e¨emvq cwimsL¨vb

Z_¨ wek¦,
,

, PjK I cÖZxK
Population, Constant, Variable and Symbol
2

f‚wgKv
Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn nj cwimsL¨vb wel‡qi g~j KvR| G Aa¨v‡q Z_¨wek¦ wK, Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖKvi‡f` I bgybv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq `yB mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 2.1 : Z_¨wek¦
cvV- 2.2 :

cvV- 2.3 : PjK
cvV- 2.4 : cÖZxK

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 9
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.1 Z_¨ wek¦

(Concept of population and Sample)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• Z_¨wek¦ wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Z_¨wek¦
(Population)
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cwimsL¨v‡b Z_¨we‡k¦i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv Av‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ DcvË ev Z_¨ nj
cwimsL¨vb weÁv‡bi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯Íz| DcvË Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq| AbymÜvb †ÿ‡Î Z_¨wek¦ nj †Kvb
wbw`©ó jÿYwewkó mKj GK‡Ki mgvnvi| GK‡Ki jÿ‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i Z_¨we‡k¦i bvgKiY Kiv nq| hw`
Avgiv Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ/QvÎxi Mo eqm Rvb‡Z PvB †m‡ÿ‡Î Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †h †Kvb
QvÎ/QvÎxi eqm Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq jÿY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ/QvÎx GK‡Î
Z_¨wek¦ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

Z_¨wek¦ `yB cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ (1) Amxg Z_¨wek¦ Ges (2) mmxg Z_¨wek¦|
(1) Amxg Z_¨wek¦ : hw` Z_¨wek¦ GK‡Ki msL¨v Amxg nq Z‡e Zv‡K Amxg Z_¨wek¦ e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨wek¦
e„n`vKvi nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨K GKK m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb m¤¢e nq bv|
(2) mmxg Z_¨wek¦ : GK‡Ki msL¨v hw` mmxg nq Z‡e Z_¨wek¦‡K mmxg Z_¨wek¦ ejv nq| †Kvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Kg©Pvix‡`i gvwmK Avq-e¨q msµvšÍ Z_¨ Rvb‡Z n‡j H wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mKj Kg©Pvix mmxg Z_¨wek¦ wn‡m‡e
MY¨ n‡e, Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki mKj Kg©Pvixi Avq-e¨q msµvšÍ Z_¨ Rvb‡Z n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î mKj Kg©Pvix
Amxg Z_¨wek¦ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡e|

mvims‡ÿc:
cwimsL¨v‡b Z_¨we‡k¦i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~b© f‚wgKv Av‡Q| Z_¨wek¦ nj †Kvb wbw`©ó jÿY wewkó mKj GK‡Ki
mgvnvi|

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 10
 e¨emvq cwimsL¨vb

cvV-2.2

(Constant)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• Z_¨ msMÖn †Kb Ki‡Z nq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Z‡_¨i cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

     e   €             e    

 €    
 । : !я  #$ %   &'     &' i   %

।  ) *   #$ + %  e    । i e ,  - %! (/ 0 1 2 )।
u5'  
 6  7 
o  %!। a - :   
   ;< ;< 6 7 =
;< ;< % , , > ei 6 7 = a ;<  ,  7 
  %!। : y = 6x+a e
e   ?)। e  x o y + 7 e& ! 6 a& । > u@ ?)
 *   a& ! a e   6 ;< ;< A%)  , । e  /B a %
7 
।

mvims‡ÿc:
 eC    € D% *  e яE a,  -  , 
 ।

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 11
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.3 PjK
(Variable)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• Pj‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Pj‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• ¸YevPK I cwigvbevPK Pj‡Ki cv_©K¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

PjK (Variable)
Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖ‡Z¨K GK‡Ki GK ev GKvwaK jÿY ev ˆewkó¨ _v‡K| Miæ‡K hw` GKwU GKK aiv nq Zvn‡j Gi
D”PZv, IRb, eqm Ges is BZ¨vw` jÿY ev ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| G mKj jÿ‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB cwigv‡Y
A_ev ¸‡Y GKUv Miæ †_‡K Ab¨ ¸iæ‡Z Avjv`v| †hgb- Miæi D”PZv GKwU PjK| PjK mvaviYZ `yB cÖKvi n‡Z
cv‡iÑ
1| ¸YevPK PjK (Qualitative Variable)
2| cwigvYevPK PjK (Quantitative Variable)

¸YevPK PjK (qualitative variable)

†Kvb AbymÜv‡b M‡elYvKvix †Kvb e¯Ízi ev e¨w³i we‡kl †Kvb ˆewkó¨‡K hw` Av‡Q ev †bB Øviv wPwýZ K‡i Ges H
ˆewkó¨ KZwUi g‡a¨ Av‡Q ev †bB wbY©q K‡i, ZLb †m PjK‡K ¸YevPK PjK e‡j| ¸YevPK PjK‡K mvaviYZ
Ô¸Y' (attribute) Gi wfwˇZ cwigvc Kiv nq| Giƒc ¸YMZ Pj‡Ki †Kvb cwigvY †bB| wewfbœ Dcv`vb‡K KwZcq
¸Y ev †kªwY‡Z (Catagory) web¨¯Í Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc Miæi is-Gi web¨vm Abykxj‡b Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi KZwU
Kv‡jv, KZwU mv`v, KZwU jvj BZ¨vw`|

cwigvYevPK PjK (Quantitative variables)

G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb AbymÜvbKvix ev M‡elK †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯Ízi ˆewkó¨‡K cwigvYMZfv‡e cwigvc K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
gvby‡li eqm, gvby‡li Avq, Avev`x Rwgi cwigvY, Drcbœ dm‡ji cwigvY BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv msL¨vq cwigvc Kiv
hvq| cwigvYevPK PjK‡K ïay ÔPjK' I ejv nq|
cwigvYevPK PjK Avevi `yB cÖKviÑ
1| wew”Qbœ PjK (Discrete Variable)
2| Awew”Qbœ PjK (Continuous Variable)

wew”Qbœ PjK (Discrete Variable)

†h Pj‡Ki gvb c„_K c„_K msL¨v‡K gvb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K wew”Qbœ PjK e‡j| Gme mg¯Í Pj‡Ki gvb ‡h
†Kvb msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb, †Kvb ¯‹z‡ji QvÎmsL¨v, cwiev‡ii †jvKmsL¨v, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvixi msL¨v,
BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 12
 e¨emvq cwimsL¨vb

Awew”Qbœ PjK (Continuous Variable)

†h Pj‡Ki gvb †Kvb mxgvbvi (range) ga¨eZx© †h †Kvb msL¨v ev ivwk nq Zv‡K Awew”Qbœ PjK e‡j| G Pj‡Ki
gvb c~Y© GK‡K ev GK‡Ki fMœvsk DfqB n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, gvby‡li D”PZv, IRb BZ¨vw`|

mvims‡ÿc:
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mKj c×wZiB wKQy bv wKQy mxgve×Zv _v‡K| cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z †h mKj c×wZ e¨envi
Kiv nq Zb¥‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ e¨w³MZ mvÿvZKvi, c‡ivÿ †gŠwLK wRÁvmvev`, ¯’vbxq ms¯’v I cÖkc œ ‡Îi gva¨g
Ab¨Zg|

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 13
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.4 cÖZxK
(Variable)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• cÖZxK Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Kx ai‡bi cÖZxK cwimsL¨v‡b e¨eüZ nq ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• cÖZx‡Ki e¨envi m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖZxK (Symbol)
†h †Kvb cwimsL¨vwbK M‡elYv Ki‡Z †M‡j †ek wKQy cÖZxK (Symbol) Gi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z nq| eo †h †Kvb
GKUv wKQy‡K †QvU GKUv wPý w`‡q eySv‡bv nq| aiv hvK, †h †Kvb `kwU msL¨v‡K †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î
mvaviYZ `kwU msL¨v †`qvi ci ej‡Z n‡e †hvMdj wbY©q Kiæb| cwimsL¨v‡b wP‡ýi gva¨‡g `kwU msL¨vi Σ
(mv‡gkb) KZ?
g‡b Kiæb, msL¨v `kwU
X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10

†hvMdj wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j mvaviYZ †jLv nqÑ

X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8 + X9 + X10

cwimsL¨vwbK fvlvq GUvB wb¤œiƒc †jLv hvqÑ

10
∑X i
i=1
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q Aí wKQy wj‡LB eo ai‡bi wKQy eySv‡bv n‡”Q|
†Kvb wKQy GKUv wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv‡K cÖZxKxKiY e‡j Ges H wPý‡K cÖZxK e‡j| †hgb, GLv‡b Σ (mv‡gkb)
GKUv cÖZxK, GUv ej‡Z †hvM Kiv eySvq|

KwZcq cÖZx‡Ki aviYv I e¨envi

cwimsL¨v‡Y †ek wKQy cÖZxK (Symbol) e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq wkÿv_x©iv mvaviYZ †h mg¯Í cÖZxK-Gi
m¤§yLxb n‡e, GLv‡b ïaygvÎ †m¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü mvgvb¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj| mPivPi e¨eüZ cÖZxK¸‡jv n‡jv:
Σ, π, µ, AM, GM, HM, f,σ,ρ BZ¨vw`|
Σ (mv‡gkb): c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q Σ (Summation) ej‡Z †hvM Kiv eySvq| hw` 5wU msL¨v h_vÑ X1=3, X2=5,
X3=4, X4=6 Ges X5=8 †m‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwiÑ

5
∑X i = 3+5+4+6+8=26
i=1

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 14
 e¨emvq cwimsL¨vb

mvaviYZ Z_¨ msL¨v‡K n Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GLv‡b n=5

Π (cÖWv±:)
Π (cÖWv±) ej‡Z ¸Y Kiv eySvq| Dc‡ii msL¨v¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ¸Y Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j wjLe- X1 × X2 × X3 × X4
× X5 cwimsL¨vwbK fvlvq Avgiv wjLe|

5
∏X i =2×5×4×6×8
i=1
cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸Yb m~·K †QvU K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z G wPý e¨envi Kiv nq|

µ (wgD): µ ej‡Z †h †Kvb Z_¨we‡k¦i Mo eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr Mo bv wj‡L †jLv nq µ| hw` ejv nq
Z_¨we‡k¦i Mo= 25, cwimsL¨v‡b Avgiv wjwL µ=25|
Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖK…Z Mo A_©vr µ KZ Rvbv _v‡K bv| bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g GUv‡K wbiƒcY Kiv nq| wbiƒwcZ gvb‡K µ bv
_ _
e‡j x ejv nq| GLv‡b x n‡jv Gi wbiƒwcZ gvb|
Dc‡ii msL¨v¸‡jvi
_ SXi 3+5+4+6+8 26
x = n = 5 = 5 = 5.2
AM (MvwYwZK Mo): Arithmatic Mean (MvwYwZK Mo) †K AM Øviv wewýZ Kiv nq|
GM (R¨vwgwZK Mo): Geometric Mean (R¨vwgwZK Mo) †K GM Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| c‡i GUv m¤^‡Ü we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
HM (Dëb Mo): Harmonic Mean (Dëb Mo) †K HM Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
f: (NUb msL¨v): f ej‡Z †Kvb Z_¨web¨v‡mi NUbmsL¨v eySvq|

σ (wmMgv): σ ej‡Z †Kvb Z_¨we‡k¦i cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard deviation) eySvq| σ GKwU MÖxK eY©gvjv| †Kvb
Z_¨we‡k¦i cwiwgZ e¨eavb= 3.5 n‡j Avgiv wjLe σ= 3.5| mvaviYZ †Kvb Z_¨we‡k¦i cwiwgZ e¨eavb Rvbv _v‡K
bv GUv‡K bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g wbiƒcY Kiv nq Ges GKwU wbiƒwcZ gvb cvIqv hvq| H gvb‡K s Øviv wPwýZ Kiv
nq| A_©vr s n‡”Q σ Gi wbiƒwcZ gvb| c‡ii BDwb‡U s †ei Kivi m~Î eY©bv Kiv n‡e|
ρ (†iv): ρ (†iv) n‡”Q MÖxK fvlvi eY©gvjv| 2wU Pj‡Ki m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvi cwigvY cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ ρ wPý e¨eüZ
nq| ρ wbY©q Kiv m~Î c‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
cwimsL¨vb cvV hZ Kiv hv‡e ZZ bZzb bZzb cÖZxK m¤^‡Ü Rvbv hv‡e| myZivs GLv‡b Avi †ewk wKQy cÖZxK m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv Kivi `iKvi †bB|

mvims‡ÿc:
Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi GK ev GKvwaK jÿY ev ˆewkó¨ _v‡K| jÿY ev ˆewkó¨‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq| †h
ˆewk‡ó¨i gvb GKK †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj Zv‡K PjK e‡j| cwimsL¨vb weÁv‡b †ek wKQy wPý e¨envi Kiv nq
Gme wPý‡K cÖZxK e‡j| †hgb, ∑ GKwU †hvMd‡ji cÖZxK|

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 15
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| Z_¨wek¦ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? D`vniYmn wjLyb|
6| PjK Kv‡K e‡j? PjK KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? ¸YevPK PjK I cwigvYevPK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
7| cÖZxK Kv‡K e‡j? KwZcq cÖZxK Gi aviYv w`b|

BDwbU 2 c„ôv 16