Mental Health & Well-Being in the Middle & Late Adolescence

Mental Health - emotional, psychological, & social well-being; affects how we think, feel, & act.
- determine how we handle stress, relate to others, make choices. (US N’tl Institutes of Health)
Components of Mental Health
Subjective Well-Being - individual’s thoughts/feelings about one’s overall state of being.
- foundation of mental health: positive warm regard to oneself; healthy self-concept boosts confidence; a
person tends to be sociable, productive, & can maintain healthy relationships.
- negative self-concept: develops feelings of being inadequate, insecure, anxious, can trigger mental
health disorders.
Perceived Self-Efficacy - perception of one’s value, worth, effectiveness, abilities.
Autonomy - one’s capacity to separate one’s identity from other significant persons; capacity of self-direction.
- sense of independency
Competence - capacity to effectively perform a function/act using specific skills/knowledge, & achieving
desired results at a given time; a competent person adapts to changes that can occur.
Intergenerational Independence - relationships between individuals who belong to different generations but
maybe living separately as independent, autonomous persons.
Self-Actualization of One’s Intellectual & Emotional Potential - happens when a person fulfills the human
hierarchy of needs before self-actualization.
● Resilience & Adaptability are required to maintain good mental health & well-being.
Challenges in Mental Health & Well-Being
Mental Health Problem - short term, temporary change in one’s thoughts/feelings/behaviors; upsets the
well-being, interpersonal relationships, & productivity.
Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - diagnosable mental disorders characterized by changes in one’s
thoughts/feelings/behavior/personal relationships/productivity.
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) - affects many children & adults.
- symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Anxiety (Panic Disorder) - recurring intrusive thoughts/concerns; avoidance of situations out of worry.
- physical symptoms: sweating, trembling, dizziness, rapid heartbeat
Autism Spectrum Disorder - neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties w/ social
comms/interactions & restricted & repetitive patterns in behavior, activities, interests.
Bipolar Disorder (Mania/Manic Disorder) - quick swing from extreme happiness/energy & clarity to
sadness/fatigue/confusion; common emotions become intensely & unpredictably magnified.
Bipolar I - mania-manic to depression (severe) Bipolar II - hypomania to depression (mild)
Depression - more than just sadness; lack of interest/pleasure in daily activities, weight loss/gain,
insomnia/excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, etc.
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) - anxiety problem that develops after extremely traumatic events;
intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of anything reminding of the trauma, etc.
Schizophrenia - incoherent/illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior & speech, delusions/hallucinations, echolalia:
parrot-like repetition. Typically begins in early adulthood.
Mental Health & Media Influence
Social Media Anxiety & Facebook Depression
Social Media Anxiety - fear of missing out. (symptoms: stepping out of a convo to check socmed, spend long
hours using socmed, social isolation, failure to cut back socmed use, neglect school/work/activities, etc.)
Facebook Depression - adolescents/teens on socmed begin to exhibit classic symptoms of depression due to the
intensity of the online world; (friend tallies, status updates, etc) make teens w/ negative self-image feel worse
about themselves.
Self & Body Esteem & Media Images
- comparing oneself to others or media images or “ideals” which affects how we feel about ourselves.
- media messages on body shapes & sizes will affect ourselves if we let them.
- influences lifestyle, values, beliefs, self-esteem, body-image.
Misrepresentation of Mental Illnesses in Media
- Mental Illnesses are often portrayed as violent, murderous, unpredictable; mostly exaggerated &
inaccurate; imply that they should be feared/avoided; the media glamorize mental illnesses & violence.
Healthy Self-Concept + Healthy Mind & Body = Good Mental Health & Well-Being
Well-Being: state of wellness where every aspect of a person is in balance; calmness, contentment, peace w/in.
Positive Regard for Oneself: looking at oneself as worth loving/caring for regardless of flaws, etc.
Good Physical Health is Good for Mental Health - (WHO) poor mental health plays a significant role in
immune functioning & development if certain illnesses, premature death.
Emotional Intelligence
Neurological Basis of Emotions - (Daniel Goleman) all emotions are impulses to act, the instant plan for
handling life that evolution has instilled for us.
Fight or Flight Response: instinct that animals & humans alike are capable of doing when faced w/ dangers.
● Only the human brain has the capacity to process an intellectual level of emotions, validate the reality of
dangers, control emotions, & act accordingly given several options to choose from.
Parts of the Brain involved in Creation of Emotions:
Amygdala - center of action; emotional sentinel that can take control of our actions; keeps a memory bank of
previous experiences related w/to emotions.
Neocortex - assess what to do
Frontal Lobes - specifically: Prefrontal cortex; controls the emotion
● Emotional Intelligence - (Daniel Goleman) ability to motivate oneself & persist in the face of
frustrations, to control impulse, & delay gratification, regulate moods, keeps distress from the ability to
think, empathize, & hope.
- also referred to as Emotional Quotient (EQ), believed that it is more important in achieving
success than Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
- EQ: foundation in developing important skills for one’s success at work.
- EI: directly affects physical/mental health, work performance, & relationships.
Five Domains of Emotional Intelligence
Knowing one’s emotions or Self-Awareness - emotion should be recognized & verbalized; knowing how we
feel & knowing the thought behind it.
Managing Emotions - we have control on how long it will last.
Motivating Oneself - hope is a major indicator of emotional intelligence, one element present when fighting
overwhelming anxiety, defeatist attitude, & depression.
Recognizing Emotions in Others - empathy: capacity to recognize the emotions in others; we empathize bcs of
our self-awareness.
Handling Relationships - emotional intelligence is evident in the way we manage our rs w/ others.
Types of Responses
Passive Response - not expressing one’s own needs/feelings, or expressing them weakly that they will not be
addressed; allows people to violate your rights, but there are times that passive is the most appropriate response.
Aggressive Response - expressing in a threatening, sarcastic, & humiliating way that may offend others.
- never in your best interest, almost always lead to increased conflict.
Assertive Response - expressing in an honest, & respectful way that does not infringe others’ rights.
- almost always in your best interest, getting what you want w/o offending others.
Personal Relationships
Elements of Personal Relationships
1) Attachment - bonding occurs & develops attachment between child & mother/parents.
Attachment Styles (Ainsworth, Blekar, Waters, & Wall 1978)
Secure Attachment - primary caregiver is present & available most of the time & all emotional needs are met.
- provide a sense of security; secure & stable relationships.
Avoidant Attachment - primary caregiver is cold, detached, & unresponsive to child’s needs; sense of rejection,
premature detachment & self-reliance; unstable relationships, avoid meaningful rs, & isolate during adulthood.
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment - primary caregiver is not consistent in presence & in meeting child’s
emotional needs; may develop sepanx.
2) Attraction - based on physical appearance/physiology/hormones; liking their genes perceived.
- first stage in a continuum of stages that lead to intimacy & commitment.
People get attracted to another bcs of:
Transference Effect - people we meet for the first time but immediately like or dislike; may be due to past
experiences that affect present interactions; connected w/ past experiences w/ self & behavior.
Propinquity Effect - sense of familiarity w/ people who work/live close to us, etc. which leads to liking them.
Similarity Effect - like people who have similarities w/ us
Reciprocity Effect - like people who like us back; stronger basis for liking another person than similarity.
Physical Attractiveness - stands for positive health & reproductive fitness; first impression counts a lot.
Personality Characteristics & Traits - empathic persons (warmth, sympathy, optimistic, positive views) &
socially competent persons (good communicators, enjoy good convos)
3) Love & Intimacy - strong feeling of affection & concern to another person arising from kinship/close
friendship & can also be accompanied by sexual attraction.
Steinberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy - liking someone; friendly relationship
Commitment - being committed to someone for a long-lasting rs; act of deciding to consistently fulfill & live by
agreements.
Passion - infatuation; love at first sight; intense state of being that drives & consumes a person to pursue.
8 Kind of Love (Steinberg’s)
Non-Love - present in rs w/ acquaintance; no passion, commitment, nor intimacy.
Liking - presence of intimacy only; lacks passion & long-term commitment; ex. basic friendship.
Romantic Love - presence of sexual passion & emotional intimacy; no commitment.
Infatuation - passion only; physical attraction, sexual arousal, short-lived, & superficial.
Fatuous Love - passion, commitment; fantasy love; no real emotional bond.
Empty Love - strong commitment; no intimacy, passion, emotional closeness, & sexual attraction.
Companionate Love - intimacy, commitment; no passion; long-lasting & can be very satisfying.
Consummate Love - all 3 are present; ideal type of love.
4) Commitment - continuing process of showing love, care, & fulfilling promises w/ e/o.
Social Relationships
Social Influence - (Acc. to Rashotte) things that bring about changes in beliefs, attitudes, behaviors of a person
as a result of another person’s action.
Varieties/Types of Social Influence (Herbert Kelman)
Compliance - a person seems to agree & follow what is requested/required to do/believe but does not
necessarily have to really believe/agree on it.
Identification - a person is influenced by someone they like or look up to.
Internalization - a person is able to own a certain belief/act & is willing to make it known publicly/privately.
Other Types of Social Influence
Conformity - a change in behavior, belief, thinking to be like others; most common social influence.
- Informational Conformity - may basis yung pagcomply sa influence;
- Normative Conformity - change in behavior/belief to fit in or not feel excluded.
Conversion - an individual wholeheartedly changes their original behavior/thinking/etc to align w/ their other
group members; a certain belief/attitude/behavior have been influenced & evolved into a new set of beliefs, etc.
Minority Influence - a minor group have influenced a major group in terms of beliefs/attitudes.
Reactance - there is a willing rejection of social influence. (parang internalization but evident yung rejection)
Obedience - follows what someone tells them to do; either bcs of fear or respect of the authority figure.
Persuasion - a person/group influences another to change by appealing to a reason or emotion.
Leadership & Follower-ship Theories
Leadership - ability of a person in position of authority to influence others to behave in a manner that goals are
achieved; power is associated with leadership; leaders may obtain power through various means & sources.
Theories Of Leadership
Trait Theory - leadership is based on certain personality traits that can be seen in leaders; decisiveness,
persistence, high self-confidence, assertiveness.
Behavioral Theory - leadership is a learned behavior & that leaders are defined by certain behaviors.
Participative Theory - leader that is participative is the one who immerse & involve themself in the group.
Situational Theory - a leader has no style of leadership but it is a behavior that bases on factors, situations &
takes into consideration how their followers behave.
Transactional Theory - involves negotiation of resources/position & utilizes rewards & punishments.
Transformational Theory - involves vision in which a leader engages their followers to support his vision by
motivating & making it happen.
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory (from Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL))
- a leader’s effectiveness is measured by the quality of their relationship with their followers.
Heroic Leadership - members of the Society of Jesus live by.
- everyone is a leader, gets a chance to lead, & be leaders in everything they do.
4 Principles: Self-Awareness - knowing & understanding fully our strengths & weaknesses.
Ingenuity - not stuck in their comfort zone; flexibility & openness to new ideas.
Love - healthy self-concept which generates a healthy & positive attitude when dealing w/ others.
Heroism - motivating & inspiring other people to reach for higher, bigger, greater goals & things.
Elements that followers want from a leader:
Authenticity - not afraid to show weaknesses; reveal their human side w/o fear.
Significance - provides reason/meaning for followers to believe in.
Excitement - provides motivation & inspiration to their followers & excites them to pursue their visionary.
Community - builds a community of followers where they can associate & forge relationships.
Family Structures & Legacies
Family - two or more people who share resources, responsibility for decisions, values, goals, & have
commitment to e/o.
Different Kinds of Family Structures
Nuclear Family - father, mother, & dependent children; traditional family.
Extended Family - parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts/uncles, etc.
Step Families - 2 families brought together due to divorce, separation, remarriage.
Single Parent Family - father or mother who is singly responsible for raising a child (can be adopted or not).
Adoptive Family - one or more children has been adopted.
Bi-Racial or Multi-Racial Family - parents are members of different racial identity groups.
Trans-racial Adoptive Family - adopted child is of a different racial identity groups than the parents.
Blended Family - family from two (or more) previous families.
Conditionally Separated Families - a member is separated from the family due to certain conditions.
Foster Family - one or more children is legally a temporary member of the household.
Gay or Lesbian Family - one or both parents is gay/lesbian; may be a two-parent, adoptive, single parent, etc.
Immigrant Family - family where the parents have immigrated to another country as adults.
Migrant Family - family that moves regularly to places where they have employment.
Geogram - graphical map of a family’s history that illustrates & traces patterns in its structure & characteristics.
Persons & Careers
Career - profession that a person may get into, either bcs they found a good match between life, goals, skills,
personality, interests w/ a dream job, or may just be a means to earn a living.
Categories of Career Development Theories
Trait Factor - skills, values, interests, personality characteristics are analyzed & matched w/ job factors.
Psychological - Holland’s Career Model: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
Decision - Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy; a person may exercise control over their
thoughts/beliefs/actions & self-efficacy is the predictor of behavior; belief in one’s capabilities.
Social Learning - choose their careers based on what they know & have learned.
- 4 factors influencing career choice: genetic influences, environmental events, learning exps, skills.
Developmental or the Life-Span/Life Space Theory - humans are always in constant change & go through
life learning & doing new things while changing roles in the process; Donal Super’s Life Rainbow Theory.
Internal Factors Affecting Choice of Career
Self-Concept or Self-Identity Personal Preferences Motivation Self-Confidence
Personal Skills Personality Characteristics Personal Health
Emotional Consideration Self-Sabotaging Thoughts