See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/332443038

Reinforcing the Octagonal Web Openings of Castellated Beam by Steel Rings

Article in Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences · April 2019

DOI: 10.30772/qjes.v12i1.581

CITATIONS READS

3 301

2 authors:

Hayder Al-Thabhawee Abbas Ali Alhasan

University Of Kufa 7 PUBLICATIONS 10 CITATIONS
13 PUBLICATIONS 35 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hayder Al-Thabhawee on 14 June 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

Contents lists available at http://qu.edu.iq

Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Journal homepage: http://qu.edu.iq/journaleng/index.php/JQES

Reinforcing the Octagonal Web Openings of Castellated Beam by

Steel Rings

Hayder W. Al-Thabhaweea* and Abbas A. Mohammeda

a
Department of civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Castellated steel beams are section steel members with hexagonal or octagonal web openings which they
Received 21 January 2019 are made from standard hot rolled steel section I or H. The main advantage of these members is their
Received in revised form 05 March 2019 economic material. An additional important advantage is a possibility to guide service ducts through the
Accepted 06 March 2019 openings. The presence of the web openings influences the members’ failure behavior around the
Keywords: openings, new local failure modes will come into existence, such as the buckling of the web post between
Castellated steel beam the openings, or yielding around the openings. Castellated beams with octagonal openings usually fail due
Spacer plate to web post-buckling because of the increase in depth. The current study focused on improving the
Web post behavior of the castellated beam with octagonal openings using steel ring stiffener and adjusting the best
Finite element dimension and distribution for the stiffeners. All the models of specimens have been fabricated from a
Seel ring stiffener. parent I section (IPE 140). The models have been modeled and analyzed using finite element software
ANSYS (version 15). The analysis results showed that reinforcing octagonal castellated beams by adding
steel ring stiffeners around octagonal web opening was very active way to increase the ultimate load for
long span, where the ultimate load of reinforced octagonal castellated beam increased up to (286%)
compared with parent I-section beam. Economically, the percentage of additional steel material which
used to expansion and reinforce the castellated beams (spacer plate and steel ring stiffeners) was (36%)
when compared with the weight of parent I-section beam. While the allowable load at deflection (L/180)
was (260 %) compared to the allowable load of parent section at the same deflection. The gained benefit
was increasing the ultimate and allowable load of reinforced octagonal castellated beams by (186%) and
(160%) respectively by using additional steel material only (36%) from the weight of parent I- section,
which the additional steel material consisted from the spacer plates and steel rings. Also, the results
indicate that the best dimensions for the ring were when thickness equal to the web thickness of the parent
section and the width equal to the half of the parent section flange width.
© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Castellated beams are steel I or H section members with evenly spaced improvement in the field of steel structures. Most of the castellated
hexagonal or octagonal web openings. Sometimes, it can be added spacer members used nowadays are made by thermally cutting the web of a hot-
plate to obtain octagonal opening with increasing the depth of members as rolled parent section according to a certain pattern as shown in Fig. 2,
shown in Fig. 1. The castellated steel beam is one of the important after that, the obtained halves are welded together to form a member with

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Hayder W Al-Thabhawee)

https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i1.581
1998-4456/© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.
8 HAYDER W. A L-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

a higher web and with hexagonal web openings. The process of producing The present research aims to establish a numerical study to develop
castellated beams from rolled sections has been used in steel construction strength the castellated beams with octagonal openings by reinforcing the
since the late 1930s Boyer [1]. Today the castellated beams are produced openings with steel ring as shown in Fig. 3 and adjusting the best
widely and the production cost has been reduced due to the development dimensions and distribution for the steel rings. The numerical study deals
of equipment of the two main steps, the cutting, and welding, which made with both materials and geometric nonlinearity in analyzing the tested
them as an alternate choice to open-web steel joists in floor systems. beams to perform the finite element using (ANSYS Ver.15) program.

Figure 3: Octagonal Castellated Steel Beam Reinforced by Steel Rings

Figure 1: Castellated Steel Beam with Hexagonal and Octagonal Numerical models using finite element software ANSYS (Ver. 15) are
Opening developed in order to validate the modelling process. The verification
process included simulation the experimental specimens numerically
using ANSYS program and comparing the results with those conducted
from experimental results.

2. Previous Studies and Research Gap

Sung C. Lee, et. al. [4] three numerical models have been analyzed of
plate girder using ADINA (“Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear
Analysis”, 1999) program, and evaluate the same model with three
stiffeners plate. Shear analogy model has been used to explain the
buckling behavior of the shear web. The results showed that the transverse
stiffeners contribute effectively in strengthening the web of a beam in
spite of the stiffeners are not subjected to a compression force. Ehab
Ellobody [5] : the interaction buckling failure modes have been studied
experimentally and nautically for castellated beams with normal and high
strength. The experimental program consists of six full-scale beams with
Figure 2: Thermally Cutting the Web of a Hot-rolled Parent Section different lengths and depths. Then, the numerical results verified against
for Tested Specimen experimental tests. After that a numerical parametric study to investigate
The castellation process increases the overall depth of the parent section, the effect of beam length, the geometry of cross section, and steel
this increasing contribute effectively in modifying the strength of strength. They concluded that the incidence of buckling of web leads to a
castellated beams in comparison with the strength of parent section. The significant decreasing in the failure load of beam, also the results shown
other type of castellated beams is with octagonal openings which could that using high strength steel increasing considerably the failure load.
be produced by adding addition steel plate between the two parts of the Also, it observed that the lateral torsional buckling more likely to happen
tee sections, this steel plates called “Spacer Plates” ” (Zaarour and in normal strength castellated beam, while high strength castellated beam
Redwood, [2]),and this raises the depth up to two times of parent section tends to fail in web distortional buckling. Wakchaure M.R [6]: An
depth, as shown in Fig. (1-B). The existence of openings in the web in this experimental parametric study to investigate the effect of increasing the
type of steel members leads to redistribute the stresses around the depth of castellated beams with hexagonal opening shape, for various
openings which as a results effects on its collapse behavior Soltani et al. failure modes. The tested beams were simply supported with two applied
[3]. Also, the presence of these openings decreases the stiffness of beams point loads. The parent beam depth increased by 40,50 and 60% with
which leads to larger deflection. Castellated beams with octagonal
angle 60o of hexagonal opening in process of castellation. The results
openings had larger web depth than castellated beams with hexagonal
showed that the increase of depth increases the moment carrying capacity,
openings and this lead to an increase in the slenderness of web post which
and the castellated beam behaves satisfactorily with increasing the depth
as result lead to failing the web by buckling.
40, 50 % up to maximum depth 60 % of parent beam which shows
 HAYDER W. AL-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016 9

average results. They also recommended providing a transverse stiffener

to under applied load in order to avoid local failure and reinforcing the
beam’s weak sections.
Jamadar and Kumbhar [7] : A parametric study concerned about
optimizing castellated beam with circular and diamond opening shape
through two factors, the first was the ratio between the castellated beam
overall depth to opening depth, the second was the ratio between the
spacing between openings to opening depth. The numerical models were
modeled through finite element software ABAQUS, the models were
following the Eurocode 3 provisions. The results showed the optimized
dimension for diamond shape opening castellated beams was when the
opening depth of 0.67 times original beam depth, and for circular opening
shape castellated beams when opening depth 0.73 times overall beam
depth. The castellated beams with diamond shape gave a better strength
than the other openings shape. Al- Thabhawee [8], analyzed experimental Figure 4. SELL181 Element (ANSYS)
results of six hexagonal castellated steel beams and parent section (control
beam). He investigated the effect of hexagonal opening geometry and 4. Verification of Finite Element Models
number on the behavior of castellated steel beams that have the same span Three experimental specimens (Control, CBC-02, and CBC-03) tested by
and ratio of expansion. The test results showed that best dimension of Al-Thabhawee and Mohammed at Laboratories of Engineering Faculty of
castellated steel beam was a ratio of length to opening space (L/S =8.0) Kufa University and selected to verify the analysis using ANSYS
and a ratio of opening high to beam depth (h/H=0.56) and the failure load software (ver. 15) as shown in Fig. 5. These beams were loaded by one
of castellated steel beam was increased about (50%) stronger than the concentrated load at mid-span. The dimensions and properties of a
control beam. In 2018, Al-Thabhawee and Al-Kannoon [9] used finite castellated steel beam in experimental and numerical work were clarified
element models by ANSYS14 software to improve the behavior of in Fig. 6.
hexagonal and octagonal castellated beam with spacer plate by reinforced
opening by steel ring. The increment of castellated beam depth by spacer
plate leaded to post buckling in its web and to many other modes of
failure when these beams are subjected on loading.” It was revealed that
using ring steel stiffeners can reduce the stress concentration around the
edge of openings and improve the behavior of these beams by increasing
the failure load and minimizing the deflection.
From the previous studies, it can be concluded that due to ease of
manufacturing castellated beams with hexagonal or circular opening
shape, so most of the researches focused on these types of castellated
beams and they are widely used in different constructions, these lead to
lack in researches that concern about the castellated beams with octagonal
openings (by additional spacer plate) and examining the structural
behavior of this type of castellated beams, in addition, most of the
research indicated the failure of this type happened due to local buckling
in web portion. Also, most of the studies focused on optimizing the
dimension of castellated and as noticed there is no studies has been
carried out to improve castellated beam with octagonal openings to avoid
local failure. It noted that increase in the strength of castellated beams
leads to significant changing in the behavior. Also, the previous studies
deal with a response, failure modes and the interaction between the failure
modes.

3. Finite Element Analysis

Figure 5: Test Setup for Specimens
The calibration process has been prepared by comparing the experimental
results with the result of nonlinear finite element models. Two types of The analysis of castellated beams models performed to be calibrated with
non-linearity have been implemented in the analysis of numerical models results executed from the experimental tested castellated beam. The
in order to determine results as close as to real cases, which they were verification process focused on verify control beam (IPE140) and
geometrical and material non-linearity. The element (SHELL 181) was octagonal castellated beams with and without reinforcement with
chosen to simulate the castellated beams models, as shown in Fig. 4. The properties and dimensions as same as the experimental program. The
element used to the model of steel I-section and stiffeners. It consists of a material properties were obtained by tension tests on flat tensile
four-node element with six freedom degrees per node. This element is specimens according to ASTM [11] as clarified in Fig. 6. The results of
well suited for analyzing application with nonlinear behaviors [10]. models obtained by the finite element analysis which included the load
versus deflection curves have been compared with experimental load
10 HAYDER W. A L-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

versus deflection curves. The numerical models for tested beams and them mesh shown in Fig. 7.
The results showed that the numerical ultimate load capacities were a little
greater than the experimental ultimate load capacities for the tested cases.
The results showed a convergent response between the experimental
results and finite element solution through the range of loading. These
results confirm that it could be used the numerical model to deal with
castellated steel beam specimens for this load and support conditions as
shown in Load-deflection response curves for the numerical and the
experimental work for specimens in Fig. 8. The Von-Mises stress
distribution of the model results at failure load is shown in Fig. 9 at failure
load. It could be noticed that the numerical models’ behavior is similar to
experimental behavior.

Figure 6: Dimension and Properties for Tested Specimen

In addition to the distribution of stresses which represent the stress

concentration along the beam areas, for tested beams were presented in
the following paragraphs. The finite element models for the parent section
and octagonal castellated beam with six openings and meshing are
displayed in Fig. 6.

Control beam’s model

Octagonal castellated beam’s model

Reinforced castellated beam’s model

Figure 7: Models of Parent and Castellated Steel Beams Figure 8: Experimental and Numerical Load -Deflection Curves for
Specimens
 HAYDER W. AL-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016 11

Control beam’s model at failure load = 89 kN

Octagonal castellated beam’s model at failure load = 159 kN

Reinforced castellated beam’s model at failure load = 254 kN

Figure (9): Distribution of Von-Mises Stress for Specimens

located in manner similar to reinforcing, also study the effect of thickness

5. Reinforcing the Octagonal Web Openings and width of rings for castellated with octagonal openings. The
The second portion of the numerical study after modelling the tested specimen’s length was (5.50m) length. Fig. 10 displays the key details
castellated beams and calibrate the process of modelling by comparing the and dimensions of the steel ring which used as reinforcement to
numerical results by experimental results, a study has been established. strengthen the octagonal openings of castellated beam. The steel rings
Based on the experimental program the steel ring stiffener for the were with thickness (t=5 mm) and width (B=36.5 mm). All the models
octagonal castellated beam with expansion depth ratio (1.99) gave the were modelled by using the finite element software ANSYS (Ver. 15).
maximum results, so the study focused on this type of stiffener and this Fig. 11 summarizes the dimensions’ properties of the studied castellated
expansion ratio of the castellated beam.. The verified finite element beams and the parent section. These parameters used to study the effect of
modelling process was used to study the effects of using different span steel ring parameters on the load versus deflection response and allowable
length with different properties for ring stiffener which included using the load also the increment in weight due to these parameters.
steel ring stiffeners in regions where the maximum moment will be
12 HAYDER W. A L-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

Figure 10: Dimensions of Models

Figure 12: Model of Reinforced Castellated Beam

Figure 11: Characteristics of Ring Steel Stiffener
In addition, the ultimate load of the reinforced castellated beam by steel
Fig. 12 illustrates the model of the reinforced octagonal castellated beam
ring stiffeners was improved up to (186 %) more than the ultimate load of
by welding steel ring stiffener around octagonal opening, which is
parent section, while the ultimate load of reinforced castellated beams is
modeled using ANSYS software. The analysis results showed that the
improved to (76 %) compared to the ultimate load of castellated beam
ultimate load of castellated beam with octagonal opening (with adding
without reinforcement, as illustrated in Fig. 13.
spacer plate) is (110 %) more than the ultimate load of the parent beam.
 HAYDER W. AL-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016 13

Due to high strength of reinforced octagonal castellated beam as shown in

results, it could use compositely with concrete since the concrete slab
contributes in increasing the ultimate load of composite section Al-
khekany and Muteb [13]. The finite element results showed that
reinforcing castellated beams by steel ring improved the stress distribution
compared with non-reinforcing castellated beam and parent section, as
displayed in Fig. 15. Also, it can be observed that the use of ring steel
stiffeners contributes effectively in minimizing the deflection and
increasing the ultimate and allowable load, this may do to that the steel
rings reduced the stress concentration around the openings.

Figure 13: Load - Deflection Curves of Castellated Beam With and

Without Ring Stiffeners

Most of the times, flexural members are required by IBC (International

Building Code) [12] to be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflections. In this study, the allowable load of castellated beams
estimates based on the limited deflection that IBC is recommended
(L/180). For model specimen the maximum deflection which its length
was (5.5 m), the deflection was (30 mm), and based on that results the
comparison between cases of study have been prepared. The results based
on this criterion showed that the allowable load of octagonal castellated
beam without steel ring is (100 %) more than the allowable load of the
parent beam and the allowable load of the reinforced octagonal castellated
beam by steel ring stiffeners was reached up to (160 %) more than the
allowable load of parent section, while the allowable load of reinforced
castellated beams by steel ring stiffeners is improved to (60%) compared
to the allowable load of castellated beam without steel ring stiffeners, as
clarified in Fig. 13.
In the other hand (economically), the total weight of reinforced octagonal
castellated beam increase with using spacer plate and steel ring stiffeners.
In the presented work, the percentage of original section and additional
steel material which used to expansion and reinforce the castellated beams
was (136%) compared to the weight of parent beam. The benefit gained
was increasing ultimate and allowable load of reinforced octagonal
castellated beams by (186%) and (160%) respectively with using
additional steel material only (36%) as shown in Fig. 14.

Figure 15: Stress Distribution for Castellated beam and Control

Beam of Reinforcing Study

5.1. Effect of Thickness of Ring Steel Stiffeners on Allowable Load

The first parameter was ring thickness. Different thicknesses have been
studied based on the thickness of the web (as a ratio of web thickness).
The thicknesses were (1.5,1.25, 1.5,1.25,1,0.75 and 0.5) from web
Figure 14: Ratios of Weight, Ultimate Load and Allowable Load of thickness for the same width which was equal (0.5) flange width.
Models
14 HAYDER W. A L-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

Figure 16: Effect of Ring Thickness on the Behavior of Castellated Figure 18: Effect of Ring Width on the Behavior of Castellated Beams
Beams

Figure 19: Allowable Load Capacities of Different Ring

Figure 17: Allowable Load Capacities of Different Ring Thicknesses
5.3. Distribution of Openings Reinforcing
The models were analyzed by nonlinear finite element method using the The third parameter was using steel ring stiffener on the places where the
ANSYS program. Fig. 16 summarized the effect of thickness on the maximum moment concentrated, which in case of simply supported beam
behavior of the castellated beam. It could notice that thickness contributes concentrated in the mid-span. Five cases of reinforcing octagonal
effectively in increasing the stiffness of ring and thus increase allowable castellated beam by steel ring stiffeners have been studied in this study.
load capacity, also it noticed that effect of increasing the thickness The steel ring stiffener added dependent on the distribution of bending
become less effective when the ring thickness exceeds the web thickness. moment along the span. The cases categorized according to the ratio
As shown in Fig. 17. between the reinforced length (Lr) of octagonal castellated beam and the
effective length of beam (L), the five cases ratios were (0.2, 0.4, 0.6,0.8
5.2. Effect of Width of Ring Steel Stiffeners on Allowable Load
and 1) as described in Fig. 20. The results showed that steel ring
The other parameter was the width of the steel ring stiffener; different stiffeners contribute effectively in improving the strength of castellated
sizes of width have been studied based on the flange width. The steel ring beam with octagonal openings, the effect of adding rings mainly
width were (1,0.75,0.5,0.25) times of flange width and for the same enhancing the large web depth of castellated beam with octagonal
thickness which was equal to the web thickness. All the models were openings which as aforementioned produced by adding the spacer plate
analyzed numerically using the nonlinear finite element method. Fig. 18 between the two halves of hexagonal castellated beam, and this process
summarized graphically the load versus deflection response for the increases the depth about two times of the depth of parent I section, which
different width of the stiffener steel ring. It could be noticed that the effect as a result increases the slenderness of web post and made it tend to
of the steel ring width become negligible if it exceeds half of the flange failure by buckling. In case of applying a concentrated load at mid-span
width. Fig. 19 summarized the allowable load capacities for the different the maximum moment will be concentrated under point load, so to
steel ring stiffeners widths, in addition to the control beam and non- decrease the number of used steel rings will be added in areas where high
Reinforced castellated beam. The results confirmed that the width of steel moment concentration. The analysis results showed that rings effectively
ring stiffeners effect become less effective in increasing allowable load in increasing the strength of castellated beams as shown in Fig. 21. The
when it exceeds (0.5) times of flange width. analysis results showed that steel ring stiffeners increase effectively the
allowable load as presented in Fig. 22.
 HAYDER W. AL-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016 15

Figure 20: Reinforcing Cases of Different (Lr/L) Ratios.

Figure 21: Load- Deflection Curve of Distribution Steel Ring Figure 22: Allowable Load for Deferent Cases of Reinforcing by Steel
Stiffeners. Ring Stiffeners.
16 HAYDER W. A L-THABHAWEE AND ABBAS A. MOHAMMED /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 007–016

6. Conclusions Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM

International, (2005).
1. The finite element model used in the present study is able to simulate
[12] I.C. Council, I.C.o.B. Officials, B. Officials, C.A. International, S.B.C.C.
the castellated beams with and without stiffeners with a good agreement
International, International building code 2000, Dearborn Trade
between response. The predicted ultimate load capacities are in good
Publishing, 2000.
agreement with the experimental results.
[13] A.M. Al-Khekany, H.H. Muteb, EFFECT OF COMPOSITE ACTION OF
2- Reinforced octagonal castellated beams by steel rings a very active way
CONCRETE SLAB ON UNSYMMETRICAL STEEL PLATE GIRDER
to increase the ultimate and allowable load for long span castellated
UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION MOMENTS, Al-
beams. The ultimate and allowable load of reinforced octagonal Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 10(3) (2017) 338-351.
castellated beam increased (186%) and (160%) respectively, while the
additional steel material which used to expansion and reinforces the
castellated beams (spacer plate and steel ring stiffeners) increased only
(36%).
3- Furthermore, the results showed that ultimate load of reinforced was
(76 %) larger than ultimate load of non-reinforced castellated beam, while
the allowable of reinforced castellated beam was (60 %) larger than the
allowable of non-reinforced castellated beam.
4- The results showed that using a steel ring stiffeners with a thickness
larger than web thickness become less effective in increasing allowable
load.
5- Numerical results indicated that by using steel ring stiffeners with a
width larger than half of the flange width did not contribute effectively in
increasing the allowable load proportioned to reinforced castellated beam
with ring width equal to half flange width.
6- The distribution of steel ring stiffeners according to the applied load
contribute effectively in decreasing amount of addition steel material and
consume effectively in preventing web post-buckling and such enhancing
the allowable load capacity.

REFERENCES
[1] J. BOYER, CASTELLATED BEAMS-NEW DEVELOPMENTS, AISC ENGINEERING
JOURNAL, 1(3) (1964) 104.
[2] W. Zaarour, R. Redwood, Web buckling in thin webbed castellated beams,
Journal of Structural Engineering, 122(8) (1996) 860-866.
[3] M. Soltani, A. Bouchaïr, M. Mimoune, Nonlinear FE analysis of the
ultimate behavior of steel castellated beams, Journal of Constructional
Steel Research, 70 (2012) 101-114.
[4] S.C. Lee, C.H. Yoo, D.Y. Yoon, Behavior of intermediate transverse
stiffeners attached on web panels, Journal of Structural Engineering,
128(3) (2002) 337-345.
[5] E. Ellobody, Interaction of buckling modes in castellated steel beams,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(5) (2011) 814-825.
[6] M. Wakchaure, A. Sagade, V. Auti, Parametric study of castellated beam
with varying depth of web opening, International journal of scientific and
Research publications, 2(8) (2012) 2250-3153.
[7] A. Jamadar, P. Kumbhar, Parametric study of castellated beam with
circular and diamond shaped openings, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, 2(2) (2015) 715-722.
[8] H.W. Al-Thabhawee, Experimantal Study of Effect of Hexagonal Holes
Dimensions on Ultimate Strength of Castellated Steel Beam, Kufa Journal
of Engineering, 8(1) (2017) 97-107.
[9] H.W. Al-Thabhawee and M. A. AL-Kannoon, ‘Improving Behavior of
Castellated Beam by Adding Spacer Plat and Steel Rings, Journal of
University of Babylon, Engineering Sciences , 26 (4) (2018), pp.331 -
344.
[10] A.F. INC, Fluent 15.0, Help-User’s guide, Fluent Inc, (2012).
[11] A. Standard, A370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for

View publication stats