Reinforced Concrete Design

Analysis and Design of Two Way Concrete Slab

By: Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

University Of Basrah
Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department

E-Mail: [email protected]
E-Mail: [email protected]
LOGO
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 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Two way slab behavior

Dimension of Slab 𝐿 × 𝑆

< 2 with Uniform distributed load

Supported on Four Edges S

L
Considers two strip in two direction
c
Deflection for assumed simply a
5𝑊𝑙4
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∶ ∆= e
384 𝐸𝐼
If the two strip have same thickness
then deflection will be :
∆𝑎𝑏 = 𝑘 𝑊𝑎𝑏 𝑆4 b
∆𝑐𝑑 = 𝑘 𝑊𝑐𝑑 𝑙4 d
Where: 𝑊𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑐𝑑 is the transferred
load by the strip ab and cd respectively Fig. (1)

𝐼𝑓 𝑊𝑢 = 𝑊𝑎𝑏 + 𝑊𝑐𝑑

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The ∆ deflection at e are equal for both strip

𝑘 𝑊𝑎𝑏 𝑆4 = 𝑘 𝑊𝑐𝑑 𝑙4

𝐿4 𝑊𝑐𝑑 𝐿
𝑊𝑎𝑏 = = 𝑊𝑐𝑑
𝑆4 𝑆

The transferred load into the short Direction = Load in Long Direction multiply by factor (L/S)4

𝐿
𝐼𝑓 = 1.5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑐𝑑 = 0.165 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑏 = 0.835 𝑊
𝑆
𝐿
𝐼𝑓 =2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑐𝑑 = 0.059 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑏 = 0.941 𝑊
𝑆

That’s mean the short Direction resist the greater part of total applied load and when (L/S)>2 then the load
transferred to the long Direction will be very small and can be neglected.

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The analysis method assume :

-Uniform distributed load
-Live Load/ Dead Load ≤ 3 -Thickness of slab

ACI Code 1963 the ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 not less then 90 mm

according to eq :
2 𝐿𝑛 + 𝑆𝑛
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ 90 𝑚𝑚
180

ACI Code 2014 present equation for slab with beams :

1-Table 8.3.1.1

𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑛 0.8 +
1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ 90 𝑚𝑚
36 + 9𝛽
where:
𝐿𝑛
𝛽=
𝑆𝑛
Ln , Sn : clear span of long and short direction
respectively

Fig. (2) Column and Middle Strip

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𝛼 : 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝛼 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑏
𝛼 : 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚/𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝐿𝑏
𝐸𝑠𝐼𝑠
𝐿𝑠
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Slab with Edge Beam

Slab with Beam in All Direction

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ACI Code suggest 3 methods to analyze the

Two-way slab
ACI Code suggest three methods to analyze the
Two-way slab since 1963
1-method 1
2-Method 2
2-Method 3
The Moment at the middle strip :
𝑀 = 𝐶 𝑊𝑢 𝑆2
C= is a factor can be found from tables

Slab Cases

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Method 2
Where the negative moment on one side of a support is less than 80 percent
of that on the
other side, two-thirds of the difference shall be distributed in proportion to
the relative
stiffness of the slabs.

𝑀2
≤ 0.8
𝑀1
M Difference = M2-M1
2/3 M Difference Distributed for both side
according to the slabs stiffness

While In Method 3 if 𝑀1 ≠ 𝑀2 ,

The negative Moments can be take is the maximum negative moment

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Shear Force
The shear force on slab can be calculated according to the
figure shown and transferred the equivalent load to the
beams

Short Direction

𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝑎
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
3
𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝑎
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
4

long Direction

𝑤𝑢 𝑆 3 − 𝑚
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
3 2
𝑤𝑢 𝑆
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 2−𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
4

𝑚 = 𝑆/𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑎/𝐿𝑏

𝑆 , 𝐿 ∶ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐶/𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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Example (1) : An Interior Two way slab panel 6.0 m × 7.2m carry a live load 10 KN/m2. The slab thick 200 mm and is
supported on beam 300 mm width and 900mm depth. Assume that the super imposed dead load equal to 3 KN/m2 .
Determine the principal bending and shear in slab. Fy=420 MPA, fc=21MPa

Solution:
Method (2)
1- Minimum thickness
-ACI code 1963
2 × (Sn + Ln) 2 5700 + 6900
hmin = = = 140 mm
180 180
-The ACI code 2014
• when the slab does not supported by beams
( interior panel) using ACI Table 8.3.1.1
• For slab supported by beams : ( 𝛼m > 2)
ACI code ( table 8.3.1.2):

𝑓𝑦 420
𝐿𝑛 0.8 + 6.9 0.8 +
1400 1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = ≥ 90 𝑚𝑚
36 + 9𝛽 6.9
36 + 9 ×
5.7
= 161.8 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 90 𝑚𝑚

We will use h = 200mm ( as mention in Example)

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𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝑡 × 1 × 1 × 𝛾𝑐 = 0.2 × 1 × 1 × 24 = 4.8 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6𝑊𝐿. 𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2(4.8 + 3) + 1.6 × 10 = 25.36 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑆 6
𝑚= = = 0.833
𝐿 7.2
From Table m lies between 0.8 and 0.9 for interior panel CASE I
Moment factors for Short Direction

Factor 0.8 0.833 0.9 Moment

−𝐶 0.048 0.04536* 0.040 Negative moment

+𝐶 0.036 0.03402 0.030 Positive moment

0.9 − 0.833 × 0.048 + (0.833 − 0.8) × 0.04

∗𝐶 = = 0.04536
(0.9 − 0.8)

−𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.05436 × 25.36 × 62 = 41.41 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

+𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.03402 × 25.36 × 62 = 31.06 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

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Moment factors for Long Direction

-C= 0.033 negative moment factor

+C=0.025 Positive moment factor

-𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.033 × 25.36 × 6 = 30.13 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

+𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.025 × 25.36 × 6 = 22.82 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

Moment at column strip will be 2/3 from middle

strip moment in both direction

Shear in Slab
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑆
𝑉𝑢 =
2

25.36 × 6
= = 76.08 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2

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Moment diagram
( KN.m/m)
In Short Direction
Middle and Column Strip

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Loads on Beams

Bending Moments
1-long Direction

𝑤𝑢 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 25.36 × 6 3 − 0.833
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = = = 58.47 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
3 2 3 2
𝑤𝑢 𝑆
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 2−𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
4

There is two slab transferred load to the beam

𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 2 × 58.47 = 116.94 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 1.2 × (ℎ − 𝑡) × 𝑏 × 1 × 𝛾𝑐

= 1.2 × ( 0.9 − 0.2) × 1 × 0.3 × 24 = 6.05 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑢𝑏 = 116.94 + 6.05 = 122.99 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑒𝑞

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2- Short Beam

𝑊𝑢 𝑆
𝑊𝑒𝑞 =
3
25.36 × 6
= = 50.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒
3
There is two slab transferred load to the beam
𝑊𝑒𝑞 = 2 × 50.6 = 101.2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 6.05 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝑎 = 101.2 + 6.05 = 107.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

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Beam Moment Calculation

Using Factored for interior panel for beams
1- Long Direction
𝑊𝑢𝑏 = 122.99 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
1 1
−𝑀 = 𝑊𝑢𝑏 × 𝐿2 = × ( 122.99 × 6.9 ) = 532.32 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
11 11
1 1
+𝑀 = 𝑊𝑢𝑏 × 𝐿2 = × ( 122.99 × 6.9 ) = 365.97 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
16 16
2- Short Direction
𝑊𝑢𝑏 = 107.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
1
−𝑀 = (𝑊𝑢𝑎 × 𝑆2) = 1/11 × ( 107.25 × 5.7 ) = 316.78 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
11
1
+𝑀 = (𝑊𝑢𝑎 × 𝑆2) = 1/16 × ( 107.25 × 5.7 ) = 217.8𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
16

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Shear in Beams
1-Long direction
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑆
𝑊𝑢𝑏 = × ( 2 − 𝑚)
4
25.36 × 6
= × ( 2 − 0.833) = 44.38 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
4
From both side have load
2 × 44.38 = 88.76 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 6.05 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Wub= 88.76+6.05= 94.81 KN/m
Shear force at support
𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿 94.81 × 7.2
𝑉𝑢 = = = 341.22 𝐾𝑁
2 2
1-Short direction
𝑊𝑢 𝑆
𝑊 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
4
25.36 × 6
= = 38.04 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
4
From both side have load and adding self weight of beam
𝑊𝑢𝑎 = 2 × 38.04 + 6.05 = 82.13 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Shear force at support
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑆 82.81 × 6
𝑉𝑢 = = = 246.4 𝐾𝑁
2 2
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Method 3
ACI code using method 3 and denoted to long direction as b and short direction with a and
considering the live load effect.

- Negative Moment
1- Short direction ( a)
-Ma= Ca neg Wu La2
2- Long direction ( b)

-Mb= Cb neg Wu Lb2

Where:
Wu : total uniform factored load ( D.L + L.L)
Ca: Moment coefficient from table
Cb: Moment coefficient from table
La: clear span for short direction
Lb: clear span for short direction

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Positive Moment
1 − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑎)
+𝑀𝑎 𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝐷𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢 𝐷𝐿 × 𝐿𝑎2
+𝑀𝑎 𝐿. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐿𝑎2
+𝑀𝑎 = +𝑀𝑎 𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑎 𝐿. 𝐿

2 − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑏)
+𝑀𝑏𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝐷𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢𝐷𝐿 × 𝐿𝑏2
+𝑀𝑏𝐿. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢𝐿𝐿 × 𝐿𝑏2
+𝑀𝑏 = +𝑀𝑏 𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆:
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏,
𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑴 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 + 𝑴𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
−𝑴 =
𝟐

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Item Moment Direction

Short Direction S or (a) Long Direction L or (b)

Negative Moment (-M) -Ma= Ca neg Wu La2 -Mb= Cb neg Wu Lb2

+𝑀𝑎 𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝐷𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢 𝐷𝐿 × 𝐿𝑎2 +𝑀𝑏𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝐷𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢𝐷𝐿 × 𝐿𝑏2

+𝑀𝑎 𝐿. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐿𝑎2 +𝑀𝑏𝐿. 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑊𝑢𝐿𝐿 × 𝐿𝑏2
Positive Moment (+M)

+𝑀𝑎 = +𝑀𝑎 𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑎 𝐿. 𝐿 +𝑀𝑏 = +𝑀𝑏 𝐷. 𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏 𝐿. 𝐿

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Example (2) : ( as in Ex. 1) An Interior Two way slab panel 6.0 m * 7.2m carry a live load 10 KN/m2. The slab thick 200 mm
and is supported on beam 300 mm width and 900mm depth. Assume that the super imposed dead load equal to 3 KN/m2 .
Determine the principal bending and shear in slab. Fy=280 MPa, fc=21MPa

Sol.
Wu= 25.36 KN/m2 ( exa. 1)
Interior panel continues from all side ( Case 2) Table 1
𝐿𝑎 ( 6 − 0.3)
= = 0.826 (𝑜𝑟 𝑎/𝑏 )
𝐿𝑏 (7.2 − 0.3)
1- Negative Moment Factors

- Short Direction ( by interpolation)

0.8 0.065
0.06 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.065 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔. = = 0.0624
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.06

-Long Direction ( by interpolation)

0.8 0.027
0.031 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.027 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑔. = = 0.02908
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.031

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+𝑀𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 . 𝑛𝑒𝑔 . 𝑊𝑢. 𝑙𝑎2 = 0.0624 × 25.36 × 5.7 2 = 51.41 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
−𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 . 𝑛𝑒𝑔 . 𝑊𝑢. 𝑙𝑏2 = 0.02908 × 25.36 × 6.9 2 = 35.03 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

2- Positive Moment
Short Direction
-Factors of Dead Load ( from Table 2)
0.8 0.026
0.024 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.026 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑎. 𝐷𝐿 = = 0.02496
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.024
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑊𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝑡 × 1 × 1 × 𝛾𝑐 = 0.2 × 1 × 1 × 24 = 4.8𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝐷 = 1.2 ( 4.8 + 3) = 9.36 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
+𝑀𝑎 𝐷𝐿 = 0.02496 × 9.36 × 5.7 = 7.6 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
-Factors of Live Load ( from Table 2)
0.8 0.041
0.037 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.041 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑎. 𝐿𝐿 = = 0.03892
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.037
𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝐿 = 1.6 × 10 = 16 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
+𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝐿 = 0.03892 × 16 × 5.7 = 20.23 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+𝑀𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝑎 𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑎 𝐿𝐿 = 7.6 + 20.23 = 27.83 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

31
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Long Direction
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 2)
0.8 0.011
0.012 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.011 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑏. 𝐷𝐿 = = 0.01148
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.012
𝑊𝑢 𝐷 = 9.36 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
+𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 0.01148 × 9.36 × 6.9 = 5.12 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3)

0.8 0.017
0.019 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.017 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑏. 𝐿𝐿 = = 0.01804
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.019
𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝐿 = 16 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
+𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 0.01804 × 16 × 6.9 = 13.81 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+𝑀𝑏 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 5.12 + 13.78 = 18.93 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

32
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Shear in Slab
-Short Direction ( from Table 4)
0.8 0.71
0.66 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.71 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑤𝑎 = = 0.684
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.66
𝑊𝑎 = 0.684 × 25.36 = 17.35 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑎 × 𝐿𝑎 17.35 × 5.7
𝑉𝑢 = = = 49.43 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2 2

𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ( 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4)

0.8 0.29
0.34 × 0.826 − 0.8 + 0.29 × (0.85 − 0.826)
0.826 𝐶𝑤𝑏 = = 0.316
0.85 − 0.8
0.85 0.34

𝑊𝑏 = = 0.316 × 25.36 = 8.01 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑊𝑏 × 𝐿 8.01 × 6.9
𝑉𝑢 = = = 27.65𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2 2

33
34
By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

35
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Shear In Beams
-Short Direction( Short Beam)

the load transfer from slab with long direction ( on short beam)
= 27.65 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 2 × 27.65 = 55.3 𝐾𝑁
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 6.05 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑢𝑎 = 55.3 + 6.05 = 61.35 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝑎 × 𝐿𝑎 61.35 × 5.7
𝑉𝑢 = = = 174.85𝐾𝑁
2 2
-Long Direction (Long Beam)

the load transfer from slab with short direction ( on long beam)
= 49.43 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 2 × 49.43 = 98.86 𝐾𝑁
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 6.05 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑢𝑏 = 98.86 + 6.05 = 104.91𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝑏 × 𝐿𝑏 104.91 × 6.9
𝑉𝑢 = = = 361.93𝐾𝑁
2 2

36
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Example (3) : An Apartment building is designed using 6.1*6.1 m Two way slabs system. The live load 2 KN/𝑚 , the
superimposed load ( partition loads) is 1.5 KN/𝑚 and the floor finish load is 2 KN/𝑚 . Design a typical panels. Assume
f′c=21MPa, fy =280 Mpa. The column dimension 300* 300 mm and the supporting beams are 300 mm width . Also Design
the interior beam.

Sol.

-Slab Thickness

ACI Code 1963 allowed slab thickness

not less than 90 mm

2 (𝐿𝑛 + 𝑆𝑛) S1
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ 90 𝑚𝑚
180
2(5.8 + 5.8)
= = 128.9 𝑚𝑚
180
𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 2014 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 𝑚 ≥ 2 S3 S2

𝐿𝑛
𝛽= = 1.0
𝑆𝑛
280
5.8 × 0.8 +
1400
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
36 + 9 × 1
= 128.8 𝑚𝑚 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 150 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒)
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Load On Slab
𝐷. 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 × 1 × 1 × 24 = 3.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 1.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝐿 = 7.1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐿. 𝐿 = 2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿
= 1.2 × 7.1 + 1.6 × 2 = 11.72 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Using Method 2
𝑀 = 𝑐𝑒𝑜𝑓.× 𝑊𝑢 × 𝑆
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 𝑜𝑓 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 𝟐
𝑑𝑎𝑣. = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝜙 = 150 − 20 − 10 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜙10 𝑚𝑚)
= 120 𝑚𝑚
Notes
1- For square panel use d average
2- rectangular panel the steel in short direction
at bottom layer ( large M, d the greater) and for
long direction the steel at top layer ( d shorter)

38
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

𝐿
𝐿 𝑠

39
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝑆3) = 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸 3

𝑆
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 𝑚 = = 1
𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 )
−𝐶 = 0.049 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
−𝐶 = 0.025 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
+𝐶 = 0.037 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
−𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.049 × 11.72 × 6.1 = 21.37 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡.
−𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.025 × 11.72 × 6.1 = 10.9 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡.
+𝑀𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑊𝑢. 𝑆2 = 0.037 × 11.72 × 6.1 = 16.14 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑀𝑢
𝑅=
𝜙𝑏𝑑2
16.14 × 106
𝑅 = 0.9 × 1000 × 1202 = 1.245

1 2𝑚𝑅
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

𝑓𝑦
𝑚 = = 15.68
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐

1 2 × 15.68 × 1.245
𝜌 = × 1− 1− = 0.00461
15.68 280

40
Method 2
Table 1

41
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌. 𝑏. 𝑑 = 0.00461 × 1000 × 120 = 553 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚
78 × 1000
𝑆= = 142 𝑚𝑚
553
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 140 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝜌. 𝑏. ℎ (𝑚𝑚2)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018
𝐴𝑠 min. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 150 = 270 𝑚𝑚 / 𝑚 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑂𝐾)
𝑆 max = 2 × ℎ = 300 𝑜𝑟 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐶𝐼 (8.7.2.2)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 140 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 16.14 × = 10.76 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
3 3
𝑂𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓
1.5 × 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 213 𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶 < 2 ℎ = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚 @ 210 𝑚𝑚
𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
- M= 10.9 KN.m/m

42
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

𝑀𝑢
𝑅=
𝜙𝑏𝑑2
10.9 × 106
𝑅= = 0.841
0.9 × 1000 × 1202
𝑓𝑦
𝑚 = = 15.68
0.85 × 𝑓𝑐
1 (2 × 15.68 × 0.841
𝜌 = 1− 1− = 0.00308
15.68 280
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌. 𝑏. 𝑑 = 0.00308 × 1000 × 120 = 370 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚
78 × 1000
𝑆= = 211𝑚𝑚 , 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 210 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
370
−𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐸𝑑𝑔𝑒
𝑀𝑢
𝑅=
𝜙𝑏𝑑
21.37 × 106
= = 1.649
0.9 × 1000 × 1202
1 2 × 15.68 × 1.649
𝜌 = × 1− 1−
15.68 280
= 0.006189
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌. 𝑏. 𝑑 = 0.006189 × 1000 × 120 = 742 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 78 × 1000/ 742 = 105𝑚𝑚 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 ( 𝐿 = 𝑆)
43
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Check for Shear

The shear force on slab can be calculated according to (same in both direction ):
𝑊𝑢. 𝑆
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
2
11.72 × 6.1
= = 35.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2
0.3
𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑊𝑢 × − 𝑊𝑢 × 𝑑
2
0.3
= 35.75 – 11.72 × – 11.72 × 0.12 = 32.59 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2
𝜙 𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙 × 0.17 𝑓’𝑐 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.17 × 21 × 1000 × 120 = 70.11 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝜙 𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢𝑑 ( 𝑂𝐾 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 )

44
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Interior Panal (S1)

Short Span Long Span

No. Detail
(-M) (+M) (-M) (-M) (+M) (-M)
Cont. Mid Cont. Cont. Mid Cont.

Mu x 106
1 14.40 10.90 14.40 14.40 10.90 14.40
(N.mm/m)

2 d (mm) 120 120 120 120 120 120

3 m= 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69

4 Rn= 1.111 0.841 1.111 1.111 0.841 1.111

5 𝜌 0.0041 0.0031 0.0041 0.0041 0.0031 0.0041

6 As (calculated) 492.0 369.4 492.0 492.0 369.4 492.0

7 As(min)= 0.0018 b.h 270 270 270 270 270 270

8 As (choosed)= 492 369 492 492 369 492

S=1000*Ab/As
9 160 213 160 160 213 160
( mm)
S(max)= 2*h=300
10 300 300 300 300 300 300
or 450 mm

11 S(choosed)= 160 212.6 159.6 160 213 160

12 Use S= 150 210 150 150 210 150

45
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain
Interior Panal (S2)

Short Span Long Span

No. Detail
(-M) (+M) (-M) (-M) (+M) (-M)
Discont. Mid Cont. Cont. Mid Cont.

Mu x 106
1 9.16 13.52 17.88 17.88 13.52 17.88
(N.mm/m)

2 d (mm) 120 120 120 120 120 120

3 m= 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69

4 Rn= 0.707 1.043 1.380 1.380 1.043 1.380

As =ρ.b.h
5 0.0026 0.0038 0.0051 0.0051 0.0038 0.0051
(mm2)

6 As (calculated) 309 461 616 616 461 616

7 As(min)= 0.0018 b.h 270 270 270 270 270 270

8 As(choosed)= 309 461 616 616 461 616

S=1000*Ab/As
9 254 170 127 127 170 127
( mm)

S(max)= 2*h=300
10 300 300 300 300 300 300
or 450 mm

11 S(choosed)= 254.0 170.4 127.5 127 170.4 127.5

12 Use S= 250 160 120 120 160 120

46
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain
Interior Panal (S3)

Short Span Long Span

No. Detail
(-M) (+M) (-M) (-M) (+M) (-M)
Cont. Mid Discont. cont. Mid Discont.

Mu x 106
1 10.90 16.14 21.37 10.90 16.14 21.37
(N.mm/m)

2 d (mm) 120 120 120 120 120 120

3 m= 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69 15.69

4 Rn= 0.841 1.245 1.649 0.841 1.245 1.649

As =ρ.b.h
5 0.0031 0.0046 0.0062 0.0031 0.0046 0.0062
(mm2)

6 As (calculated) 369 554 743 369 554 743

7 As (min)= 0.0018 b.h 270 270 270 270 270 270

8 As (choosed)= 369 554 743 369 554 743

S=1000*Ab/As
9 213 142 106 213 142 106
( mm)

S(max)= 2*h=300
10 300 300 300 300 300 300
or 450 mm

11 S(choosed)= 212.6 141.8 105.7 213 141.8 105.7

12 Use S= 210 140 100 210 140 100

47
By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

48
By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

49
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Corner slab reinforcement detail

50
By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

51
 By Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

Thank You

………….To be Continued

îðì

Example 7.7
A monolithic reinforced concrete floor is to be composed of rectangular bays
measuring 6.5x8m, as shown in Fig.7.33. Beams of width 30cm and depth 60cm are
provided on all column lines; thus the clear-span dimensions for the two-way slab
panels are6.2x7.7 m. The floor is to be designed to carry a service live load of 5
KN/m2 and a dead load on the slab due to self-weight plus weight of:
‡7LOHs, 3 cm.
‡0RUWDU, 2 cm.
‡6DQG, 7 cm.
‡3ODVWHU, 2 cm.
‡3DUWLWLRQV, 2 KN/m.
Given: f/c = 20MPa, and fy = 400MPa. Find the required slab thickness and
reinforcement for the corner panel shown.

Figure 7.33 ± Example 7.7

Solution:
1. Minimum thickness (deflection requirements):
For slabs of this type the first trial thickness is often taken equal to

îðí

ƒ‡Ž’‡”‹‡–‡” t:yäy E xät;

Škglä L L L swv
szr szr
ƒ‡Š L sxr
Check for the minimum thickness
of the slab:
- Exterior beam:
hw = the projection of the beam
below the slab < 4h
= 440 mm < 4x160 = 640 mm OK
Find the location of the centroid by
taking moments of areas about the bottom
-2 00
5:v:74>88;v@88> A>74v88v
. .
›$ L 5:v:74>88;>74v88
L uxät  L uxt

:ur E vv;š:sx E yäz;7 vvšyäz7 uxät7

` L F E ur L y{{{wy 8
u u u
- Interior Beam

bw +2hw = 30 + 2 x 44 = 118 cm
bw + 8 hf = 30 + 8 x 16 = 158 cm
bw +2hw = 30 + 2 x 44 = 118 mm
< bw + 8 hf = 30 + 8 x 16 = 158 cm OK
sx vv
sxš:ur E vvšt;š @vv E t A E uršvvš t
›$ L L u{äy  L u{y
sxš:ur E vvšt; E uršvv

îðî


7 7 7
:ur E tšvv;š:sx E väu; tšvvšväu u{äy
` L F E ur L {wtvsx 8
u u u
- Slab section for Exterior beam:
- Short direction

- Short direction la = 6.2 m = 620 cm

- Short direction l right = l left = 6.2 m = 620 cm
xtr
: E ur;sx7
q L t L ssxrwu 8
st
- Long direction lb = 7.7 m = 770 cm
yyr 7
:
L t E ur;sx L svsxwu 8
q
st
- Slab section for Interior beam:

- Short direction l right = l left = 6.2 m = 620 cm

:xtr E ur;sx7
q L L ttszxy 8
st
- Long direction l right = l left = 7.7 m = 770 cm

îðï


:;;4>74;5:/
q L L tyurxy 8
56
IYX MX
,f L Where a` L  aq
IYi äMi

MX ;===9;
,f1 L Mi
L 585:97 L wäx

MX ;===9;
,f2 L Mi
L 55:497 L xä{

MX =9658:
,f3L Mi
L 6;74:; L uäw

MX ;===9;
,f4 L Mi
L 665<:; L väu

-Ù wäx E xä{ E uäw E väu

ÙÙà L L
v v
L wäs
w
wäs«tär
s « tär
r
The minimum slab thickness will
be:
ˆw vrr
Žl :räz E
svrr L yyrr:räz E svrr L syy P {r
; ;
ŠL
ux E {> ux E {šsätv
Ž` yäy
>L L L sätv
Ž_ xät
First trail thickness 160 mm < 177 mm, slab thickness = 200 mm
2 ± Load calculations:
Material 'HQVLW\.1P3 P2  h, KN/m2
Tiles, 3 cm. 22 0.66

Mortar, 2 cm. 22 0.44

Sand, 7 cm. 16 1.12

Plaster, 2 cm. 22 0.44

Partitions, 2 KN/m 2
Reinforced Concrete 25 5
Solid Slab
Total Dead Load 9.66 KN/m2

u /m2= 1.2 DL +1.6 LL = 1.2x9.66 +1.6x5 = 19.6 KN/m2

3- Moments calculations:
The moment calculations will be done for thee slab
s middle strip, figure below,

îðð

Ma = Ca u l 2
Mb = Cb ul 2

Where
Ca, Cb - tabulated moment coefficients.
u - uniform load KN/m2,
ln - length of clear span in short and long directions respectively.

HÔ xät
L L räzs
HÕ yäy
- Negative moment at Continuous edge (table1). For la/lb = 0.81, use the linear
interpolation between 0.8 and 0.85
- Short Direction

Ca,neg ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.071 and Ca,neg ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.066

4ä4;5?4ä4::
Ca,neg ( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rärys F @
4ä<9?4ä<;
A :räzs F räz; L räry
Ma,neg = Ca,neg u l2 = 0.07 x 19.6 x 6.22 = 52.7 KN.m/m
- Long Direction
Cb,neg ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.029 and Ca,neg ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.0.034
4ä478?4ä46=
Cb,neg ( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rärt{ E @ 4ä<9?4ä<; A :räzs F räz; L räru
Mb,neg = Cb,neg u l2 = 0.03 x 19.6 x 7.72 = 34.9 KN.m/m

- Positive moment (Table 2 and Table 3) , for la/lb = 0.81 ,use

the linear interpolation between 0.8 and 0.85

- Short Direction
Ca,DL ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.039 and Ca,DL ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.036

4ä47=?4ä47:
Ca,DL( la/lb= 0.81 ) = räru{ F @ 4ä<9?4ä<;
A :räzs F räz; L räruzv
Ma,pos,DL = Ca,DL u l = 0.0384 x 11.6 x 6.22 = 17.1 KN.m/m
2

îðñ

Ca,LL ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.048 and Ca,LL ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.043

4ä48<?4ä487
Ca,LL( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rärvz F @ 4ä<9?4ä<;
A :räzs F räz; L rärvy
Ma,pos,LL = Ca,DL u l = 0.047 x 8 x 6.2 = 14.5 KN.m/m
2 2

Ma,pos = Ma,pos,LL + Ma,pos,DL = 17.1 + 14.5 = 31.6 KN.m/m

- Long Direction
Cb,DL ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.016 and Cb,DL ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.019

4ä45=?4ä45:
Cb,DL( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rärsx E @ 4ä<9?4ä<;
A :räzs F räz; L rärsxx
Mb,pos,DL = Ca,DL u l2 = 0.0166 x 11.6 x 7.72 = 11.4 KN.m/m
Cb,LL ( la/lb= 0.8 ) = 0.02 and Ca,LL ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0.023

4ä467?4ä46
Cb,LL( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rärt E @ 4ä<9?4ä<; A :räzs F räz; L rärtrx
Mb,pos,LL = Ca,DL u l = 0.0206 x 8 x 7.72 = 9.8 KN.m/m
2

Mb,pos = Mb,pos,LL + Mb,pos,DL =11.4 + 9.8 = 21.2 KN.m/m

- Discontinuous Edge
Negative moment at discontinuous edge = (1/3 positive moment at that direction)
- Short Direction
Ma,neg = 1/3 (31.6 ) = 10.53 KN.m/m
- Long Direction
Mb,neg = 1/3 ( 21.2 ) = 7.1 KN.m/m
Figure below shows the values of positive and discontinuous moment in the
middle strips

îðò

4 ± Slab Reinforcement
a ± Short Direction (positive reinforcement)
8VH-EDUVIRUWKHPDLQEDUV
d= h ± 20 ± db /2 = 200 -20 ± 10/2 = 175 mm
- at midspan
Qk 75ä:
Mn = L L uwäsä  
¥ 4ä=

do 844
Using:I L =4ä<9v64 L tuäwu
4ä<9dY

Q 79ä5v542
 l L  `bd. =5444v5;9. L säswƒ

s t l s tštuäwušsäsw
OL Ls F ¨s F M L :F¨s F
 ˆw tuäwu vrr
L rärrt{z

As EG= 0.00298x1000x175= 521.5 mm2

As,min min b. h = 0.0018 x1000 x200 = 360 mm2 < As OK

5444v;=
S= 965ä9 L swsävII O tD L vrrII1G
8VH-#PPFF
Note that in the column strips the positive moment, and the corresponding steel
reinforcement area, is assumed to decrease from its full value at the edge of
middle strip to one third this value at the edge of the panel, which will not
provide. For simplifying the placing of reinforcement the moment in the column
strip shall be two-third of the corresponding moments in the middle strip.

- Continuous edge (negative reinforcement)

8VH-EDUVIRUWKHPDLQEDUV
d= h ± 20 ± db /2 = 200 -20 ± 14/2 = 173 mm
- at midspan
Qk 96ä;
Mn = ¥
L 4ä=
L wzäxä  

do 844
Using : L =4ä<9v64 L tuäwu L N” 6
4ä<9dY

Q 9<ä:v542
 l L  d. = L sä{xƒ
`b 5444v5;9.

5 6kVd 5 6v67ä97v5ä=:
O L k ls F §s F do
p L 67ä97 :s F §s F 844
L rärrwtt

îðó

As EG 522x1000x175= 903 mm2

As,min min b. h = 0.0018 x1000 x200 = 360 mm2 < As OK

5444v598
S= =47 L syräwv O tŠ L vrr
8VH-4 @ 150 mm c/c

- Discontinuous edge.
The negative moment at the discontinuous edge is one-third the positive moment
in the span.
5 5
#æ L 7 #æáãâæ L 7 Twtsäw L syuäzuII6< As,min

Not good, provide As,min= 360 mm2

5444ë;=
S= 7:4 L ts{ävII O tD L vrrII1G
8VH-#200 mm c/c
b - Long direction.
Design for positive and negative moment as in the short direction.
Note that the effective depth for the long direction will be
d = h- c.c ± db,bar in the short direction - db/2
5. Check for shear:
The reactions of the slab are calculated from Table 4, which indicates that 70% of
the load is transmitted in the short direction and 30% in the long direction.
Wa (la/lb= 0.8) = 0. 71 and Ca, neg (la/lb = 0.85) = 0. 66

4ä;5?4ä::
Wa (la/lb= 0.81) = räys F @4ä<9?4ä<;A :räzs F räz; L räy

Wb (la/lb= 0.8) = 0. 29 and Ca,neg ( la/lb = 0.85 ) = 0. 34

4ä78?4ä6=
Wb ( la/lb= 0.81 ) = rät{ E @4ä<9?4ä<;A :räzs F räz; L räu

The total load on the panel being, 19.6x6.2x7.7 = 935.7 KN

The load per meter on the long beam is,

0.7x 935.7/ 2x7.7 = 42.5 KN/m and

The load per meter on the short beam is ,

0.3 x 935.7 /2x6.2 = 22.6 KN/m

îðô

The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is numerically equal to

these beam loads, reduced to a critical section a distance d from the beam face.
The shear strength of the slab is
s s
a L  §ˆa „u † L š¾tršsrršsyušsr?7 L st{
x x
Ja L räywšst{ L {xäyw
1/2 Ja L vzäuz«vtäw
The thickness of the slab is adequate enough.

7.12 Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method

, 
,
Short column
The short column is a reinforced concrete compression member with a length greater than three times
its shortest dimension. If it is shorter than that, it will be called a Pedestal. In these two cases the failure
will be initiated by either yielding of steel reinforcement or crushing of concrete due to high stresses.
If the slenderness ratio of a column (a relation between its length and cross section dimension) is high,
the column may be failed by buckling, rather than the high stresses in steel or concrete, in this case the
column is classified as a long column. 𝑘ℓ
𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑠ide sway ⇒ 22
Short column 𝑟
ℓ
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑠ide sway ⇒ 34 12 M1/M2 40

Pedestals

Short columns
 Types of Transverse Reinforcement

Ties Spiral
Polygon Circular
Code Limitations 1
Minimum Concrete Cover=40mm
Minimum Number of Longitudinal Bars (is depending on Tie shape):
for Square or Rectangular Ties=4
for Circular Ties =4 (Practical =6) for Spiral = 6
for Triangular Ties=3, Generally for Polygon Ties=1 at each corner
The diameter of Ties or Spirals should be not less than Ø10 for main reinforcement ≤Ø32 and not less than
Ø12 for main reinforcement > Ø32 or in the case of Bundle bars.

Spacing S
-For Longitudinal (Main) bars the Minimum Clear Spacing Smin=Max of (40mm , 1.5db, or (4/3) dagg.)
- For Ties Maximum Spacing Smax ≤ Min of (16Ø of main Bars, 48Ø of Ties, The least dimension of the Column)
- For Spiral (25mm ≤ S ≤ 75mm) (to be calculated)
The proper hook
The longitudinal bar said to be properly hooked either by a (continuous) tie corner (normally angle=90o), or
(discontinuous) end of the tie hooked by an (angle>135o)
Each longitudinal bar should be not far from the adjacent properly hooked one by more than 150mm, if this
happen the bar should be braced by additional tie (crosstie).
Spiral Reinforcement

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚e 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

𝜌
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑆

4𝐴 𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 0.45 1
𝐷 𝑆 𝐴 𝑓

25mm ≤ S ≤ 75mm

ρs: volumetric ratio of spiral

Asp: cross sectional area of spiral wire
Dch: Out-to-Out distance of a spiral loop
S: the spacing of the spiral loops (pitch)
Ag: Gross section total
Ach: Core concrete area
Code Limitations 2
Main (Longitudinal) Reinforcement Area
0.01 𝐴 𝐴 0.08 𝐴 (Code)

0.01 𝐴 𝐴 0.04 𝐴 (Practical)

Notes:
The concrete cover function in columns differs than the cover at beams, because it has a structural function in addition
to protecting the reinforcement from the environment. And it is a part of the equation of strength.
When we use As of longitudinal bars near to the upper limit (0.04Ag) the reinforcement will be condense and we may
need to make a Bars Bundle (use two, three or four bars together at one position). Normally the bar bundles are used
at the corners of the column.
Normally and economically we use larger diameter bars in longitudinal reinforcement of columns.
Actually the special large bar diameters such as Ø36 and Ø42 are mainly manufactured for columns.
Purpose or Functions of Ties and Spiral
Regarding the ties and spiral transverse reinforcement we should put the following points in mind:
The Function of the transverse reinforcements (Ties or Spiral) in columns is differ than the (Stirrups) in beams.
The (Spiral) is more efficient and has more functions than (Ties).
They sometimes called (The Closely spaced ties or spiral) because the spacing is notably less than the spacing between
the stirrups of the beam

1- The first job of the ties or spiral is to prevent the Longitudinal reinforcement from buckling outside the column
because they are under a very heavy compression load (spiral is stronger in this point)
2- They make confinement to the concrete and give it more strength than the strength of the test specimens.
3- They give the column more ductility, because the confinement makes the concrete cover to crack and fail first,
before the final failure of the column, and this will give (some) warning before the total failure.
4- They work for shear if exist similar to the stirrups of beams, this is important when subjected to transverse
loading such as Seismic and Wind loading.
5- They used during construction to keep the longitudinal reinforcement straight and at place, due to this point the
whole reinforcement can be done as (a Cage) at the workshop and then transfer it to its final place.

Note: The (Spiral) is more active in all the above 5 points than the (Ties).
Design and Calculation
CASE I: Column with Concentrated Load
Even when the structural analysis shows there is no moment applied on the column and the column
subjected only to Concentrated load, small moment can be exerted on the column due to many reasons:
- Live load distribution
- Misalignment
- Slightly difference in thickness of slabs.
- Other reasons
Theoretical column strength according to ACI code:
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴

Nominal strength according to ACI code (due to accidental moment):

𝑃 0.80 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑃 0.85 𝑃 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
Design strength according to ACI code:
∅ 0.65 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
∅𝑃 𝑃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
∅ 0.75 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
Notes:
1- When column subjected to a theoretical concentrated load the main reinforcement reaches to yield
before the crushing of concrete because the strain at yield (approximately =0.002) is less than the strain
of concrete at crushing (approximately=0.003). After that and sooner the concrete will crush causing the
total failure of the column
2- As the upper stories subjected to lower loads than the lower stories, then we have options either
reducing the section size of the column after several number of stories or keeping the cross section and
reducing the area of reinforcement.

3- Normally and economically the concrete used in columns is to have more strength (f’c) than the
concrete used in beams or slabs. And the longitudinal reinforcement, for the same reasons, to be larger
in diameters than that used in beams or slabs.

4- From the constructability point of view, casting columns need more care than casting beams and slabs,
because of the small dimensions of the formwork, the congestion of the reinforcement, as well as the
casting from height which may case a segregation of concrete.

5- From the construction point of view, the vertical alignment of columns and right positioning is very
important, because any error will be magnified due to the high compression load coming from the upper
stories.
Ex1: Design an axially loaded short square tied column for Pu=2600 kN, Given: fc’=28MPa and fy=350Mpa.

Solution:
0.01 𝜌 0.08

∅𝑃 𝑃
Assume: ρ=0.02
For tied column:
∅𝑃 0.65 0.8 0.85 𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴

0.65 0.8 0.85 28 𝐴 0.02𝐴 350 0.02 𝐴 2600 10

15.7685 A 2600 10

A 164885.9 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 406 𝑚𝑚 … … … … … 𝐼𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑛

Choose Square column of 400×400 mm

Calculate Ast:
0.65 0.8 0.85 28 400 400 𝐴 350 𝐴 2600 10
𝐴 3654.2 𝑚𝑚
Try Ø25 Ab=490
3654.2
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 7.45
490
Use 8Ø25 Ast=3920 mm2
𝐴 3920
𝜌 0.0245
𝐴 400 400
Design of Ties:
For longitudinal Ø25<Ø32use ties Ø10
- Spacing of ties ≤48×Ø10=480mm
- Spacing of ties ≤16×Ø25=400mm
- Spacing of ties ≤b=400mm

Use ties Ø10@400mm

Check for spacing:
400 2 40 2 10 3 25
𝑆 112.5 𝑚𝑚 40𝑚𝑚 &1.5 25 𝑜𝑘
2
Ex2: Design an axially loaded short round spiral column to support an axial dead load DL=800kN, and axial
Live load LL=1610kN. Given f’c=30MPa, fy=400MPa, fyt=400MPa.
Solution:
0.01 𝜌 0.08

∅𝑃 𝑃

𝑃 1.2 800 1.6 1610 3536 𝑘𝑁

Assume: Ast=0.02Ag
Selecting Column dimension:
∅𝑃 0.75 0.85 0.85 𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴

0.75 0.85 0.85 30 𝐴 0.02𝐴 400 0.02 𝐴 3536 10

21.031 A 3536 10
A 168131.75 𝑚𝑚
𝐷 𝜋
168131.75 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 462.68 𝑚𝑚
4

Choose D=450mmAg=159043.128 mm2

Calculate Ast:
0.75 0.85 0.85 30 159043.128 𝐴 400 𝐴 3536 10
𝐴 3981.487 𝑚𝑚

Try Ø25 Ab=490

3981.487
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 8.12
490
Use 9Ø25 Ast=4410 mm2
𝐴 4410
𝜌 0.0277
𝐴 159043.128
Design of Spiral:
For longitudinal Ø25<Ø32use spiral wire Ø10Asp=78mm2
4𝐴 𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 0.45 1
𝐷 𝑆 𝐴 𝑓

𝐷 𝐷 2 40 450 80 370𝑚𝑚

370 370 𝜋
𝐴 107521 𝑚𝑚
4
 4 78 159043.128 30
0.45 1
370 𝑆 107521 400

𝑆 52.14𝑚𝑚
Use Ø10@50mm spiral (25≤50≤75) ok
Check for longitudinal clear spacing:
𝐷 𝐷 20 25 370 20 25 325𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝜋 9 𝑑𝑏 325 𝜋 9 25
𝑆 84.44 𝑚𝑚 40𝑚𝑚 &1.5 25 𝑜𝑘
9 9
CASE II: Columns subjected to Concentrated load and Uniaxial Moment
The analysis of a structure may shows that the column is subjected to both Compression Force and
Bending Moment about one or two of the column cross section main axes (i.e. about x-x or y-y axis or
both) such as the case of columns at the edge or at the corner of the building respectively as shown below:

𝑀
𝑒
𝑃

Compression and Uniaxial Moment Compression and Biaxial Moment

Although the source of the Axial Force (P) may be different from the source of the Bending Moment (Mx or
My), We can transform the system of these two actions into a statically equivalent system of (P) acted at a
distance (ey or ex) from the Geometrical Center of the Column using the above equation (e=M/P).
Interaction Diagram of Column with Uniaxial B.M
To imagine and construct the Interaction Diagram, We need to focus on one edge of the column (the
compression edge at point ‘a’)
P1 P2 P3 P4
e1=0 e2 e3 e4
a a a a

e4 > e3 > e2> e1

We should notice for the above Column that the force P that needed to
cause a failure (or to make point ‘a’ reaches to a stress of 0.85f’c) will be
such that:
P4 < P3 < P2 < P1
Because point ‘a’ will subjected to (two components of Compression) one
from the Axial action of Force P and the second from the B.M action, and
the B.M will be greater when (e) is greater.
Use of Interaction Diagram
For each column with (Specific Dimensions) and (Number & Distribution of Main Reinforcement) and
(Material Properties fy & f’c), there will be (one specific I.D) that represent the capacity of that column for
any combination of (P & M). If the point (P,M) is located inside the closed curve the state of the column is
Safe, otherwise the column will be Unsafe.
Property of the Interaction Diagram
All points of the I.D has one common property, that is, at the compression edge the concrete compression
strain is 0.003 and the Intensity of compression stress block is 0.85f’c. On the other hand, if we looked at
the (Steel) at the other edge, the strain and stress of steel reinforcement will be variable (they may be at
Compression or Zero or even in Tension state), this depends on the value of both P&M.
Constructing the Interaction Diagram
Practically, we don’t need all the points to construct the I.D for a specific column, instead, we will choose 5
special points.
- The First point is the point of Pure Compression (Concentrated P and M=0) this point located on Y-axis
- The Fifth point is the point of Pure B.M (B.M value and P=0) this point is located on X-axis.
- The Third point is splitting the curve into two zones (The upper will be The compression Zone) and (The
lower will be The Tension Zone) This point is (the balance point), where the stress in tension steel =fy
- The Second and Forth points are one at the compression zone where (steel strain =0) and the second
one at the Tension zone where (steel strain =0.005)(start of tension control)
 If we ask: how could the column fail by tension? Although it is a compression member? The answer is
because at tension side of the column the concrete will not work at all, but at the compression side both the
concrete and steel will resist the compression. We can imagine this case at the upper floor of the building
where there is no big (P) and there is a big value of (M)

∅ 0.65

∅ 0.65 → 0.9

∅ 0.9
 The procedure to draw the I.D (by calculating the above mentioned 5 points) is depend on the following:

- The summation of forces in y-direction is not equal to Zero like εc=0.003

beams, but mostly the compression will be more than tension

and the resultant will equal (P) c
εs
- Finding the value of c by assuming value of εs 0.85f’c a b
- Take the moment about geometric center of the column which
will give the value of (M) ε's Es A’s

The two governing equations (considering compression positive):

a
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓 c
d
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ εs Es As
𝑀 𝑃 𝑒 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
2 2 2 2
 𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓

ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 𝑃 𝑒 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
2 2 2 2
 Strain Compatibility Equations
Tension Steel Compression Steel
𝑑 𝑐 𝑐 𝑑′
𝜀 0.003 𝜀 0.003
𝑐 𝑐
𝑐 𝑑′
𝑑 𝑐 𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦 𝑐
𝑐
0.003
𝑐 𝑑
0.003 𝜀

𝑎 𝛽 𝑐 ℎ

Ø for Transition Zone

𝜀 𝜀
∅ 0.65 0.25 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠
0.005 𝜀
𝜀 𝜀
∅ 0.75 0.15 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
0.005 𝜀
Procedure of drawing the 5 points of I.D
1) Point 1
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴
𝑀 0
∅𝑃 0.65 0.8 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑃 0.80 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
∅𝑀 0
∅𝑃 0.65 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑

2) Point 2 (tension steel strain=0)

𝜀 0 →𝑐 𝑑
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴
𝑑 𝑐
𝑓 600 0 𝑓𝑦 ∅𝑃 0.65 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑐
𝑐 𝑑′ 𝑑 𝑑′ ∅𝑀 0.65 𝑀 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑓 600 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 𝑑
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
∅𝑃 0.65 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
∅𝑀 0.65 𝑀 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
3) Point 3 (balance condition εs=εy, fs=fy)
600
𝑐 𝑑
600 𝑓

𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴 ∅𝑃 0.65 𝑃 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑐 𝑑′ ∅𝑀 0.65 𝑀 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
4) Point 4 (tension control margin εs=0.005)
0.003 0.003 3
𝑐 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
0.003 𝜀 0.003 0.005 8
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 .𝐴
𝑓 𝑓 ∅𝑃 0.9 𝑃
𝑐 𝑑′ ∅𝑀 0.9 𝑀
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
5) Point 5 (pure bending Pn=0)
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴 0

𝑓 𝑓
𝑐 𝑑′
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
𝑓 𝐴 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓
Note: For symmetrical columns and symmetrical reinforcement, the fs’ should be less than fy, otherwise the P≠0
Substituting and Solve for c:
0.85 𝑓 𝑏 𝛽 𝑐 600𝐴 𝑓𝐴 𝑐 600 𝐴 𝑑 0
∅𝑃 0
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑 ∅𝑀 0.9 𝑀
2 2 2 2

∅𝑀 0.9 𝑀
Ex: Draw the Interaction Diagram of the short tied column with cross section shown below in the (h direction) if
f’c=20MPa & fy=380MPa
𝐴 400 600 240000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 6 490 2940 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝐴 1470 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 600𝑚𝑚 𝑑 537.5𝑚𝑚 𝑑 62.5𝑚𝑚 𝑏 400𝑚𝑚
1)) Point 1
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓 𝐴
𝑃 0.85 20 240000 2940 380 2940
𝑃 5147220𝑁
𝑃 0.8 𝑃 4117.776 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃 0.65 𝑃 2676.554 𝑘𝑁
2)) Point 2
𝜀 0 & 𝑓 0
𝑐 𝑑
𝑐 𝑑′ 𝑑 𝑑′
𝑓 600 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 𝑑
537.5 62.5
𝑓 600 530 𝑓 𝑓 380𝑀𝑃𝑎
537.5
 𝑎 𝛽𝑐 0.85 537.5 456.875𝑚𝑚
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴
𝑃 0.85 20 456.875 400 1470 380 0.0
𝑃 3665350 𝑁
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
600 456.875 600
𝑀 0.85 20 456.875 400 1470 380 62.5 0.0
2 2 2
𝑀 354994296.9 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑃 0.65 3665.350 2382.477 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑀 0.65 354.994 230.746 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
3)) Point 3
600 600
𝑐 𝑑 537.5 329.08 𝑚𝑚
600 𝑓 600 380
𝑓 𝑓𝑦380 by definition
𝑐 𝑑′
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
329.08 62.5
𝑓 600 486.04 𝑓𝑦 𝑓 380𝑀𝑃𝑎
329.08
 𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴
𝑃 0.85 20 0.85 329.08 400 1470 380 1470 380
𝑃 1902082.4 𝑁
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓.𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
600 0.85 329.08 600 600
𝑀 0.85 20 0.85 329.08 400 1470 380 62.5 1470 380 537.5
2 2 2 2
𝑀 304601377.6 132667500 132667500 569936377.6 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑃 0.65 1902.082 1236.353 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑀 0.65 569.936 370.458 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4)) Point 4
𝜀 0.005
0.003 3 3
𝑐 𝑑 𝑑 537.5 201.562𝑚𝑚
0.003 𝜀 8 8
𝑓 𝑓𝑦
380 by definition
𝑐 𝑑′
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
201.562 62.5
𝑓 600 414 𝑓 𝑓 380𝑀𝑃𝑎
201.562
 𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴

𝑃 0.85 20 0.85 201.562 400 1470 380 1470 380

𝑃 1165028.36 𝑁
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓.𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
600 0.85 201.562 600 600
𝑀 1165028.36 1470 380 62.5 1470 380 537.5
2 2 2 2
𝑀 249707693.3 132667500 132667500 515042693.3 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑃 0.9 1165.028 1048.525 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑀 0.9 515.042 463.538 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
5)) Point 5
𝑃 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑓 𝐴 0
𝑓 𝑓 (by definition)
Note: For symmetrical columns and symmetrical reinforcement (for pure bending case), the fs’ should be less than
fy, otherwise the P≠0 𝑐 𝑑′
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
Substitute and Solve for c:
0.85 𝑓 𝑏 𝛽 𝑐 600𝐴 𝑓𝐴 𝑐 600 𝐴 𝑑 0
 0.85 20 400 0.85 𝑐 600 1470 380 1470 𝑐 600 1470 62.5 0
5780𝑐 323400𝑐 55125000 0
𝑐1 73.61 & 𝑐2 129.56
𝑐 73.61
𝑐 𝑑′
𝑓 600 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
73.61 62.5
𝑓 600 90.558
73.61
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝐴 𝑑
2 2 2 2
600 0.85 73.61 600 600
𝑀 0.85 20 0.85 73.61 400 1470 90.558 62.5 1470 380 537.5
2 2 2 2
𝑀 114329361.5 31616061.75 132667500 278612923.3 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑃 0
∅𝑀 0.9 278.612 250.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Summary:
4,500
Point Pn(kN) Mn(kN.m) ØPn(kN) ØMn(kN.m)
ACI Nominal 1 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 0 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 0
4,000 ACI Design 2 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟗 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟕 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
3 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
4 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟑
3,500 5 0 278.61 0 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

3,000

2,500
P (kN)

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
M (kN.m)
Columns Analysis and Design by Using Charts
Drawing the Interaction Diagram by using Strain Compatibility
Method (in previous lectures) for each column in a building is not
practical as it has many calculation steps. Instead the practical
solution is either using a good and well checked computer program,
or using the Ready Design Charts. These methods are especially easer
and useful for circular columns as well as rectangular sections.

Instead of drawing Pn with Mn, many references and

handbooks draw the two dimensionless entities Kn with Rn
where:
𝑃
𝐾
𝑓𝐴
𝑀
𝑅
𝑓𝐴 ℎ

There is one chart for each combination of (f’c, fy) (distribution

of reinforcement) and covering ratio ɣ where:

ℎ 2𝑑
𝛾
ℎ
Each chart has many curves for different values of ρ

ρ=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08

There are charts for Square or Rectangular columns where reinforcement is equally distributed around the perimeter
of the column and another charts where the reinforcement are distributed along two opposite sides of the column.
There are also charts for Circular columns.

(Our selected charts) are drawn for Nominal values of (Pn & Rn), (So, we need to select the value of Ø depending on
the location of the point), the charts also include radial lines representing different eccentricity ratios (e/h)

We can use these charts in three different Scenarios:

A)) For Analysis
For analysis every property of the column is known and we need to know if it is capable to resist (Pn & Mn) or not, so
the procedure will be:

1. Using (f’c , fy) and calculated (ɣ) and the pattern of distribution of reinforcement to select the correct
chart, in addition to that select or draw the right curve depending on the calculated value of ρ.
2. Use the applied loads (Pn & Mn) to calculate (Kn, Rn) and locate this point on the chart.
3. Check the point if it is located inside (OK) or outside the curve (Not OK). Put in mind the (correct value of
Ø) depending on the point location in the chart (above or below ρb).
B)) For Design:
For design we have the (Pu & Mu) and we need to choose the column dimensions and the ratio of
reinforcement (ρ) so we have two scenarios:

B-1)) Select Dimensions and Find ρ

1. Select trial cross-sectional dimensions (b & h)

2. Calculate 𝛾 depending on cover requirements and select the corresponding chart.
3. Calculate (Kn & Rn) (Start with Ø=0.65) and locate the point on the chart.
4. From the chart read the required reinforcement ratio (ρ)
5. Calculate the (Ast) and detail the reinforcement.

B-2)) Select ρ and proportionate the dimensions

1. Select the reinforcement ratio (ρ)

2. Choose a trial value of h and calculate (e/h) and (ɣ)
3. Select the corresponding chart, draw the line (e/h) to intersect ρ curve and read the value of (Kn)
4. From Kn calculate the (Ag)
5. Calculate (b=Ag/h) (for rectangular section).
6. Revise the value of b if it is not suitable by starting again from point (2).
7. Calculate the total steel area (Ast=ρ b h) and detail the reinforcement.
Ex1: By using charts determine the factored load that column with section below can resist when eccentricity
e=200mm (in strong axis), use f’c=28MPa & fy=420MPa.
Solution: 𝐴𝑠𝑡 6 490 2940 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 2940
𝜌 0.01225 0.01 0.01225 0.08 𝑜𝑘
𝑏ℎ 400 600

ℎ 2𝑑 600 2 62.5
𝛾 0.791 0.8
ℎ 600

𝑒 200
0.333
ℎ 600

As shown in the chart below:

- Choose the corresponding chart with (ɣ=0.8)
- Draw the (ρ=0.01225) curve on the chart
- Draw the Radial Line (e/h=0.333)
- Draw the horizontal line to find the value of Kn
 𝐾𝑛 0.5 from the chart

𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 ∅ ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0.65
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑢
0.5
∅𝑓 𝐴 0.65 28 400 600

𝑃 0.5 0.65 28 400 600 2184000𝑁 2184 𝑘𝑁

𝑀 𝑃 𝑒 2184 0.2 436.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Ex2: Design a rectangular tied column with bars in two faces to support following loads:

PD=450 kN PL=500 kN MD=80 kN.m ML=108 kN.m

Solution:
𝑃𝑢 1.2 450 1.6 500 1340 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 1.2 80 1.6 108 268.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 268.8
𝑒 0.2 𝑚
𝑃𝑢 1340
Assume ρ=0.02 and start with depth of the column h=500mm
𝑒 200
0.4
ℎ 500
Assume reinforcement with Ø25
𝑑 62.5 𝑚𝑚

ℎ 2𝑑 500 2 62.5
𝛾 0.75
ℎ 500
0.7 𝛾 0.75 0.8

We need to use two charts with ɣ=0.7 and ɣ=0.8 and then making linear interpolation between them.
From Chart (ɣ=0.7):
𝐾𝑛 0.465
From Chart (ɣ=0.8):
𝐾𝑛 0.5
By linear interpolation for ɣ=0.75
0.465 0.5
𝐾𝑛 0.4825
2
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 ∅ ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0.65
∅𝑓 𝐴
1340 10
0.4825
0.65 28 500 𝑏

𝑏 305 𝑚𝑚
Use 350×500 mm
Recalculate ρ according to the new dimensions:
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛
∅𝑓 𝐴
1340 10
𝐾𝑛 0.420
0.65 28 500 350
From Chart with (ɣ=0.7):
𝜌 0.014

From Chart with (ɣ=0.8):

𝜌 0.012

By linear interpolation
𝜌 0.013

𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.013 350 500 2275 𝑚𝑚2

2275
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅25 4.64 Not suitable
490
Try Ø22 Ab=380
2275
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅22 5.98
380
Use 6Ø22 main reinforcement.

Design for Ties (use Ø10):

48 10 480𝑚𝑚
𝑆 16 22 352𝑚𝑚
b 350𝑚𝑚
Use Ø10@350 Ties
Ex3: Design a circular spiral column to support the following loads Pu=3000kN, Mu=360kN.m, using f’c=28MPa
and fy=420MPa.

Solution: 𝑀𝑢 360
𝑒 0.12𝑚
𝑃𝑢 3000

Assume D=600mm 𝑒 120

0.2
ℎ 600
Assume reinforcement of Ø25
𝑑 62.5 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 2𝑑 600 2 62.5
𝛾 0.79 0.8
ℎ 600
Start with ρ=0.02
From Chart: 𝐾𝑛 0.64
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 ∅ ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0.75
∅𝑓 𝐴
3000 10
0.64
0.75 28 𝐴

𝐴 223214.28 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 533.1 𝑚𝑚
Use Circular section with D=550mm
ℎ 2𝑑 550 2 62.5
𝛾 0.77
ℎ 550
𝑒 120
0.218
Calculate New ρ ℎ 550
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 ∅ ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0.75
∅𝑓 𝐴
3000 10
𝐾𝑛 𝜋 0.60
0.75 28 550 550
4

From Chart (ɣ=0.7) 𝜌 0.02

From Chart (ɣ=0.8) 𝜌 0.019
Use ρ=0.02
𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.02 550 550 𝜋⁄4 4751 𝑚𝑚2
4751
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅25 9.7
490
Use 10Ø25 reinforcement.
Design of Spiral:
For longitudinal Ø25<Ø32use spiral wire Ø10Asp=78mm2
4𝐴 𝐴 𝑓
𝜌 0.45 1
𝐷 𝑆 𝐴 𝑓

𝐷 𝐷 2 40 550 80 470𝑚𝑚

470 470 𝜋
𝐴 173494.45 𝑚𝑚
4
4 78 237582.94 28
0.45 1
470 𝑆 173494.45 420

𝑆 59.9𝑚𝑚
Use Ø10@50mm spiral (25≤50≤75) ok
Check for longitudinal clear spacing:
𝐷 𝐷 20 25 470 20 25 425𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝜋 10 𝑑𝑏 425 𝜋 10 25
𝑆 108.5 𝑚𝑚 40𝑚𝑚 &1.5 25 𝑜𝑘
10 10
Columns under Compression and Biaxial Moments
The clear example of column subjected to compression force and biaxial moments
are the columns at corners of the building, however even the middle and edge
columns can be subjected to such a state of loading when beams spans connected
to these columns are significantly different.

In such a case we can consider this system of loading as a (One Force P) applied at
a point that has two eccentricities from the center of the cross section of the
column, (ey-from X-X axis), and (ex-from Y-Y axis).

Name Convention:
Moments are named by the axis of rotation, while eccentricities named by the
axis of the arm (perpendicular to the axis of rotation):

Mx: is the Moment trying to rotate the column about X-X, and comes from (P×ey ).

My: is the Moment trying to rotate the column about Y-Y, and comes from (P×ex ).
Three Dimensional Interaction Diagram
In previous lectures, we dealt with case I (Concentrated Load without Moment) and Case II
(Concentrated Load with Uniaxial Moment)
In Case I we used equations to calculate Pn
In Case II we used equations to draw the Interaction diagram
and we used the ready Charts for Design.
For Case III (Concentrated Load with Biaxial Moment)
It is not easy to draw the interaction diagram or find a
ready charts because it will not be a curve, but it will
be a 3D Surface as in the beside figure.
By looking at figure (c) which represent the resultant
effect of force Pn that has to eccentricities (ex & ey), (i.e
the combination of figures (a) and (b), we can notice
that the N.A has an inclination angle θ with the X-axis.
This inclination of the N.A makes the distribution of
stress in both (Compression of Concrete) and (Tension
of Steel) difficult to dealt with.
So, to solve this problem, we either use a sophisticated
computer program, or we use one of the Hand calculation
Methods such as [Bresler Reciprocal Equation]
Bresler Reciprocal Equation
1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
To understand and use the above Bresler Reciprocal Equation we should notice the followings:

1) Po is the largest nominal load capacity that this column can be withstand because it comes concentrated on the
column without any moment.
2) Pnxo is the nominal load capacity of the column when Mx is applied i.e. (Mx ≠ 0 & ey ≠ 0) while (My= ex =0) (This
load in all cases is less than Po)
3) Pnyo is the nominal load capacity of the column when My is applied i.e. (My ≠ 0 & ex ≠ 0) while (Mx= ey =0) (This
load in all cases is less than Po)
4) Pn is the required nominal load capacity of the column when Mx & My are simultaneously applied, i.e. (ex ≠ 0 &
ey≠0) (This load is the smallest load capacity among all four load capacities mention above).
5) We will use CHARTS to determine Po, Pnxo & Pnyo, and we should use (The NOMINAL) Curves only because only
these curves will work with Bresler Equation. And after finishing calculations with this equation we can use the
reduction factor Ø depending on the location of the points on the curves.
6) We should Neglect the Horizontal Cutoff lines in the charts but we need to make sure that the resulting ØPn that we
calculated is in all cases not greater than (0.8 ØPn for Tied Columns) or (0.85 ØPn for Spiral Columns).
Using Bresler Reciprocal Equation
In Practice we know all (Pu, Mux, and Muy) applied at a specific column from structural analysis of the building.
By assuming compression failure for the column (as a reasonable assumption) we can use Ø=0.65 for tied columns to
check the capacity of the trial column.
For design, either we have the column section and all its properties or we try one.
To check if this state of loading is acceptable for this column or not we should go through the following procedure:
1) From the section properties of the column we should select the correct chart or two charts (one for the strong axis
and the second for the weak axis)
2) Find the value of Po directly from either one of the two charts (It should be the same), or use equations.

3) Find the value of Pnxo from the correct chart (h-in y direction) and use ey.

4) Find the value of Pnyo from the correct chart (h-in x direction) and use ex.

5) After finding all (Po, Pnxo, and Pnyo) we can find the calculated value of Pn from Bresler equation.

6) Apply the reduction factor Ø to the calculated value of Pn from Bresler equation (ØPn) and compare it with Pu that
applied on the column, if it is bigger than it, then the (capacity is greater than the applied) and the column is safe, if
it is smaller than it, then the column is not safe and we need to change the column section or reinforcement or both.
Ex1: Determine the ultimate strength Pu of the short tied column subjected to biaxial moments: ex=100mm,
ey=200mm, use: f’c=28MPa, fy=420MPa
Solution:
1)) Solve for Pnxo (M about X-X strong axis): 𝐴𝑠𝑡 8 615 4920 𝑚𝑚
4920 28
𝜌 0.020 𝑑 40 10 64𝑚𝑚
400 600 2
ℎ 2𝑑′ 600 128 𝑒 200
𝛾 0.78 0.333
ℎ 600 ℎ 600
Use two charts (ɣ=0.7 & ɣ=0.8)

From chart (ɣ=0.7)

For Po (Kn=1.13) For Pnxo (Kn=0.49)
From chart (ɣ=0.8)
For Po (Kn=1.13) For Pnxo (Kn=0.51)
Using Linear Interpolation: 𝑦2 𝑦1
𝑦 𝑦1 𝑥 𝑥1
𝑥2 𝑥1
0.51 0.49 𝑃 𝑃
𝐾𝑛 0.49 0.78 0.7 0.506 𝐾𝑛 0.506
0.8 0.7 𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 400 600
𝑃𝑛𝑥𝑜 3400 𝑘𝑁
2)) Solve for Pnyo (M about Y-Y weak axis):
ℎ 2𝑑′ 400 128 𝑒 100
𝛾 0.68 0.25
ℎ 400 ℎ 400
Use two charts (ɣ=0.6 & ɣ=0.7)
From chart with (ɣ=0.6)
For Po (Kn=1.13) For Pnyo (Kn=0.62)

From chart with (ɣ=0.7)

For Po (Kn=1.13) For Pnyo (Kn=0.64)
Using Linear Interpolation: 𝑦2 𝑦1
𝑦 𝑦1 𝑥 𝑥1
𝑥2 𝑥1
0.64 0.62 𝑃 𝑃
𝐾𝑛 0.62 0.68 0.6 0.636 𝐾𝑛 0.636 𝑃𝑛𝑦𝑜 4273.92 𝑘𝑁
0.7 0.6 𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 400 600
𝑃 𝑃
Calculate Po, we noticed Kn for Po from all curves is 1.13 𝐾𝑛 1.13 𝑃𝑜 7593.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 400 600
Using Bresler Equation: 1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
1 1 1 1
𝑃 2522.6 𝑘𝑁 ∅𝑃 0.65 2522.6 1639.73 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 3400 4273.92 7593.6
Ex2: The 300×500mm column shown in the figure, is reinforced with 8Ø29 bars arranged around the column
perimeter. A factored load Pu of 1135 kN is to be applied with eccentricities ey=75mm, and ex=150mm. Use
f’c=28MPa, fy=420MPa, to check the adequacy of the trial design (Ref. Nilson 2014)
Solution:
1)) Solve for Pnxo (M about X-X weak axis):
5280 29
𝐴𝑠𝑡 8 660 5280 𝑚𝑚 𝜌 0.035 𝑑 40 10 64.5𝑚𝑚
300 500 2
ℎ 2𝑑′ 300 129 𝑒 75
𝛾 0.57 𝑆𝑎𝑦 𝛾 0.6 0.25
ℎ 300 ℎ 300

From chart (ɣ=0.6) For Po (Kn=1.35) For Pnxo (Kn=0.67)

𝑃 𝑃
𝐾𝑛 0.67
𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 300 500

𝑃𝑛𝑥𝑜 2814 𝑘𝑁
2)) Solve for Pnyo (M about Y-Y strong axis):

ℎ 2𝑑′ 500 129 𝑒 150

𝛾 0.742 0.3
ℎ 500 ℎ 500
Use two charts (ɣ=0.7 & ɣ=0.8)
 From chart with (ɣ=0.7)
For Po (Kn=1.35) For Pnyo (Kn=0.63)
From chart with (ɣ=0.8)
For Po (Kn=1.35) For Pnyo (Kn=0.67)
Using Linear Interpolation:
𝑦2 𝑦1
𝑦 𝑦1 𝑥 𝑥1
𝑥2 𝑥1
0.67 0.63
𝐾𝑛 0.63 0.742 0.7 0.6468
0.8 0.7
𝑃 𝑃
𝐾𝑛 0.6468
𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 300 500

𝑃𝑛𝑦𝑜 2716.56 𝑘𝑁
Calculate Po, we noticed Kn for Po from all curves is 1.35
𝑃 𝑃
𝐾𝑛 1.35 𝑃𝑜 5670 𝑘𝑁
𝑓 𝑐𝐴 28 300 500
Using Bresler Equation:
1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
 1 1 1 1
𝑃 2814 2716.56 5670

𝑃 1827.78 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑃 0.65 1827.78 1188 𝑘𝑁

1188 1135 ∅𝑃 𝑃 𝑂𝐾 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

Note for circular column:

In circular columns the biaxial moments can be easily transformed to a uniaxial moment because
the circular section has a polar symmetry and same ultimate capacity in all directions, So we can
use the following equations:

𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 Or 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

And then solve the problem as a uniaxial moment problem.

Development Length Concept
Development Length (Ld): is the minimum length of
the bar which must be embedded in concrete beyond
any section to develop its full capacity

It is also called anchorage length in case of axial

tension or axial compression and called development 𝑤ℓ
length in flexural tension or compression 8

Deformed bars give a better bond than plain bars due

to surface roughness. fy, f’c, bar diameter, and
concrete cover also influence the bond. M
Bond Mechanism
Calculation of Ld (Tension Straight Bars)

𝜓𝜓 1.7

𝑐 𝐾
2.5
𝑑
40 𝐴
𝐾
𝑠𝑛
(Top Factor: is fresh concrete below bars ≥ 300mm)
Example 1: Figure below shows the cross section of a simply supported beam reinforced with four Ø25 bars that are
confined with Ø10 stirrups spaced at 150mm. Determine the development length for two of bars if the beam is made of
normal-weight concrete, bars are not coated f’c=21 MPa, fy=420 MPa.

𝜆 1 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐 𝐾 25 20.933

1.837 2.5
𝜓 1 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑 25
𝜓 1 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝜓𝜓 1 1 1 1.7
𝜓 1 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 22𝑚𝑚
𝜓 1 𝑓 420
65
75
𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 300 150 420 1 1 1
3 𝐿𝑑 𝑑 49.88𝑑𝑏 1247𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚
25 1.1 1 21 1.837
2
𝐴 =2 10 157

40 𝐴 40 157
𝐾 20.933
𝑠𝑛 150 2
 Example 2: For the cantilever beam with section shown below compute the distance that the main reinforcement
should be embedded straightly in the support. f’c=28 MPa, fy=420 MPa.

𝜆 1 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴 =2 12 226

40 𝐴 40 226
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜓 , 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 𝐾 15.066
𝑠𝑛 200 3
𝑦 500 40 12 25 423𝑚𝑚 300
𝑐 𝐾 42.72 15.066
𝜓 1.3 𝑦 300𝑚𝑚 2.311 2.5
𝑑 25
𝜓 1 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝜓 1 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 22𝑚𝑚 𝜓𝜓 1.3 1 1.3 1.7
𝜓 1 𝑓 420
25
40 12 64.5
2
𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 64.5
300 64.5 64.5
2 42.72 420 1.3 1 1
2 𝐿𝑑 𝑑 40.6 𝑑𝑏 1015 𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚
1.1 1 28 2.311
Calculation of Ldc (Compression Straight Bars)
The development length in compression shall be the greater value of (a), (b) and (c)
Example 3: A reinforced concrete column is reinforced with eight Ø32 bars, which should extend to the footing.
Determine the development length needed for the bars to extend down in the footing. Use normal weight concrete
with f’c=28 MPa and fy=420 MPa. Assume no confinement in the reinforcing steel.

𝜓 1.0 𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝜆 1.0 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

0.24 𝑓 𝜓 0.24 420 1

a 𝐿𝑑𝑐 𝑑 𝑑 19 𝑑 608 𝑚𝑚
𝜆 𝑓 1 28
𝑏 𝐿𝑑𝑐 0.043 420 1𝑑 18.06 𝑑 578 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝐿𝑑𝑐 200 𝑚𝑚

Use development length Ldc=608 mm