UPSC CSE PRELIMS 2017

CONTENT DOCUMENT
Well researched and Unique!
om
Very useful for Prelims 2022
l.c
ai
gm
1 35
07
rth
pa

www.sunyaias.com

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 1
 HISTORY

1. Butler Committee/Indian States Committee •He was an Indian merchant, Indian

(1927) independence activist and political activist
• It was a three -member committee headed by who founded the Madras Native
Harcourt Butler appointed to investigate and Association.
clarify the relationship between the • He was the founder of first south Indian
paramount power and the Princes. It visited newspaper “cresent”
16 states and submitted its report in 1929. • He was also the second Indian to be
• Recommendations appointed a member of the Madras
o It advised that the Viceroy (instead of Legislative Council.
Governor-General in Council) should 5. Surendranath Banerjee/Rashtraguru
represent the Crown in all dealings with • Indian Association was the first declared
the States. nationalist organization founded in British
o Paramountcy must remain supreme. India by Surendranath Banerjee and Anand
o States should not be handed over to an Mohan Bose in 1876.
Indian government in British India, • He also founded The Bengalee, a
responsible to an Indian Legislature. But newspaper.
it could be done with the consent of • He welcomed Montagu–Chelmsford
states. Reforms, unlike Congress, and with many
o The viceroy was made the Crown’s liberal leaders he left Congress and founded
agent in dealing with states. a new organisation named Indian National
2. Censorship of Press Act, 1799 Liberation Federation in 1919.
• It was enacted by Governor-General • He was also known as Indian Edmund
Richard Wellesley to prevent the French Burke.
from publishing anything critical of the 6. British Indian Association (1851)
British. • It was created after amalgamating the
• It subjected all newspapers to government “Landholders Society” and “British India
scrutiny prior to publication. Society” in 1851.
• This act was later expanded in 1807 to • The newspaper of this society was “Hindu
include all types of press publications, patriot” which adopted a strongly critical
including newspapers, magazines, books, political tone.
and pamphlets. • The first committee of the association was
3. Radhakant Deb (1783-1867) composed of: Radhakant Deb- President,
• He was a Bengali reformer and cultural Raja Kalikrishna Deb – Vice-President,
nationalist who dedicated his life to the Debendranath Tagore – secretary, Digambar
preservation of orthodox Hinduism. Mitra – Asst Secretary.
• He was the first president of British Indian 7. Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
Association. • M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania
• He published Shabda Kalpadruma, a Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu founded the
Sanskrit language dictionary. Madras Mahajana Sabha in May 1884.
• He also wrote articles that were published • The members of the sabha expressed their
in Ishwar Chandra Gupta's strong support for the idea at a conference
newspaper Sambad Prabhakar. held at the Adyar Theosophical Society.
4. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty • It advocated for Indians fundamental rights,
such as national freedom and other common

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 2
 social issues, for the benefit of our fellow o Sarvastivadins, Haimavata, Mahisasaka,
citizens. Dharmottara, Bhadrayaniya,
8. Motupalli: Motupalli was the chief port of the Dharmaguptaka, Kasyapiya, Sammtiya.
Kakatiyas and this port was visited by the o Sarvastivadins-> constituents of life
Venetian traveler Marco Polo in 1287 AD. were not wholly momentary, some
Motupalli served as an international port during existed forever in latent form.
the Kakatiya period as mentioned in the 11. Dyarchy
inscriptions of Ganapathi Deva of Kakatiya • Government of India act, 1919 divided
dynasty. provincial subjects into two parts-
9. Machilipatnam transferred and reserved.
• It is one of the oldest sea ports located in • Transferred subjects were to be
Andhra Pradesh. administered by governor with aid of
• By the 17th century, it was a major port for ministers responsible to legislative council.
international trade and people from many • Reserved subjects were to be administered
countries entering India went through this by governor and his executive council
sea route. without being responsible to legislative
• There were Dutch, French, English and council.
Portugese traders who came • This dual scheme of governance was known
to Machilipatnam and left their footprints, as dyarchy.
exporting textiles for several decades. • GOI 1935 ended the system of dyarchy
• The British entered Machilipatnam in the which had been brought in by the
year 1611 and settled there for hundreds of Government of India Act of 1919.
years. 12. Double Government: The Pitts India act, 1784
• They indulged in exporting and importing allowed Court of directors to manage
textiles, particularly Kalamkari, with the commercial affairs but created a new body
help of the East India Company. called Board of Control to manage the political
10. Sects of Buddhism affairs. Thus, it established a system of double
• Dissension occurred because of breach of government.
rules of monastic disciple by monks of 13. Ajanta cave paintings: only surviving painting
eastern parts of India opposed by monks of of the first century BCE and the fifth century
western parts of India; permanent split took CE; contains a set of 29 caves; depict religious
place in 2nd Buddhist council -> monks of and spiritual scenes-> mostly associated with
east called as Mahasanghikas and monks of Jataka stories of Lord Buddha; portray human
west called Sthaviravadins. values and social fabric; emotions expressed
• Mahasanghikas: Believed in plurality of through hand gestures; each female figure has a
Buddhas who are supramundane unique hairstyle; even animals and birds shown
(lokottara); held that what passed for with emotions medium of paintings was
Gautama Buddha in his earthly existence vegetable and mineral dyes; outline of figures is
was only an appartition; got divided into red ochre.
eight sub-sects: • Prominent paintings
o Ekavyaharika, Prajnaptivada, o Paintings of Padmapani and Vajrapani
Uttarasaila, Bahusrutiya, Kaukkutika, at Cave no. 1
Chaityaka, Lokottaravadin and o Story of Mahajanak Jataka depicted at
Aparasaila. Cave no.1
• Sthaviravadins: Divided into 11 sects o Story of Kapi Jataka portrayed at Cave
which are: no. 17

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 3
 o Painting of Dying princess-> full of
expressions, located at Cave No. 16.
o Painting of Mother and Child located
at Cave no. 17.
o ceiling decoration from cave no. 17;
pink elephant is also from the same
decorative painting.
o Few Brahmanical figures such as
Indra is depicted flying amid clouds
together with celestial nymphs holding 15. Ellora cave paintings: Mural paintings in
musical instruments. Ellora caves found in 5 caves, mostly limited to
Kailasha temple; paintings portray scenes
related to Buddha’s enlightenment; Vishnu with
Lakshmi borne through clouds by garuda,
Lakshmi, Shiva and apsarasas; white, green and
brown colours used by painters; scenes of court
om life, women involved in various activities,
festivals etc are portrayed; birds and flowers
also found in paintings of Ellora caves.
• Cave No. 10 known as Vishwakarma
l.c

Cave-> Buddha seated in Vyakhyana

Mudra and Bodhi tree is carved at his
ai

back.
• Cave No. 14 is themed “Raavankikhai”.
gm

16. Badami Paintings

• Cave 1 is oldest among the four caves.
35

Paintings on the ceiling of the cave are of

Lord Shiva as Nataraja, and Shiva and
Parvati with a coiled serpent which has high
1

aesthetic value.
07

• Cave 2 is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and his

Fig: Dying Princess at Cave no. 16 many incarnations.
rth

Fig: Padmapani painting • Cave 3 is also inspired by Brahmanical

14. Bagha cave paintings: Located in Dhar district forms and thus has giant figures of many
pa

of Madhya Pradesh; Cave no.4 known as Rang avatars of Vishnu like Paravasudeva,
mahal or chitrasala depict Buddhist and Jataka Bhuvaraha, Harihara and Narasimha.
tales; close to Ajanta caves in design, execution • Cave 4 is based on Jain ideology and it has
and decoration. a huge image of Lord Mahavira.
17. Sun Temples
• Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat
o It is situated on the bank of the river
Pushpavati.
o It was built after 1026-27 CE during the
reign of Bhima I of the Solanki dynasty
in 1026 AD.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 4
 o The temple complex has three built in the time period known to them as
components: Gudhamandapa, the shrine the 7th century.
hall; Sabhamandapa, the assembly hall o It takes in architectural skills of
and Kunda, the reservoir. Vishwakarma Brahmins or Maharanas
o The halls have intricately carved exterior of Odisha.
and pillars. The reservoir has steps to
reach bottom and numerous small
shrines.
o Influence of the wood carving tradition
of Gujarat is evident.
• Sun Temple, Konark
o It was constructed by the Eastern Ganga
ruler Narasimha Deva I in about 1250
A.D.
o The temple was also known as 'BLACK
PAGODA' due to its dark colour and
used as a navigational landmark by
sailors to Odisha. •Other Sun temples in India: Martand Sun
o It is carefully oriented towards the east temple, Kashmir; Katarmal Sun Temple,
so that the first rays of sunrise strikes the Uttarakhand; Dakshinarkaa temple Gaya,
principal entrance. Bihar; Bhramanya temple, Unao, Madhya
o The temple is built from Khondalite Pradesh; Surya Prahaar temple, Assam ;
rocks. Suryanar Kovil Temple at Kumbakonam in
Tamil Nadu; Suryanarayana temple at
Arasavalli, Andhra Pradesh.
18. Amarkantak
• It is one of the major pilgrimage centers for
Hindus located in the hills of Maikal in
Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh.
• This holy place bordering Chhattisgarh has
a meeting point of the hills of Vindhya,
Satpura, and Maidar, whose view is
astonishing.
• It is a unique heritage area commonly
• Arasavalli Sun temple known as “Tirthraj” or “The King of
o Arasavalli Sun Temple is a 7th-century pilgrimage”.
AD Sun Temple at Arasavalli in Andhra • It is the place where the Vindhya and
Pradesh, India. Satpura ranges merge and where the
o It is believed that the temple was built by Narmada and Son river get birth.
king Devendra Varma, ruler of the 19. Omkareshwar
Kalinga Dynasty. • It is a Hindu temple dedicated to God Shiva
o It is considered as one of the oldest sun located in Khandwa in Indian state Madhya
temples in India. Pradesh.
o The walls in the temple are inscribed • It is one of the 12 revered Jyotirlinga shrines
saying the creator of the temple was the of Shiva.
ruler Devendra Varma, stating it was

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 5
 • It is on an island called Mandhata or o Cultivator is the owner of the land and
Shivapuri in the Narmada river at Khandwa they reserve all the ownership rights
district in Madhya Pradesh. such they could sell, mortgage or give
20. Events: Second Round Conference happened in land to anyone as a reward.
1931, Quit India Movement in 1942 and Mutiny o Taxes may vary with the type of land as
in Royal Indian Navy in 1946. 50% tax for dry land and 60% tax for wet
21. Rig vedic culture or irrigated land.
• Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and o There was no mediator for the collection
helmet in warfare. of tax. The owner of land directly paid
• They worshipped natural forces like earth, tax to the British Government.
fire, wind, rain, thunder, etc. by personifying o The free or barren land was in charge of
them into many gods. the government and the government can
• Indra (thunder) was the most important god. cultivate this land with its share.
Other gods were Prithvi (earth), Agni (fire), o If the peasants are unable to pay the tax
Varuna (rain) and Vayu (wind). the land can be confiscated by the British
• There were no rituals for temples and idol Government.
worship. o It was first introduced in Tamil Nadu;
• Rig Veda mentions horse-drawn chariots later extended to Maharashtra, Berar,
with spoked wheels. East Punjab, Coorg and Assam.
22. Harappan culture 24. NM Lokhande
• Harappan civilisation used stones like • Narayan Meghaji Lokhande born in 1848 in
carnelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite; Thane, Maharashtra, is the father of the trade
metals like copper, bronze and gold; and union movement in India.
shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay. • He was greatly influenced by Mahatma
• Toys depict Ikka (small chariot), rhinoceros, Jyotirao Phule and his followers.
monkey discovered at various places. • In 1875, he was the first to represent
• Evidences of the horse comes from a grievances of Indian working class before
superficial level of Mohenjodaro and from a labour commission of Bombay.
terracotta figurine from Lothal. • He started publication of Deenbandhu
• The remains of the horse have been reported newspaper in Bombay.
from Surkotada belonging to around • He also set up the first association of Indian
2000BC. workers “Bombay Mill-Hands association”
23. Ryotwari Settlement in Bombay.
• The system was devised by Capt. Alexander • He is remembered not only for ameliorating
Read and Thomas Munro at the end of the the working conditions of textile mill-hands
18th century and introduced by the latter in the 19th century but also for his
when he was governor (1820–27) of courageous initiatives on caste and
Madras. communal issues
• Characteristics

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 6
 ECONOMY

25. Small Finance Banks

• They will offer basic banking services,
accepting deposits and lending to unserved
sections, including small business units,
small and marginal farmers, micro and small
industries, and entities in the unorganized
sector.
• They can issue both credit and Debit cards
and can have their own ATM’s.
• The maximum loan size and investment
limit exposure to single and group obligators
cannot be more than 10 per cent and 15 per • FDI: Before 1991, foreign investment was
cent of its capital funds, respectively. negligible. However, investments have
• 75% of the credit to the priority sector. steadily risen since then, except for
• 50% of their loan portfolio constitutes occasional blips between 1997 and 2000 and
2008 and 2012 – owing to the global
advances of up to Rs.25 lakhs.
om
• They can undertake financial services like economic slowdown. The year 2008
distribution of mutual fund units, insurance recorded the highest FDI inflow of $43.40
l.c

products, pension products, and so on, but billion. India is presently the world's top
not without prior approval from the RBI greenfield FDI destination and one among
ai

the top 100 countries for EoDB. It has risen

• The initial paid-up voting equity share
from $97mn in 1991 to $82bn in 2021.
capital/net worth required to set up a small
gm

finance bank, currently, it is Rs 200 crore. • In terms of FDI inflows per sector, computer
software and hardware received the most
• The objectives are to further financial
FDI equity inflows of US$ 7.1 billion from
35

inclusion by:
April to September 2021.
o provision of savings vehicles, and
o supply of credit to small business units;
1

small and marginal farmers; micro and

07

small industries; and other unorganised

sector entities, through high technology-
rth

low cost operations.” It will thus support

unserved and underserved sections.
pa

26. Post- Liberalization Trends

• The post-reform period shows the gradual
decline in the agriculture sector’s
contribution to the Indian economy.
Agriculture and allied sector contributes for • FOREX reserves: India’s foreign exchange
18.8% (2021-22) in overall Gross Value reserves increased enormously since 1991.
added (GVA), down from 29 percent in According to the recent RBI data, India's
1991. Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves amount
• Share of India's exports increased since to USD 634.287 billion.
1991.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 7
27. RuPay
• RuPay is the first of its kind global card
payment network of India with wide
acceptance at ATMs, Point of Sale Devices,
and e-commerce platforms across the 29. e-RUPI
country. • It is a digital voucher which a beneficiary
• It was launched in 2012 by the Reserve Bank gets on his form in the form of an SMS or
of India (RBI). QR code.
• It is an initiative of the National Payment • It will essentially be like a prepaid voucher
Corporation of India (NPCI), the umbrella which a person can redeem at any centre that
organization that powers retail payments in accepts it.
the country. • Any government agency or corporation can
28. Unified Payment Interface (UPI) generate these vouchers through their bank
• It is a common platform launched in 2016 partners.
through which a person can transfer money • NPCI has partnered with 11 banks for e-
from his bank account to any other bank RUPI transactions which are Axis Bank,
account. Bank of Baroda etc.
• It is developed by the National Payments • There is no need for smartphones to avail the
Corporation of India (NPCI) under the services of e-EUPI since feature phones will
guidelines of the RBI. be able to receive the SMS String.
• The interface is based on the Immediate • NPCI developed the system in collaboration
Payment Service (IMPS) platform. with Department of Financial services,
• It also allows Peer to Peer collection request. Ministry of Health & Family welfare and
• It allows a customer to pay directly from a National Health authority.
bank account to different merchants, both
online and offline, without the hassle of
typing credit card details, IFSC code, or net
banking/wallet passwords.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 8
 o Import of goods/services deemed as
supply of goods or services or both, in
course of inter-state trade thus attracting
IGST + Import of goods attract BCD and
IGST; Import of services attract IGST.
o Exports are zero rated-> GST will not
be levied on export of any kind of goods
or services.
o Reduce cascading effect: Credits of
input taxes paid at each stage will be
available in subsequent stage of value
addition, making GST essentially a tax
only on value addition at each stage.
o Cross utilization of credit: Credit of
CGST may be used only for paying
CGST on output and credit of SGST
30. GST: It is one of the indirect tax for the whole paid on inputs may be used only for
nation, which will make India one unified paying SGST.
common market. o Compensation to states: The
• Advantages of GST: Easy compliance amendment provides for compensation
(online tax filing, single tax), improved to states for loss of revenue for five
cascading effect, improved competitiveness, years.
gain to manufacturers and exporters, better 31. Tax revenue: Service tax, personal income tax
control on leakages, higher revenue and corporation tax have been reduced in the
efficiency, spur economic growth (attracting recent past to boost aggregate demand. The tax
foreign investments, creation of more jobs), revenue as a percent of GDP has not steadily
promote co-operative federalism, increasing increased in the last decade. (Refer below
resource of poor consuming states. graph).
• It may reduce the fiscal deficit in the long-
run and may place CAD favorable due to
increase in foreign investment climate
owing to an improved tax structure.
However, it cannot drastically reduce the
Current Account Deficit of India.
• Features of Goods and Services Tax
(GST): It is applicable on supply of goods
and services (Earlier on manufacture or sale
of goods and services).
o Destination-based tax-> 32. Fiscal deficit
Goods/services will be taxed at the place
• Fiscal deficit as a percent of GDP of India
where they are consumed and not at the
has not steadily increased in the last decade.
origin.
• It had increased rapidly in recession years
o Integrated GST (IGST) -> It is levied
(post 2008) due the fiscal stimulus given by
on inter-state supply of goods or
the government and then declined due to the
services; levied and collected by centre;
fiscal consolidation measures adopted.
centre will then distribute IGST
33. Tax revenues
proceeds among the states.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 9
 • Revenue receipts have grown at a higher
pace during April-November 2021
compared to corresponding periods during
the last two years.
• Personal Income Tax has grown by 47.2%
over 2020-21 and 29.2% over 2019-20.
Corporate Income Tax has registered a 37. Liabilities of Central Government: The total
growth of 90.4% over April-November liabilities of the Central Government, as a ratio
2020 and 22.5% over April-Nov 2019 due to of GDP, are relatively stable over the past
formalization of the economy and better decade but rose sharply in 2020-21 because of
compliance due to tax reforms. higher borrowing and sharp contraction in the
• Other than fall during COVID-19 GDP during COVID-19 Pandemic.
lockdowns, the GST revenue has steadily
increased in India during the last four years.
34. GST Collection: Average monthly GST
collection has increased from 0.9 lakh crore in
2017-18 to 1.9 lakh crore in 2021-22 (Upto om
December). It has shown consistent positive
growth from 2017-18.
l.c

38. Agricultural Exports: Marine Products as a

ai

single commodity constitutes the largest

gm

component of exports during 2020-21 (6.0 US$

Billion). Rice, when calculated in terms of both
Basmati and other then Basmati constitutes the
35

35. External Debt situation: India’s external debt largest component of exports from India in
is around US$ 593.1 billion (Sep 2021). agriculture and allied sectors during 2020-21
1

Commercial Borrowings (US $ 218.8 billion) (8.8 US$ Billion).

forms the largest component of external debt of
07

39. Export destination: United States of America

India, followed by NRI deposits (US$ 141.6 (USA) is the largest destination for India’s
billion) and Short term trade credit (US$ 97.4 exports since the last three years. In 2021-22
rth

billion). As far as currency composition of (April - November), around 18.4% out of the
external debt, the US Dollar (51%) remained the total exports of India were directed towards the
pa

largest component of India’s external debt, USA.

followed by Indian Rupee. Commercial 40. Exports: There has been a drastic rise in all
Borrowings, NRI deposits and short term trade three categories of merchandise imports. POL
credit together constitute 77.2% of total external imports have grown by 119.2% because of
debt of India. revival of demand and increase in global crude
36. Fiscal Deficit oil prices, Gold and Silver imports have
increased by more than 100% and surpassed
pre-pandemic levels. Non-POL, Non-Gold and
Silver imports have also increased by 49.3%.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 10
 GEOGRAPHY
41. River Teesta • It is known as Tsangpo or the Yarlung
• It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known Tsangpo in the Tibet region and flows
as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through parallel to the Himalayan ranges before
India and Bangladesh. entering India through Arunachal Pradesh.
• It originates from the Pahunri glacier or • The Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra)
Teesta Kangse glacier. enters India at Bishing, from where it is
• It is fed by rivulets that originate in the known as the “Siang River”.
mountain ranges of Thangu, Yumthang, and • It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh as
Donkha. the Siang river and then flows
• It flows through West Bengal and Sikkim, through Assam before entering Bangladesh.
before going to Bay of Bengal through • Its basin also covers Arunachal Pradesh,
Bangladesh. Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya,
• The river meets its main tributary, the Nagaland, and Sikkim.
Rangeet, just before the Teesta Bridge, • Left Bank tributaries: Siang river, Dibang
where the roads from Kalimpong and river, Lohit river, Burhi Dihang river,
Darjeeling meet. Dhansiri river and Kopili river.
• Right Bank tributaries: Subansiri,
Kameng, Manas, Sankosh and Teesta river.

43. Mediterranean Sea: It is a sea connected to the

Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the
Mediterranean Basin and almost completely
enclosed by land: on the north by Southern
Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North
Africa, and on the east by the Levant.

42. Brahmaputra river

• It is the sixth-longest river in Asia, at 2,900
km (1,800 mi).
• It is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, 44. Himalayas
on the east by the Patkari range of hills, on • The Himalayas are the youngest mountain
the south by the Assam range of hills, and on chain in the world.
the west by the Himalayas and the ridge that • Himalayan mountains have come out of
separates it from the Ganga basin. a great geosyncline called the Tethys
• Its origin is in the Chemayungdung Sea and that the uplift has taken place in
mountain ranges near Mansarovar lake in different phases.
southern Tibet. • In India, the Himalayas are spread over
• The spring named Tamchok khambab is Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
considered the origin of the river Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal,
Brahmaputra. Arunachal Pradesh. Some extensions of

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 11
 Shiwaliks are also present in Punjab and • The region in which Pulicat lake is situated
Haryana. receives rainfall from both South-West as
• Greater Himalayas: Highest and most well as North-East monsoon winds.
continuous mountain range in the world. • Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary(Andhra Pradesh)
The range has very few gaps mainly is a famous bird sanctuary located near this
provided by the antecedent rivers. Receive lake.
less rainfall as compared to the Lesser • The lake is also home for black-headedibis,
Himalayas and the Shiwaliks. Asian openbill, black-crowned night heron,
• Middle Himalayas: The Middle Himalayan and little cormorant.
Range originated in the Miocene epoch. It is • Other migratory birds that visit the sanctuary
in between the Shiwaliks in the south and the include northern pintail, common teal, little
Greater Himalayas in the north. It is also grebe, northern shoveler, Eurasian coot,
called Lower Himalaya. It consists, Indian spot-billed duck, grey heron, Oriental
generally, of un-fossiliferous sediments or darter, black-winged stilt, garganey and
metamorphosed crystalline. gadwall.
• Outer Himalayas: The Shiwaliks extend • The presence of Barringtonia and Acacia
from Jammu Division of Jammu and nilotica plant species near the Pulicat lake
Kashmir State to Assam. It is not a region provides an ideal breeding site for
continuous range. It is broader in the west spot-billed pelicans.
and narrows down in the east. Between the • Flamingo Festival is held every year to
Shiwaliks and the Lesser Himalayas are promote tourism in Pulicat and Nelapattu
longitudinal valleys called Doons / Duns. 47. Bhitarkanika Mangroves
They are created due to the alluvial deposit • It is a unique habitat of Mangrove Forests
of the Himalayan rivers. criss-crossed with numerous creeks and mud
45. Western Ghats flats located in Kendrapara district of Orissa.
• The Western Ghats, also known as the • It has the second-largest mangrove forest in
Sahyadri Hills, are well known for their rich India and is a Ramsar site.
and unique assemblage of flora and fauna. • The Bhitarkanika mangrove conservation
• It is recognized as one of the UNESCOs area comprises of Bhitarkanika National
World Heritage site. Park and Wildlife Sanctuary and
• They extend from the Satpura Range in the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary
north, go south past Goa, through Karnataka approximating around 3000 km2 area of
and into Kerala and Tamil Nadu end at which around 4.8% (145 km2) area has
Kanyakumari embracing Indian ocean. mangrove cover.
• Western Ghats are spread over six states, • Located in the estuary of Brahmani,
namely- Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Baitarani, Dhamra& Mahanadi river
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. systems.
46. Pulicat Lake • The park is famous for its green mangroves,
• It is the second largest brackish water lake in migratory birds, turtles, estuarine crocodiles
India, next only to Chilika lake, which lies and countless creeks.
on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil • It is said to house 70% of the country’s
Nadu. estuarine or saltwater
• Greater flamingos and pelicans are some of crocodiles, conservation of which was
the famous migratory birds that visit this started way back in 1975.
place. 48. Chambal River

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 12
 • It originates from Janapao Hilis of the • Rocks of the Nallamala ranges belong to the
Vindhya range. Kadapa system.
• It is the biggest tributary of Yamuna which • Indigenous population consists of the
rises in Vindhyan range near Mhow in Chenchus, a forest-dwelling tribe.
Indore District of Madhya Pradesh. • Amrabad Tiger Reserve lies in the
• Tributaries: Left Bank tributaries (Banas Nallamala hills.
and Mej); Right bank tributaries (Parbati, • A part of the forest reserve belongs to the
Kali Sindh and Shipra). Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
• Gandhi Sagar Dam located on the boundary which is the largest Tiger Reserve in India.
of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan . 51. e-Eye system: Software-based system where
• Rana Pratap Sagar is located in Rawat high resolution thermal and infrared cameras to
Bhata near Gandhi Sagar Dam in the state keep track of tigers in wildlife sanctuaries and to
of Rajasthan. prevent poaching and animal-human conflict.
• Jawahar Sagar Dam near to Rana Pratap 52. Tiger reserves: Areas notified for protection of
Sagar Dam. tiger and its prey + It is governed by project tiger
49. Deepor Beel, Assam and administered by NTCA. It is constituted on
• A permanent freshwater lake in a former
om a core/buffer strategy.
channel of the Brahmaputra River. • Core zone: Legal status of a national park
• It is of great biological importance and is the or sanctuary with an exclusive tiger agenda
only major storm water storage basin for + It is kept free of biotic disturbances and
l.c

Guwahati. forestry operations, where collection of

• The beel is a staging site on migratory minor forest produce etc. are not allowed +
ai

flyways and some of the largest Tiger conservation without affecting rights
of STs or such other forest dwellers + It is
gm

concentrations of aquatic birds in Assam can

be seen, especially in winter. notified by the State Government in
• Potential threats: fishing and hunting consultation with an expert committee.
• Buffer zone: Area peripheral to the critical
35

pressure upon waterbirds, pollution from

pesticides and fertilizers, and infestation by tiger habitat providing supplementary
water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). habitat for dispersing tigers, besides offering
1

• Spot-billed pelican, lesser and greater scope for co-existence of human activity
07

adjutant stork, Baer's pochard. (tribals) + Limits of such areas determined

50. Nallamala Hills on basis of scientific and objective criteria in
rth

• These are a section of the Eastern consultation with concerned Gram Sabha
Ghats which forms the eastern boundary of and an expert committee constituted for the
purpose.
pa

the Rayalaseema region of Andhra

Pradesh and Nagarkurnool district of • Corridor habitat: NTCA in collaboration
Telangana. with WII delineated minimal tiger habitat
• They run in a nearly north-south alignment, corridors connecting tiger reserves for
parallel to the Coromandel Coast between implementing landscape scale tiger
rivers, Krishna and Pennar. conservation.
• Its northern boundaries are marked by the
flat Palnadu basin while in the south it
merges with the Tirupati hills.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 13
 ENVIRONMENT

53. Wildlife (Protection) act, 1972 cyad, Blue vanda, Kutch, Ladies
• Definition of wildlife: It include any slippers orchids, pitcher plant, red
animals, bees, butterflies, fish and moths; vanda.
and aquatic or land vegetation which form § The schedule 6 has been added to
part of any habitat. include specified plants species to
• Jurisdiction: The act extends to whole of be protected by Wildlife (Protection)
India. After enactment of Jammu & Kashmir amendment act of 1991.
Reorganization Act, 2019, Wildlife • Gharial (Gravialis gangeticus), Indian Wild
Protection Act, 1972 also became applicable Ass (Equus hemionus khur) and Wild
to the Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are all mentioned
• Five types of protected areas: National under Schedule I for the Wildlife
parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, community (Protection) Act, 1972 -> so they cannot be
reserves, conservation reserves and tiger hunted by any person except under some
reserves. provisions provided by law.
• Key provisions: Prohibition of hunting, 54. Biological oxygen demand: Water pollution by
protection and management of wildlife organic wastes measured in BOD + It is amount
habitats, establishment of protected areas, of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in
management of zoos etc. decomposing the organic wastes present in
• Prohibition of Hunting water + It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen
o Prohibition of hunting: It prohibits the per litre of water + Higher value of BOD -> low
hunting of any wild animal specified in DO content of water.
Schedules I, II, III and IV of the act. 55. Chemical oxygen demand: Measure of oxygen
§ Exception: A wild animal listed equivalent of requirement of oxidation of total
under these schedules can be hunted organic matter (both biodegradable and non-
only after getting permission from biodegradable) present in water.
the Chief Wildlife Warden of the 56. UN- Habitat
state if it becomes dangerous to • It was established in 1978 as an outcome of
human life or to property or is the First UN Conference on Human
disabled or suffering from a disease Settlements and Sustainable Urban
that is beyond recovery. Development (Habitat I) held in Vancouver,
• Six schedules Canada, in 1976.
o Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II: • Its headquarters is at the United Nations
It provides for absolute protection-> Office at Nairobi, Kenya.
highest penalties. • It is mandated by UNGA to promote socially
o Schedule 3 and 4: The penalties for and environmentally sustainable towns and
offences under these schedules are less cities with the goal of providing adequate
and these animals are protected. shelter for all.
o Schedule 5: Vermins includes animals • The mandate derived from the Habitat
which can be hunted. For instance, Agenda -> adopted by the United Nations
common crow, mice and rats. Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat
o Schedule 6: Plants which are II) in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1996.
prohibited from cultivation and • It partners with a range of organizations in
planting. These mainly include its endevaour -> governments, local
medicinal plants such as Beddomes authorities, NGOs, Trade unions,

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 14
 professionals, Academics and Researchers, • IUCN Red List- Critically Endangered.
Human Solidarity Groups, Indigenous •Habitat: They inhabit deep freshwater
People, Private Sector, Foundations, habitats; naturally found in National
Financial Institutions. Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.
• UN-Habitat contributes to the overall Secondary Habitat: Ghagra, Gandak river,
objective of a sustainable urbanization. Girwa river (Uttar Pradesh), the Ramganga
57. Climate and Clean Air Coalition river (Uttarakhand) and the Sone river
• The governments of Bangladesh, Mexico, (Bihar).
Sweden, Ghana, Canada and USA along 60. Water conservation practices in agriculture
with UNEP came together in 2012 to treat • Zero tillage: It is the process where the crop
short-lived climate pollutants as a collective seed will be sown through drillers without
and urgent challenge. prior land preparation and disturbing the soil
• It is a voluntary partnership of governments, where previous crop stubbles are present.
intergovernmental organizations, No-till increases the amount of water that
businesses, scientific institutions and civil infiltrates into the soil and increases organic
society organizations committed to matter retention and cycling of nutrients in
improving air quality and protecting the the soil.
climate through actions to reduce short-lived • Applying Gypsum: It improves the ability
climate pollutants. of soil to drain and not become waterlogged
• India has joined the coalition in 2019. thus increasing water-use efficiency of
• Focus of CCAC: It focuses on Black crops.
carbon, Methane, Hydrofluorocarbons and • Crop residue: Allowing crop residue to
tropospheric ozone. remain in field reduces evaporation of farm
58. Indian Ocean Dipole soil water.
• The Indian Ocean Dipole is an irregular • Other practices: Rainwater harvesting,
oscillation of sea-surface temperatures in Black Plastic and Organic Mulches, Laser
which the western Indian Ocean becomes Leveling, Drought-Tolerant Crops,
alternately warmer and then colder than the Rotational Grazing, Agroforestry, Sand
eastern part of the ocean. dams, System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
• IOD can either aggravate or weaken the or System of Root Intensification (SRI),
impact of El Nino on Indian monsoon. Ripper-Furrower Planting System,
• A positive IOD leads to greater monsoon Mycorrhizal Fungus, Soil Moisture Sensors
rainfall and more active monsoon days in etc.
Indian sub-continent while negative IOD
leads to less rainfall and more monsoon
break days (no rainfall).

59. Gharial/Gavials
• These are a type of Asian crocodilian
distinguished by their long, thin snouts.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 15
61. Jim Corbett National park: It is the first Diospyros melanoxylon, leucophloea,
national park in India; established in 1936 as Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus
Hailey national park to protect Bengal Tiger; xylopyrus.
first park under Project Tiger initiative. • Leopard and striped hyena are the only
• Flora: Dense moist deciduous larger carnivores within the Kuno National
forest mainly consists of Sal, Haldu, peepal, Park, with the single lone tiger T-38 having
rohini; Forest covers 73% area of the park returned to Ranthambore in 2021.
and 10% of the area consists of grasslands. 65. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
• Fauna: It is well known for its tiger • Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary and
richness; Major animals are Elephants, Tiger Reserve is a protected area and tiger
Leopards, barking deer, hog deer, Chital, reserve along the Western Ghats in the
Indian Grey Mangoose. Erode District, Tamil Nadu.
62. Mudumalai National park: It is part of Nilgiri • First declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 2008
biosphere reserves; Moyar river separates and enlarged in 2011, it covers a forest area
Bandipur and Madumalai. of 1,411.6 km2 and is the largest wildlife
• Flora: tall grasses, commonly referred to sanctuary in Tamil Nadu.
as Elephant Grass; Bamboo of the giant om • It is located at the confluence region of
variety, valuable timber species like Teak, Western and Eastern Ghats.
Rosewood, etc. • This area holds a significant population of
• Fauna: Flagship Species are tiger, and it is also contiguous to other Tiger
l.c

Tiger and Asian Elephant; Other species conservation landscapes like BRT,
are Indian Gaur, Spotted Deer, Common Bandipur, Mudumalai and Nagarahole.
ai

Langur, Malabar Giant Squirrel, Wild • The region is a part of Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats
Dog, Jungle Cat among others; rare Elephant Reserve.
gm

birds like Malabar grey hornbill, Malabar • Apart from Tigers, the region is noted for
pied hornbill, Malabar laughing thrush Elephants, Gaur, Black Buck, Four Horned
among others.
35

Antelope, White Backed Vulture, and a

63. Sariska National park: Located in the Aravalli variety of other creatures.
Ranges denuded over centuries, it consists of • It has been given prestigious TX2 award
1

small hills and rocky landscape. after its tiger numbers doubled to 80 since
07

• Fauna: Famous for its Bengal tigers; Other 2010.

important species are leopard, sambar deer,
rth

chital, hyena, jackal etc.

• Flora: vegetation found is mainly dry
deciduous forest along with scrub thorn
pa

forest.
64. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya
Pradesh
• Kuno River, one of the major tributaries of
Chambal River flows through the entire
length bisecting the National Park division.
• Wildlife Institute of India and Wildlife Trust
of India had shortlisted Palpur-Kuno park as 66. Nagarhole National park: Located in Kodagu
habitats for Cheetahs and Asiatic lions. and Mysore district of Karnataka; part of Nilgiri
• Dominant tree species: Anogeisus pendula, biosphere reserve; also an important bird area
Acacia catechu, Boswellia serrata, (IBA).

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 16
 • Fauna: Tigers, Gaurs, Indian elephants etc. crops by transporting pollen grains from one
• Tribes: Jenu kurubas are primary place to another.
inhabitants. • They also act as a lower member of the food
67. Seshachalam Biosphere reserve chain.
• Seshachalam hills is the first Biosphere • A number of animals, including birds and
Reserve in Andhra Pradesh located in mice feed on butterfly.
southern Eastern Ghats of Chittoor and • As populations of butterfly diminish, so will
Kadapa districts; designated as Biosphere populations of birds and other animals that
reserve in 2010. rely on them as a food source.
• Tirupati and Srivenkateshwara National • This loss of the butterfly is the beginning of
Park are located in these ranges. the butterfly effect.
• Flora: It has large reserves of Red • These are some of the common predators of
Sandalwood (Pterocarpussantalinus) which butterflies such as wasps, ants, parasitic
is used in medicines, soaps, spiritual rituals. flies, birds, snakes, toads, rats etc. The
• Fauna: Endangered wildlife species like decline in butterfly population would
slender loris, indian giant squirrel, mouse adversely affect the food.
deer, golden gecko, etc. 70. Carbon Sequestration: It describes long-term
• Tigers, leopard, elephants, sloth bear, Indian storage of CO2 and other forms of carbon to
wolf, wild boar, chinkara, four-horned mitigate global warming. Also known as Carbon
antelope, chital and sambar, ibex, pig, capture and storage (CCS).
bonnet monkey, mongoose, wild dogs, • Mechanism: CCS catches and sequesters
pangolin, bison, jackal, fox, civet cat, jungle (hide) CO2 from power stations, industrial
cat, lizards are some of other animals sites and permanently stores it in
commonly found. underground.
• The native population of the reserve • Potential sites: Natural sinks such as
includes the tribes of Yanadis. Ocean, forests, soil etc. and Artificial sinks
68. TRAFFIC like depleted oil and gas reservoirs,
• It is a wildlife trade monitoring network and unmineable coal seams, subterranean deep
NGO working globally on the trade of wild saline formations, saline-filled basalt
animals and plants. formations.
• It is founded in 1976 as a strategic alliance • Types of Sequestration
of WWF and IUCN headquartered at o Geologic sequestration: Natural pore
Cambridge, United Kingdom. spaces in geologic formations serve as
• It aims to ensure that trade in wild plants and reservoirs for long term CO2 storage.
animals is not a threat to the conservation of § Trapping mechanisms:
nature. Hydrodynamic trapping (CO2
• Governed by the TRAFFIC trapped under low permeability hard
Committee, composed of members of rock), Solubility trapping (dissolved
TRAFFIC's partner organizations, WWF into a liquid) and Mineral
and IUCN. carbonation.
• It also works in close co-operation with o Ocean sequestration: Carbon is stored
the secretariat of CITES. in oceans through direct injection or
69. Consequences of fall in population of species fertilization.
of butterflies § Enhancing productivity of ocean
• Bees and butterflies play a vital role in the biological systems through Iron
pollination of plants and the production of fertilization (stimulates

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 17
 phytoplankton production), and applying nutrients and mixing the soil to
injecting CO2 into deep ocean. boost biological activity.
o Terrestrial sequestration: Increasing o Bio piling: It places the contaminated
carbon fixation through photosynthesis, soil into piles that are well aerated and
changing land use pattern enhance nutrients are added to speed up
carbon uptake in soils, vegetation etc. bioremediation.
71. Bioremediation • Advantages of Bioremediation
• It is the technology that uses microorganism o By relying solely on natural processes,
metabolism to remove pollutants; cleans up it minimizes damage to ecosystems.
pollution by enhancing the same o Creates relatively few harmful
biodegradation process that occurs in nature. byproducts -> contaminants converted
• Environment is altered to stimulate growth into water and harmless gases like
of micro-organisms and degrade pollutants. carbon dioxide.
• It is used to remediate soils/sludge and o It is cheaper than most cleanup methods
groundwater contaminated by petroleum because it does not require substantial
hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, and equipment or labor.
other organic chemicals.
• It is a slow process, so the heavy metals such
as cadmium and lead are not readily
absorbed by bioremediation using
microorganisms.
• In-situ bioremediation
o Bioventing: supply of air and nutrients
through wells to contaminated soil to
stimulate the growth of indigenous
bacteria.
o Biosparging: Injection of air under
pressure below the water table to
increase groundwater oxygen
concentrations and enhance the rate of
biological degradation of contaminants
by naturally occurring bacteria.
o Bio augmentation: Microorganisms are
imported to a contaminated site to
enhance degradation process. 72. Climate and Clean Air Coalition
o Bioleaching: Extraction of metals from • The governments of Bangladesh, Mexico,
their ores through the use of living Sweden, Ghana, Canada and USA along
organisms. with UNEP came together in 2012 to treat
• Ex-situ bioremediation short-lived climate pollutants as a collective
o Bioreactors: These are large vessels and urgent challenge.
where the contaminated material can be • It is a voluntary partnership of governments,
monitored and conditions for intergovernmental organizations,
bioremediation can be controlled. businesses, scientific institutions and civil
o Land farming: It involves spreading society organizations committed to
contaminated soil into a lined bed (to improving air quality and protecting the
prevent leaching) and periodically

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 18
 climate through actions to reduce short-lived •Three pillars: Climate action pillar to look
climate pollutants. at ways to reduce emissions in the next
• India has joined the coalition in 2019. decade, pillar for setting out a roadmap to
• Focus of CCAC: It focuses on Black achieve 450GW renewable energy (RE) in
carbon, Methane, Hydrofluorocarbons and transportation, buildings and industry and
tropospheric ozone. finance Pillar to collaborate on attracting
73. Global Climate Change alliance finance to deploy 450 GW of RE.
• It is an initiative of the European Union. 75. MSTRIPES
• It provides technical and financial support to • The app was developed by NTCA and WII
targeted developing countries to integrate in 2010 for proper location data feeding and
climate change into their development filling record more accurately; app was also
policies and budgets. used in the All India-tiger estimation.
74. Climate Action and Finance Mobilisation • It helps strengthen patrolling and
Dialogue (CAFMD) surveillance of the endangered Bengal tiger.
• It is recently launched between India and It is used across all tiger reserves of the
USA. country for their maintenance.
• It is one of the two tracks of the India-US om • The MSTrIPES program uses Global
Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Positioning System (GPS), General Packet
partnership launched at the Leaders' Summit Radio Services (GPRS), and remote sensing,
on Climate in April 2021. to collect information from the field, create
l.c

• Earlier, the revamped US-India Strategic a database using modern Information

Clean Energy Partnership SCEP (first track) Technology (IT) based tools, analyses the
ai

was launched. information using GIS and statistical tools to

• It will provide both countries an opportunity provide inferences that allow tiger reserve
gm

to renew collaborations on climate change managers to better manage their wildlife

while addressing financing aspects and resources.
35

deliver climate finances primarily as grants

and concessional finance as envisaged under
the Paris Agreement.
1
07
rth
pa

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 19
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

76. Event Horizon: There is a region of space various plants and develop new varieties of
beyond the black hole called the event horizon. crop plants in lesser time.
This is a "point of no return", beyond which it is • Genome sequencing of cop plants can be
impossible to escape the gravitational effects of helpful in deciphering and understanding the
the black hole. host-pathogen realationship in crops.
77. Event Horizon Telescope
• It is a large telescope array consisting of a
global network of radio telescopes.
• It is a group of 8 radio telescopes used to
detect radio waves from space located in
different parts of the world.
• The collaboration draws on a wide range of
expertise and includes over 200 scientists
and engineers working with telescopes
around the world.
78. Gravitational Singularity
• It is a condition in which gravity is so
intense that spacetime itself breaks down
catastrophically. 81. Lead
• It is a naturally occurring toxic metal found
• Singularities were first predicated as a result
in the Earth’s crust.
of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity,
which resulted in the theoretical existence of • It is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney
black holes. and bones. It is stored in the teeth and bones,
79. String theory where it accumulates over time.
• It is an attempt to combine the quantum • Human exposure is usually assessed through
mechanics and Albert Einstein's theory of the measurement of lead in blood.
relativity with an overarching framework • Lead in bone is released into blood during
that can explain all of physical reality. pregnancy and becomes a source of
• It tries to do so by positing that particles are exposure to the developing foetus.
actually one-dimensional, string-like • Lead exposure is preventable
entities whose vibrations determine the • Causes behind lead poisoning: Wide spread
particles' properties, such as their mass and use of lead acid batteries, lead paints, Lead
charge. in its organic form could be absorbed
80. Genome Sequencing through the skin upon application of
• Genome sequencing is figuring out the order cosmetics.
of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a genome - 82. Brominated vegetable oils
the order of Adenine, Cytosine, Guanines, • It is used primarily to help emulsify citrus-
and Thymine that make up an organism's flavored soft drinks, preventing them from
DNA. separating during distribution.
• Genome sequencing of wild varieties of • Brominated vegetable oil is a synthetic
plants can be used to identify disease chemical that is created when vegetable oil
resistance and drought tolerance genes in is bonded to the element bromine.
83. Monosodium glutamate

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 20
 • It is an amino acid found in your body and
most foods. It is a flavour enhancer
commonly added to Chinese food, canned
vegetables, soups, and processed meats.
• When consumed in excess, it can cause
several health issues, including a headache,
nausea, sweating, weakness, chest pain,
tingling or burning in the face as well as
neck and other areas.
• MSG may cause adverse symptoms in some
people, including a condition called Chinese
restaurant syndrome or MSG symptom
complex.
84. Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
• A major advantage of OLED over LCD is
that it is lightweight and has flexible plastic
substrates.
• Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diodes
(FOLED) fabricated on flexible plastic
substates can be bent or rolled while
operating.
• OLEDs can be printed onto almost any
substrate with inkjet printer technology.
• OLED has no backlighting function -> can
be used for making transparent displays.
• If a substrate like polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) can be used, the displays may be
produced inexpensively.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 21
85. LCD and LED • Spinosad is a biolarvicide that is naturally
produced and acts by killing the larvae of
insects. It works by overexciting the nervous
system of target insect or their larvae.
88. Biodegradable Plastics
• It refers to plastic made from plants like
maize, wheat or sugarcane or other
biological material instead of petroleum.
• They are biodegradable and compostable
plastic materials.
• It can be made by extracting sugar from
plants like corn and sugarcane and
converting it into polylactic acids (PLA). It
can also be made from
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from
microorganisms.
86. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology • Advantages: Reduced use of fossil fuel
• It involves removing the nucleus, which
om resources, Smaller carbon footprint, fewer
contains the DNA, and implanting it into an GHGs emissions than traditional plastics
unfertilised egg, whose nucleus has been over their lifetime and Faster
l.c

removed. It is used in reproductive cloning decomposition, it does not contain bisphenol

of organisms. A (BPA), a hormone disrupter that is often
ai

• It was used for the first time by Ian Wilmut found in traditional plastics.
and his colleagues at Roslin institute for 89. Algae based biofuels
gm

cloning the sheep “Dolly” (first mammal to • Algae fuel, algal biofuel is an alternative to
be cloned). liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its
source of energy-rich oils.
35

• Algaculture can be initiated on land

unsuitable for agriculture or saline water or
1

wastewater.
07

• They can grow on marginal or non-crop land

and also on brackish or polluted water.
rth

• Developing and engineering ABB

technology requires a high level of expertise
pa

until construction is finished, which may be

a significant barrier in developing countries
87. Biolarvicides that have a weak investment climate.
• A larvicide derived from or consisting of
organisms, such as Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis or Agmenellum quadruplicatum.
• Biolarvicides based on mosquitocidal toxins
of certain strains of Bacillus sphaericus are
highly effective against mosquito larvae at
very low doses and safe to other non-target
organisms.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 22
 POLITY

90. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 92. National Intellectual Property Rights Policy
• It was established under BIS Act, 1986 and • It was adopted in May 2016 as a vision
declared National Standard Body of document to guide future development of
India by BIS Act 2016. IPRs in the country.
• Mandated for harmonious development • Its clarion call is Creative India; Innovative
of activities of standardization, marking and India.
quality certification of goods and for matters • Department for Promotion of Industry and
connected. Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of
• Headquartered at New Delhi. Commerce is the nodal department to
• It works under the aegis of the Ministry of coordinate, guide and oversee the
Consumer Affairs, Food & Public implementation and future development of
Distribution. IPRs in India.
• Functions: Providing • India’s IPR regime is in compliance with the
safe reliable quality goods, WTO's agreement on Trade-Related
Minimizing health hazards to consumers, Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Promoting exports and imports substitute, (TRIPS).
Control over proliferation of varieties etc • Objectives: IPR Awareness: Outreach and
through standardization, certification and Promotion, Generation of IPRs, Legal and
testing. Legislative Framework, Administration and
• In 2010, a certification from BIS has been Management, Commercialization of IPRs,
made mandatory for all types of automotive Enforcement and Adjudication and Human
tyres and tubes. Capital Development.
91. AGMARK 93. Department for Promotion of Industry and
• It is a certification mark that assures Internal Trade (DPIIT)
conformity to set of standards approved by • It was established in the year 1995 and was
government agency Directorate of reconstituted in the year 2000 with the
Marketing and Inspection. merger of the Department of Industrial
• It is legally enforced by Agricultural Development.
Produce (Grading and Marking) Act of 1937 • The department was earlier called
(amended in 1986). Department of Industrial Policy &
• It covers quality guidelines for 205 different Promotion; and was renamed as DPIIT in
commodities spanning variety of cereals, January, 2019.
pulses, vegetable oils, essential oils, fruits & • Role: Promote/accelerate industrial
vegetables, and semi-processed products Development of the Country by facilitating
like vermicelli. investment in new and upcoming
technology, foreign direct investment and
support balanced development of industries.
• Legislations administered by
Department: The Industries (Development
and Regulation) Act, 1951, The Explosives
Act, 1884, The Inflammable Substances
Act, 1952, The Boilers Act, 1923, The
Copyright Act, 1957, The Patents Act, 1970,
The Design Act, 2000, The Geographical

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 23
 Indications of Goods (Registration and 96. Quality Council of India
Protection) Act, 1999; The Trade Marks • It was set up in 1997 as an autonomous
Act, 1999 and The National Institute of body attached to the DPIIT, Ministry of
Design Act, 2014. Commerce and Industry.
94. Fundamental Duties • It is a pioneering experiment of the
• Original constitution did not contain any Government of India in setting up
provisions related to Fundamental duties. organizations in partnership with the Indian
• These were added through industry.
42 nd amendment act to the constitution of • It is governed by a Council comprising of 38
India based on the recommendations of members including the Chairman and
Swaran Singh Committee. Secretary General where the Chairman is
• The idea was borrowed from USSR nominated by Prime Minister of India.
constitution. • Its mandate is to establish and operate the
• There is no legislative process provided to National Accreditation Structure (NAS) for
enforce the Fundamental duties and they are conformity assessment bodies and providing
not correlative to legal duties. accreditation in the field of health, education
• Like DPSPs, the fundamental duties are also and quality promotion.
non-justiceable; there is no legal sanction • National Accreditation Board for
against their violation. Certification Bodies
• FD apply only to citizens and do not extend (NABCB) and National Accreditation
to foreigners. Board for Testing and Calibration
• Recommendations of Swaran Singh Laboratories (NABL) are the
committee which were not accepted are: two accreditation boards of the QCI.
o Parliament may provide for any • Indian industry is represented in QCI by
penalty for failure to adhere to any three premier industry associations
FD. namely ASSOCHAM; CII; and FICCI.
o No law imposing such penalty could 97. Parliamentary form of government
be questioned in the court. • Features: Presence of nominal and real
o Duty to pay taxes should also be a executives, majority party rule, collective
fundamental duty of the citizens. responsibility of the executive to the
95. Preamble legislature, membership of the ministers in
the legislature, leadership of the prime
minister and dissolution of the lower House.
• Advantages: Represents diverse Group,
Better co-ordination between legislature and
executive, prevents authoritarianism,
responsible Government, availability of
alternate government and executive remains
responsible to the legislature.
98. Rights are correlative with duties: Rights and
duties have an organic relationship. One cannot
enjoy a right if others do not obey their duties.
A right comes with an obligation to show
respect for the rights of others. For example, you
cannot enjoy Right to clean environment if

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 24
 others do not perform their duty of protecting • The questions can also be asked to
and conserving the environment. the private members.
99. Preamble: In the Berubari Union case (1960), • It is regulated according to parliamentary
the Supreme Court held that the Preamble shows rules- presiding officers of the both
the general purposes behind the several Houses (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha) are
provisions in the Constitution, and is thus a key the final authority with respect to the
to the minds of the makers of the constitution. conduct of Question Hour.
100. DPSPs: Dr BR Ambedkar described these 103. Supplementary questions: If a Member seeks
principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian to ask a question urgently and cannot wait for
constitution. DPSPs along with Fundamental the duration of the notice period, then the
rights contain the philosophy of the member can do so provided it is accepted by
constitution and is the soul of the constitution. the Speaker. Such questions are called
101. Adjournment Motion supplementary questions.
• It is introduced in the Lok Sabha to draw the 104. Qualifications for election to Lok Sabha
attention of the House to a definite matter of • Must be a citizen of India.
urgent public importance. • Not less than 25 years of age.
• It involves an element of censure against the om • Must be registered as an elector for a
government. parliamentary constituency.
• It can be moved only in Lok Sabha. 105. National Skill Qualification Framework
• It is regarded as an extraordinary device as • NSQF is a nationally integrated education
l.c

it interrupts the normal business of the and competency-based framework that

House. It needs the support of 50 enables persons to acquire desired
ai

members to be admitted. competency levels.

• The discussion on this motion should last • It organizes qualifications according to a
gm

for not less than two hours and thirty series of levels of knowledge, skills and
minutes. aptitude.
• It is subject to the following restrictions. It • These levels, graded from one to ten, are
35

should- defined in terms of learning outcomes which

o raise a matter which is definite, factual, the learner must possess regardless of
1

urgent and of public importance. whether they were acquired through formal,
07

o not cover more than one matter. non-formal or informal learning.

o be restricted to a specific matter of • Specific outcomes expected from
rth

recent occurrence. implementation of NSQF are:

o not raise a question of privilege. o Mobility between vocational and
o not revive discussion on a matter that has
pa

general education by alignment of

been discussed in the same session. degrees with NSQF.
o not deal with any matter that is under o Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL),
adjudication of court. allowing transition from non-formal to
o not raise any question that can be raised organised job market.
on a distinct motion. o Standardised, consistent, nationally
102. Question hour acceptable outcomes of training across
• The first hour of every parliamentary the country through a national quality
sitting is slotted for the Question Hour. assurance framework.
• During this one hour, MPs ask questions to 106. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: It is
ministers and hold them accountable for the based on recommendations of Bankruptcy Law
functioning of their ministries.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 25
 Reform committee headed by TK individuals; appeals to DRAT and
Viswanathan. Supreme Court.
• Unified Framework: It is applicable to both • Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of
individuals and companies + It applies to India
companies, LLPs, partnerships, individuals o About: Statutory Body, implements I &
and any other body specified by the central B code
government. o Membership: 1 Chairman, 1 nominated
• Operational Creditors: Suppliers, member from RBI and 8 members from
contractors, salaried employees etc. govt.
• Financial Creditors: Banks, NBFC, bond o Ministry: Ministry of Corporate affairs
& other debt security holders, + Home o Tenure: Chairman-5 years/65 age,
buyers eligible for reappointment
• Provisions: Insolvency proceedings at o Functions: Selects Insolvency
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), Professional Agencies, selects
Insolvency professional to draft a resolution Information Utility to maintain database
plan like reviving or finding another of borrowers.
investor. • Cross Border Insolvency
• Committee of Creditors: Comprised of o Provisions: I &B 2016 code has
Financial Creditors, voting based on loan provisions but not yet enforced. Allows
given by financial creditor, determine the for foreign creditor to recover money
final verdict on resolution. lent to Indian corporates and allow
• Appeal Structure: If individual borrower – Indian lenders to recover money from
Debt recovery tribunal, Company borrower- foreign assets.
NCLAT
• No applicability: For wilful defaulter,
Incapable defaulter (has no capacity to pay)-
they do directly to SARFAESI.
• Insolvency resolution: Max (180 + 90
days) 330 days (including liquidation
process after Aug 2019 amendment).
• Institutional Infrastructure
o Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of
India-> Insolvency regulator, oversees
functioning of insolvency
intermediaries.
o Insolvency professionals and Insolvency
professional agencies-> These are
private bodies specialized in helping
sick companies.
o NCLT: Adjudicate insolvency
resolution for corporates (Companies
and LLPs); appeals to NCLAT and
Supreme Court.
o Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)-> It will
adjudicate insolvency resolution for

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 26
107. FPTP System: In election for lok sabha and • collection, analysis and dissemination of
state assembly, the first past the post system is information on cyber incidents.
followed where a candidate who polls more • forecast and alerts of cyber security
votes than any other candidate is elected. incidents;
• emergency measures for handling cyber
security incidents;
• coordination of cyber incidents response
activities;
• issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability
notes and white papers relating to
information security practices, procedures,
prevention, response and reporting of cyber
incidents;
• such other functions relating to cyber
security as may be prescribed.
• The CERT Rules impose an obligation on
service providers, intermediaries, data
centres and body corporates to report cyber
incidents within a reasonable time so that
CERT-In may have scope for timely action;
failing to provide shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend
108. Speaker and Deputy speaker: As per the to one year or with fine which may extend to
constitution, the speaker and deputy speaker in one lakh rupees or with both.
lok sabha are elected among its members. It is 111. Right to Vote and To be elected: Righ to vote
a convention (not constitutional provision) that in elections is an important constitutional right.
usually Speaker’s post goes to the majority However, Article 326 provides for universal
party and the Deputy Speaker’s to the adult suffrage but does not specifically mention
Opposition. the right to vote.
109. National Payments Corporation of India 112. Neutrinos
(NPCI) • Detected for the first time in 1959, neutrinos
• It is an umbrella organization for all retail are the second most abundant particles in the
payments system in India founded in 2008. world, after photons, or the light particle.
• It was set up with the guidance and support • These are mysterious particles, produced
of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and copiously in nuclear reactions in the Sun,
Indian Banks’ Association (IBA). stars, and elsewhere.
• It was incorporated as a Section 25 company • Probing of oscillations of neutrinos and their
under Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 relations with mass are crucial in studying
of Companies Act 2013) and is aimed to the origin of the universe.
operate for the benefit of all the member • Neutrinos are created by various radioactive
banks and their customers. decays; during a supernova, by cosmic rays
110. CERT: Indian Computer Emergency striking atoms etc.
Response Team shall serve as the national • A neutrino’s spin always points in the
agency for performing the following functions opposite direction of its motion.
in the area of cyber security –

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 27
113. Solar Flares
• It is an intense localized eruption of
electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's
atmosphere. om
• Solar flares occur in a power-law spectrum
of magnitudes; an energy release of typically
114. Election Commission of India: Election
1020 joules of energy suffices to produce a
Commission of India is a three member body
l.c

clearly observable event, while a major

and it is the election commission which decides
event can emit up to 1025 joules.
the election schedule for both general elections
ai

• Solar flares affect all layers of the solar and byeelections. It is also the function of
atmosphere (photosphere, chromosphere,
gm

election commission to resolve the disputes

and corona). relating to splits/mergers of recognized
• Flares produce electromagnetic radiation political parties.
across the electromagnetic spectrum at all
35

115. Judicial Review

wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma • It is the power of judiciary to examine the
rays.
1

constitutionality of legislative enactments

and executive orders of both the Central and
07

state governments.
• On examination, if they are found to be
rth

violative of the Constitution (ultra-vires),

they can be declared as illegal,
pa

unconstitutional and invalid (null and viod).

• Consequently, they cannot be enforced by
the government.
• The constitutional validity of a legislative
enactment or an executive order can be
challenged in a high court or supreme court
on the following three grounds:
o it infringes the fundamental rights (Part
III), it is outside the competence of the
authority which has framed it, and it is
repugant to the constitutional provisions.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 28
116. President’s Rule does not prohibit their employment in any
harmless or innocent work.

118. Cabinet Form of Government: The

Parliamentary system is also known as the
‘Westminster’ model of government,
responsible government and cabinet
government. The Constitution establishes
the parliamentary system not only at the
Centre but also in the states. The features of
parliamentary government in India are:
• Presence of nominal and real executives;
• Majority party rule,
• Collective responsibility of the
executive to the legislature,
• Membership of the ministers in the
legislature,
• Leadership of the prime minister or the
chief minister,
• Dissolution of the lower House (Lok
Sabha or Assembly).
119. Federalism
• The Constitution of India establishes a
federal system of government.
• It contains all the usual features of a
federation, viz., two government, division of
powers, written Constitution, supermacy of
Constitution, rigidity of Constitution,
independent judiciary and bicameralism.
• Moreover, the term ‘Federation’ has
117. Right against Exploitation: Includes Article nowhere been used in the Constitution.
23 & 24 of the Indian Constitution. • Article 1, on the other hand, describes India
• Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, as a ‘Union of States’ which implies two
begar (forced labour) and other similar things: one, Indian Federation is not the
forms of forced labour. Any contravention result of an agreement by the states; and two,
of this provision shall be an offence no state has the right to secede from the
punishable in accordance with law. This federation.
right is available to both citizens and non- 120. Private members bill
citizens. It protects the individual not only • It is a bill introduced by any member of
against the State but also against private Parliament other than a minister.
persons. • Purpose is to draw the government’s
• Article 24 prohibits the employment of attention to what individual MPs see as gaps
children below the age of 14 years in any in the existing legal framework, which
factory, mine or other hazardous activities require legislative intervention.
like construction work or railway. But it

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 29
 • Drafting of the private member bill is the •Added three new Directive Principles viz.,
responsibility of the member concerned. equal justice and free legal aid, the
• Its introduction in the House requires one participation of workers in the management
month’s notice. of industries and protection of the
• They can be introduced and discussed only environment, forests, and wildlife.
on Fridays. • Facilitated the proclamation of national
• Its rejection by the House has no emergency in a part of the territory of India.
implication on the parliamentary • Extended the one-time duration of the
confidence in the government or its President’s rule in a state from 6 months to
resignation. one year.
• 14 private member’s bills have become • Shifted five subjects from the state list to the
law so far. concurrent list, viz, education, forests,
• Last private member’s bill passed - Supreme protection of wild animals and birds,
Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate weights and measures and administration of
Jurisdiction) Bill, 1968. justice, constitution and organisation of all
• In the case of multiple bills, a ballot system courts except the Supreme Court and the
is used to determine the order in which they high courts.
are introduced. 123. Monetary Policy Committee
• Parliamentary Committee on Private • RBI Act, 1934 has been amended to provide
Member's Bills and Resolutions examines for a statutory and institutionalised
all such Bills and categorizes them framework for a Monetary Policy
according to their urgency and importance. Committee.
• President can exercise his absolute • It is entrusted with the task of fixing the
veto when a Private Member's Bill is passed benchmark policy rate (repo rate) required to
by Parliament. contain inflation within the specified target
• In the 14th Lok Sabha, only about 4% of the level. It decides the repo rates, CRR, SLR etc.
over 300 private member's Bills introduced • Governor of Reserve Bank— ex officio
were discussed. Chairperson of MPC.
121. Implications of Equality: The term ‘equality’ • One vote for each member and a casting vote
means the absence of special privileges to any for governor in cases of tie.
section of the society, and the provision of • Members appointed on recommendation of
adequate opportunities for all individuals Search-cum-selection committee headed by
without any discrimination. Right to equality cabinet secretary with RBI governor;
(Article 18)-> abolishes titular privileges Secretary and three experts as members.
(except military or academic) granted to
citizens of India.
122. 42nd Amendment act, 1976
• Added three new words (i.e., socialist,
secular and integrity) in the Preamble.
• Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens
(new Part IV A).
• Made the president bound by the advice of
the cabinet.
• Curtailed the power of judicial review and
writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and
high courts.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 30
124. Trade Disputes Act, 1929
• Objective: To make provisions for
establishment of Courts of Inquiry and
Boards of Conciliation with a view to
investigate and settle trade disputes.
• It prohibited strikes or lock-outs without
notice in public utility services; it also made
any strike or lock-out illegal.
• It forbade trade union activity of coercive or
purely political nature and even sympathetic
strikes.
• Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar datt threw
bomb in assembly as a symbolic gesture of
protest against this draconian act.
125. Local Self-Government: Decentralization and
grass roots empowerment are the core guiding
principles of local self-government as under om
73rd and 74th constitutional amendment.
126. Federal Features of Indian Constitution
• Dual Polity: Union at the Centre and the
l.c

states at the periphery. Each is endowed

with sovereign powers to be exercised in
ai

the field assigned to them respectively by

the Constitution
gm

• Written Constitution: It specifies the

structure, organisation, powers and
functions of both the Central and state
35

governments and prescribes the limits

within which they must operate.
1

• Division of Powers: The Constitution

07

divided the powers between the Centre

and the states in terms of the Union List,
rth

State List and Concurrent List in the

Seventh Schedule
• Supremacy of the Constitution: The
pa

Constitution is the supreme (or the 128. Delegated legislation

highest) law of the land. The laws • Delegated legislation is, referred to as
enacted by the Centre and the states must Subordinate, Ancillary, administrative
confirm to its provisions. legislation and quasi legislation.
• Independent Judiciary: Constitution • It is made by a person or body other than
establishes independent judiciary headed Parliament. Parliament, through an Act, can
by Supreme Court to settle disputes permit another person or body to make such
between the Centre and the states or legislation.
between the states. • Parliament creates the broader framework of
127. Direct Democracy/Pure Democracy a particular law and gives the authority for

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 31
 legislation to other persons or bodies to • Benami transaction: Ignorance of law
provide more details to the passed Act. cannot be an excuse for the violation of the
• This offers several merits as it allows Prohibition of Benami property transactions
specifics to be modified at local levels with act, 1988. So, statement 1 is not correct.
greater responsiveness to situations. • Confiscation by Government: The PBPT
129. Fundamental Rights Act prohibits recovery of the property held
• Fundamental Rights operate as limitations benami from benamidar by the real owner.
on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary Properties held benami are liable for
laws of the legislature. confiscation by the Government without
• Fundamental rights are Universal (bestowed payment of compensation.
upon each and every citizen of the Republic • Appellate mechanism: An appellate
without any consideration of religion, caste, mechanism has been provided under the
creed, colour or sex), Justiciable (If the PBPT Act in the form of Adjudicating
State, an individual, or a group of people Authority and Appellate Tribunal.
infringe on our rights, we have the right to 132. Benami Transactions (Prohibition)
go to the courts and have them redressed) Amendment Act, 2016
and amendable. • Definition of Benami transaction: The Act
130. Factories Act, 1881 defines a benami transaction as a transaction
• The 1881 Act aimed to improve working where a property is held by or transferred to
conditions of labour. a person, but has been provided for or paid
• It is applicable only to factories using by another person, the transaction is made in
mechanical powers, employing not less than a fictitious name, the owner is not aware of
100 workers. denies knowledge of the ownership of the
• It prohibited the employment of children property, the person providing the
under the age of seven and required that consideration for the property is not
dangerous machinery should be fenced traceable.
properly. • Special court: It should conclude trial
• Children between the age 7-12 were to work within 6 months from the date of filing of the
for maximum 9 hours. complaint.
• Provision for one-hour rest during working • Authorities: It establish 4 authorities to
period and 4 days leave in a month for the conduct inquiries or investigations
workers. regarding benami transactions: Initiating
• Four days leave in a month for workers was Officer, Approving Authority,
made compulsory. Administrator and Adjudicating Authority.
• There is no provision for fixed wage and
formation of trade unions.
131. Prohibition of Benami Property
Transactions Act, 1988

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 32
 CURRENT AFFAIRS

133. Domestic Content Requirement South Korea, Russia, South Africa, Sweden,
• It mandates use of both solar cells and the United Kingdom, and the United States.
modules manufactured domestically as per 136. International Atomic Energy Agency
specifications requirements fixed by (IAEA)
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy • Widely known as the world’s “Atoms for
(MNRE). Peace and Development” organization
• WTO had ruled against India's domestic within the United Nations, the IAEA is the
content policy for solar cells and modules. international centre for cooperation in the
• DCR Category was instituted in the nuclear field established in 1957.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission • Headquartered is at Vienna, Austria
(JNNSM) since 2010 to create a healthy and • It seeks to promote peaceful use of nuclear
robust indigenous manufacturing base and energy, and to prohibit its use for any
to elevate India’s status as a solar hub. military purpose, including manufacturing
134. Nuclear Security Summits of nuclear weapons
• It is a world summit, aimed at preventing • It reports to the UNGA and the UNSC
nuclear terrorism around the globe. (although it is an independent body).
• The first summit was held in Washington, • The IAEA executes its mission with three
D.C., United States, in 2010. main functions:
• It is held every two years since 2010 and it o the inspection of existing nuclear
is the fourth and final in a series of summits. facilities to ensure their peaceful use,
• It was initiated by US President Barack o providing information and developing
Obama in 2009. standards to ensure the safety and
• Aim: To accost concern about fissile security of nuclear facilities, and
materials going into the wrong hands at a o as a hub for the various fields of science
head-of-state level. involved in the peaceful applications of
• It includes minimizing use of highly nuclear technology
enriched uranium (HEU), bolstering • Programs: Program of Action for Cancer
security at nuclear facilities through Therapy (PACT), Human Health
enhanced national regulations, enhanced Program, Water Availability
membership in international instruments Enhancement Project and International
and organizations such as IAEA. Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors
135. International Panel on Fissile Materials and Fuel Cycles, 2000.
• It was founded in 2006, which is an 137. National Pension System
independent group of arms-control and • The Central Government has introduced the
nonproliferation experts from both nuclear National Pension System (NPS) with effect
weapon and non-nuclear weapon states. from January 2004 (except for armed
• Mission: Analyze the technical basis for forces).
practical and achievable policy initiatives to • It is being implemented and regulated by
secure, consolidate, and reduce stockpiles of Pension Fund Regulatory and Development
highly enriched uranium and plutonium. Authority (PFRDA) in the country.
• Its members include nuclear experts from • National Pension System Trust
eighteen countries: Brazil, Canada, China, (NPST) established by PFRDA is the
France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, registered owner of all assets under NPS.
Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan,

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 33
 • It is applicable to all new employees of • Headquartered at Rome, Italy
Central Government service (except Armed • Goal: Achieve food security for all and
Forces) and Central Autonomous Bodies make sure that people have regular access to
joining Government service on or after 1st enough high-quality food to lead active,
January 2004. healthy lives.
• It is applicable to all the employees of State • Source of knowledge and information, and
Governments, State Autonomous Bodies helps developing countries and countries in
joining services after the date of notification transition modernize and improve
by the respective State Governments. agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices.
• Any individual citizen of India (both • India is a member of FAO.
resident and Non-resident) in the age group • It is the depository body of the International
of 18-65 years can join NPS. Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
• OCI (Overseas Citizens of India) and PIO and Agriculture.
(Person of Indian Origin) card holders • Reports: World State of Forest Report,
and Hindu Undivided Family (HUFs) are State of World Fisheries and
not eligible for opening of NPS accounts. Aquaculture(SOFIA), State of Food
• It allows subscribers (government om Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI),
employees) to decide where they want to etc
invest their money by contributing regularly 140. National Agriculture Market Scheme/ E-
in a pension account throughout their career. NAM (National Agriculture market)
l.c

• After retirement they can withdraw a part of • It is an online trading platform for
the pension amount in a lump sum and use agriculture produce aiming to help farmers,
ai

the rest to buy an annuity for a regular traders, and buyers with online trading and
income. getting a better price by smooth marketing.
gm

138. Zika Virus • Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium

• It is a member of Flaviviridae virus family (SFAC) is lead agency for implementing
and Flavivirus genus, transmitted by
35

eNAM under the aegis of Ministry of

daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes such as A. Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
aegypti, A. Africanus etc. These are the • It links agricultural produce market
1

same mosquitoes that spread dengue and committees (APMCs) across all states with
07

chikungunya viruses. online trading of commodities.

• It is transmitted by day-time active • It removes information asymmetry between
rth

mosquitoes in genus Aedes. buyers and sellers and promotes real time
• It is transmitted among humans via sexual price discovery and access to a nationwide
contacts and can cross placenta, affecting an
pa

market for the farmer, with prices

unborn foetus. commensurate with quality of his produce.
• Zika can be passed through sex, even if the
infected person does not have symptoms at
the time.
• Common symptoms include mild
headaches, maculopapular rash, malaise and
conjunctivitis.
139. Food and Agriculture Organization
• It is a specialized agency of the United
Nations that leads international efforts to
defeat hunger.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 34
141. Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on • It was commissioned by the Andhra Pradesh
Housing and Urban Development Government in November 1997.
(APMCHUD) • Primary cargoes of this region include
• It was established in 2006 to promote agricultural products, minerals, coal and
sustainable housing and urban development fertilizers.
for human settlements in the Asia-Pacific
Region.
• The 2006 New Delhi APMCHUD
conference theme was “A vision for
sustainable urbanisation in the Asia-Pacific
by 2020”.
142. Democracy Superior virtue lies in the fact
that it calls into activity the intelligence and
character of ordinary men and women. It
allows you to vote by exercising your intellect
and it gives you liberty and freedom of 145. Nelluru: Krishnapatnam port in Nellore
expression, and ensures adherence of moral District of Andhra Pradesh is the largest private
values (character) such as justice and equality. port on the East Coast of India. It is an all-
143. Kohima to Kottayam: The shortest route from weather deep-water Port capable of handling
Kohima (Nagaland) to Kottayam (Kerala) Cape-Size Vessels.
passes through the following states: Nagaland- 146. National Investment and Infrastructure
Assam-West Bengal-Odisha-Andhra Pradesh- Fund
Tamil Nadu-Kerala. • National Infrastructure and Investment Fund
(NIIF) is India’s first-ever sovereign wealth
fund (SWF) that was set up by the Indian
Government in the year 2015.
• The primary objective of setting up NIIF
was to optimise the economic impact largely
through investing in infrastructure-related
projects.
• The government had set up the ₹40,000
crore NIIF in 2015 as an investment vehicle
for funding commercially viable greenfield,
brownfield and stalled infrastructure
projects.
• Indian government invests 49% and the rest
is to be raised from third-party
investors such as sovereign wealth funds,
insurance and pension funds etc.
• NIIF currently manages three funds each
with its distinctive investment mandate.
• The funds are registered as Alternative
144. Kakinada port Investment Fund (AIF) with SEBI.
• It is located on the East Coast of India in the o Master Fund: It is an infrastructure
East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. fund with the objective of primarily
investing in operating assets in the core

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 35
 infrastructure sectors such as roads, and strengthen the lenders’ ability to deal
ports, airports, power etc. with stressed assets.
o Fund of Funds: Managed by fund • Under the scheme, large ticket loans are
managers who have good track records restructured by separating a sustainable loan
in infrastructure and associated sectors from an unsustainable loan.
in India. • The sustainable debt cannot be less than
o Strategic Investment Fund: It is 50% of existing debt.
registered as an Alternative Investment • The unsustainable debt can be converted
Fund II under SEBI in India. It will focus into equity, Optionally Convertible
on green field and brown field Debentures or Redeemable Optionally
investments in the core infrastructure Convertible Preference Share with clearly
sectors. spelt out terms.
147. Global Infrastructure Facility • Banks can sell this stake or equity to a new
• It is a global, open platform by World Bank owner who will have the advantage of
that facilitates the preparation and getting to run the business with a more
structuring of complex infrastructure public manageable debt.
private partnerships (PPPs) to enable • Banks or lenders will formulate the
mobilization of private sector and resolution plan and implement the same
institutional investor capital. along with necessary internal approvals.
• The GIF platform coordinates and integrates • RBI mandated advisory body called
the efforts of Multilateral Development Overseeing Committee (OC) will be
Banks (MDBs), private sector investors and constituted, which will review the resolution
financiers, and governments interested in plans submitted by the Banks.
infrastructure investment in Emerging 150. Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
Markets and Developing Economies • It is a voluntary and inclusive initiative that
(EMDEs). brings together navies of Indian Ocean
148. National Career Service Region (IOR) littoral states to increase
• It was envisioned for transforming the maritime co-operation and enhance regional
National Employment Service to provide security.
various employment-related services such • It serves to develop an effective response
as job matching, career counseling, mechanism and humanitarian assistance and
vocational guidance, information on skill disaster relief (HADR) against natural
development courses, apprenticeships, disasters.
internships, etc through an online portal. • The chairmanship held by India (2008-10),
• It focuses on a one-stop solution to provide UAE (2010-12), South Africa (2012-14),
various services related to employment and Australia (2014-16), Bangladesh (2016-18)
career-related services to the citizens of and Islamic Republic of Iran (2018-21).
India. • It includes 24 member nations that touch or
• It is implemented by the Directorate General lie within the IOR, and 8 observer nations.
of Employment, Ministry of Labour &
Employment.
149. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of
Stressed Assets (S4A)
• It is a scheme launched by RBI which aims
to help resolve the corporate debt problem

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 36
151. Chaliha Sahib Festival: Chalia sahib is the
festival of the Sindhis which involves devotees
fasting for days.
152. Nanda Devi Jaat Yatra: It is celebrated every
year in the Nanda Devi temples spread across
Garhwal and Kumaon. The festival commences
on the day earmarked for the Devi’s visit to her
155. Broad based Trade and Investment
maiti or parents’ home and culminates with the
Agreement (BTIA)
return to her husband’s home. This tradition is
om
• The BTIA broad trade arrangement covers
beautifully expressed in the folk songs of
many factors of trade in goods, services, and
Uttarakhand.
investment.
l.c

153. Wari Warkari: It is an annual pilgrimage to

Pandharpur - the seat of the god Vithoba in • Both India and the European Union have
been negotiating the Broad-based Trade and
ai

Maharashtra. Palakhis carrying the paduka

(foot prints) of various saints – most notably Investment Agreement for decades.
gm

Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram - from the Warkari • The negotiations include many factors such
sect are taken from their respective shrines to as tariff reductions, market access and
Pandharpur. investments.
35

154. Soil Health Card scheme 156. Gulf Cooperation Council

• It is a printed report which contains nutrient • It is a regional intergovernmental group
1

status of soil with respect to 12 which deals with political and economic
issues.
07

nutrients: pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC),

Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), • Established : 1981
• HQ : Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
rth

Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S),

Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), Manganese
(Mn) and Copper (Cu) of farm holdings.
pa

• It is provided to all farmers in the country

at an interval of 3 years to enable the
farmers to apply recommended doses of
nutrients based on soil test values to realize
improved and sustainable soil health and
fertility.
• Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers 157. OECD
Welfare introduced the scheme in 2015.
• It is an international economic organisation
established in 1961; headquartered at Paris.
• Aim: To stimulate economic progress and
world trade.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 37
 • Its members are committed to Democracy
and Market Economy.
• Most OECD members are high-income
economies with a very high Human
Development Index (HDI) and are regarded
as developed countries
• India is not a member of OECD

159. Trade Facilitation Agreement

• The TFA is the WTO’s first-ever
multilateral accord that aims to simplify
customs regulations for the cross-border
movement of goods.
• It includes lowering import tariffs and
agricultural subsidies, abolishing hard
import quotas and reduction in red tape at
international borders.
• It was outcome of WTO’s 9th Bali
(Indonesia) ministerial package of 2013.
158. SCO • India became 76th member to ratify this
• It is a permanent intergovernmental agreement in 2016.
international organisation aiming to • It came into force in February 2017.
maintain peace, security and stability in the 160. Chabahar Port
region.
• Located on the Gulf of Oman and 72 km
• It was created in 2001. away from the Gwadar port in Pakistan
• The SCO Charter was signed in 2002, and which has been developed by China.
entered into force in 2003. • It serves as the only oceanic port of Iran and
• The SCO's official languages are Russian consists of two separate ports named Shahid
and Chinese. Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari.
• The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the • It is considered a gateway to golden
supreme decision-making body in the SCO. opportunities for trade by India, Iran and
It meets once a year and adopts decisions Afghanistan with central Asian countries.
and guidelines on all important matters of • US has given separate exceptions for the
the organisation. strategic Chabahar port project.
• SCO Secretariat based in Beijing and the
Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-
Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in
Tashkent.
• Four observer states: Afghanistan, Belarus,
Iran and Mongolia.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 38
 • This initiative would connect schools with
varied volunteers from the Indian Diaspora
namely, young professionals, retired
teachers, retired Government officials,
retired professionals, NGOs, Private Sector
and Public Sector Companies, Corporate
Institutions and many others.
• The volunteer's responsibility is towards
overall development of the child, not
academics.
• The volunteer service will be used in
developing skills like public speaking,
creative writing, counseling, music and
dance.
• It will not replace the regular and
professionally qualified teachers in the
government schools.
163. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan
• It is a flagship program of the Ministry of
Education launched in 2014.
161. eLISA (Evolved Laser Interferometer Space
• It aims to connect institutions of higher
Antenna)
education, including Indian Institutes of
• It is a mission aiming at exploring the
Technology (IITs), National Institutes of
Gravitational Universe from space for the
Technology (NITs) and Indian Institutes of
first time.
Science Education & Research (IISERs) etc.
• It involves scientists from eight European with local communities to address the
countries ‒ Denmark, France, Germany, development challenges through appropriate
Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, technologies.
and the UK ‒ as well as the support of
• It covers two major domains for holistic
several US-based ones.
development of villages – human
• It is designed with orbits that allow the three development and material (economic)
satellites to maintain their near-equilateral development - in an integrated way.
triangular configuration.
• The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
• eLISA’s primary objective is the detection (IIT, Delhi) has been designated as the
and examination of gravitational waves National Coordinating Institute (NCI) for
emitted by the super-massive black holes the UBA scheme.
that reside in the centres of many galaxies.
• Main Objectives: To engage the faculty and
• In addition, it will measure the signals of students of HEIs in identifying development
thousands of compact binary star systems in issues in rural areas and finding sustainable
the Milky Way. solutions for the same + Identify & select
162. Vidyanjali Yojana existing innovative technologies, enable
• Vidyanjali is an initiative taken by the customisation of technologies, or devise
Ministry of Education, Government of India implementation methods for innovative
with the aim to strengthen Schools through solutions, as required by the people + To allow
community and private sector involvement HEIs to contribute to devising systems for
in schools across the country.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 39
 smooth implementation of various Government o To provide opportunities for reducing
programmes. inequalities based on privileging certain
164. Distance from Great Nicobar to Sumatra is forms of knowledge over others.
1,192 km. • Applicability: RPL is applicable for any
candidate of Indian nationality who:
o Is of age between 18-45 years
o Has prior experience in the job role for
which they want RPL certification and
as specified by the SSCs for those job
roles
o Possesses an Aadhaar card and Aadhaar
linked bank account
o Fulfils other criteria related to work
experience as defined by the SSCs for
the respective job roles.

om
165. Recognition of Prior Learning scheme
• It is a skill certification component to enable
l.c

166. National Skill Development Mission

Indian youth to take on industry relevant • Ministry/Department: Ministry of Skill
skill certification which will help them to
ai

Development and Entrepreneurship

secure a better livelihood. • Objective: To provide a strong institutional
gm

• Individuals with prior learning experience or framework at the Centre and States for
skills can register themselves and get implementation of skilling activities in the
assessed and certified under the RPL country.
35

component of PMKVY. • It will be implemented through a

• It focuses mainly on individuals engaged in streamlined institutional mechanism driven
1

unregulated sectors. by Ministry of Skill Development and

07

• Following successful assessment, a Entrepreneurship (MSDE)

candidate is given a financial reward, in • Institutional mechanism: Governing
addition to certification.
rth

Council for policy guidance at apex level,

• Government implemented RPL across Steering Committee and Mission
construction sites in five states - to certify Directorate as the executive arm of the
pa

skills acquired by workers through Mission.

traditional learning channels. • Seven sub-missions: Institutional Training,
• Objectives of RPL Infrastructure, Convergence, Trainers,
o To align the competencies of the pre- Overseas Employment, Sustainable
existing workforce of the country to the Livelihoods and Leveraging Public
standardized National Skills Infrastructure.
Qualification Framework (NSQF). 167. Global Gender Gap Index
o To enhance the employability and/or • It is published by World Economic Forum
entrepreneurial opportunities of an (WEF) every year since 2006.
individual, and; • Aim: To serve as a compass to track
progress on relative gaps between women

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 40
 and men on health, education, economy and • The term of each seat is three years, and no
politics. member may occupy a seat for more than
• The index measures gender gap as progress two consecutive terms.
towards parity between men and women in • UNHRC does not have authority to take
four indicators: Educational attainment, action but can exert significant pressure on
Health and survival, Economic opportunity violating country.
and Political empowerment. • It works closely with the Office of the High
• Over the Index, the highest possible score is Commissioner for Human Rights and
1 (equality) and the lowest possible score is engages the United Nations’ special
0 (inequality). procedures.
• India is one of the worst performers in South • The Council's Membership is based on
Asia; ranked 140 among 156 countries in equitable geographical distribution ->
2021. African States: 13 seats; Asia-Pacific States:
13 seats; Latin American and Caribbean
States: 8 seats; Western European and other
States: 7 seats; Eastern European States: 6
seats.
• Functions: Engaging countries on
improving human rights; make decisions
ranging from exposing violations to
recommending that UN Security Council
make referral to ICC.
169. World Economic Forum
• It is a Swiss nonprofit foundation
established in 1971, based in Geneva,
Switzerland.
• Mission: Committed to improving the state
of the world by engaging business, political,
academic, and other leaders of society to
shape global, regional, and industry
168. UN Human Rights council agendas.
• It is an inter-governmental body within • Founder and Executive Chairman: Klaus
United Nations system responsible for Schwab.
promotion and protection of human rights • Reports published: Energy transition
around the globe. index, Global competitiveness report,
• Created by UNGA on 15 March 2006 by Global IT report, Global Gender Gap report,
adopting resolution 60/251 to promote Global risk report and Global travel and
human rights globally. tourism report.
• Office of the High Commissioner for 170. UN Women
Human Rights (OHCHR) serves as the • UN Women is the United Nations entity
Secretariat of the Human Rights Council established in 2010, dedicated to promoting
(Headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland). gender equality and the empowerment of
• UNHRC is made up of 47 UN member states women.
which are elected by UN General Assembly • It is headquartered at New York.
(UNGA) with specific number of seats • Formed by merging four distinct parts of the
allocated for each region of the globe. UN system which are-> Division for the

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 41
 Advancement of Women (DAW), o Secretariat: It comprises of the
International Research and Training Director-General and such technical and
Institute for the Advancement of Women administrative staff as the Organization
(INSTRAW), Office of the Special Adviser may require.
on Gender Issues and Advancement of o Membership: Members of the United
Women (OSAGI), United Nations Nations may become Members of the
Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Organization.
• Objectives of UN Women
o To support inter-governmental
bodies, such as the Commission on the
Status of Women in their formulation of
policies, global standards, and norms.
o To help the Member States to implement
these standards, standing ready to
provide suitable technical and financial
support to those countries that request it,
and to forge effective partnerships with
civil society. 172. Smart India Hackathon
o Hold the UN system accountable for its • It is an initiative in which school and college
own commitments on gender equality. It students solve challenges and real-life
includes regular monitoring of system- problems faced by various participating
wide progress. ministries and departments and win prizes
171. World Health Organization (WHO) while helping the government.
• It is a specialized agency of the United • Eligibility: School students from Classes 6
Nations responsible for international public to 12 will be able to showcase their talent
health which is a part of UN Sustainable and generate out-of-the-box open
Development Group. innovation ideas + Regular college students
• Objective: Ensure “the attainment by all pursuing graduate or postgraduate
peoples of the highest possible level of programmes will be able to showcase their
health.” talent and generate out-of-the-box open
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. innovation ideas.
• There are 194 Member States, 150 country • The event which is being managed
offices, six regional offices. centrally by MHRD’s Innovation Cell and
All India Council for Technical Education
• It began functioning on April 7, 1948 –
(AICTE).
celebrated every year as World Health Day.
• Smart India Hackathon 2022 themes:
• Governance
Robotics and Drones, Clean and Green
o World Health Assembly: It is
Technology, Tourism, Renewable,
composed of delegates representing
Sustainable Energy, Blockchain and
Members; determines the policies of the
Cybersecurity etc.
organization; supervises the financial
173. Manipuri Sankirtana
policies of the Organization and reviews
and approves the budget and reports to • It is a form of performing art involving ritual
the Economic and Social Council in singing, drumming and dancing performed
accordance with any agreement between in the temples and domestic spaces in
the Organization and the United Manipur.
Nations.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 42
 • It is practiced primarily by Vaishnava
community in Manipur and in some parts of
Tripura and Assam.
• It was also inscribed in Representative list of
the UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage of
humanity in 2013.
• It is performed to narrate the life and deeds
of Lord Krishna.
• Cymbals and drums are the musical
instruments used in the performance.
174. Manipuri Classical Dance
• It is a classical dance belonging to state of
Manipur; it is the most devotional dance 175. Bhavnagar
forms among all classical dances of India. • Bhavnagar was founded by Bhavsinhji
• Important features: Gohil, the rulers of Sihor in 1723 AD.
o The central theme is the love stories • It lies on the western shore of the Gulf of
of Krishna and Radha. Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea.
• Bhavnagar has the highest tidal range in
o Both Tandava and Lasya are used but
om
latter is more important. India.
o Nagabhanda mudra (body of the • Gujarat Government given nod to the
l.c

dancer is connected through curves in world’s first CNG port terminal at

the shape of 8). Bhavnagar - It will have annual capacity of
ai

o Focus on devotion rather than 6 million metric tone, which will increase
sensuality is its key feature. the total handling capacity of the port to 9
gm

o Rasleelas, Sankirtana and Thang-ta million metric tonnes.

are most popular themes. 176. Bheemunipatnam
o The songs are sung in Brajaboli, old • Bheemunipatnam is a suburb of
35

Bengali,meitheli Sanskrit, Braj and Visakhapatnam located in Andhra Pradesh;

now in Manipuri language written by named after Bhima, a character in the Hindu
1

devotional poets like Chandidas, epic Mahabharata.

07

Vidyapati, Gyandas, Jaydev and • Located at the confluence of River Gosthani

others. and the Bay of Bengal.
rth

o Performed thrice in autumn from • Narasimha Swami temple of 12th century,

August to November and once in located on the Pavuralakonda hill.
spring sometime around March- • Once a Dutch settlement, it is also dotted
pa

April, all on full moon nights. with the remains of a 17th century Dutch
o Instruments used: The musical fort, beautiful old churches, a cemetery and
instrument generally used in this art a lighthouse.
form includes the Pung that is a 177. Erra Matti Dibbalu
barrel drum, cymbals or kartals, • It is located between Visakhapatnam and
harmonium, flute, pena and sembong. Bheemunipatnam, the Erra Matti Dibbalu
o Famous personalities: Guru Bipin, are rare red sand dunes that are a reminder
Bimbavati Devi, Jhaveri sisters – of the million years of geological processes.
Nayana, Ranjana, Suverna and • The width of the dunes, which runs for five
Dharshana. kilometres along the coast, varies from 200
metres to two kilometres.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 43
 • It is listed among the 34 notified National capital of Dutch Coromandel from 1660 to
Geological Heritage Monument Sites of 1781.
India by the Geological Survey of India. • In 1781, the town was conquered by
• The sediments are mainly derived from the the British East India Company.
Khondalite rocks from the hinterland of the • Kayarohanaswami
Eastern Ghats. Temple and Soundararajaperumal temple
are major Hindu piligrimage sites.
180. National Nutrition Mission/POSHAN
Abhiyaan
• It is the flagship program to improve
nutritional outcomes for children, pregnant
women, and lactating mothers launched by
Ministry of Women and Child
Development.
• It was launched on International Women’s
Day on 8 March 2018 at Jhunjhunu in
Rajasthan.
178. Chandipur • Components: Information, Education
• Chandipur is located in Balasore district of and Communication (IEC) Campaign
Odisha; also known as Odisha's Hide and against malnutrition and Multi-Sectoral
Seek Beach. Nutrition Programme.
• The water of the sea recedes off shore and • Objectives
proceeds rhythmically after a regular o To create awareness relating to
interval twice a day. The open beach without malnutrition amongst pregnant
water encourages the tourists to walk into women, lactating mothers, promote
the sea up to a distance of 5 km. healthy lactating practices and
• Sand dunes, rocky coasts and verdant importance of balanced nutrition;
Casuarina trees make Chandipur one of the o To improve maternal and child under-
most spectacular seashores. nutrition in 200 high burdened
• The rare Horseshoe crab and tiny red crabs districts and to prevent and reduce the
are often spotted on the beach. under-nutrition prevalent among
• Integrated Test Range (ITR) - A portion of children below 3 years;
the beach, under DRDO is the ITR of the o To reduce incidence of anaemia
Indian Army. Akash, Shaurya, Agni and among young children, adolescent
Prithvi ballistic missiles have been launched girls and women.
from here. • The Abhiyaan targets to reduce Stunting,
179. Nagapattinam undernutrition, Anemia and reduce low
• It is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. birth weight by 2%, 2%, 3% and 2% per
• The Chudamani Vihara in Nagapattinam is annum respectively.
constructed by Srivijayan king Sri Mara • It also targets to bring down stunting among
Vijayattungavarman of the Sailendra children in the age group 0-6
dynasty with the help of Rajaraja Chola years from 38.4% to 25% by 2022.
I was an important Buddhist structure. 181. Digital Single Market Strategy
• It was settled by the Portuguese and, later, • It contains a coherent vision with the aim
the Dutch under whom it served as the and ambition to propel Europe to the
forefront of the world’s digital economy.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 44
 • It is part of the Digital Agenda for Europe • ASEAN Plus Three: It was created to
2020 program of the European Union. improve existing ties with the China, Japan
• Three pillars of the strategy and South Korea.
o Access: Better access for consumers and
businesses to digital goods and services
across Europe;
o Environment: creating the right
conditions and a level playing field for
digital networks and innovative services
to flourish;
o Economy and Society: Maximizing the
growth potential of the digital economy 183. 8th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Plus
182. ASEAN Meeting
• It is a regional organization formed in 1967 • The ADMM-Plus is a platform for ASEAN
to promote political and social stability amid and its eight Dialogue Partners.
rising tensions among Asia-Pacific post- • The 2nd ASEAN Defence Ministers’
colonial states. Meeting (ADMM) in 2007 at Singapore
• Founding members were adopted a resolution to establish the
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, ADMM-Plus.
Singapore, and Thailand. • The first ADMM-Plus was convened at
• Aims: Accelerating economic Hanoi, Vietnam in 2010 + Brunei is the
growth, social progress, and sociocultural Chair of the ADMM Plus forum for the year
evolution among its members, Protection of 2021.
regional stability, providing a mechanism • It aims to promote mutual trust and
for member countries to resolve differences confidence between defence establishments
peacefully. through greater dialogue and transparency.
• Headquartered at Jakarta, Indonesia. • The ADMM-Plus countries include ten
• India has an FTA with ASEAN (operational ASEAN Member States and eight Plus
since 2010) countries, namely Australia, China, India,
• Motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea,
Community”. Russian Federation, and the United States.
• Chairmanship rotates annually, based on the 184. European Union
alphabetical order of the English names of • It is an international
Member States. organization comprising 27 European
• ASEAN Summit -> supreme policy making countries and governing common economic,
body of ASEAN, meets twice a year. social, and security policies formed in 1993.
• ASEAN Ministerial Councils: The Charter • Headquarters at Brussels, Belgium
established four important new Ministerial • It came into force after the signing of the
bodies to support the Summit-> ASEAN Maastricht Treaty by 28 countries.
Coordinating Council (ACC), ASEAN • Law made in European Parliament is
Political-Security Community Council, applicable and binding on all member states
ASEAN Economic Community Council and directly.
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community • It is single market allowing the free
Council. movement of people, goods, services and
• The primary mode of decision-making in capital within internal market.
ASEAN is consultation and consensus.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 45
 • The union has its own currency, • Together, BRICS accounts for about 40% of
Euro established as monetary union in 1999 the world’s population and about 30% of the
and being used by 19 member countries. GDP.
186. New Development Bank (NDB)
• Establishment: It is a multilateral
development bank established at 6th BRICS
Summit in Fortaleza (2014) headquartered
at Shanghai, China.
• Objectives: Fostering development of
member countries + Supporting economic
growth + Promoting competitiveness and
facilitating job creation + Building a
knowledge sharing platform among
developing countries.
• Members: Brazil, Russia, China, India,
South Africa, Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt and
om Uruguay (Total 9 members)
• Voting powers and contributions: Each
participant country will be assigned one vote
and no country has a veto power + Each
l.c

member is given equal 20% voting power +

Each member’s contribution will be equal
ai

with equal voting rights +

• Governance: It is governed by Board of
gm

Governors-> comprises the finance

ministers of the BRICS nations + President
of the NDB is elected from among the
35

member countries. There are four vice

presidents who are from the remaining
1

members.
07

• Development Capital
185. BRICS o Its primary focus of lending is on
rth

• BRICS is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, infrastructure projects with authorized

India, China and South Africa; originally it lending of up to $34 billion annually.
was BRIC (South Africa included in 2010). o Capital share of each member cannot be
pa

• "BRICS" acronym initially formulated in increased without all other four

2001 by economist Jim O'Neill, of Goldman members agreeing.
Sachs. o BRICS capital share cannot fall below
• It does not exist in form of organization, but 55% even after entry of new members.
it is an annual summit between the supreme o It supports public or private projects
leaders of five nations. through loans, guarantees, equity
• Chairmanship is rotated annually among the participation and other financial
members, in accordance with the acronym instruments.
B-R-I-C-S. • Contingency Reserve arrangement
• First formal summit was held in 2009 in (CRA)-> It is a framework for provision of
Russia. support through liquidity and precautionary

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 46
 instruments in response to actual potential • It does not have any permanent secretariat
short term BoP crisis. staff and its chairmanship rotates annually
• Current Developments: In 2018, NDB between nations divided into regional
received observer status in UNGA + groupings.
Bangladesh, UAE, and Uruguay joined in • Each G20 country is represented by
September 2021 + Egypt became a new its Sherpa, who plans, guides, implements,
member of the NDB in December 2021. etc. on behalf of the leader of their
respective country.
• Commerce and Industry Minister is
the current “G20 Sherpa” of India.
• Structure and Functioning: Presidency
rotates annually according to a system that
ensures a regional balance over time.
o For the selection of presidency, the 19
countries are divided into 5 groups, each
having no more than 4 countries.
o India is in Group 2 which also has
Russia, South Africa, and Turkey.
• Every year when a new country takes on the
presidency, it works hand in hand with the
previous presidency and the next presidency
collectively known as TROIKA.

187. BRICS Green Hydrogen Summit

• India hosted a summit on Green Hydrogen
initiatives involving the BRICS nations.
• The event offers a platform to share their
respective Green Hydrogen initiatives and
views on how to take it to the next level in
their own countries.
• Event was anchored by NTPC Ltd, a
Maharatna CPSU under the Ministry of 189. Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles
Power. • European Union has proposed a set of digital
188. G20 rights and principles that aim to protect
• It is an international forum for people’s rights, support democracy and
the governments and central ensure a fair and safe online environment.
bank governors from 20 major economies • They also cover digital devices, and ensures
founded in 1999. that the products support the bloc’s
• Its aim was to review policy decisions to sustainability and green transition goals,
enhance international financial stability with details provided on their environmental
• G20 economies account for around 85% of impact and energy consumption.
the gross world product (GWP), 80% • It establishes that what is illegal offline
of world trade and two-thirds of the world should be illegal online.
population. 190. Spotlight Initiative

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 47
 • European Union (EU) and the United
Nations (UN) have embarked on a new,
global, multi-year initiative focused on
eliminating all forms of violence against
women and girls (VAWG)
• The Initiative is so named as it brings
focused attention to this issue, moving it into
the spotlight and placing it at the centre of
efforts to achieve gender equality and
women's empowerment, in line with the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
191. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
(CBAM)
• European Union (EU) pushing for the
world’s first carbon border tax on imported
goods- Carbon Border Adjustment
Mechanism (CBAM) from 2026.
• A carbon border tax is a tax on carbon
emissions imposed on imported goods from
countries with less strict climate policies.
• Developing countries, including India, have
opposed CBAM calling it ‘discriminatory’
as it will ramp up prices of their goods in
Europe.
• EU is the third largest trading partner of
India.

Content made from Every word of Previous year paper|||| Subscribe from: www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595 Page 48