M.

1 Overview of Inflammatory Response and Immunologic

Functions
(Overview of Inflammation) Med-Surg
De Claro || August 19, 2022
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Editors: Last Name, Last Name, Last Name, Last Name, Last Name, Last Name

Outline ▪ Monocytes- type of phagocyte

 1-3% of WBC; low count indicates no infection.
Legend:  Made in bone marrow and spread in body over
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1-3 days
    ➢ Macrophages- eat other cells and attach
pathogens and foreign materials; will
Heading 1 increase during times of infection
 Heading 2
➢ Dendrites- antigen presenting cells
because they acquire antigens and show
• The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
them to T-cells so they can recognize
o The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
dangerous antigens
▪ The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
• The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
▪ Eosinphil- granulocyte that is a bilobate
Subheading
- Stains red
Overview of Inflammation  1-3% of WBC count increase with allergic
▪ Inflammation reactions and parasites bilobate (two lobes)
- Is a normal response to infection or injury and is nucleus
considered one of the body’s defensive
mechanism. ▪ Basophils- granulocytes
- is designed to be a Beneficial Protective  Rare type of WBC- less than 1% of WBC
Mechanism in some instance’s reaction may  Stains blue
become so intense that it becomes harmful to  Can release histamine and heparin for
tissues. infection
➢ Histamine- aids in immune response
Inflammation vs. Infection and neurotransmitter; makes capillaries
▪ Inflammation is a response to injury, infection is more permeable to WBCs
the invasion of living tissue by pathogens. ➢ Heparin- an anticoagulant produced in
▪ An infection causes inflammation, but tissue that liver and lungs and prevents clotting
is inflamed may not be infected. Therefore,
inflammation may exist without the presence of ▪ Lymphocytes- responsible for immune response
microbial pathogens, i.e. sunburn  B Cells- make antibodies responsible for
attacking bacteria and toxins
Inflammatory Process ➢ mature in the bone marrow
 The cells of the immune system are widely ➢ humoral immunity (antibody production)
distributed throughout the body, but if infection ➢ enlarge and divide when antibodies are
or tissue damage occurs it is necessary to present
concentrate them and their products at the site ➢ some remain dormant until reactivated
of damage. by same type of antigen

Types of Leukocytes Three major events occur during this

▪ Neutrophils- type of phagocyte response:
 Most common WBC (50-70%) and live for 4- 1. Congestion phase: Initially, the capillaries
10 hours if not activated; they die as soon as become engorged and dilated with blood. This
they ingest another cell increases capillary permeability caused by the
 1st to arrive at infection site through reaction of the endothelial cells. This increases
chemotaxis amount of blood, hyperemia, causes the heat and
 Main component of pus and is whitish color redness associated with inflammation
and liquefy in tissue
 After phagocytosis they release superoxide 2. Leakage - Leukocytes migrate out of the
which is hypochlorous acid (chlorine bleach) capillaries into the surrounding Tissues.
to kill microbes

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[SUB] 1.01 TITLE OF LECTURE – Dr. Professor

In the earliest stages of inflammation, Types of lesions:

neutrophils are particularly prevalent, but later A. Abscess- localized spherical
monocytes and lymphocytes also migrate lesion filled with pus and pyogenic
towards the site of infection. Neutrophils line bacteria (usually staphylococci)
up within the capillary wall. Monocytes will ➢ usually found in many areas of
clear up the debris. body including: skin (boils: furuncles and
3. Phagocytosis- specialized cells that defend the carbuncles), teeth, appendix, bowel, breast,
body against invading microorganisms and speed and lung empyema – pus that fills pleural
healing by engulfing cell debris in injured tissues cavity.

Two Major Categories of Inflammation: Acute and b. Cellulitis – spreading, diffuse infection
Chronic most commonly involving streptococcal
 Acute inflammation– a condition of sudden infection of subcutaneous tissues (body
onset; if resolved, lasts a relatively short time is unable to confine infection to localized
Characteristic Signs that Accompany Acute area)
Inflammation (referred to as cardinal signs) ➢ characterized by congestion and
1. Redness edema
2. Swelling
3. Pain c. Ulcers – depressed or excavated
4. Increased warmth or heat lesions on skin or mucosa
5. Loss of movement or function ➢ may appear almost anywhere
 This assonant phrase refers to the heat (calor), in body and may involve many
pain (dolor), redness (rubor), and swelling types of organs
(tumor) that characterize the clinical symptoms ➢ stomach and duodenum may
of inflammation be ulcerated by gastric acids
➢ pressure sores (decubitus ulcers) result from
 Chronic inflammation– refers to a long duration wasting away of tissue in bedridden patients
(weeks, months, years, or even a lifetime)
Example of chronic diseases: asthma, allergy or hay Tissue Repair
fever, diabetes, etc.
 Chronic conditions often worsen (chronic A. Body’s attempt to return to normal; can only occur
progressive diseases) as result of aging when bacteria have been destroyed
process, environment, and cumulative damage B. Fibroblasts allow for cut tissue edges to grow
of inflammation process back together forming scar tissue
➢ Adhesions- connective tissue fibers anchoring
Serous fluids associated with inflammation together
a. Serous Transudates - serum fluid that passes ➢ Keloid- raised and often hard scar (benign
through membrane or tissue (very watery with low tumor)
protein content)  Fibroblasts are the main connective tissue cells
b. Serous Exudates - serum fluid that is cloudy, present in the body.
thick, protein-rich fluid

Purulent

c. Purulent exudate – pus producing fluid

referred to as pyogenic; inflammation with pus is
called Suppurative (Abscesses, boils, stye)

Inflammatory Lesions
 Inflammatory reactions result in production of
lesion
 lesions vary according to level of severity.
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