Set 2- A Self-Study Guide (As per latest GATE Syllabus) Simplified & Precised theory as per latesl oN ere te eee yet References of past year questions etch Re Ree ey reel eneuceale aaD alongwith diagrams & illustrations. Runs cim MOud 8 et ate Ms MCN) Papers' of GATE & other eM ri Ar. Swapnil S. VidhateThis is only the Preview of the book. This preview contains only selected pages from the full book. The intent is to give you an idea of the content, quality and illustrations of the full book. The Complete Book (B&W, Paperback Format) of total 572 pages, can be ordered through- amazon Flipkart Ep (Search- Architect's Guidebook for Competitive Exams) Architect’s Guidebook for Competitive Exams (Join for updates related to important study materials & other announcements)ARCHITECT’S GUIDEBOOK FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Set 2- A Self-Study Guide (As per latest GATE Syllabus) Ar. Swapnil S. Vidhate B. Arch. (University of Mumbai) M. Plan (NIT, Bhopal)Published by: ‘Mrs, Rachana $. Vidhate €-801, Sun Sotelite, Neor Suncity, Anondnagar, Sinhgad Road, Pune- 411051 Phone: +91-9096192660 mail: rachanagk017@gmailcom Inforaion contained in this book hos been Obicined by author ftom sources believed fo be relfable ond fre correct fo the best of Ns knowledge. Every effort has baen made f0 avoid error and omissions ond ensure Ccecuracy. Any ertor or omision noted may be brought fo the notice of the author which shal be taken core of in the forthcoming ecition of ths book. However, author does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any Infornation pubished herein, and does no! take no! esponsbilily 0 fabily for any inconvenience, expenses, loses (or damage fo ony one resulting rom the contents ofthe book The author ofthe book has taken all possible care fo ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any exiting copyright or other intelectual property igh's of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event, the ‘author hos been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been infinged, the facts may be brought to the nolice of the author in witing for comective actin Send all corespondence to: Ar. Swapnil S. Vidhate mal: [email protected] First Edifion _: December 2020 Price: Rs. 1200/-PREFACE. The present book entilled ‘Architect's Guidebook for Compeliive Exams, Set-2, A Self-Study Guide’ the outcome of recommendations & suggestions of many students whe have referred the ‘Set-1’, of this book comprising ‘Solved Question Papers’ of GATE & other National level Recruitment exams like ISRO & UPSC. Although there is considerable amount of information available related io all the topics covered in the syllabus of GATE-Architecture & Planning, it is widely scattered in numerous textbooks and guidelines. Despite of mony references. « single book comprising of all these topics is not avaliable. On the other hand, time management’ for doing muttiple revisions of all topics is required while preparing for these exams. Thus. there was a need of suitable ‘Self-Study Guide’ which can cover the entire GATE Syllabus in a topic wise manner keecing in view, the scope of questions for GATE and other exams based on similar pattem, The basic idea behind waiting this book was to aange the relevant information related to the topic in etisp & systematic way, while avoiding just addition of all ihe available information trom various sources. The book has been divided into three parts: Part A (Common topics in Architecture & Planning), Part B1 (Architecture) and Part B2 (Planning), based on latest GATE-2021 syllabus pattern. Further, under these 3 paris, there are 13, Sections on the same pattern under which the sub-lopics have been explained. The book has been witten ino simple and systematic way for easy understanding. The diagrams, illustrations have made the theory matter interesting. itis an altempt to condense, simplify and compile information from multiple & authenticate sources, including my own experience of writing the ‘Set-1' of this book. Thus, the care has been token to mention & highlight ‘the year of exam / repetition of questions’ from the related theory in order to understand the Importance of the topic while referring the book. For hose, who want fo dig deeper info particular topics, the section wise bibliography hos been added at end of the book. It isto highlight that syllabus for ‘GATE-Architecture & Planning’ is comprehensive in the fielc and it has covered cimost the entire theory of all the years of graduation. Also, it has been observed that, the recruitment & PG Entrance Exams at State & National level are being conducted based on the similar syllabus. Thus, this ‘600k will be also helpful to UG & PG students as a reference guidebook for their University Exams as well as for GATE & other Competitive Exams. | am sure that, the book will ease your comfod level while preparing for these ‘exams. We will welcome the suggestions from the readers for improving the book in any manner. ‘Ar. Swapnil S. Vidhate (Author)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. | express my sincere thanks to my beloved wife ‘Rachana' for your constant help, support and ‘encouragement while compiling this book after completion of Set |. t would have been impossible io complete this book without your continuous cheer-up and guidance right from the beginning til the end. Your suggestions for shortlsting the information related to topics of your interest including Remote Sensing & GIS, Urban Govemance/Geography/Economics was a great help. | am dedicating this book to you & our beloved ‘Squmitra’ for your encouragement and love. | would ako lke to thank you for taking all the efforts in process of ‘publishing the book. Thank you so much. “At, Swapnil VidhateIndex Part A | Common Page No. Section 1 | Architecture, Planning and Design 1-56 1.1 | Architectural Graphics 3 1.2 | Visual Composition in 2D and 30 & 1.3 | Computer application in Architecture and Planning 13 1.4 | Anthropometrics Ww 1.5 | Organization of Space 20 1.4 | Circulation: Horizontal and Vertical 22 177 | Spoce standards 27 1.8 | Universal Design 28 1.9 | Building byelaws 29 1.10 | Building Codes and standards 34 Section 2 | Construction and Management 2.1 | Project Management techniques (CPM, PERT) 59 2.2 | Estimation and Specification 64 23 | Professional Practice and Ethics 67 24 | Form and Structure 89 2.5 | Principles and Design of Disaster Resistant Structures: a 2.6 | Temporary structures for Rehabilitation 7 Section 3 | Environmental Planning and Design 99-130 3.1 | Natural and Man-made Ecosystem 101 32 | Ecological Principles: 104 33 | Environmental considerations in Planning and Design 106 3.4 | Environmental pollution. types, causes, controls and abatement strategies 14 35 | Sustainable Development, goals and strategies nz, 34 | Climate Change and Built Environment; Climate responsive design 19 Section 4 | Urban Design, Landscape and Conservation 131-172 4.1 | Historical and modern examples of urban design 133, 42 | Hements of urban bult envionment = urban form, spaces. structure, | yy pattern, fabric, texture, grain etc. 43 | Concepts and theories of urban design 150 4.4 | Principles, tools and techniques of urban design 152 45 | Public spaces, character, spatial qualities and Sense of Place 154 446 | Urban design interventions for sustainable development and transportation | _187 47 | Development controls FAR, densties and building byelaws 158 48 | Urban Renewal and Conservation, Heritage Conservation 158, 49 | Historical public spaces and gardens 162 4.10 | Landscape Design, site Planning 163,Section § | Planning Frocess 173-196 5.1 | Safent concep, theories and principles of uroan planning 175 52 | Concepts of cities 188 53 | Concepis and theories by trendtelting planners and designers 189 ‘4 | Existics, Urban Sociology 189 55 | Social Economic and environmental cost benefit analysis 189 5.4 | Methods of non-spatial and spatial date analsis 198 57 | Development Guideines-URDPFI 196 Section 6 | Housing 197-214 1.1 | Housne Twpologies, Concepts, Pinciples nd examples of Neighborhood, | 9g Atfordable Housing 42 | Residential Ganstios 204 63 | Real stale Valvation| 205 Section 7 | Services and infrastructure 215-258 7.1 | Fiefighting Systems 217 7.2 | Building Safely ond Securily Systems 22 723 | Buiding Management Systems 2A 74 | Water reaimenl, Wate Supply and détibulion systom 225 7 5 | Waster Harvesting Systems, Principles, Planning and Desin ofstomwater| 2. drainage system 7.8 | Sewerage and Sewage disposal methods 232 77 | Methods of Sokd Waste Management. Collection, Tansporation ond | pay Disposal Recycling and Reuse of Solid Waste 7.8 | Land use-tronsportation-Urban form interrelationships 243 7.9 | Design of Roads, Inlersections, Grade Separator and Parking Areas 28 7.10 | Hierarchy of Roads and Level of Service 253 7.11 | Poreransis and oher modes of Wonsportaion, Pedastian ond sow= mn moving tatfic planning Part B1 | Architecture Section B1.1 | History and Contemporary Archilecture 259-314 1.1.1 | Principles of Ar and Architecture 261 Tg | Word History of Arenileclere: Eayetion, Greco-Roman classical perod, | Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque-Rococo. 1.13 | Architectural development since Industrial revolution 270 | Racent Wends In Contemporary Archieclure: Ar nouveau, At Deco, 1.1.4 | Eclecticism, International styles, Post Modernism, Deconstuction in | 274 orchitecture, etc 1.75 | Inlvence of Modern off and Design in Architecture 289 7.1.8 | indian Vernacular and Traditional Architecture, Oriental Architecture 292 1.17 | Works of renowned notional and intemational architects 306Section 81.2 | Building Construction and Structural Systems 315-444 1.2.1 | Buiding construction techniques, methods and details 317 1.2.2 | Building systems and prefobrication of building elements 353 1.23 | Principles of Modular Coordination 357 1.2.4 | Construction planning and equipment 360 725 | Busing material choractersies and opplcations, afemalve Bulging | materials 1.24 | Principles of sirenath of materials 385 1.2.7 | Design of structural system and elements in wood 400 1.28 | Design of structural system and elements in steel as 1.29 | Design of structural system and elements in RCC 422 1.2.10 | Elastic and Limit State design 433 1.2.11 | Principles of Pre-stressing 436 122 | Het Reeling Seon stoetines,eroviy ond ter) bo rating | gyp Building Services and Sustainability 445-508 131 | Solar Architecture 447 1.32 | Thermal, Visual and Acoustic comfort in built envionment 451 1.33 | Natural and Mechonical Ventilation in Buildings 465 1.34 | Ai-conaitioning systems 467 135 | Sustainable Building Sirategies 472 1.36 | Building Performance Simulation and Evaluation 476 1.3.7 | Inteligent Buidings 478 138 | WalersUBBY. Sewerage ond drainage systems, Principles of Infemalond | 55 External drainage system, Sanitary fing and fixtures, Plumibing systems. 139 | Principles of Electnification of Buildings 493 1.3110 | Elevators and Escolators- Standards and Uses 501 Part B2 | Planning Section 82.1 | Regional and Settiement Planning “509-522 2.1.1 | Regional delineation, Settlement Hierorchy, Types & Hierarchy of Plans sn 2.1.2 | Various Schemes and Programs of Central Government 513 2.1.3 | Tronsit Oriented Development (TOD), SEZ, SRZ, etc, 513 2.1.4 | Pubic Perception and User behavior 514 2.1.5 | National Housing Policies, Programs and Schemes 514 2.1.6 | Slums, Squatters and Informal housing 519 2.1.7 | Standards for housing and community facilities 520 2.1.8 | Housing for Special areas and needs 521Section 82.2 | Planning Techniques and Management 523-562 221 | epleaon ot Gi andemele Senin echiavesi oan ond Resional |g 222 | Soe ON TESS SONG PEST TORS TORE | a 2 | Ean Seen Lew Seen oT Pe oF on] gy 22.4 | Graphic presentation of Spatial data 538 22.5 | Locol Self Governance, Panchayat Raj institutions 540 2.26 | Planning Legislation and implementation ~ Land Acquistion Act, PPP etc. | sai 2.2.7 | Decision Suppor System and Land Information System 545 2.28 | Uroan Geography and Econometrics 347 2.2.9 | Management of infrastructure Projects 547 2.2.10 | Demography and equity ia planning 550 Section 82.3 | Infiastructure Planning 553-568 23:1 | Process and principles of Transportation Planning and Tratfic Engineering | 56 2.32 | Road Capociiy and Travel Demand Forecasting 555 2.33 | Tralfie survey methods 357 2.34 | Trafic low analysis 558 2335 | Trafic analysis and design considerations 561 2,36 | Traffic and Trensport menagement ond controlin urban areas 564 2.37 | Mass transportation planning 566 2.38 | infoligen! Transportation Systems 567 2.39 | Urban and Rural inrasucture System Network 568 Bibliography 569-571Section 1: Archilecture, Planning and Design Architectural Graphics The architectural drawing needs to represent three-cimensional forms, constructions, and spatial environments on two-dimensional surface. Three cistinct types of drawing systems have evolved over time to represent it, which cre- Muttiview, Paraline, and Perspective Drawings. The bosic terms reloted to ‘Architectural Graphics’ ore bristly explained below. Term Description Projection | All three major drawing systems result from a three-dimensional subject which is projected onto Drawing —_| a wo-dimensional plane of projection, or more simply. onto the picture plane. All three mojor drawing systems result from the way a three-dimensional subject is projected Picture Plane onto a two-dimensional plane of projection, or more simply, onto the picture plane, Projectors transfer points on the subject to the Sightines | cicture plane. These projectors ore also called Le sightlines in perspective projection. “ The potion fre (Hl) & @ hetontol the representing the intersection of the picture lone hha Movizon ine | 2p) and a heszontal plane passing through the | Histon eX otic Pont (P) station point (SP). ck herpat on ipeaiaa Pa BE SAT AS Center ot | central axis of vision (CAV) intersects the picture Lhe on | plane. The ground | I is a horizontal plane of reference from which plane (GP) | heights can be measured in near perspective. It's a horizontal ne representing the intersection The ground | of GP and the picture plane (PP). The distance fine (G1) | from GL to the horizon line (HL) is equal to the height of the station point (SP] above GP. ‘Cone ot _| !t describes the sightines radiating outward from SP and forming an angle with CAV in linear i perspective. The cone of vision serves as a guide in determining what is to be included within the boundaties of a perspective drawing. Convergence in linear perspective refers to the apparent movement of parallel lines toward! a Convergence | 7.1.2 Fire Extinguishers ‘A porlable fre exiingusher must contain the type of fire exiingulshing agent sullable for the fire is equred to extinguish. it must also be clearly identitiable by color coding for its intended ourpose. Exlinguishing agent | _ Extinguisher color ‘Application ‘Water Red ‘Carbonaceous Fes, paper, wood, etc. oom Red wih cream bana || o"BONSCe0Us fies, paper, wood as wel'as Hammable Tauids oils, fats, etc. ‘Carbon dioxide | Red with black band Electrical fires and flammable liquids Dry chemicals Red with blue band Allfres. 7.1.3 Fire Sprinklers 7.1.3.1 Sprinklers + Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicaled to the crea of fie outbreak, Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that respond immediately to heat, cischarging the contents of the water main towhich they are attached, ++ In addition to a rapid response which reduces and isolates tite damage, sprinklers use less water to control a fire than the firefighting service, therefore preventing further damage from excess water. * The simplest application is to attach and suspend sprinkler heads from a water main fixed at ceiling level However, some means of regulation and control is needed, Sprinkler head spacing- Area covered by one head. 4m s maximum 12 m2. max. J+ Maximum distance between heads: 4 m. cal bea J+ Maximum distance from wall fo ceiling mounted, head- 2m. J+ Minimum distance between heads in the some room. 2m (only | head per room s normal] s }+ Operating pressure - Minimum 0.5 bar (50 KPa). a8 slo we 4.6 mmax a7I1PoArchitect's Guidebook for Competitive Exams by Ar. Swapnil S. Vidhate 7.1.3.2 Pipe distibution to Sprinklers The arrangement of pipework will depend on the building shape and layout, the position of the riser pipe and the number of sprinkler heads required. To provide a reasonably balanced distribution, itis preferable to have o center feed pips. In practice its not aways possible and end feed arrangements are used. 7.1.3.3 Spacing Calculations of Sprinklers @. Staggered anangement of Notional area sprinkler heads on an ordinary 167m 33am por sprinkler harard installation: hee A b. Calculating the number of sprinkler heads: spretaer eg. an ordinary fire hazard ss © GY e © head category for a factory having a floor area 20 m X 10 m. /\ Area, 20X10 = 200 m2, io e 8 8 3 Ordinary hazard reavires a 333m maximum served floor area of 12 0 0 0 © 06 im? per sprinkler head, ° co Therefore: 200 + 12 = 16.47 Le. at least 17 sprinkler heads. For practical purposes, 18 could be 20m installed as shown in below figure: The maximum orea served by each sprinkler head =3.33 m X 3.33 m= 11.1 m4, Thisis satisfactory, being less than 12 m2 Example: If the area coverage of one sprinkler is 20 m®, with a maximum and minimum spacing of 4.6m and 1.8 m respectively, the minimum number of sprinklers requited fo be arranged in a regular orthogonal grid to cover the area of a 15 m x 20 m room would be (GATE-2013) Explanation: To Provide minimum number of sprinklers in arom of cim. 15m X 20m, each covering area of 20m, with maximum and minimum spacing of 4.$mand 1.8m respectively, the folowing steps should be adopted, 1. Mark the grid of 4.60m X 4.60m along width and length. But here, area between grids will form square having area of 21.16 m?, Wherecs. the maximum area one sprinkler can cover fs 20 m?as per given information 2. Thus, the grid along shorter side should be changed, in such a way that the squares which will be formed between them, will have area of 20m?or less than that. 3. Minimum 20 sprinklers con be provided with the grid as shown in the adjacent figure. 15.00 3.10 310;-460--460--4.60 20,00 218) PageCur Cary History and Contemporary Architecture This section is alteady covered in the Section 1.2 “Visual composition in 2D and 3D’. PRA CRS ema Toi 1.1.2.1 Prehistoric Period & Architecture Structure ‘Menhir (Monolith) Doimens Cromlech (Stonehenge) These are enormous stone | These are large, stone structures, pillars, with a height from 3 | placed horizontally on top of a | These are circles of stone. A to 20 meters, placed | stone base, or a closed stone | series of upright stones Description | vertically in the ground (the | box with a circular [most often), | aranged in a circle and largest one weighed 300 | triangular, or square entrance | supporting horizontal stabs. tons) (GATE-2009). (GATE-2009). B Structure 1.1.2.2 Egyptian Architecture Structure Great Pyramid of Cheops (Kulu) Temple of Khons, Karnak Description The great pyramid of Cheops is square on plan, 760 feet each way, its orea about 13 acres. The faces of the pyramid are equilateral triangles laid sloping and meeting in a point. Two alr ‘channels led to the outer face of the pyramid for ventilation. There were two chambers in the pyramid, one known as the queen's chamber connected with a passage leading off that to the King’s chamber and the other below the ground. (GATE-2014) The entrance to the temple was between ‘pylons’ or massive sloping towers, on each side of the central gateway. The entrance leads to the large outer courtyard which was open to sky in the center. This courtyard was surrounded by @ double colonnade on three sides, and led upto to the hypestyle hall, in which light was admitted through clerestory above, formed by the different height of the columns. (GATE- 2015, 2009, 2004) Structure 211Architect's Guidebook for Compelitive Exams by Ar. Swopnil S. Vidhate Structure Mastaba (Tomb Structure) Pylons Description It & @ flat-rooted, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides. constructed out of mud- bricks, Mastabas were offen about four times @s long as they were wide, and many rose to at least 30 feet in height. They were built with a north-south orientation. Inside the Mastaba, a deep chamber was dug into the ground and lined with stone ond bricks. The burial chambers were cu! deep, until they passed the bedrock, and were ned with wood. (GATE- 2018, UPSC-CPWD-2016) It was a depiction of two hills "between which the sun rose ond set. It was a symbolic architecture of a cult building which was associoted with the place of recreation and rebidh. (GATE-2014, 2009) Structure 1.1.2.3 Assyriar in Architecture Structure Tiggurat The Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad Description These temples were built in diminishing stages ‘of masonry with buttressed wall. They were several stories in height and constructed with colored glazed bricks. A welled enclosure surrounded the whole structure. The angles of these temples were made to face the cardinal point which was contrasting to the Egyptian pyramids. (GATE-2018) The palace was raised upon a tenoce or platform of brickwork faced with stone, 46 feet above the plain, from which it was reached by means of broad staiways and sloping planes ‘or ramps. The palace contained three istinct groups of apartments: The Seraglo [Men's Apartment], The Harem. (Private Apartment) and The Khan [Service Chambers) arranged round a huge couryard. The temple observatory was situated on the western side of the platform. StructureSection 81.2: Building Construction and Structural Systems Description Inverted arch footings This type of footing i used on soft solls to reduce the depth of the foundation. Loads above an opening are transmitted from supporting walls through inverted arches to the soll In this type of footings, the end columns must be stable enough to resist the outward pressure caused by the arch action. However, with the advent of RCC, inverted arch construction is rarely done ot present. Lin’ concrete Continuous footings In this type of footing a single continuous R.C. Slab is provided os foundation of two or three or more columns in a row. This type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake actives, This ako prevents. differential settlements in structures. (ISRO-2018, 2019) Wat ‘Continous Footing Continous Foon Strap or Cantilever Toolings Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings connected by a beam called strap. This type of fooling is used where the distance between the columns is so great that the trapezoidal footing becomes quite nerrow with bending moments Grillage footing This type of footings is used te transmit, heavy loads from steel columns to the soils having low bearing power. This type of arrangements prevents deep excavations ond provides necessary area ot base to reduce the intensity of the pressure. Ratt Foundations ‘A raft or mat is a Combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a stucture and supports all the columns. they are used where the soil mass contains compressible lenses so that the differential settlement cbove highly compressible soils by making the weight of the structure and raft ‘approximately equal to the weight of the soll excavated. The raft is composed of reinforced concrete beam with @ relatively thin slab undemeath. (GATE-2005) Load Bear ‘eoms sai iroArchitect's Guidebook for Competitive Exams by Ar. Swapnil Vidhate b. Deep foundations: These foundations carry loads from a structure through weck incompressible soils or fils on to the stronger and less compressible soils oF cracks at depth, These foundations are in general used as basements, buoyancy ratts, coissons, cylinders, shaft and piles. Some of them are described briefly below. Type Description lustration Buoyancy Rotts They are hollow substructures designed to provide a buoyant substructure beneath which reduce net loadings on the sol fo the dested low density. Resear tI PININS CSc atom Fah Colssons The caisson means, "box’. A caisson is a huge box made up of reinforced concrete. They are hollow substructures from inside designed to be constructed ‘on or near the surface and then sunk as single units to their requited level. Its the foundation used for the construction of bridges, piers, abutments in river, and dock structure in very deep water. Coissons ore classified into three types: ‘Open, box & pneumatic caissons. Shaft foundations They are constructed within deeo excavation supported by ining constructed in place and subsequently filed with concrete. The drilled shaft foundations are divided into two types: End bearing (The axial load resistance is based on the copacity of the subsurface conditions at the tip or base of the dilled shalt.) &Side (Skin) friction (The oxial load resistance is based on the capacity of the subsurface conditions along the sides J suriace area of the drilled shaft} Pile Foundations The pile foundation is a construction supported on piles. A pile is an element of construction composed of timber, concrete oF stee! or a combination of them. The pies may be placed seporately or they may be placed in form of c cluster throughout the structure. The piles are classified based on function (Bearing pile, Friction Pile, Screw Pile Compaction Pile, Upitt Pile, Batter Pie cand Sheet File) ond materials & composition (Cement concrete piles timber piles, steel piles, sand piles and composite piles). (GATE-2005) ow Plog TTT Hard et (a) Beerng ple