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Patho Introduction

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lizabhattarai256
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Introduction to Pathology

Dr. Ram Thapa


Pathologist
Symbol of medicine, features twin serpents
winding around a winged staff
Pathology - Introduction
• Pathology is the study of disease.

• The word ‘Pathology’ is derived from two


Greek words
pathos = suffering, logos = study

Pathology is the study of the structural,


biochemical, and functional changes in cells,
tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
Pathology – Introduction..
➢ Disease – a disorder of structure and or function in
body that produces specific symptoms/ signs.

➢ Patient is the person affected by disease.

➢ Lesions are the characteristic changes in tissues and


cells produced by disease in an individual
Pathology – Introduction..
Four aspects of a disease process that form the core of
pathology are
1. Etiology (causation)
2. Pathogenesis- Biochemical and molecular
mechanisms
3.Morphologic changes-associated structural and
functional alterations in cells and organs,
4. Clinical manifestations(clinical consequences)
Pathology – Introduction..
Etiology is the initiating cause of a disease(i.e. ‘why’ of
disease).

• Etiology can be grouped into two broad classes:


1.Genetic (e.g., inherited or acquired mutations, and
disease-associated gene variants,)
2. Environmental (e.g., infectious,nutritional, chemical,
physical).
Pathology – Introduction..
➢ Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of molecular,
biochemical,and cellular events that lead to the
development of disease.

➢ Mechanism by which disease are produced (i.e.


‘how’ of disease).

➢ Pathogenesis explains how the underlying etiologies


produce the morphologic and clinical manifestations
of the disease.
Pathology – Introduction..
➢ Morphologic changes refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues that are characteristic of
a disease and hence diagnostic of an etiologic
process.

➢ can be recognized with the naked eye (gross or


macroscopic changes)

➢ studied by microscopic examination of tissues.


Pathology – Introduction..
• Clinical manifestations - symptoms and signs
of disease, as well as its progression (clinical
course and outcome)

• Clinicopathologic correlations are very


important in the study of disease.
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
• General Pathology- dealing with general
principles of disease,
• Systemic Pathology - study of diseases specific to
organs and body systems.

Anatomic pathology includes sub-specialities such


as cardiac pathology, pulmonary pathology,
neuropathology, renal pathology, gynaecologic
pathology, breast pathology, dermatopathology,
gastrointestinal pathology, oral pathology,
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGICAL BRANCHES ARE
HISTOPATHOLOGY - anatomic pathology, tissue
pathology,
• The study includes structural changes observed by
naked eye examination referred to as gross or
macroscopic changes,
• microscopic changes are detected by microscopy,
Gross or macroscopic changes

Microscopic changes
Anatomic pathology- subdivisions
Surgical pathology - It deals with the study of tissues
removed from the living body by biopsy or surgical
resection
Experimental pathology- This is defined as production
of disease in the experimental animal and study of
morphological changes in organs
Forensic pathology and autopsy work - study of organs
and tissues removed at postmortem for medicolegal
work and for determining the underlying sequence
and cause of death.
CYTOPATHOLOGY
• Study of cells shed off from the lesions (Exfoliative
cytology)
and
• Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of superficial
and deep-seated lesions for diagnosis
HAEMATOLOGY
Haematology deals with the diseases of blood. It
includes laboratory haematology and clinical
haematology , transfusion medicine.
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY ..
NON-MORPHOLOGICAL BRANCHES ARE
1.CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Analysis of various fluids
including blood, urine, semen, CSF and other body
fluids

2.IMMUNOLOGY Detection of abnormalities in the


immune system of the body comprises immunology
and immunopathology
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY ..
3.MEDICAL GENETICS- branch of human genetics that
deals with the relationship between heredity and
disease.

4.MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY -The detection and


diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the
cell . Diagnostic techniques in pathology are
immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular
methods such as situ hybridisation, PCR
Pathology – Introduction..
Giovanni B. Morgagni (1682–1771),
an Italian physician-anatomist
who introduced clinicopathologic
methodology in the study of
disease by correlation of clinical
findings with findings at
postmortem examination

FATHER OF CPCs
Pathology – Introduction..
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1905).
German pathologist who proposed
cellular theory of disease and
initiated biopsy pathology for
diagnosis of diseases.

‘Father of pathology’ is Rudolf


Virchow;
Pathology – Introduction..
Karl Landsteiner (1863–1943). An
Austrian pathologist who first
discovered the existence of
major human blood groups in
1900.

Father of blood transfusion’ is


Karl Landsteiner
Pathology – Introduction..
Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915).
German physician, conferred Nobel
prize for his work in immunology,
described Ehrlich’s test for
urobilinogen, staining techniques of
cells and bacteria, and laid the
foundations of haematology and
clinical pathology.

FATHER OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY


Pathology – Introduction..
George N Papanicolaou (1883–
1962). An American pathologist,
who developed Pap test for
diagnosis of cancer of uterine
cervix.

Father of cytology’ is George N.


Papanicolaou
Any queries
?????
BOOKS
• ROBBINS & COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF
DISEASE - 10th/11th E D I T I O N
• Textbook of PATHOLOGY -Harsh Mohan
• Pathology practical book -Harsh Mohan
• Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology

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