formulating the research
problem.

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following case based on your understanding of research

ethics.

John and Paul have been working on a research project studying

teenagers’ attitude toward social media. John learns that while Paul is
interviewing research participants, if any of them does not elicit an answer, he
invents one and passes it off as a truthful data collection. John questions Paul
and he denies the allegation. What should John do?
_________________________________________________________________
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPARISON BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
Practical Research 1- Grade 11 RESEARCH

Qualitative Quantitative
LEARNER’S SUPPORT Definitions subjective approach used systematic process that
Subject Teacher: MR. HERMIE C. VISAYA to describe life tests relationships, and
Contact No. 0968-294-1542 experiences and their examine cause and
meaning effect
Facebook: Hermie Visaya
Goals To gain insight; explore To test relationships,
Email: [email protected]
the depth and complexity examine and describe
in the phenomena
Characteristics Soft Science Hard Science
MELC: Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research, and provides Focus: Complex and Focus: Concise and
examples of research in areas of interest broad narrow
Performance Standard: The learner is able to use appropriate kinds of research Holistic Reductionist
in making decisions Subjective Objective
inductive reasoning deductive reasoning
LESSON 1: Understanding Qualitative and Quantitative Research develops theory tests theory
interviews, observations, tools, equipment,
Two of the most commonly used approaches to research are quantitative content analysis questionnaires
and qualitative methodologies. Novice researchers must understand the unique Communication and Instruments
characteristics of these methodologies in order to properly design and implement observation
future research undertakings. open-ended questions close-ended questions
narrative, pictures, and numbers and statistical
Let us begin with the definitions of the two approaches. objects results
words numbers
Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry focusing on the way Individual interpretation Statistical analysis
people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which Uniqueness Generalization
they live. Its aim is to understand the social reality of individuals, groups and
cultures. It emphasizes natural settings, observations, verbal narratives, and QUALITATIVE RESEARCH explained.
interpretations. Researchers use qualitative approaches to explore the behavior,
perspectives, feelings and experiences of people and what lies at the core of I. DATA. Qualitative research collects non-numerical data such
their lives. Unsurprisingly, qualitative research emerged from sociology. as verbal descriptions, field notes, observations, documents,
photographs, people’s own words and narrative. In order to collect
Quantitative research, on the other hand, emphasizes numbers, these data, qualitative researchers may conduct observations and/or in-
measurements, control, and experimentation. This is the traditional scientific depth interviews.
research. According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2000), quantitative research is II. METHOD. Qualitative research principally follows the
‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using exploratory method. This method is used when little is known about a topic
mathematically based methods (particularly, statistics).’ Quantitative research or phenomenon and one wants to discover or learn more about it. This
methods were originally developed in the natural sciences to study natural method starts with an observation and ends with formulating of theory
phenomena. or hypothesis. It is usually used to understand people’s experiences and
to express their perspectives.
 discovery oriented and is conducted in natural settings. On the other
hand, quantitative research is typically done under more tightly
III. SAMPLES. The selection of a sample in quantitative and qualitative controlled conditions and tends to use the confirmatory scientific
research is also very different. In qualitative research, selection of participants method, focusing on hypothesis testing and theory testing.
is purposive. In purposive sampling, the following are considered when selecting Quantitative researchers hope to find common patterns in thought and
participants: the ease in accessing the potential respondents and judgment that behavior and to generalize broadly.
the person has extensive knowledge about an episode, an event or a situation of
interest to the researcher. ACTIVITY A. Determine whether the following statement is about
In qualitative research, the sample size is initially predetermined but the qualitative or quantitative data:
size may change until a point of data saturation is reached. Data saturation is
said to have reached when there are no new pieces of information being ______1. A student’s score in his Math test is 49 out of 50.
gathered. ______2. The school has a large student population.
IV. DESIGN. The design in qualitative research is evolving or emerging, ______3. The classroom is spacious.
flexible, informal, and general. On the contrary, the design in quantitative ______4. The participant is 19 years old.
research is structured, predetermined, formal, and specific. Thus, the emphasis ______5. A family earns Php 500 daily.
on induction in qualitative research is related to theory creation and discovery ______6. The Principal in School A has remarkable leadership qualities.
through flexible, emergent research designs. ______7. There were 200 students who participated in the study.
V. GOALS. Qualitative research is used to create new hypothesis and ______8. The teachers in School B check students’ attendance daily.
build new theories. It is used to develop understanding, describe multiple ______9. 3 out of 5 people are satisfied with the mayor’s leadership.
realities, and capture the naturally occurring behavior. Qualitative researchers ______10. 90% of the people surveyed believe that there is a no need to
often view human behavior as being fluid, dynamic, and changing over time increase the LRT fare.
and place, and they usually are not interested in generalizing beyond the
particular people who are studied. B. Following are several research questions. For each, identify the
VI. FOCUS. Qualitative research uses a wide-and deep-angle lens in research paradigm (qualitative or quantitative) that you believe would be
order to observe the naturally occurring behavior of the participants. Qualitative more appropriate to use in answering the question. Discuss briefly.
researchers do not intervene in the natural flow of behavior.
They try to understand multiple dimensions and layers of reality, such as 1. How do individuals experience the phenomenon of being one of only a
the types of people in a group, how they think, how they interact, what kinds of few minority students in a predominantly homogeneous high school?
agreements or norms are present, and how these dimensions come together __________________________________________________________
holistically to describe the group. For example, perhaps a qualitative researcher
wants to study how it feels like to in a very successful basketball team of the 2. What is the effect of a new teaching technique on elementary school
school. The researcher would spend a great deal of time studying the many students’ math performance?
aspects of the team to come up with an analysis of how the team behaves and for __________________________________________________________
whom and why it is successful.
3. Does cognitive therapy or behavioral therapy work better for treating
SUMMARY childhood depression?
In this module, we learned the differences between the two ___________________________________________________________
research paradigms: qualitative research and quantitative research.
Qualitative research tends to use the exploratory scientific method to 4. What is the culture of the band at a high school in your local
generate hypotheses and develop understandings about particular community?
people, places, and groups (e.g., in case studies, ethnography, __________________________________________________________
phenomenology, and historical research). Qualitative researchers typically
are not interested in making generalizations. Qualitative research is
5. What is the relationship between the GWA (general weighted average)
and student performance in college?
___________________________________________________________