Chapter 3

Matrices

1
 Outline…
◼ Matrix concept and notation
◼ Transpose Matrix (AT)
◼ Addition and Subtraction
◼ Multiplication by a Scalar
◼ Products of Matrix
◼ Evaluation of Matrix Determinants
◼ Inverse of Matrix (A-1)
◼ Solving simultaneous equation
◼ Cramer’s Rule
◼ ERO

2
 Matrix : Background

◼ Important tool in business and social sciences as well as mechanics

◼ If : -

Regular Deluxe
Bolts 5 3
Clamps 2 4
Screws 7 10

3
 Matrix: Concepts and Definitions


5 3 

R = 2 4  
7 10

Matrix - A rectangular array of numbers enclosed in square brackets

Plural – Matrices

Elements – the entries within the matrix (i.e. 5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 10)

4
  a11 a12 
a a 
 21 22 
, where subscripts r.c ( arow.column )
a31 a32  3 x 2

In this case, the matrix has 3 rows and 2 columns.

Hence, we know it as a matrix 3 x 2.
This, is called dimension/size of matrix.

What if: -
(a) Matrix dimension – 2x2
(b) Matrix dimension – 3x3
(c) Matrix dimension – 4x2
5
Matrix: Concepts and Definitions

Examples:-

1
1 2
A= B = 3 C = 1 0 − 2 4

3 0  5

Matrices often denoted by CAPITAL letters

What are the dimensions of matrix?

(a) A?
(b) B?
(c) C?

6
Matrix: Concepts and Definitions

Two matrices are said to be equal, if and only if, the corresponding
elements are equal.

Must have
- same dimensions and
- each element of each other must be the same for the
corresponding point within the matrix.

i.e.
 1 2  1 4  1 4
A=  B=  C= 
 − 3 0   − 3 0   − 3 0 
Step 1: Determine dimension
Step 2: Check elements

7
Matrix: Transpose

◼ A matrix which is formed by turning all the rows of a given matrix

into columns and vice-versa
◼ Notation → AT
A = A
ji
T
ij

i.e.
A23 = A T
32

A22 = A T
22
8
Matrix: Transpose

a b c
  Refresh on matrix
A = d e f columns and rows.

g i 
 h
a 
 
A =
T
e  Addition: -
Proving square
 i 
matrices


9
Example:
 2 4
(a) A =  
 3 6 
 3
(b) B = 6
8
1 5 5 

( d ) D =  4 8 2
3 9 0

10
 Example:
 3
 2 4  
(a) A =   (b) B = 6
3 6 8
2 
A = B T = 3 
T

 6

1 5 5  1 

( d ) D =  4 8 2 
D = 8 
T 
3 9 0  0

11
 Addition and Subtraction

• Must be of same rows and columns

• i.e. A21+A21
Adding
◼ The sum of 2 matrices A and B of the same dimension is
written A+B and is the matrix obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of A and B

Subtracting
◼ The difference of 2 matrices A and B of the same dimension is
written A-B and is the matrix obtained by subtracting the
corresponding elements of A and B

12
Example
If a.
2 1  2 1 1 5
A =   A + B =   +  
3 4  3 4  4 2
1 5  2 +1 1 + 5   3 6
B =   =   =  
4 2
3 + 4 4 + 2  7 6
b.
1) Find  2 1 1 5
a. A+B A − B =   −  
b. A-B  3 4  4 2
 2 −1 1− 5   1 − 4
=   =  
3 − 4 4 − 2  −1 2 

13
Try yourself :

If If
2 1  − 10 4

9 

A =   M =  15 − 4 − 14 
3 4
 −5 1 
 6 
1 5
B =    2 3 4
 
4 2 N = 4 3 1
1 2 4
1) Find  
a. B+A
2) Find
b. B-A a. MT
c. B+BT b. M-N
c. M+N
d. M+MT
14
 Multiplication by a Scalar

 Basic multiplication of every element with a

number (integer)
 Scalar – linear algebra
If ,
bA22, b is an integer
2 1
aA22 = a 
 3 4
 a 2 a1 
=  
 a3 a 4 
15
Example:

If a.
2 1  2 1  4 2
A =   2A = 2  =  
3 4  3 4  6 8
1 5 c.
B =   1 4
4 2 B = 
T

5 2
1) Find
 1 4   8 32 
a. 2A 8B = 8
T
 =  
b.
c.
4B
BT
 5 2   40 16 
d. 8BT

16
Try yourself :

If If

2 1  − 10 4 9 
A =    
M =  15 − 4 − 14 
3 4
 −5
 1 6 
1 5
B =    2 3 4
 
4 2 N = 4 3 1
1 2 4
1) Find  
a. 2A
2) Find
b. 4B
a. (1/2)M
c. BT b. 2N
d. 8BT
17
Try yourself :

If If

2 1  − 10 4 9 
A =    
M =  15 − 4 − 14 
3 4
 −5
 1 6 
1 5
B =    2 3 4
 
4 2 N = 4 3 1
1 2 4
1) Find  
a. 2A
2) Find
b. 4B
a. (1/2)M
c. BT b. 2N
d. 8BT
18
 Multiplication of Matrices

◼ When it is said that W=RP, it means that matrix R is multiplied

with matrix P. This is called matrix multiplication.

◼ BUT, the matrices that are multiplied needs to be conformable!

◼ Conformable – The matrices R and P would need to be

conformable.

◼ Columns of matrix R = Rows of matrix P

19
20
 Examples :
If
5 3  5 3   5(18) + 3(16) 
   18   
R 32 = 2 4  R 32 D 21 =  2 4   =  2(18) + 4(16) 
 7 10   7 10 16   7(18) + 10(16) 
 3x 2    
18   138 
D 21 =    
=  100 
16  2 x1  286 
 
1) Find
a. RD

21
Try yourself :

If
If
2 1
A22 =    0 − 3
3 4 2 x2 C22 =  
 −1 1 2 x 2
1 5
B22 =  
4 2 2 x2
2) Find
1) Find a. C2
a. AB b. C2-C
b. AA

22
Example:

If
1 2 3
 
A33 =  2 3 4
1 7  3 x 3
 5
8
 
B31 =  10 
 20 
  3 x1
1) Find
a. AB
b. BA??
23
 Examples:
If
 1 2 3
 
A 33 =  2 3 4 
1 5 7
 3x 3
 8 1
 
G 32 = 10 2 
 2 4
 3x 2

1) Find
a. AG
b. GA?

24
 Matrix: Identity

◼ There is an Identity for matrices as well

◼ Scalar form → AI=A (i.e. Quotients)
◼ Returns the matrix
◼ Identity to determine inverse AA-1=I
◼ Matrix identity for 2x2 and 3x3

1 0 0
1 0  
I =   I =  0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
 
25
Example :
If a. IA
2 1  1 0  2 1 
A =   IA =   
 3 4  0 1  3 4 
1(2) + 0(3) 1(1) + 0( 4) 
a. Find
=  
 0(2) + 1(3) 0(1) + 1( 4) 
a. IA
b. AI
c. A-A2+3I 2 1
=  
 3 4

26
Determinants

◼ Fundamental geometric meaning - a scale factor for measure when

A is regarded as a linear transformation

◼ Role in inverses and in solving linear equations

◼ Denoted by det(A) or |A|

27
 Determinants: 2x2 Matrices

a b 
A =  
 c d 
| A |= ad − bc

28
 Determinants: 2x2 Matrices

a b 
A =  
c d 
| A |= ad − bc

29
Example:
Find determinants for

2 1
A =  
 3 4
Solution
2 1
A=
3 4
A = 2(4) − 1(3)
=5
30
Try yourself :
Find determinants for

1 5
B =  
4 2
7 3
C =  
8 0

31
 Determinants: 3x3 Matrices

 a + b - c +
Note:
a11 – cannot use elements
  of row 1 and column 1
A = d e f  b12 – cannot use elements
in row 1 and column 2
g h i  c13 – cannot use elements
  of row 1 and column 3

e f d f d e
| A |= a −b +c
h i g i g h
32
 Determinants: 3x3 Matrices

Note:
a11 – cannot use elements
of row 1 and column 1
b12 – cannot use elements
in row 1 and column 2
c13 – cannot use elements
of row 1 and column 3

 a+ b - c+
 
A = d e f  | A |= a −b +c
g h i 
 
33
Examples :
Find determinants for:-
 − 10 4 9  − 10 4 9
 
M =  15 − 4 − 14  M = 15 − 4 − 14
 −5 1  −5 1
 6  6

− 4 − 14 15 − 14 15 − 4
= −10 − (4) +9
1 6 −5 6 −5 1
= (−10)[(−4)(6) − (−14)(1)]
− (4)[(15)(6) − (−14)(−5)]
+ (9)[(15)(1) − (−4)(−5)]
= −25
34
Examples :
Find determinants for:-
 − 10 4 9 
 
M =  15 − 4 − 14 
 −5 1 
 6 
 2 3 4
 
N = 4 3 1
1 2 4
 
 1 10 0 
 
O =  6 98 9 
 8 2 17 
 
35
 Inverse Matrices using Matrix
Adjoint
◼ In previous lesson, we learnt about I matrix that is like an integer 1 (i.e.
A•I = A or AI = A) (Note: • means multiply)
◼ In arithmetic, AA-1 = 1 (Note: A-1inverse of A)
◼ In matrix AA-1 = 1

◼ When A is a square matrix, A-1 exists

AA-1 = 1
Hence, A-1 is called an inverse of A

36
 Inverse Matrix: 2x2 Matrix

a b 
when, A =  
2 STEPS:-
STEP 1: Find
c d  determinant
STEP 2: Find adj(A)
−1
−1 a b 
A =   | A |= ad − bc
c d 
 d − b
−1 1  d − b  adj ( A) = 
 −


A =    c a 
| A|− c a 
37
 Inverse Matrices: 2x2 Matrices

Find inverse matrix for

2 1
A =  
3 4
1 5
B =  
4 2
 7 3
C =  
8 0
38
 Inverse Matrix: 3x3 Matrix

◼ 4 STEPS:
◼ STEP 1: Find determinant of the matrix

◼ STEP 2: Transpose the Matrix

◼ STEP 3: Obtain the adjugate

◼ STEP 4: Replace into equation to find the inverse matrix

39
 Co-factors and Adjugate
◼ Cofactors describes a particular construction that
is useful for calculating both the determinant and
inverse of square matrices

◼ Adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix is

a matrix which plays a role similar to the inverse of
a matrix

40
Co-factors: Matrix 3x3
If A is a nxn matrix and Mij is the minor for the element aij,
then the cofactor for aij is given by Kij = (-1)i+j Mij

a b c
 
when, A =  d e f
g i 
 h
 e f d f d e
+ − + 
 h i g i g h
 b c a c a b
cofactors =  − + − 
 h i g i g h
 b c a c a b
 + − + 
 e f d f d e
41
 Co-factors: Matrix 3x3

 e f d f d e
+ − + 
 h i g i g h
 b c a c a b
cofactors =  − + − 
 h i g i g h
 b c a c a b
 + − + 
 e f d f d e 
 + (ei − fh) − (di − fg ) + (dh − eg ) 
 
=  − (bi − ch) + (ai − cg ) − (ah − bg ) 
 + (bf − ce) − (af − cd ) + (ae − bd ) 
 
 m1 m2 m3 
 
=  m4 m5 m6 
m m9 
 7 m8

42
Adjugate: Matrix 3x3

 m1 m2 m3 
 
cofactors =  m4 m5 m6 
m m9 
 7 m8
 m1 m4 m7 
 
Transpose =  m2 m5 m8 
m m9 
 3 m6
adj ( A) = Transpose Cofactors
 m1 m4 m7 
 
adj ( A) =  m2 m5 m8 
m m9 
 3 m6

43
Inverse Matrix: 3x3 Matrices - Formula

a b c
 
when, A =  d e f
g i 
 h
−1
a b c
−1
 
A = d e f
g i 
 h
−1
A =
1
(adj( A) )
| A|
44
Examples:

Find inverse of:-

 − 10 4 9 
 
M =  15 − 4 − 14 
 −5 1 
 6 
 2 3 4
 
N = 4 3 1
1 2 4 Hence, find :-
  (a) M -1

 1 10 0  (b) N-1
  (c) O-1
O =  6 98 9 
 8 2 17 
  45