KEBBI STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ALIERO

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

ON

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (CSC 810)

BY

ABDURRAHMAN IBRAHIM PGS/02/23202622

ABUBAKAR HASSAN BUBUCHE PGS/02/22202613
AHMAD MUHAMMAD ALIERO PGS/02/23202627
JAAFAR MUHAMMAD BELLO PGS/02/23202624
JEDIDAH PAUL PGS/02/23202620
KHADIJAH SULAYMAN

QUESTION

Discuss the following terms:

i. Resource scheduling in cloud computing

ii. Meta-heuristic techniques for resource scheduling in cloud computing

iii. Heuristic techniques for resource allocation in cloud computing

15thJune, 2024

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Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE……………..………………………………..………………………………………………………………..1

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………..……………………………………………………………..2

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 3
RESOURCE SCHEDULING.................................................................................................. 3
RESOURCE SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................... 3
HEURISTICTECHNIQUES ................................................................................................... 4
META-HEURISTICTECHNIQUES ........................................................................................ 4
Reference ......................................................................................................................... 6

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INTRODUCTION
Resources refer to any component that can provide service to a user in any manner; it
may be physical resource (e.g. processor, memory, storage, network elements,
workstations etc.) or logical resource (e.g. operating system, energy, throughput,
bandwidth etc.). Management of these resources involves both efficient provisioning
and scheduling. Scheduling refers to the process of appropriate detection, selection and
allocation of resources that are needed to run the tasks and workflows. Resource
scheduling therefore is the process of allocating available resources to the needed cloud
applications over the internet using either Meta-heuristic, traditional, or heuristic
techniques. This assignment intends to explore the concept of resource scheduling and
its techniques particularly heuristic and meta-heuristic techniques in cloud computing.

RESOURCE SCHEDULING
This is the process of appropriate generation of an agenda, a timetable, a plan, or a
roster that decides which tasks will be mapped on to which resources. In other words
according to (Sukhpal Singh and Inderveer Chana, 2016) as cited by (Anishwar Behera et
al, 2022) the mapping and execution of workloads based on specific resources via
resource provisioning is referred to as Resource Scheduling. According to (Neeraj
Mangla et al, 2016) as cited by (Anishwar Behera et al, 2022) Resource scheduling is a
difficult task in the cloud due to physical resource diversion, shifting load, disparate user
needs, and disparate pricing strategies. The main aim behind resource scheduling is the
extreme usage of resources (Rasha A. et al, 2020). Therefore, a well-organized
scheduling is needed for both cloud providers and cloud users. The most challenging
problem in the resource scheduling for cloud computing, is handling and providing an
efficient utilization of resources (Rasha A. et al, 2020).

RESOURCE SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES

There are several types of scheduling techniques for distributed computing systems. The
main three types of scheduling techniques namely are Meta-heuristic techniques,
traditional techniques, and heuristic techniques. The meta-heuristic techniques are
classified into two categories: Swarm Intelligence (SI) and Bio-Inspired (BI) (M.
Karamanoglu et al, 2013). According to (X.-S. Yang et al, 2013) as cited by (Rasha A. et al,
2020) The diagram below shows different types of scheduling techniques but for the
purpose of this assignment we will concentrate on the heuristic and Meta-Heuristic
techniques.

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HEURISTICTECHNIQUES
These are techniques that use sample space of random solutions to find the optimal or
near optimal solution (M. Kalra and S. Singh, 2015). They are problem dependent
techniques that try to find the solutions by applying problem features in a complete way
(Nasim Soltani et al, 2017). Their solution is based on learning and exploration in which
a comprehensive and scientific search for finding an optimal response and speeding to
response process is applied (Nasim Soltani et al, 2017).

Many heuristic techniques exist such as min-min, priority-based min-min, enhanced

max-min, and max-min (N. Sharma, D. S. Tyagi, and S. Atri, 2017). These techniques give
better results as compared to the traditional techniques, but do not guarantee to score
high ranking in the cloud scheduling (R. J. S. Raj and S. M. Prasad, 2016). Heuristic
techniques are subsets of meta-heuristic techniques (Rasha A, et al, 2020).

META-HEURISTICTECHNIQUES
A meta-heuristic is a high-level problem independent algorithmic framework that
provides a set of guidelines or strategies to develop heuristic optimization algorithms
(Rasha A, et al, 2020). The term is also used to refer to a problem-specific
implementation of a heuristic optimization algorithm according to the guidelines
expressed in such framework". All meta-heuristic techniques have two main
components (Rasha A, et al, 2020):

1. Intensification and
2. Diversification.
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 Diversification generates assorted solutions to explore the search space more
thoroughly on the global scale (Rasha A, et al, 2020), while

Intensification concentrates on search in local scale by using the local information in

the search process to generate better solutions (Rasha A, et al, 2020). Thus, the
current local information can be derivative of the target. Because; as mentioned
earlier the heuristic techniques often get stuck in the problem of local optima, meta-
heuristic techniques were demonstrating most effective to avert this situation (M.
Kalra and S. Singh, 2015), (A. Al-maamari and F. A. Omara, 2015), (C.-W. Tsai and J. J.
Rodrigues, 2014). Meta-heuristic techniques are classified into two categories (Rasha
A, et al, 2020):

a. Swarm intelligence (SI) and

b. Bio-inspired.

Bio-inspired: this is an emerging approach which is based on the principles and

inspiration of the biological evolution of nature to develop new and robust competing
techniques in order to tackle the problems of the traditional optimization algorithms. It
has penetrated into almost all areas of sciences, data mining, biomedical engineering,
control systems, and parallel processing. There are many bio-inspired algorithms such as
Genetic Algorithms (GA), Imperative Competitive Algorithm (ICA) and so on (Rasha A, et
al, 2020).

Swarm intelligence (SI): is a comparatively new technique to resolve the unconstrained

optimization problems and is inspired from a social behavior of insect colonies and
other animals such as Population-based Stochastic Optimization algorithm (PSO), Ant
Colony (ACO), artificial bee colony (ABC), glowworm swarm algorithm (GSA),BA, Firefly
algorithm (FA), cuckoo search (CS), and Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) (Rasha A, et al,
2020).

In this regard researchers always try to find better algorithms, especially for scheduling
task in cloud computing.

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Reference
1. A. Al-maamari and F. A. Omara, "Task scheduling using hybrid algorithm in cloud
computing environments," Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), vol. 17,
pp. 96-106, 2015.
2. Anishwar Behera, Binod Kumar Pattanayak, “A Study on Resource Scheduling
Techniques in Cloud Computing Environment” International Journal of Advances
in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 4, Issue 1 Jan 2022, pp: 93-99
www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252
3. C.-W. Tsai and J. J. Rodrigues, "Meta heuristic scheduling for cloud: A survey,"
IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 8, pp. 279-291, 2014.
4. H. Chen, F. Wang, N. Helian, and G. Akanmu, "User priority guided Min-Min
scheduling algorithm for load balancing in cloud computing," in Parallel
Computing Technologies (PARCOMPTECH), 2013 National Conference on, 2013,
pp. 1-8, 2013.
5. M. Kalra and S. Singh, "A review of meta-heuristic scheduling techniques in cloud
computing," Egyptian informatics journal, vol. 16, pp. 275-295, 2015.
6. N. Sharma, D. S. Tyagi, and S. Atri, "HYMM: A New Heuristic in Cloud Computing,"
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 4, pp.
3520-3526, 2017.
7. Nasim Soltani, Behzad Soleimani and Behrang Barekatain, “Heuristic Algorithms
for Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing:”pp 3.Received: 12 March 2017;
Accepted: 08 May 2017; Published: 08 August 2017.
8. R. J. S. Raj and S. M. Prasad, "Survey on variants of heuristic algorithms for
scheduling workflow of tasks," in Circuit, Power and Computing
Technologies(ICCPCT), 2016 International Conference on, 2016,pp. 1-4, 2016.
9. Rasha A. Al-Arasi, Anwar Saif, “Task scheduling in cloud computing based on meta
heuristic techniques: “A review paper EAI Endorsed Transactions on Cloud
Systems” pp. 6-7, published on 30 January 2020.
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