THE QOG BASIC DATASET 2023

CODEBOOK

Scholars who wish to use this dataset in their research are kindly requested to cite both the original
source (as stated in this codebook) and also use the following citation:

Dahlberg, Stefan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado

Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli & Yente Meijers. 2023. The Quality of Government Basic
Dataset, version Jan23. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government
Institute, https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government doi:10.18157/qogbasjan23

https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government
The QoG Institute
P.O. Box 711
405 30 Gothenburg
Sweden
[email protected]
Contents
1 Introduction 3
1.1 The Quality of Government Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 The QoG Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Important note on the terms of use of these datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 QoG Basic Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Changes in this edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 List of Variables by Category 11

2.1 Civil Society/Population/Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Energy and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Gender Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.9 Judicial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.10 Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.11 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.12 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.13 Political Parties and Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.14 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.15 Private Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.16 Public Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.17 Quality of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.18 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.19 Welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Identification Variables 22

4 Description of Variables by Original Data Source 24

4.1 Autocratic Regime Data: All Political Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2 Autocratic Regime Data: Autocratic Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Bertelsmann Transformation Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Boix-Miller-Rosato Dichotomous Coding of Democracy, 1800-2020 . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5 COVID-19 Data Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 CSES datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Central Bank Independence Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.8 Characteristics of National Constitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.9 Classification of Political Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.10 Comparative Political Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.11 Corruption Perceptions Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.12 Corruption Risks Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.13 Country Ruggedness and Geographical Data (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.14 Data on Central Bank Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.15 Dataset for Information and Accountability Transparency (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.16 Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World 1946-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.17 Economic Freedom of the World Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.18 Educational Attainment Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.19 Electoral Integrity Project (Version 8.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.20 Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.21 Enterprise Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.22 Environmental Performance Index Data 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.23 European Social Survey - Wave 1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.24 Expanded Trade and GDP Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.25 Freedom in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.26 Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

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 4.27 Freedom on the Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.28 Global Competitiveness Report 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.29 Global Corruption Barometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.30 Global Data Governance Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.31 Global Footprint data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.32 Global Health Observatory data repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.33 Global Militarization Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.34 Global Peace Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.35 Global Terrorism Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.36 HRV Transparency Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.37 Human Development Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.38 IMF GFS - Expenditure by Functions of Government (COFOG) . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.39 Ibrahim Index of African Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.40 Information Capacity Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.41 Institutions and Elections Project Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.42 Integrated Values Surveys (WVS/EVS trend 1981-2022) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.43 Inter-Parliamentary Union Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.44 KOF Index of Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.45 Luxembourg Income Study database and the Luxembourg Wealth Study database . 216
4.46 Maddison Project Database 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.47 Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.48 Migration and Remittances Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.49 National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy, Version 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.50 Oil and Gas Data, 1932-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.51 Open Budget Survey data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.52 Penn World Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.53 Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4.54 Polity V Annual Time-Series, 1800-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.55 Religion and State Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4.56 Rule of Law Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.57 Settler Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
4.58 State Fragility Index and Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
4.59 Sustainable Governance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
4.60 The ATOP State-Year dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
4.61 The Authoritarian Regime Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
4.62 The Bayesian Corruption Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
4.63 The CIRIGHTS Data project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
4.64 The Comparative Abortion Index Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
4.65 The GenDip database on Gender and Diplomatic Representation . . . . . . . . . . . 285
4.66 The Gender Inequality Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
4.67 The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
4.68 The Ocean Health Index Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4.69 The Political Terror Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
4.70 The Property Rights Protection Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
4.71 The Worldwide Governance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
4.72 UN E-Government Knowledgebase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
4.73 Varieties of Democracy Dataset version 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
4.74 Voter Turnout Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
4.75 World Development Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
4.76 World Happiness Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
4.77 World Inequality Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
4.78 World Press Freedom Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

5 Bibliography 388

6 Appendix 392

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1 Introduction

1.1 The Quality of Government Institute

The QoG Institute was founded in 2004 by Professor Bo Rothstein and Professor Sören Holmberg. It
is an independent research institute within the Department of Political Science at the University of
Gothenburg. The institute conducts research on the causes, consequences and nature of Good Gover-
nance and the Quality of Government (QoG) - that is, trustworthy, reliable, impartial, uncorrupted,
and competent government institutions.

The main objective of the research is to address the theoretical and empirical problems of how political
institutions of high quality can be created and maintained. The second objective is to study the effects
of Quality of Government on a number of policy areas, such as health, environment, social policy,
and poverty. While Quality of Government is the common intellectual focal point of the research
institute, a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives are applied.

1.2 The QoG Data

One aim of the QoG Institute is to make comparative data on QoG and its correlates publicly
available. To accomplish this, we have compiled several datasets that draw on a number of freely
available data sources, including aggregated individual-level data. The QoG datasets are available in
several file formats, making them usable in most statistical softwares as well as in Excel.

The QoG Standard Dataset is our largest dataset consisting of more than 2,000 variables. For those
who prefer a smaller dataset, we provide the QoG Basic Dataset, consisting of approximately the
300 most used variables from the QoG Standard Dataset. We also provide a dataset called the
QoG OECD Dataset which covers OECD member countries and has high data coverage in terms of
geography and time.

The Standard, Basic, and OECD datasets are all available in both time-series (TS) and cross-sectional
(CS) versions, as separate datasets. In the TS datasets, the unit of analysis is country-year (e.g.
Sweden-1984, Sweden-1985 and so on). The CS datasets, unlike the TS datasets, do not include
multiple years for a particular country, therefore, the unit of analysis is country. Although, many of
the variables are available in both TS and CS, some variables are not, so it is advisable to use the
codebook to see which variables are included. Each variable entry in this codebook specifies in which
dataset you will find the variable.

The variables in the Standard, Basic, and OECD datasets are categorized in 19 thematic categories.
This categorization should be seen as a guideline rather than a definite classification. Most variables
belong only to one category, but some variables belong to more than one category.

On the QoG website, we also provide three additional datasets. The QoG Expert Survey (2012, 2015
and 2020), the QoG EU Regional Dataset (2016 and 2020) and the QoG EQI Dataset (2010, 2013,
2017 and 2021). The QoG Expert Survey is a dataset based on a survey among experts on public
administration around the world. The data is available in an individual dataset and an aggregated
dataset. The QoG EU Regional dataset is a dataset consisting of approximately 450 variables covering
three levels of European regions. The EQI dataset is based on a survey among 34,000 respondents
and concerns corruption on a regional level within the EU (NUTS 2).

Previous versions of all our datasets are available in the Data Archive on the QoG website:

https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government/qog-data/data-downloads/data-archive

3
1.3 Important note on the terms of use of these datasets

The QoG datasets are open and available, free of charge and without a need to register your data.
You can use them for your analysis, graphs, teaching, and other academic-related and non-commercial
purposes. We ask our users to cite always the original source(s) of the data and our datasets.

We do not allow other uses of these data including but not limited to redistribution, commercialization
and other for-profit usage. If a user is interested in such use or has doubts about the license, they
will have to refer to the original source and check with them if this is allowed and what requirements
they need to fulfill.

Be mindful the original data sources are the only owners of their data and they can adjust their
license without previous warning.

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1.4 QoG Basic Dataset

1.4.1 Cross-Sectional (CS)

In the QoG Basic CS dataset, data from and around 2019 is included. Data from 2019 is prioritized,
however, if no data are available for a country for 2019, data for 2020 is included. If no data for 2020
exists, data for 2018 is included, and so on up to a maximum of +/- 3 years.

While this works fine for some variables, it does not for others. For GDP growth it might be far from
ideal to use figures from the following or previous year, whereas it might be more or less unproblematic
for bureaucratic structures, which are more stable and fluctuate less. We advise you to carefully read
the codebook and use your own judgment when using the CS dataset.

Besides the quality criteria for including new datasets and variables into the QoG datasets, we have
chosen to add a few rules regarding the number of countries and years a variable must have available
in order to be included in these datasets. This also might mean that the original dataset may include
other variables, and we urge the users of these datasets to check the original sources as well. For the
QoG Basic CS dataset, we drop variables that have information for less than 16 countries after we
have picked the data from the focus year or +/- 3 years.

In the description of each variable in this codebook, there are basic descriptive statistics (minimum
year, maximum year and number of countries (N)) and a map indicating the countries that have data
for that specific variable in the CS dataset. If the variable is not included in the CS dataset there is
a text simply stating that this is the case. The maps should not be confused as visualizations of the
data itself; they are only visualizations of the data availability in the dataset.

1.4.2 Time-Series (TS)

In the QoG Basic TS dataset, data from 1946 to 2022 are included and the unit of analysis is country-
year (e.g. Sweden-1946, Sweden-1947 and so on).

As countries are not a static phenomenon, this has resulted in a number of what we call historical
countries. Historical countries are in most cases denoted by a parenthesis, following the country name,
and within the parenthesis we have added the to- date (e.g. Ethiopia (-1992)). Consequentially, the
historical countries are often associated with a present-day version of the "same" country. These are
also denoted by a parenthesis but within that parenthesis we have added the from-date (e.g. Ethiopia
(1993-)). You will find more information on which countries this applies to, and our line of reasoning
for each country, in the section on countries and time coverage.

We have decided not to include data that was available for a country before that country became
independent according to our judgment. This is debatable; it might be argued that if an original
source has included values, the values are correct and could be included. However, we have reasoned
that if the datasets primarily are used in cross-country comparisons, all units should be independent
countries and not, for example, semi-independent territories.

Regarding the inclusion of variables according to the countries and years covered, for the QoG Basic
TS dataset, we drop variables that have information for less than 16 countries and less than four
years.

In each entry in this codebook there are basic descriptive statistics (minimum year, maximum year,
number of countries (N), number of observations (n), average number of countries per year (N ) and
average number of years per country (T )) and a bar graph indicating the number of countries with
data available each year from 1946 to 2021. If the variable is not included in the TS dataset, there
is a text simply stating that this is the case. These should not be confused as visualizations of the
data itself; it is only visualizations of the data availability in the datasets.

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1.4.3 Country and Time Coverage

When deciding which countries to include in the datasets, we have relied on the following reasoning:

We have included current members of the United Nations (UN) as well as previous members, provided
that their de facto sovereignty has not changed substantially since they were members; this means
that we, for example, have included Taiwan.

Using UN membership to decide whether or not to include a country in the dataset works quite well
for cases from around 1955. Afterwards, independent states, in general, joined the UN following
independence. This leaves us with the question of what to do with countries that might be said to
have been independent some time during the period 1946 to around 1955, but were not independent
after that period (such as Tibet). We have decided to include data for Tibet from 1946 to 1950,
making it possible for users to decide for themselves whether to include Tibet in their analysis or not.
It is worth noting that we do not use the date on which a country gained membership to the UN to
decide when a country came into being, but to determine which countries to include. All in all, this
means that we have 194 countries included in the cross-sectional dataset.

In the time-series dataset, we include the same 194 nations, plus an additional 17 historical countries
that did not exist in 2014: Tibet, Pakistan pre 1971 (including East Pakistan, presently Bangladesh),
North and South Vietnam, North and South Yemen, East and West Germany, Yugoslavia pre 1992
(the Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia), Serbia and Montenegro, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia
pre 1993 (including Eritrea), France pre 1962 (including Algeria), Malaysia pre 1965 (including Sin-
gapore), Cyprus pre 1974 (including the later Turkish occupied north Cyprus) and Sudan pre 2012
(including South Sudan). This makes a total of 211 countries. In the Appendix we have included the
full list of countries and a short note on how we have reasoned for each country.

Unfortunately, no established international standard exists on how historical cases, resulting either
from country mergers or country splits, should be treated in a time-series setting. We have applied
the following principles:

After a merger of two countries, the new country is considered a new case, even when the new state
formed could be considered as a continuation of one of the merging states. This rule applies to: (1)
Vietnam, which merged from North and South Vietnam in 1976; (2) Yemen, which merged from
North and South Yemen in 1990: and (3) Germany, which merged from East and West Germany in
1990.

If a country has split, the new countries are considered new cases, even when one of the new states
could be considered as a continuation of the state that split. This rule applies to: (1) Pakistan, which
was split into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1971; (2) the USSR, which was split into 15 Post-Soviet
countries in 1991; (3) Yugoslavia, which was split into Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
North Macedonia, and Serbia and Montenegro in 1991; (4) Czechoslovakia, which was split into the
Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993; (5) France which was split into France and Algeria in 1962;
(6) Malaysia which was split into Malaysia and Singapore in 1965; (7) Cyprus which was occupied
by Turkey in 1974, effectively splitting the country into Cyprus and the internationally unrecognized
northern Cyprus; and (8) Ethiopia, which was split into Ethiopia and Eritrea in 1993. There is one
exception to this rule: Indonesia is considered a continuation of the country that existed before the
independence of Timor-Leste in 2002 (while Timor-Leste is considered a new country).

Since most of the original data sources treat these cases of country mergers and splits differently, we
have rearranged data in accordance with our criteria above. Consequently, if a merger or a split has
occurred and a data source does not treat the countries as different cases, we consider them to be
different cases.

To determine where to put the data for the year of the merger/split and when to include data
for a newly independent country, we have relied on the July 1st-principle. If the merger/split or
independence occurred after July 1st, the data for this year will belong to the historical country or
it will not be included.

6
Thus, for example: If Germany in a data source is treated as a continuation of West Germany, we
place data up to and including 1990 on West Germany and leave Germany blank until and including
1990, since the merger of Germany occurred in October 1990 (after July 1st, 1990). If, on the other
hand, Serbia and Montenegro in a data source is treated as a continuation of Yugoslavia, we place the
data up to and including 1991 on Yugoslavia and from 1992 and onward on Serbia and Montenegro
(which is left blank until and including 1991), since the split occurred from June 1991-March 1992
(before July 1st, 1992).

Finally, Cyprus (1974-) denotes the Greek part of the island after the Turkish occupation. Most
sources probably do the same with the data they refer to Cyprus, but the documentation of the
original data rarely specifies this.

In 2018, we updated the name of Swaziland to Eswatini (former Swaziland) and in 2019, we updated
the name of Macedonia to North Macedonia; however, the other identification codes remain the same.

7
1.4.4 A brief note on the QoG Basic 2023 update

To improve consistency and compatibility of statistical data related to QoG, we continuously work
to improve the coverage and data quality. For the 2023 update of the QoG Basic Dataset, we have
included four new data sources that were not previously part of the QoG datasets. These are:

• Global Data Governance Map (Struett, Zable & Aaronson, 2022). This dataset focused on how
governments around the world govern data on six different attributes: strategic, regulatory,
responsible, structural, participatory and international.
• Enterprise Surveys (The World Bank, 2022). The World Bank Enterprise Surveys offer an
expansive array of economic data on 180,000 firms in 154 countries.
• WJP Rule of Law Index 2022 (World Justice Project, 2022). This dataset measures how the
rule of law is experienced and perceived in practical, everyday situations by the general public
around the world.
• The GenDip database on Gender and Diplomatic Representation (Niklasson & Towns, 2022).
The purpose of this dataset is to provide information on the gender of diplomats around the
world.

• The Data on Central Bank Independence (Romelli, 2022). This dataset provides information
on a comprehensive index of CBI covering a wide range of central bank characteristics based
on the charters of 154 central banks, over the period 1972-2017.

8
1.5 Changes in this edition

For this edition of the dataset, we had the following changes:

Changes in variables:

• The World Development Indicators GDP variables with a reference to a particular year have
been updated from 2010 to 2015.

Changes in datasets:

• The Freedom on the Net dataset is now presented by Freedom House as a single time-series
file. QoG Data previously would merge the different versions together. This new unique file
has some differences in values compared to previous iterations.
• The World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory data repository no longer contains
the variable "Prevalence of smoking tobacco products in adults(%)". From this repository, we
have added the variable "Anaemia prevalence in pregnant women" (who_anpreg).
• Eurostat has dropped the variable "GDP at current market prices, Million PPS" (QoG code:
eu_eco2gdpmiopps), therefore, we have also dropped this variable.

• We have added Colombia and Costa Rica to the OECD compilation datasets, as they have both
been accepted as OECD memebers.
• The following datasets have been removed from this year’s compilations: Index of Public In-
tegrity (Mungiu-Pippidi et al.), The Quality of Government (La Porta et al.), Democracy Time-
Series (Norris), The Economic Effect of Constitutions (Persson & Tabellini), the Ethnolinguistic
Fractionalization (ELF) Indices (Roeder), Level of Shadow Economy (Elgin & Oztunali), Com-
parative Political Parties Dataset (Swank) and Freedom Rising (Welzel).

9
Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Rasha Khoury and Anna-Maria Kovalicka their invaluable help in the pro-
duction of these codebooks.

10
2 List of Variables by Category

2.1 Civil Society/Population/Culture

Associational/Assembly Rights 28
Conflict Intensity 31
Equal Opportunity 34
Political Participation 41
Socio-Economic Barriers 45
Freedom of Assembly and Association 276
Social Globalization 214
Trust in Other People 121
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: Agree (% respondents) 150
Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents) 156
Is it socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents) 157
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents) 158
Population (in the 1000’s) 127
Global Peace Index 166
Population (in millions) 233
Women political empowerment index 307
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) 320
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) 323
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 344
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 358
Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 359
Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 360
Population, total 365
Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) 366
Population ages 15-64 (% of total population) 366
Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) 367
Population density (people per sq. km of land area) 368
Rural population (% of total population) 368
Urban population (% of total population) 369
Post-Materialist index 12-item 202
Most people can be trusted 208

2.2 Conflict

Member of an Alliance 266

Number of Alliances 267
Global Militarization Index 164
Conflict Intensity 31
Monopoly on the Use of Force 40
Political Terror Scale - Amnesty International 293
Political Terror Scale - Human Rights Watch 294
Executive Power over Military Force 186
Riots and Protests after Election 226
Global Terrorism Index 168
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Estimate 300
Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force) 315
Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values) 318
Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) 319
Military expenditure (% of GDP) 341
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict & violence (number) 355

11
Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number) 356
Confidence: Armed Forces 190
Political system: Having the army rule 203

2.3 Education

Average schooling years, female 103

Average schooling years, male 104
Average schooling years, female and male 104
Sustainability 48
Education 177
Human Development 178
Human Capital Index 232
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education 260
Human Development Index 172
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary) 324
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary) 325
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) 338
Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) 338
Expenditure on primary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) 339
Expenditure on secondary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) 340
Expenditure on tertiary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) 341
School enrollment, primary (% gross) 350
School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) 351
School enrollment, secondary (% gross) 351
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) 352
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) 360
Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) 361
Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) 362
Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) 362
School enrollment, primary (% net) 364
School enrollment, secondary (% net) 364

2.4 Energy and Infrastructure

Infrastructure 180
Gas production value in 2014 dollars 228
Oil production value in 2014 dollars 229
Access to electricity (% of population) 313
Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) 314
Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population) 314
Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use) 316
Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) 321
Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output) 325
Electricity production from coal sources (% of total) 326
Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total) 327
Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) 328
Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total) 328
Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) 329
Energy imports, net (% of energy use) 337
Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) 346
Individuals using the Internet (% of population) 357
Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) 375

12
Electricity 143
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions 144
Transport infrastructure 146
Total population using basic sanitation services (%) 163

2.5 Environment

Sustainability 48
Ecological footprint of consumption per person (gha per person) 161
Environmental Health Policy Objective 113
Environmental Performance Index 114
The Region of the Country 270
Percentage of desert in 2012 88
Average distance to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km) in 2012 89
Percentage of tropical climate in 2012 89
The Ocean Health Index 291
Environmental Policy Performance Index 256
Environmental Policy Performance - Environment 256
Environmental Policy Performance - Global Environmental Protection 257
Arable land (% of land area) 317
Land area (sq. km) 318
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) 322
Forest area (% of land area) 346
Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) 346
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number) 354

2.6 Gender Equality

Average schooling years, female 103

Equal Opportunity 34
Comparative Abortion Index 2 (0 to 1) 283
Women ambassadors received as share of all postings 285
Women ambassadors sent as share of all postings 286
Gender Inequality Index 287
Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses) 210
Share of Women (Upper House) 211
Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) 331
Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) 333
Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) 336
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 344
Firms with female top manager (% of firms) 344
Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 359
Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO) 377
Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO) 379
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 381
Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers 147

2.7 Health

Comparative Abortion Index 2 (0 to 1) 283

Environmental Health Policy Objective 113
13
Subjective Happiness 116
Subjective Health 117
Human Development 178
Health 179
Number of COVID-19 cases reported 52
Number of COVID-19 deaths reported 53
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health 262
Human Development Index 172
Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults) 372
Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults) 373
Healthy Life Expectancy, Total (Years) 162
Total population using basic sanitation services (%) 163
National-level average scores for subjective well-being 382
Feeling of happiness 201
State of health (subjective) 207

2.8 History

Log Settler Mortality 249

Consecutive years of current regime type 51
Colonial Origin 268
Real GDP per Capita (year 1900) 219

2.9 Judicial

Associational/Assembly Rights 28
Civil Rights 33
Freedom of Expression 37
Independent Judiciary 38
Rule of Law 43
Comparative Abortion Index 2 (0 to 1) 283
Corruption Commission Present in Constitution 59
Limits on Child Work in Constitution 60
Equality Before the Law Mentioned in Constitution 61
Freedom of Religion in Constitution 62
Status of Slavery in Constitution 62
Right to Strike in Constitution 63
Freedom of Assembly and Association 276
Freedom of Domestic Movement 277
Freedom of Foreign Movement 278
Independence of the Judiciary 278
Physical Integrity Rights 279
Political Imprisonment 280
Freedom of Speech 280
Torture 281
Court system as a Major Constraint 111
Trust in Legal System 119
Trust in Police 122
Associational and Organizational Rights 130
Civil Liberties 130
Freedom of Expression and Belief 132
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights 133
Political Rights 134

14
Rule of Law 135
Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents) 151
Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents) 154
Independent Judiciary 234
Constitutional Court 185
Rule of Law, Estimate 301
Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) 353
Organized crime 145
Absence of Corruption 241
Civil Justice 242
Civil Justice is Free of Corruption 242
Criminal Justice 243
Criminal System is Free of Corruption 244
Executive Branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain 244
Constraints on Government Powers 245
Judicial Branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain 246
Legislative branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain 246
Order and Security 247
Police and the Military do not use Public Office for Private Gain 248
Confidence: Justice System/Courts 193
Confidence: The Police 196

2.10 Labour Market

Limits on Child Work in Constitution 60

Status of Slavery in Constitution 62
Right to Strike in Constitution 63
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall 252
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets 254
Age dependency ratio (% of working-age pop.) 316
Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) 330
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) 330
Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) 331
Employment in agriculture, male (% male employment) (modeled ILO) 332
Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) 333
Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) 333
Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) 334
Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) 335
Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) 336
Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) 336
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) 358
Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) 371
Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO) 377
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO) 377
Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (modeled ILO) 378
Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO) 379
Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO) 379
Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO) 380
Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers 147
Confidence: Labour Unions 194

15
2.11 Media

Freedom of Expression 37
E-Government Index 302
Freedom of Expression and Belief 132
Freedom on the Net: Score 139
Freedom on the Net: Status 140
Freedom of the Press, Score (2001-2016) 137
Freedom of the Press, Status (2001-2016) 138
Media Bias before Election 224
Press Freedom Index 386
Media corrupt 308
Confidence: The Press 197
Confidence: Television 198

2.12 Migration

Freedom of Domestic Movement 277

Freedom of Foreign Movement 278
Inward Remittances Flow 222
Outward Remittances Flow 223
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number) 354
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict & violence (number) 355
Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number) 356
Net migration 363
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum 370
Refugee population by country or territory of origin 370

2.13 Political Parties and Elections

Free and Fair Elections 37

Party System 43
Effective number of parties on the seats level 67
Effective number of parties on the votes level 68
Share of seats in parliament: agrarian 69
Share of seats in parliament: electoral alliance 69
Share of seats in parliament: communist 70
Share of seats in parliament: conservative 70
Share of seats in parliament: ethnic 71
Share of seats in parliament: feminist 72
Share of seats in parliament: green 72
Share of seats in parliament: liberal 73
Share of seats in parliament: left-socialist 74
Share of seats in parliament: monarchist 74
Share of seats in parliament: non-labelled 75
Share of seats in parliament: other 76
Share of seats in parliament: protest 76
Share of seats in parliament: post-communist 77
Share of seats in parliament: pensioners 78
Share of seats in parliament: personalist 78
Share of seats in parliament: right 79
Share of seats in parliament: regionalist 80
Share of seats in parliament: religious 80
16
Share of seats in parliament: social democratic 81
Type of Government 82
Voter turnout in election 83
Closeness to Political Party 54
Trust in Parliament 120
Trust in Political Parties 120
Trust in Politicians 122
Electoral Process 131
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents) 152
Effective Number of Electoral Parties 95
Electoral System Type-3 classes 96
Electoral System Type-11 classes 97
Electoral Formula used in an Electoral Tier 98
Banned Parties 184
Electoral System 186
Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout 311
Presidential Election: Voter Turnout 312
Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses) 210
Share of Women (Upper House) 211
Bicameral System 108
Media Bias before Election 224
Was More Than One Party Legal 225
Was Opposition Allowed 226
Riots and Protests after Election 226
Electoral Integrity Rating 106
Perception of Electoral Integrity Index 107
Robust Democracy: Electoral Process 258
Index of Democratization 220
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 381
Confidence: The Political Parties 196

2.14 Political System

Official Religion 240

Dichotomous democracy measure 50
Consecutive years of current regime type 51
Approval of Democracy 30
Commitment to Democratic Institutions 30
Democracy Status 34
Equal Opportunity 34
Free and Fair Elections 37
Performance of Democratic Institutions 40
Political Participation 41
Private Property 42
Party System 43
Rule of Law 43
Stability of Democratic Institutions 44
Separation of Powers 46
Central Bank Independence unweighted index 57
Central Bank Independence weighted index 58
Democracy 65
Satisfaction with Democracy 55
Transparency Index 93
Index of Globalization 213
Political Globalization 214
E-Government Index 302
17
Political Rights 134
Freedom Status 135
Regime Type 26
HRV Index 170
Regime Type 271
Regime Type (simplified) 272
Constitutional Court 185
Executive Power over Military Force 186
Official State Party 187
Unitary or Federal State 188
Bicameral System 108
Regime Durability 236
Revised Combined Polity Score 237
Robust Democracy 258
Robust Democracy: Electoral Process 258
Index of Democratization 220
Deliberative democracy index 305
Egalitarian democracy index 306
Liberal democracy index 307
Participatory democracy index 309
Electoral democracy index 310
Regime Type 24
Confidence: The Civil Services 192
Confidence: The Government 193
Confidence: Parliament 195
Importance of democracy 199
Democraticness in own country 199
Political system: Having the army rule 203
Political system: Having a democratic political system 204
Political system: Having experts make decisions 204
Political system: Having a strong leader 205

2.15 Private Economy

Private Property 42
Socio-Economic Barriers 45
Bribery Depth 110
Corruption as a Major Constraint 111
Freedom to Trade Internationally (current) 100
Economic Freedom of the World Index (current) 101
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents) 150
Business Environment 176
The Property Right Protection Index 296
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) 322
Firms with female top manager (% of firms) 344
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms) 345
Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) 356
Innovation capability 142
Global Competitiveness Index 144
Property rights 146
Satisfaction with financial situation of household 207

18
2.16 Public Economy

Monetary and fiscal stability 32

Economic Output Strength 35
Economic Performance 36
Economy Status 39
Socio-Economic Level 45
Sustainability 48
Central Bank Independence unweighted index 57
Central Bank Independence weighted index 58
Central Bank Independence Extended Index 91
Number of awarded contracts above 130,000 EUR 86
Economic Globalization 212
Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion (% of total gen. gov. exp.) 174
GDP per Capita (Current Prices) 124
Total Export 125
Real GDP (2005) 125
Total Import 126
Population (in the 1000’s) 127
Real GDP per Capita (2005) 127
Total Trade 128
Open Budget Index 230
Gini Coefficient 216
Real GDP per Capita 218
Real GDP per Capita (year 1900) 219
Inward Remittances Flow 222
Outward Remittances Flow 223
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall 252
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets 253
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy 254
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets 254
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes 255
Top 10% income share 383
Top 1% income share 384
Human Development Index 172
Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values) 318
Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) 319
Central government debt, total (% of GDP) 324
Energy imports, net (% of energy use) 337
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 342
Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) 343
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) 347
GDP per capita (constant 2015 US dollar) 348
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) 348
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) 349
Gini index 353
Tax revenue (% of GDP) 375
Trade (% of GDP) 376

2.17 Quality of Government

The Bayesian Corruption Indicator 274

Anti-Corruption Policy 29
Monopoly on the Use of Force 40
Performance of Democratic Institutions 40

19
Corruption Commission Present in Constitution 59
Number of awarded contracts above 130,000 EUR 86
State Fragility Index 250
E-Government Index 302
Bribery Depth 110
Corruption as a Major Constraint 111
Court system as a Major Constraint 111
Functioning of Government 132
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights 133
Political Rights 134
Total bribery rate, total population 148
Fight aganist corruption: Well (% respondents) 149
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: Agree (% respondents) 150
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents) 150
Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents) 151
Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Most (% respondents) 152
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents) 152
Corruption Perception Change: Increase (% respondents) 153
Corruption Perception-Head of State: Most (% respondents) 154
Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents) 154
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents) 155
Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Most (% respondents) 156
Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents) 156
Is it socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents) 157
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents) 158
Total Data Governance Score 159
Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Imputed Polity) 269
Information Capacity 182
ICRG Indicator of Quality of Government 289
Overall Governance 178
Security and Rule of Law 180
The Property Right Protection Index 296
Corruption Perceptions Index 84
Political corruption index 304
Media corrupt 308
Control of Corruption, Estimate 298
Government Effectiveness, Estimate 299
Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe request) 320
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms) 345
Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) 356
CPIA transparency-accountability-corruption in public sector rating (1-6) 374

2.18 Religion

Official Religion 240

Conflict Intensity 31
Freedom of Religion in Constitution 62
Religiosity 118
Freedom of Expression and Belief 132
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents) 155
Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion (% of total gen. gov. exp.) 174
Confidence: Churches 191
Belief in: God 200
Important in life: Religion 201
The only acceptable religion is my religion 206

20
2.19 Welfare

Social Safety Nets 47

Welfare Regime 48
Human Development 178
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Overall 259
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education 260
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families 261
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Social Inequalities 261
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health 262
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration Policy 263
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions 263
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion 264
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living Conditions 265
CPIA social protection rating 373

21
3 Identification Variables

3.0.1 ccode Country Code

Numeric country code based on the ISO-3166-1 standard. All the numeric country codes are unique
and this is thus the variable best suitable to use when merging files (in combination with year for
time-series data). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_numeric)

3.0.2 ccode_qog Country Code QoG

The country code using the QoG standard.

3.0.3 ccodealp 3-letter Country Code

A three-letter country code based on the ISO-3166-1 alpha3 standard. Please note that the ccodealp
variable does not uniquely identify all countries.

3.0.4 ccodealp_year 3-letter Country Code and Year

A three-letter country code and year.

3.0.5 ccodecow Country Code COW

Country code from the Correlates of War.

3.0.6 ccodewb Country Code World Bank

Country code from the World Bank. The World Bank bases its alphabetic codes on ISO’s.

3.0.7 cname Country Name

The name of the country based in the ISO standard.

3.0.8 cname_qog Country Name QoG

The name of the country using the QoG standard.

3.0.9 cname_year Country Name and Year

Country name and year.

3.0.10 version Version of the Dataset

Version of the QoG dataset.

22
3.0.11 year Year

Year.

23
4 Description of Variables by Original Data Source

4.1 Autocratic Regime Data: All Political Regimes

Dataset by: Geddes, Wright and Frantz

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014). Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: A
new data set. Perspectives on Politics, 12 (2), 313–331

Dataset found at: http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/

Last update by original source: 2014-06-20
Date of download: 2022-09-29

Data to identify and analyze autocracy-to-autocracy transitions. Version 1.2.

When the leader of an autocratic regime loses power, one of three things happens: 1. The incumbent
leadership group is replaced by democratically elected leaders. 2. Someone from the incumbent
leadership group replaces him, and the regime persists. 3. the incumbent leadership group loses
control to a different group, replacing it with a new autocracy. Much scholarship exists on the first
kind of transition, but little on transitions from one autocracy to another, though they make up about
half of all regime changes.

This dataset facilitates the investigation of all three kinds of transition. It provides transition infor-
mation for the 280 autocratic regimes in existence from 1946 to 2010. The data identify how regimes
exit power, how much violence occurs during transitions, and whether the regimes that precede and
succeed them are autocratic.

4.1.1 Regime Type

QoG Code: wr_regtype

Variable on regime type. Classes are:

1. Indirect military

2. Military

3. Military-Personal

4. Monarchy

5. Oligarchy

6. Party

7. Party-Military

8. Party-Military-Personal

9. Party-Personal
24
10. Personal

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1946

Time-series max. year: 2010
Total N. of countries covered: 123

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

25
4.2 Autocratic Regime Data: Autocratic Regimes

Dataset by: Geddes, Wright and Frantz

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014). Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: A
new data set. Perspectives on Politics, 12 (2), 313–331

Dataset found at: http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/

Last update by original source: 2014-06-20
Date of download: 2022-09-05

When the leader of an autocratic regime loses power, one of three things happens. The incumbent
leadership group is replaced by democratically elected leaders. Someone from the incumbent leader-
ship group replaces them, and the regime persists. Or the incumbent leadership group loses control
to a different group that replaces it with a new autocracy. The dataset facilitates the investigation
of all three kinds of transition. The data identify how regimes exit power, how much violence occurs
during transitions, and whether the regimes that precede and succeed them are autocratic. The data
identify autocratic regime breakdowns regardless of whether the country democratizes, which makes
possible the investigation of why the ouster of dictators sometimes leads to democracy but often does
not, and many other questions.

4.2.1 Regime Type

QoG Code: gwf_regimetype

Autocratic regime type:

1. Monarchy

2. Personal

3. Military

4. Party

5. Party-Personal

6. Party-Military

7. Military-Personal

8. Party-Personal-Military

9. Oligarchy

10. Indirect Military

Type of variable: Categorical

26
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1946

Time-series max. year: 2010
Total N. of countries covered: 123

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

27
4.3 Bertelsmann Transformation Index

Dataset by: Bertelsmann Stiftung

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Donner, S., Hartmann, H., Härterich, C., & Steinkamp, S. (2022). Transformation index of the
bertelsmann stiftung 2022. Bertelsmann Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.org

Dataset found at: https://bti-project.org/en

Last update by original source: 2022-02-21
Date of download: 2022-10-17

The Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) analyzes and evaluates the quality of democ-
racy, a market economy, and political management in 137 developing and transition countries. It
measures successes and setbacks on the path towards democracy based on the rule of law and a
socially responsible market economy.

In-depth country reports provide the basis for assessing the state of transformation and persistent
challenges and for evaluating the ability of policymakers to carry out consistent and targeted reforms.
The BTI is the first cross-national comparative index that collects data to comprehensively measure
the quality of governance during processes of transition.

4.3.1 Associational/Assembly Rights

QoG Code: bti_aar

To what extent can individuals form and join independent political or civic groups? To what ex-
tent can these groups operate and assemble freely? From 1 to 10.

1. Association and assembly rights are denied. Independent civic groups do not exist or are prohibited.

4. Association and assembly rights are severely limited. Oppositional political groups with any rele-
vance are prohibited or systematically disabled. Independent civic groups can operate and assemble
if they support the regime or are not outspokenly critical of it.

7. Association and assembly rights are partially limited, but generally there are no outright prohibi-
tions of independent political or civic groups.

10. Association and assembly rights are unrestricted for individuals and independent political or civic
groups within the basic democratic order.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

28
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.2 Anti-Corruption Policy

QoG Code: bti_acp

To what extent does the government successfully contain corruption? From 1 to 10.

1. The government fails to contain corruption, and there are no integrity mechanisms in place.

4. The government is only partly willing and able to contain corruption, while the few integrity
mechanisms implemented are mostly ineffective.

7. The government is often successful in containing corruption. Most integrity mechanisms are in
place, but some are functioning only with limited effectiveness.

10. The government is successful in containing corruption, and all integrity mechanisms are in place
and effective.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

29
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.3 Approval of Democracy

QoG Code: bti_aod

How strong is the citizens’ approval of democratic norms and procedures? From 1 to 10.

1. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is very low.

4. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is fairly low.

7. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is fairly high.

10. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is very high.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 77 Total N. of countries covered: 86

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.4 Commitment to Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_cdi

To what extent are democratic institutions accepted as legitimate by the relevant actors? From
1 to 10.

1. There are no democratic institutions as such (authoritarian regime).

4. Only individual institutions are accepted, while influential actors hold vetoes. Acceptance remains
unstable over time.
30
7. Most democratic institutions are accepted as legitimate by most relevant actors.

10. All democratic institutions are accepted as legitimate by all relevant actors.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.5 Conflict Intensity

QoG Code: bti_ci

How serious are social, ethnic, and religious conflicts? From 1 to 10.

1. There are no violent incidents based on social, ethnic, or religious differences.

4. There are only a few violent incidents. Radical political actors have limited success in mobilizing
along existing cleavages. Society and the political elite, however, are divided along social, ethnic, or
religious lines.

7. There are violent incidents. Mobilized groups and protest movements dominate politics. Society
and the political elite are deeply split into social classes, ethnic or religious communities.

10. There is a civil war or a widespread violent conflict based on social, ethnic, or religious differences.

Type of variable: Categorical

31
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.6 Monetary and fiscal stability

QoG Code: bti_cps

There are institutional or political precautions to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Including
’To what extent does the monetary authority pursue and communicate a consistent monetary stabi-
lization policy?’ and ’To what extent do the government’s budgetary policies support fiscal stability?’

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

32
4.3.7 Civil Rights

QoG Code: bti_cr

To what extent are civil rights guaranteed and protected, and to what extent can citizens seek
redress for violations of these rights? From 1 to 10.

1. Civil rights are not guaranteed, and are frequently violated. There are no mechanisms and
institutions to protect citizens against violations of their rights.

4. Civil rights are guaranteed only within limited enclaves or are violated over protracted periods of
time. Some mechanisms and institutions to prosecute, punish and redress violations of civil rights
are established formally but do not function.

7. Civil rights are guaranteed but are partially or temporarily violated or are not protected in some
parts of the country. Mechanisms and institutions to prosecute, punish and redress violations of civil
rights are in place but often prove to be ineffective.

10. Civil rights are guaranteed by the constitution and respected by all state institutions. Infringe-
ments present an extreme exception. Citizens are effectively protected by mechanisms and institutions
established to prosecute, punish and redress violations of their rights.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

33
4.3.8 Democracy Status

QoG Code: bti_ds

Democracy Status: The state of democracy is measured in terms of five criteria; including state-
ness, political participation, rule of law, stability of the democratic institutions, and political and
social integration. From 1 to 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.9 Equal Opportunity

QoG Code: bti_eo

To what extent does equality of opportunity exist? From 1 to 10.

1. Equality of opportunity is not achieved. Women and/or members of ethnic or religious groups have
only very limited access to education, public office, and employment. There are no legal provisions
against discrimination.

4. Equality of opportunity is only partially achieved. Women and/or members of ethnic, religious,
and other groups have limited access to education, public office, and employment. There are some
legal provisions against discrimination, but their implementation is highly deficient.

7. Equality of opportunity is largely achieved. Women and members of ethnic or religious groups
have near-equal access to education, public office, and employment. There are a number of legal
provisions against discrimination, but their implementation is at times insufficient.

10. Equality of opportunity is achieved. Women and members of ethnic or religious groups have equal
access to education, public office, and employment. There is a comprehensive and effective legal and
institutional framework for the protection against discrimination.

34
Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.10 Economic Output Strength

QoG Code: bti_eos

How does the economy, as measured in quantitative indicators, perform? From 1 to 10.

1. The economic performance is very poor. Strongly negative macroeconomic data may include
negative GDP growth rates, very high unemployment levels, high inflation, large budget deficits,
unreasonably high debt and an increasingly unsustainable current account position.

4. The economic performance is poor. Continuing negative macroeconomic data may include stagnant
GDP levels, relatively high unemployment levels, low price stability, an unbalanced budget, rising
debt and a volatile current account position.

7. The economic performance is good. Moderately positive macroeconomic data may include low
GDP growth rates, only moderate unemployment levels, relative price stability, a slightly unbalanced
budget, a tendency toward debt and a manageable current account position.

10. The economic performance is very good. Positive macroeconomic data may include relatively
high GDP growth rates, relatively high employment levels, price stability, balanced budget, reasonable
debt and a sustainable current account position.

Type of variable: Categorical

35
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.11 Economic Performance

QoG Code: bti_ep

Economic Performance: The economy’s performance points to solid development. From 1 to 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

36
4.3.12 Free and Fair Elections

QoG Code: bti_ffe

To what extent are political representatives determined by general, free and fair elections? From
1 to 10.

1. There are no elections on free and fair elections.

4. General, multi-party elections are held, conducted properly and accepted as the means of filling
political posts. However, there are some constraints on the fairness of the elections with regard to
registration, campaigning or media access.

7. General elections are held, but serious irregularities during voting process and ballot count occur.
The rights to vote, campaign and run for office are restricted, and elections have de facto only limited
influence over who governs.

10. National elections, if held at all, are entirely unfree and unfair.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.13 Freedom of Expression

QoG Code: bti_foe

To what extent can citizens, organizations, and the mass media express opinions freely? From 1
to 10.

1. Freedom of expression is denied. Independent media do not exist or are prohibited.

4. Freedom of expression is often subject to interference or government restrictions. Distortion and

manipulation shape matters of public debate.
37
7. Freedom of expression is occasionally subject to interference or government restrictions, but there
are generally no incidents of blatant intrusions like outright state censorship or media shutdowns.

10. Freedom of expression is guaranteed against interference or government restrictions. Individuals,

groups and the press can fully exercise these rights.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.14 Independent Judiciary

QoG Code: bti_ij

To what extent does an independent judiciary exist? From 1 to 10.

1. The judiciary is not independent and not institutionally differentiated.

4. The independence of the judiciary is heavily impaired by political authorities and high levels of
corruption. It is to some extent institutionally differentiated, but severely restricted by functional
deficits, insufficient territorial operability and scarce resources.

7. The judiciary is largely independent, even though occasionally its decisions are subordinated to
political authorities or influenced by corruption. It is institutionally differentiated, but partially
restricted by insufficient territorial or functional operability.

10. The judiciary is independent and free both from unconstitutional intervention by other institutions
and from corruption. It is institutionally differentiated, and there are mechanisms for judicial review
of legislative or executive acts.

Type of variable: Categorical

38
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.15 Economy Status

QoG Code: bti_mes

Economy Status: It groups the scores of the level of socioeconomic development, the organization of
the market and competition, currency and price stability, private property, the welfare regime, the
economic performance, and sustainability. From 1 to 10. Higher scores reflect advanced economy
status.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

39
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.16 Monopoly on the Use of Force

QoG Code: bti_muf

To what extent does the state’s monopoly on the use of force cover the entire territory of the country?
From 1 to 10.

1. There is no state monopoly on the use of force.

4. The state’s monopoly on the use of force is established only in key parts of the country. Large
areas of the country are controlled by guerrillas, paramilitaries or clans.

7. The state’s monopoly on the use of force is established nationwide in principle, but it is challenged
by guerrillas, mafias or clans in territorial enclaves.

10. There is no competition with the state’s monopoly on the use of force throughout the entire
territory.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.17 Performance of Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_pdi

Are democratic institutions capable of performing? From 1 to 10.

1. There are no democratic institutions as such (authoritarian regime).

40
4. Democratic institutions exist but they are unstable and ineffective.

7. Democratic institutions perform their functions in principle, but often are inefficient due to friction
between institutions.

10. The ensemble of democratic institutions is effective and efficient. As a rule, political decisions are
prepared, made, implemented, and reviewed in legitimate procedures by the appropriate authorities.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.18 Political Participation

QoG Code: bti_pp

Political Participation: The populace decides who rules, and it has other political freedoms. From 1
to 10. Higher scores refer to better conditions of political participation and other political freedoms.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

41
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.19 Private Property

QoG Code: bti_prp

There are adequate conditions to support a functional private sector. Including ’To what extent
do government authorities ensure well-defined rights of private property and regulate the acquisi-
tion, benefits, use and sale of property?’ and ’To what extent are private companies permitted and
protected? Are privatization processes conducted in a manner consistent with market principles?’.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

42
4.3.20 Party System

QoG Code: bti_ps

To what extent is there a stable and socially rooted party system able to articulate and aggregate
societal interests? From 1 to 10.

1. There is no party system to articulate and aggregate societal interests.

4. The party system is unstable with shallow roots in society: high fragmentation, high voter volatility,
and high polarization.

7. The party system is fairly stable and socially rooted: moderate fragmentation, moderate voter
volatility, and moderate polarization.

10. The party system is stable and socially rooted: it is able to articulate and aggregate societal
interest with low fragmentation, low voter volatility and low polarization.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.21 Rule of Law

QoG Code: bti_rol

Rule of Law: State powers check and balance one another and ensure civil rights. Including ’To
what extent is there a working separation of powers (checks and balances)’, ’To what extent does
an independent judiciary exist?’, ’To what extent are public officeholders who abuse their positions
prosecuted or penalized?’ and ’To what extent are civil rights guaranteed and protected, and to what
extent can citizens seek redress for violations of these rights?’.

43
Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.22 Stability of Democratic Institutions

QoG Code: bti_sdi

Stability of Democratic Institutions: Democratic institutions are capable of performing, and they
are adequately accepted as legitimate. From 1 to 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

44
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.23 Socio-Economic Barriers

QoG Code: bti_seb

To what extent are significant parts of the population fundamentally excluded from society due
to poverty and inequality? From 1 to 10.

1. Poverty and inequality are extensive and structurally ingrained.

4. Poverty and inequality are pronounced and partly structurally ingrained.

7. Poverty and inequality are limited and barely structurally ingrained.

10. Poverty and inequality are minor and not structurally ingrained.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.24 Socio-Economic Level

QoG Code: bti_sel

Socio-Economic Level: In principle, the country’s level of development permits an adequate free-
dom of choice for all citizens. From 1 to 10. Higher scores are present for countries with better
socio-economic levels.

45
Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.25 Separation of Powers

QoG Code: bti_sop

To what extent is there a working separation of powers (checks and balances)? From 1 to 10.

1. There is no separation of powers, neither de jure nor de facto.

4. One branch, generally the executive, has an ongoing and either informally or formally confirmed
monopoly on power, which may include the colonization of other powers, even though they are
institutionally differentiated.

7. The separation of powers generally is in place and functioning. Partial or temporary restrictions
of checks and balances occur, but a restoration of balance is sought.

10. There is a clear separation of powers with mutual checks and balances.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

46
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.26 Social Safety Nets

QoG Code: bti_ssn

To what extent do social safety nets provide compensation for social risks? From 1 to 10.

1. Social safety nets do not exist. Poverty is combated hardly at all, or only ad hoc.

4. Social safety nets are rudimentary and cover only few risks for a limited number of beneficiaries.
The majority of the population is at risk of poverty.

7. Social safety nets are well developed, but do not cover all risks for all strata of the population. A
significant part of the population is still at risk of poverty.

10. Social safety nets are comprehensive and compensate for social risks, especially nationwide health
care and a well-focused prevention of poverty.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

47
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.27 Sustainability

QoG Code: bti_su

Economic growth is balanced, environmentally sustainable and future-oriented. Including ’To what
extent are environmental concerns effectively taken into account?’ and ’To what extent are there solid
institutions for basic, secondary and tertiary education, as well as for research and development?’.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.3.28 Welfare Regime

QoG Code: bti_wr

Welfare Regime: Assesses whether there are available arrangements to compensate for social risks.
From 1 to 10. Including ’To what extent do social safety nets provide compensation for social risks?’
and ’To what extent does equality of opportunity exist?’.

Type of variable: Continuous

48
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 137

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

49
4.4 Boix-Miller-Rosato Dichotomous Coding of Democracy, 1800-2020

Dataset by: Carles Boix, Michael K. Miller and Sebastian Rosato

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Boix, C., Miller, M. K., & Rosato, S. (2022). Boix-miller-rosato dichotomous coding of democ-
racy, 1800-2020 [UNF:6:6u8JNSHqP+yYKbLzrgFDug== [fileUNF]]. Harvard Dataverse, V1.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FENWWR

Boix, C., Miller, M. K., & Rosato, S. (2013). A complete data set of political regimes, 1800-2007.
Comparative Political Studies, 46 (12), 1523–54

Dataset found at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/

FENWWR
Last update by original source: 2022-01-03
Date of download: 2022-08-29

This data set provides a dichotomous coding of democracy from 1800 until 2020; however, QoG
data contains information from 1946 onwards. Authors define a country as democratic if it satisfies
conditions for both contestation and participation. Specifically, democracies feature political leaders
chosen through free and fair elections and satisfy a threshold value of suffrage.

4.4.1 Dichotomous democracy measure

QoG Code: bmr_dem

Dichotomous democracy measure.

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 210

Overall country availability Time-series availability

50
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.4.2 Consecutive years of current regime type

QoG Code: bmr_demdur

Consecutive years of current regime type.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 210

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

51
4.5 COVID-19 Data Repository

Dataset by: Center for Systems Science and Engineering

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Ensheng, D., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track covid-
19 in real time. The Lancet, 20 (5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1

Dataset found at: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

Last update by original source: 2022-12-12
Date of download: 2022-12-12

The data repository for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Visual Dashboard operated by the Johns Hop-
kins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (JHU CSSE). Also, Supported by ESRI
Living Atlas Team and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (JHU APL).

4.5.1 Number of COVID-19 cases reported

QoG Code: jht_ccc

This is the number of reported cases of COVID-19 during the year.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2020

Cross-section max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

52
4.5.2 Number of COVID-19 deaths reported

QoG Code: jht_ccd

This is the number of reported deaths due to COVID-19 during the year.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2020

Cross-section max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

53
4.6 CSES datasets

Dataset by: Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES)

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2018). CSES MODULE 4 full release [dataset],
may 29, 2018 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2018-05-29

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015c). CSES MODULE 3 full release [dataset],
december 15, 2015 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module3.2015-12-15

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2022). CSES MODULE 5 full release [dataset],
march 1, 2022 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2020-05-14

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015b). CSES MODULE 2 full release [dataset],
december 15, 2015 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module2.2015-12-15

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015a). CSES MODULE 1 full release [dataset],
december 15, 2015 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15

Dataset found at: http://www.cses.org/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-01
Date of download: 2022-10-05

CSES (CSES1, CSES2, CSES3, CSES4, and CSES5) is a collaborative program of research among
election study teams from around the world. Participating countries include a common module of
survey questions in their post-election studies. The resulting data are deposited along with voting,
demographic, district, and macro variables. The studies are then merged into a single, free, public
dataset for use in comparative study and cross-level analysis. The research agenda, questionnaires,
and study design are developed by an international committee of leading scholars of electoral politics
and political science. The design is implemented in each country by their foremost social scientists.

Note: Portugal 2002 from the initial data Module 1 was excluded, as this module provides data until
2001, therefore these observations are coded incorrectly.

4.6.1 Closeness to Political Party

QoG Code: cses_pc

Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular party? Share of the population who
answered Yes.

Note: Refused to answer, Don’t know and similar answers were coded as missing, and the average
are based on the remaining answers.

Type of variable: Continuous

54
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 34 Total N. of countries covered: 54

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.6.2 Satisfaction with Democracy

QoG Code: cses_sd

On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied, or not at all satisfied with the
way democracy works in [COUNTRY]?

1. Not at all satisfied.

2. Not very satisfied.

3. Fairly satisfied.

4. Very satisfied.

Note: Refused to answer, Don’t know and similar answers were coded as missing, and the average
are based on the remaining answers.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 35 Total N. of countries covered: 54

55
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

56
4.7 Central Bank Independence Dataset

Dataset by: Ana Carolina Garriga

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Garriga, A. C. (2016). Central bank independence in the world: A new dataset. International
Interactions, 42 (5), 849–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1188813

Dataset found at: https://sites.google.com/site/carogarriga/cbi-data-1?authuser=0

Last update by original source: 2023-01-10
Date of download: 2023-01-10

The Central Bank Independence Dataset is the most comprehensive data set on de jure central bank
independence (CBI) available to date. The data set identifies statutory reforms affecting CBI, their
direction, and the attributes necessary to build the Cukierman, Webb, and Neyapti (1992) (CWN)
index in 185 countries between 1970 and 2012. This is the version 2 of the dataset originally published
in Garriga (2016) and includes new observations and corrections based on legislation retrieved after
the publication of the original dataset.

This data set codes the existence of reforms in 6,845 observations and computes the CWN index for
6,192 observations. The data coverage not only allows researchers to test competing explanations on
the determinants and effects of CBI in both developed and developing countries, but it also provides
a useful instrument for cross-national studies in diverse fields.

4.7.1 Central Bank Independence unweighted index

QoG Code: cbi_cbiu

CBI unweighted index: Raw average of the four components: Chief Executive Officer, Objectives,
Policy Formulation and Limitations on lending to the government. It ranges from 0 (minimum) to 1
(maximum) CBI.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1970

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 190

57
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.7.2 Central Bank Independence weighted index

QoG Code: cbi_cbiw

CBI weighted index: Weighted average of the four components (weights between parentheses), fol-
lowing Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti’s (1992) criteria: Chief Executive Officer (0.20), Objectives
(0.15), Policy Formulation (0.15), and Limitations on lending to the government (0.5). It ranges from
0 (minimum) to 1 (maximum) CBI.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1970

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 190

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

58
4.8 Characteristics of National Constitutions

Dataset by: The Comparative Constitutions Project

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Elkins, Z., & Ginsburg, T. (2021). Characteristics of national constitutions, version 3.0 [Last
modified: May 20, 2021. Available at comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]. http : / / www .
comparativeconstitutionsproject.org

Dataset found at: http://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/

Last update by original source: 2021-05-20
Date of download: 2022-10-03

This dataset presents records of the characteristics of national constitutions written since 1789. Each
constitutional text is coded twice by different coders working independently. To maximize the reliabil-
ity of the final data, the discrepancies between these two codings are reconciled by a third individual
- a reconciler. This is the second public release of data (version 2.0) on the content of constitutions.
Authors rely on Ward and Gleditsch’s list to identify which countries are independent in a given year.
There are two concepts used to categorize constitutional texts; a constitutional system encompasses
the period in which a constitution is in force before it is replaced or suspended, and a constitutional
event is any change to a country’s constitution, including adoption, amendment, suspension, or re-
instatement. For years in which there are multiple events, the constitution is coded as it stood in
force at the end of the year. For example, if a constitution was amended the same year as it was
adopted, the content of the constitution is coded as amended rather than as originally adopted. In
addition, since events are (often) in force for multiple years, authors interpolated the data associated
to each event across all country-years in which that event was in force. Note that this is an extremely
conservative interpolation strategy because most constitutional amendments do not change many
provisions. As a result, for most variables, one can safely interpolate across constitutional systems.

4.8.1 Corruption Commission Present in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_cc

Does the constitution contain provisions for a counter corruption commission?

1. Yes

2. No

96. Other

97. Unable to determine

Type of variable: Categorical

59
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.8.2 Limits on Child Work in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_childwrk

Does the constitution place limits on child employment?

1. Yes

2. No

90. Left explicitly to non-constitutional law

96. Other

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.8.3 Equality Before the Law Mentioned in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_equal

Does the constitution refer to equality before the law, the equal rights of men, or non-discrimination?

1. Yes

2. No

96. Other

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

61
4.8.4 Freedom of Religion in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_freerel

Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?

1. Yes

2. No

96. Other

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.8.5 Status of Slavery in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_slave

Does the constitution prohibit slavery, servitude, or forced labor?

1. Universally prohibited

2. Prohibited except in the case of war

3. Prohibited with other exception(s)

90. Left explicitly to non-constitutional law

96. Other

98. Not specified

62
Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.8.6 Right to Strike in Constitution

QoG Code: ccp_strike

Does the constitution provide for the right to strike?

1. Yes

2. Yes, but with limitations

3. No

96. Other

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 204

63
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

64
4.9 Classification of Political Regimes

Dataset by: Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Cheibub, J. A., Gandhi, J., & Vreeland, J. R. (2010). Democracy and dictatorship revisited.
Public Choice, 143 (1-2), 67–101

Dataset found at: https://sites.google.com/site/joseantoniocheibub/datasets/dd

Last update by original source: 2010-09-13
Date of download: 2022-10-03

Classification of political regimes as democracy and dictatorship. Classification of democracies as

parliamentary, semi-presidential (mixed) and presidential. Classification of dictatorships as military,
civilian and royal.

4.9.1 Democracy

QoG Code: chga_demo

A regime is considered a democracy if the executive and the legislature is directly or indirectly elected
by popular vote, multiple parties are allowed, there is de facto existence of multiple parties outside
of regime front, there are multiple parties within the legislature, and there has been no consolidation
of incumbent advantage (e.g. unconstitutional closing of the lower house or extension of incumbent’s
term by postponing of subsequent elections). Transition years are coded as the regime that emerges
in that year.

0. No Democracy

1. Democracy

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1946

Time-series max. year: 2008
Total N. of countries covered: 206

65
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

66
4.10 Comparative Political Data Set

Dataset by: Armingeon, Engler and Leemann

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Armingeon, K., Engler, S., & Leemann, L. (2022). Comparative political data set 1960-2020

Dataset found at: http://www.cpds-data.org/

Last update by original source: 2021-10-13
Date of download: 2022-10-03

The Comparative Political Data Set 1960-2020 (CPDS) is a collection of political and institutional
data which have been assembled in the context of the research projects "Die Handlungsspielräume des
Nationalstaates" and "Critical junctures. An international comparison" directed by Klaus Armingeon
and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. This dataset consists of (mostly) annual data
for 36 democratic OECD and/or EU member countries for the period between 1960 to 2020. In all
countries, political data were collected only for the democratic periods. The dataset is suited for
cross-national, longitudinal, and pooled time-series analyses.

This dataset combines and replaces the earlier versions "Comparative Political Data Set I" (data for
23 OECD countries from 1960 onwards) and the "Comparative Political Data Set III" (data for 36
OECD and/or EU member states from 1990 onwards). A variable has been added to identify former
CPDS I countries.

4.10.1 Effective number of parties on the seats level

QoG Code: cpds_enps

Effective number of parties on the seats level according to the formula proposed by Laakso and
Taagepera (1979).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

67
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.2 Effective number of parties on the votes level

QoG Code: cpds_enpv

Effective number of parties on the votes level according to the formula proposed by Laakso and
Taagepera (1979).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

68
4.10.3 Share of seats in parliament: agrarian

QoG Code: cpds_la

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as agrarian.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.4 Share of seats in parliament: electoral alliance

QoG Code: cpds_lall

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as electoral alliance.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

69
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.5 Share of seats in parliament: communist

QoG Code: cpds_lcom

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as communist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.6 Share of seats in parliament: conservative

QoG Code: cpds_lcon

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as conservative.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.7 Share of seats in parliament: ethnic

QoG Code: cpds_le

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as ethnic.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

71
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.8 Share of seats in parliament: feminist

QoG Code: cpds_lfe

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as feminist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.9 Share of seats in parliament: green

QoG Code: cpds_lg

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as green.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.10 Share of seats in parliament: liberal

QoG Code: cpds_ll

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as liberal.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

73
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.11 Share of seats in parliament: left-socialist

QoG Code: cpds_lls

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as left-socialist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.12 Share of seats in parliament: monarchist

QoG Code: cpds_lmo

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as monarchist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.13 Share of seats in parliament: non-labelled

QoG Code: cpds_lnl

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as non-labelled.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

75
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.14 Share of seats in parliament: other

QoG Code: cpds_lo

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as other.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.15 Share of seats in parliament: protest

QoG Code: cpds_lp

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as protest.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.16 Share of seats in parliament: post-communist

QoG Code: cpds_lpc

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as post-communist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

77
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.17 Share of seats in parliament: pensioners

QoG Code: cpds_lpen

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as pensioners.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.18 Share of seats in parliament: personalist

QoG Code: cpds_lper

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as personalist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.19 Share of seats in parliament: right

QoG Code: cpds_lr

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as right.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.20 Share of seats in parliament: regionalist

QoG Code: cpds_lreg

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as regionalist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.21 Share of seats in parliament: religious

QoG Code: cpds_lrel

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Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as religious.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.22 Share of seats in parliament: social democratic

QoG Code: cpds_ls

Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as social democratic.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.23 Type of Government

QoG Code: cpds_tg

Type of government based on the following classification:

1. Single-party majority government: One party takes all government seats and has a parliamentary
majority.

2. Minimal winning coalition: All participating parties are necessary to form a majority government
[>50.0%].

3. Surplus coalition: Coalition governments that exceed the minimal-winning criterion [>50.0%].

4. Single-party minority government: The party in government does not possess a majority in Par-
liament [<50.0%].

5. Multi-party minority government: The parties in government do not possess a majority in Parlia-
ment [<50.0%].

6. Caretaker government: Governments that should simply maintain the status quo.

7. Technocratic government: Led by a technocratic prime minister, consists of a majority of techno-

cratic ministers and is in possession of a mandate to change the status quo.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.10.24 Voter turnout in election

QoG Code: cpds_vt

Voter turnout in election.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 36 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

83
4.11 Corruption Perceptions Index

Dataset by: Transparency International

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Transparency International. (2023). Corruption perception index 2022 [Licensed under CC-BY-
ND 4.0]. http://www.transparency.org/cpi

Dataset found at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022/

Last update by original source: 2023-01-31
Date of download: 2023-01-31

The CPI focuses on corruption in the public sector and defines corruption as the abuse of public office
for private gain. The surveys used in compiling the CPI tend to ask questions in line with the misuse
of public power for private benefit, with a focus, for example, on bribe-taking by public officials in
public procurement. The sources do not distinguish between administrative and political corruption.
The CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people, risk
analysts and the general public and ranges between 0 (highly corrupt) and 100 (highly clean).

Note: The time-series information in the CPI scores can only be used if interpreted with caution.
Year-to-year shifts in a country’s score can result not only from a changing perception of a country’s
performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. That is, with differing respondents
and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country’s score may also relate to the fact that
different viewpoints have been collected and different questions have been asked. Moreover, each
country’s CPI score is composed as a 3-year moving average, implying that if changes occur they only
gradually affect a country’s score. For a more detailed discussion of comparability over time in the
CPI, see Lambsdorff 2005.

Note: In 2012 TI changed the methodology for which the data is not comparable and only data from
2012 and onwards can be compared.

Also, the observation "Belgium/Luxembourg" from the 1995 data has been dropped.

The Corruption Perception Index (2022) by Transparency International is licensed under CC-BY-ND
4.0.

4.11.1 Corruption Perceptions Index

QoG Code: ti_cpi

Corruption Perceptions Index. Scale of 0-100 where 0 equals the highest level of perceived corruption
and 100 equals the lowest level of perceived corruption.

Type of variable: Continuous

84
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 179

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

85
4.12 Corruption Risks Indicators

Dataset by: Fazekas and Kocsis

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Fazekas, M., & Kocsis, G. (2020). Uncovering high-level corruption: Cross-national objective
corruption risk indicators using public procurement data. https : / / doi . org / doi : 10 . 1017 /
S0007123417000461

Dataset found at: https://opentender.eu/download

Last update by original source: 2023-01-25
Date of download: 2023-01-25

Measuring high-level corruption is subject to extensive scholarly and policy interest, which has
achieved moderate progress in the last decade. This dataset presents four objective proxy measures
of high-level corruption in public procurement: single bidding in competitive markets, the share of
contracts with "no published call for tender" red flag, the share of contracts with "non-open procedure"
red flag, and share of contracts with "tax haven" red flag.

Using official government data on 4 million contracts in thirty-two European countries from 2011 to
2021, the authors directly operationalize a common definition of corruption: unjustified restriction of
access to public contracts to favour a selected bidder.

Corruption indicators are calculated at the contract level, but produce aggregate indices consistent
with well-established country-level indicators, and are also validated by micro-level tests.

4.12.1 Number of awarded contracts above 130,000 EUR

QoG Code: cri_contr

Number of successfully awarded contracts within tenders published on TED above 130k EUR thresh-
old.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2011

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 32 Total N. of countries covered: 32

86
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

87
4.13 Country Ruggedness and Geographical Data (2012)

Dataset by: Nunn and Puga

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Nunn, N., & Puga, D. (2012). Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa. Review of
Economics and Statistics, 94 (1), 20–36

Dataset found at: http://diegopuga.org/data/rugged/

Last update by original source: 2010-11-12
Date of download: 2022-08-10

The dataset of terrain ruggedness and other geographical characteristics of countries was created by
Nathan Nunn and Diego Puga for their article ’Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa’,
published in the Review of Economics and Statistics 94(1), February 2012: 20-36.

4.13.1 Percentage of desert in 2012

QoG Code: nunn_desert

The percentage of the land surface area of each country covered by sandy desert, dunes, rocky or
lava flows, was calculated on the basis of the desert layer of the Collins Bartholomew World Premium
digital map data (Collins Bartholomew, 2005) and the country boundaries described above. This was
initially computed as a cruder measure of soil (in)fertility for an early draft of the paper and is no
longer used in the final version. Nunn and Puga have left it in the dataset in case it is of use to other
researchers.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 191

Overall country availability

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Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.13.2 Average distance to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km) in 2012

QoG Code: nunn_dist_coast

Average distance the to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km). To calculate the average distance to the
closest ice-free coast in each country, Nunn and Puga first compute the distance to the nearest ice-free
coast for every point in the country in equi-rectangular projection with standard parallels at 30 de-
grees, on the basis of sea and sea ice area features contained in the fifth edition of the Digital Chart of
the World (US National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2000) and the country boundaries described
above. Then Nunn and Puga average this distance across all land in each country not covered by
inland water features. Units are thousands of kilometres.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 191

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.13.3 Percentage of tropical climate in 2012

QoG Code: nunn_tropical

Tropical climate. Using detailed temperature and precipitation data from the Climatic Research
Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre of the Ger-
man Nunn and Pugaather Service, Kottek, Grieser, Beck, Rudolf, and Rubel (2006) classify each cell
on a 30 arc-minute grid covering the entire land area of the Earth into one of 31 climates in the
widely-used Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Based on these data and the country boundaries
described above, Nunn and Puga calculate the percentage of the land surface area of each country
that has any of the four Köppen-Geiger tropical climates.

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Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 191

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

90
4.14 Data on Central Bank Independence

Dataset by: Davide Romelli

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Romelli, D. (2022). The political economy of reforms in central bank design: Evidence from a
new dataset. Economic Policy, 37, 641–688. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiac011

Dataset found at: https://davideromelli.com/cbidata/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-04
Date of download: 2022-06-16

This dataset provides information on a comprehensive index of CBI covering a wide range of central
bank characteristics based on the charters of 154 central banks, over the period 19722017. The
construction of the index uses, as a starting point, the two most commonly employed CBI indices,
namely the Grilli et al. (1991) [GMT] and the Cukierman et al. (1992) [CWN]. This new index,
called CBI extended (CBIE) index, provides information on 42 criteria of central bank institutional
design across six dimensions: (1) governor and central bank board, (2) monetary policy and conflict
resolution, (3) objectives, (4) limitations on lending to the government, (5) financial independence
and (6) reporting and disclosure.

This extended index incorporates the characteristics of both the GMT and CWN indices. Moreover, it
expands the GMT political independence index by collecting additional information on the dismissal
of the governor and other board members, in addition to identifying if the governor is legally allowed
to hold other offices in the government. It also augments the GMT economic independence index by
including information on the authority responsible for setting the financial conditions on lending to the
government. Apart from integrating these two indices, one important innovation of the CBIE index
is the inclusion of new criteria that capture good practices in central bank financial independence
and reporting and disclosure.

In addition to the data on the CBIE index, this dataset also provides information on the various
subcomponents of the index, updated data on the Grilli et al. (1991), the Cukerman et al. (1992)
and the Jacome and Vazquez indices of CBI, as well as a dummy indicating whether the independence
of the central bank is entrenched in the constitution.

4.14.1 Central Bank Independence Extended Index

QoG Code: cbie_index

Average of the scores across these six dimensions of the index, i.e. the raw average of the four
components:

(1) governor and central bank board,

(2) monetary policy and conflict resolution,

(3) objectives,

(4) limitations on lending to the government,

(5) financial independence and

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(6) reporting and disclosure.

The index ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 corresponds to the lowest level of independence to 1, the highest
level.

This extended index incorporates the characteristics of both the GMT and CWN indices and, includes
new criteria that capture good practices in central bank financial independence and reporting and
disclosure.

This index is in a scale from 0 to 1 where 1 indicates more central bank independence.

For more details about the construction of this index, please visit https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article/37

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2017 Time-series max. year: 2017
N. of countries: 152 Total N. of countries covered: 155

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

92
4.15 Dataset for Information and Accountability Transparency (2014)

Dataset by: Andrew Williams

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Williams, A. (2015). A global index of information transparency and accountability. Journal of

Comparative Economics, 43 (3), 804–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.10.004

Dataset found at: https://andrewwilliamsecon.wordpress.com/datasets/

Last update by original source: 2014-09-23
Date of download: 2022-08-29

The article "A global index of information transparency and accountability" (Williams, 2014) uses a
relatively new methodology, similar to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index,
to construct composite indicators of Informational Transparency, and Accountability. These new in-
dicators use data from 29 sources, with scores being derived annually between 1980 and 2010 across
more than 190 countries.

4.15.1 Transparency Index

QoG Code: diat_ti

Transparency Index. Combined index of Information Transparency Index and Accountability Trans-
parency Index.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1980

Time-series max. year: 2010
Total N. of countries covered: 188

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

93
94
4.16 Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World 1946-2020

Dataset by: Bormann and Golder

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Bormann, N.-C., & Golder, M. (2022). Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–
2020. Electoral Studies, Forthcoming

Dataset found at: http://mattgolder.com/elections

Last update by original source: 2021-05-18
Date of download: 2022-09-26

The data focus on national-level (lower house) legislative and presidential elections in democratic
regimes. Previously, the authors identified democratic regimes based on the Democracy-Dictatorship
(DD) classification scheme set out in Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland (2010). According to this
classification scheme, a regime is democratic if (i) the chief executive is elected, (ii) the legislature
is elected, (iii) there is more than one party competing in elections, and (iv) an alternation under
identical electoral rules has taken place (alternation rule). A regime is dictatorial if any of these
four conditions do not hold. While the 4.0 version of DES dataset continues to classify elections as
democratic according to these coding rules, it also classifies elections as democratic based on four
other commonly-used coding schemes as well: Boix-Miller-Rosato (BMR, 2012), Freedom House (FH,
2021), Polity5 (2020), and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem, 2021).

Note: The original values of -99 (the information is missing but should theoretically be available) and
-88 (there is no single value for this particular variable) have been recoded to "." (missing).

4.16.1 Effective Number of Electoral Parties

QoG Code: gol_enep

Effective number of electoral parties.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 112 Total N. of countries covered: 134

95
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.16.2 Electoral System Type-3 classes

QoG Code: gol_est

This is a categorical variable that takes on one of three values indicating the basic type of electoral
system used in the elections.

1. Majoritarian

2. Proportional

3. Mixed

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 123 Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.16.3 Electoral System Type-11 classes

QoG Code: gol_est_spec

This is a categorical variable that provides a more detailed indication of the type of electoral system
used in the election.

1. Single-Member-District-Plurality (SMDP)

2. Two-Round System (TRS)

3. Alternative Vote (AV)

4. Borda Count (BC)

5. Block Vote (BV)

6. Party Block Vote (PBV)

7. Limited Vote (LV)

8. Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV)

9. List Proportional Representation (List PR)

10. Single Transferable Vote (STV)

11. Mixed Dependent (or Mixed Member Proportional)

12. Mixed Independent (or Mixed Parallel)

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 123 Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

97
4.16.4 Electoral Formula used in an Electoral Tier

QoG Code: gol_pr

This is a categorical variable that indicates the precise electoral formula used in an electoral tier.

1. Single-Member-District-Plurality (SMDP)

2. Two Round Majority-Plurality

3. Two Round Qualified Majority

4. Two Round Majority Runoff

5. Alternative Vote (AV)

6. Borda Count (BC)

7. Modified Borda Count (mBC)

8. Block Vote (BV)

9. Party Block Vote (PBV)

10. Limited Vote (LV)

11. Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV)

12. Hare quota

13. Hare quota with largest remainders

14. Hare quota with highest average remainders

15. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota

16. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota with largest remainders

17. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota with highest average remainders

18. Droop quota

19. Droop quota with largest remainders

20. Droop quota with highest average remainders

21. Imperiali quota

22. Imperiali quota with largest remainders

23. Imperiali quota with highest average remainders

24. Reinforced Imperiali quota

25. D’Hondt

26. Sainte-Laguë

27. Modified Sainte-Laguë

28. Single Transferable Vote.

Note: Users can find a detailed description of the difference between types in the original codebook.
98
Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 122 Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

99
4.17 Economic Freedom of the World Dataset

Dataset by: Fraser Institute

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Hall, J., & Murphy, R. (2022). Economic Freedom Dataset, pub-
lished in Economic Freedom of the World: 2022 Annual Report. Fraser Institute. https://www.
fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset

Dataset found at: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset

Last update by original source: 2021-06-15
Date of download: 2021-11-10

The index published in Economic Freedom of the World measures the degree to which countries’
policies and institutions support economic freedom. The cornerstones of economic freedom are per-
sonal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to enter markets and compete, and security of the person
and privately owned property. The EFW index now ranks 165 countries and territories. Data are
available for more than 100 nations and territories back to 1950. This dataset makes it possible for
scholars to analyze the impact of both cross-country differences in economic freedom and changes in
that freedom across a time frame of three and a half decades.

For a consistent time series for a particular country and/or longitudinal data for a panel of countries,
the Fraser Institute previously developed and reported a chain-linked version of the index. The EFW
Panel Dataset is now entirely based on the chain-linking method, having the base year as 2020, and
they will make the most recent years data the base year in the future.

Changes in a countrys scores backward

in time are based only on changes in components that were present in adjoining

years. It should be noted that the EFW Panel Dataset contains area and summary

ratings only for those years in which the country received a regular EFW index

rating.

4.17.1 Freedom to Trade Internationally (current)

QoG Code: fi_ftradeint

The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to "increasing tax rate on international trade",
"slow import or export process", "small trade sectors relative to the population and geographic size",
"exchange rate controls are present and a black-market exists", and "restrictions on the freedom of
citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners" and 10 corresponds to "no specific
taxes on international trade", "swift import or export process", "large trade sectors relative to the
population and geographic size", "no black-market exchange rate", and "no restrictions on the free-
dom of citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners". The index consists of the
following indicators: Taxes on international trade, Regulatory trade barriers, Actual size of trade
sector compared to expected size, Difference between official exchange rate and black market rate,
and International capital market controls.

100
Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 164 Total N. of countries covered: 167

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.17.2 Economic Freedom of the World Index (current)

QoG Code: fi_index

The index is founded upon objective components that reflect the presence (or absence) of economic
freedom. The index comprises 21 components designed to identify the consistency of institutional
arrangements and policies with economic freedom in five major areas: size of government (fi_sog),
legal structure and security of property rights (fi_legprop), access to sound money (fi_sm), freedom
to trade internationally (fi_ftradeint), regulation of credit, labor and business (fi_reg). The index
ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to "less economic freedom" and 10 to "more economic free-
dom". This is the version of the index published at the current year of measurement, without taking
methodological changes over time into account.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 164 Total N. of countries covered: 167

101
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

102
4.18 Educational Attainment Dataset

Dataset by: Barro and Lee

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world,
1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198

Lee, J.-W., & Lee, H. (2016). Human capital in the long run. Journal of Development Eco-
nomics, 122, 147–169

Dataset found at: http://www.barrolee.com/

Last update by original source: 2021-09-01
Date of download: 2022-08-15

The Barro-Lee Data set provides data dis-aggregated by sex and by 5-year age intervals. It provides
educational attainment data for 146 countries in 5-year intervals from 1950 to 2010. It also provides
information about the distribution of educational attainment of the adult population over age 15 and
over age 25 by sex at seven levels of schooling - no formal education, incomplete primary, complete
primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, incomplete tertiary, and complete tertiary. Average years
of schooling at all levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary - are also measured for each country and
for regions in the world.

This is the latest updated version of the Barro-Lee dataset reported in Barro and Lee (2013). Dr.
Hanol Lee, an associate professor at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, has collab-
orated on the project.

The main aim of this new version is to construct estimates of educational attainment for the popula-
tion between 15 and 64 years old for the year of 2015. The estimates are disaggregated by gender and
by 10-year age group, whereas those in the original dataset were disaggregated by 5-year age group.
This is due to the limited availability of disaggregated statistics in the newly complied census/survey
data.

4.18.1 Average schooling years, female

QoG Code: bl_asyf

Average schooling years, females between 15 and 64 years old.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 151

103
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.18.2 Average schooling years, male

QoG Code: bl_asym

Average schooling years, males between 15 and 64 years old.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 151

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.18.3 Average schooling years, female and male

QoG Code: bl_asymf

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Average schooling years, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 151

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

105
4.19 Electoral Integrity Project (Version 8.0)

Dataset by: Garnett, James and MacGregor

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Garnett, H. A., James, T. S., & MacGregor, M. (2022). Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-
8.0) [V1, UNF:6:lINJ6KG6BcEwGIXz7tM4Yg== [fileUNF]]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/
YSNYXD

Dataset found at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/PEI

Last update by original source: 2022-05-19
Date of download: 2022-09-01

This dataset by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the
world. Based on a rolling survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides inde-
pendent and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral
integrity. PEI-8.0 cumulative release covers 480 national parliamentary and presidential contests held
worldwide in 169 countries from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2021.

4.19.1 Electoral Integrity Rating

QoG Code: pei_eir

Overall how would you rate the integrity of this election on a scale from 1 (very poor) to 10 (very
good)?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 165

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder
106
4.19.2 Perception of Electoral Integrity Index

QoG Code: pei_peii

The PEI index is designed to provide an overall summary evaluation of expert perceptions that
an election meets international standards and global norms. It is generated at the individual level
using experts’ answers to the 49 substantive variables below. Therefore, an Index score is missing if
an expert does not answer a question. The 49 scores are summed and then standardized to a 100
point scale.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 143

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

107
4.20 Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote

Dataset by: Johnson and Wallack

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Johnson, J. W., & Wallack, J. S. (2012). Electoral systems and the personal vote. https :
//doi.org/1902.1/17901

Dataset found at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:1902.1/17901

Last update by original source: 2012-03-24
Date of download: 2022-12-07

This database updates and expands the coding of electoral systems presented in Gaviria et al.’s (2003)
Database of Particularism. Data now cover up to 180 countries from 1978-2005 and distinguish elec-
toral systems by the degree to which electoral institutions create incentives for candidates to cultivate
a personal vote - as described theoretically in Carey and Shugart (1995) and Gaviria et al. (2003) -
including the amount of vote pooling among co-partisan candidates, the amount of parties’ control
over ballot access, and whether voters cast their votes for candidates or parties. The database also
contains several variables that rank-order electoral systems by tier, distinguish mixed-member and
other multi-tier electoral systems, capture district magnitude (in two ways), and record election years.
Database created 2007. Database last updated 2010.

4.20.1 Bicameral System

QoG Code: jw_bicameral

Equals 1 whenever a country has a bicameral legislature.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1978

Time-series max. year: 2005
Total N. of countries covered: 171

Overall country availability Time-series availability

108
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

109
4.21 Enterprise Surveys

Dataset by: The World Bank Group

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

The World Bank. (2022). World bank enterprise surveys. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/

en/enterprisesurveys

Dataset found at: https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data

Date of download: 2023-01-13

World Bank Enterprise Surveys offer an expansive array of economic data on 180,000 firms in 154
countries. The data is presented in a variety of ways useful to researchers, policy makers, journalists,
and others.

Business environment and performance indicators are created by computing weighted averages of
businesses responses to questions in the Enterprise Survey using sampling weights. Indicators are
displayed at the country level but can be viewed by firm subgroups in the original source.

4.21.1 Bribery Depth

QoG Code: ens_brdep

The depth of Bribery is the percentage of instances in which a firm was either expected or requested
to provide a gift or informal payment during solicitations for public services, licenses or permits. This
measure uses data from 6 survey questions for each firm. For purposes of computation, a refusal to
answer a particular survey question is considered an affirmative answer.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

110
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.21.2 Corruption as a Major Constraint

QoG Code: ens_cor

Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.21.3 Court system as a Major Constraint

QoG Code: ens_law

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Percent of firms identifying the court system as a major constraint.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

112
4.22 Environmental Performance Index Data 2022

Dataset by: Environmental Performance Index

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Wolf, M., W., E. J., C., E. D., de Sherbinin, A., & Wendling, e. a., Z. A. (2022). 2022 environ-
mental performance index [Date accessed: 17 October 2022]. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for
Environmental Law and Policy. epi.yale.edu

Dataset found at: https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-downloads

Last update by original source: 2022-06-06
Date of download: 2022-10-17

The Environmental Performance Index provides a ranking that shines light on how each country
manages environmental issues. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks how well countries
perform on high-priority environmental issues in two broad policy areas: protection of human health
from environmental harm and protection of ecosystems. Within these two policy objectives the
EPI scores country performance in 11 issue areas comprised of 32 indicators. Indicators in the EPI
measure how close countries are to meeting internationally established targets or, in the absence of
agreed-upon targets, how they compare to the range of observed countries.

Note: In many cases the EPI variables lack actual observations and rely on imputation. Please refer
to the original documentation on more information about this. Also, some values (usually the value
0) are very unlikely, please use your judgement whether to treat these as the value 0 or as "Data
missing".

The values on the EPI, Policy Objectives, and Issue Categories are not comparable over time, there-
fore, this compilation only includes data on these variables from the latest release. The raw data on
the 32 indicators, however, are comparable over time and, therefore, time-series are included.

4.22.1 Environmental Health Policy Objective

QoG Code: epi_eh

Environmental Health Policy Objective measures how well countries are protecting their popula-
tions from environmental health risks. It comprises 40% of the total EPI score and consists of 4 issue
categories: Air Quality (50%), Sanitation and Drinking Water (40%), Heavy Metals (5%), and Waste
Management (5%). The policy objective varies from 0 to 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2021 Time-series min. year: 2019

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 180 Total N. of countries covered: 180

113
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.22.2 Environmental Performance Index

QoG Code: epi_epi

The 2020 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) scores 180 countries on 32 performance indi-
cators across 11 issue categories related to environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The 2020
EPI is a composite index. The EPI researchers begin by gathering data on 32 individual metrics of
environmental performance. These metrics are aggregated into a hierarchy beginning with 11 issue
categories: Air Quality, Sanitation and Drinking Water, Heavy Metals, Waste Management, Bio-
diversity and Habitat, Ecosystem Services, Fisheries, Climate Change, Pollution Emissions, Water
Resources, and Agriculture.

These issue categories are then combined into 2 policy objectives, Environmental Health and Ecosys-
tem Vitality, and then finally consolidated into the overall EPI. To allow for meaningful comparisons,
before aggregation the EPI researchers construct scores for each of the 32 indicators, placing them
onto a common scale where 0 indicates worst performance and 100 indicates best performance. How
far a country is from achieving international targets of sustainability determines its placement on this
scale.

Note: The EPI scores are not comparable over time, therefore, this dataset only includes the EPI
scores from the latest release.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2021 Time-series min. year: 2019

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 180 Total N. of countries covered: 180

114
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

115
4.23 European Social Survey - Wave 1-10

Dataset by: European Social Survey

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data. (2020). European social survey cumulative file, ess
1-9 [Date accessed: 17 February 2021]. https://doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS-CUMULATIVE

Dataset found at: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/

Date of download: 2023-01-02

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been
administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are: first - to monitor and interpret chang-
ing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe’s
changing institutions; second - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey
measurement in Europe and beyond; and third - to develop a series of European social indicators,
including attitudinal indicators.

This dataset includes two types of variables: 1) percentage of respondents choosing a particular
response option, and 2) average response per country, weighted using design weights (dweight), as
recommended by the ESS.

4.23.1 Subjective Happiness

QoG Code: ess_happy

Taking all things together, how happy would you say you are?

0. Extremely Unhappy

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Extremely Happy

116
Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.2 Subjective Health

QoG Code: ess_health

How is your health in general? Would you say it is:

1. Very Good

2. Good

3. Fair

4. Bad

5. Very Bad

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

117
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.3 Religiosity

QoG Code: ess_relig

Regardless of whether you belong to a particular religion, how religious would you say you are?

0. Not at all Religious

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Very Religious

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

118
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.4 Trust in Legal System

QoG Code: ess_trlegal

Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read
out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Legal
System.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

119
4.23.5 Trust in Parliament

QoG Code: ess_trparl

Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read
out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The
Parliament.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.6 Trust in Political Parties

QoG Code: ess_trpart

Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read
out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The
Political Parties.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2004

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

120
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.7 Trust in Other People

QoG Code: ess_trpeople

Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful
in dealing with people? Please tell me on a score of 0 to 10, where 0 means you can’t be too careful
and 10 means that most people can be trusted.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

121
4.23.8 Trust in Police

QoG Code: ess_trpolice

Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read
out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The
Police.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.23.9 Trust in Politicians

QoG Code: ess_trpolit

Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read
out. 0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The
Politicians.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 33 Total N. of countries covered: 38

122
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

123
4.24 Expanded Trade and GDP Data

Dataset by: Kristian S. Gleditsch

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Gleditsch, K. S. (2002). Expanded trade and GDP data (version 6.0). Journal of Conflict Res-
olution, 46 (5), 712–724

Gleditsch, K., & Ward, M. D. (1999). Interstate system membership: A revised list of the
independent states since 1816. International Interactions, 25, 393–413

Dataset found at: http://ksgleditsch.com/exptradegdp.html

Last update by original source: 2014-09-09
Date of download: 2022-09-26

The dataset by Kristian Gleditsch provides estimates of trade flows between independent states (1948-
2000) and GDP per capita of independent states (1950-2011). Version 6. In order to fill in gaps in
the Penn World Table’s mark 5.6 and 6.2 data (see: Heston, Summers & Aten), Gleditsch has im-
puted missing data by using an alternative source of data (the CIA World Fact Book), and through
extrapolation beyond available time-series.

4.24.1 GDP per Capita (Current Prices)

QoG Code: gle_cgdpc

GDP per capita (Current prices).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 209

Overall country availability Time-series availability

124
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.24.2 Total Export

QoG Code: gle_exp

This amounts to the total export of a country, in millions of current year US dollars, estimated
as the sum of all dyadic export figures to that country using the imputation technique described
above.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1948

Time-series max. year: 2000
Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.24.3 Real GDP (2005)

QoG Code: gle_gdp

Real GDP (2005). This is Gleditsch’s estimate of GDP per Capita in US dollars at current year
international prices.

Type of variable: Continuous

125
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 209

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.24.4 Total Import

QoG Code: gle_imp

This amounts to the total import of a country, in millions of current year US dollars, estimated
as the sum of all dyadic import figures to that country using the imputation technique described
above.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1948

Time-series max. year: 2000
Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

126
4.24.5 Population (in the 1000’s)

QoG Code: gle_pop

Size of the population in the years 1000’s.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 209

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.24.6 Real GDP per Capita (2005)

QoG Code: gle_rgdpc

This is the estimate of real GDP per Capita in constant US dollars at base year 2000, based on
the imputation technique described above.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1950

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 209

127
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.24.7 Total Trade

QoG Code: gle_trade

This amounts to the sum of import and export of a country, in millions of current year US dollars,
estimated as the sum of all dyadic import and export figures of that country using the imputation
technique described above.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1948

Time-series max. year: 2000
Total N. of countries covered: 204

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

128
4.25 Freedom in the World

Dataset by: Freedom House

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Freedom House. (2022a). Freedom in the world 2022. https : / / freedomhouse . org / report /
freedom-world

Dataset found at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world

Last update by original source: 2022-02-01
Date of download: 2022-09-13

Freedom in the World is an annual global report on political rights and civil liberties, composed
of numerical ratings and descriptive texts for each country and a select group of territories. The
2022 edition covers developments in 195 countries and 15 territories from January 1, 2021, through
December 31, 2021.

The report’s methodology is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. Freedom in the World is based on the premise
that these standards apply to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic
or religious composition, or level of economic development. Freedom in the World operates from the
assumption that freedom for all people is best achieved in liberal democratic societies.

Freedom in the World assesses the real-world rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals, rather than
governments or government performance per se. Political rights and civil liberties can be affected by
both state and non-state actors, including insurgents and other armed groups. To read more about
the methodology used by Freedom House, please visit https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-
world/freedom-world-research-methodology. These subcategories, drawn from the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights, represent the fundamental components of freedom, which include an individ-
ual’s ability to:

- Vote freely in legitimate elections;

- Participate freely in the political process;

- Have representatives that are accountable to them;

- Exercise freedoms of expression and belief;

- Be able to freely assemble and associate;

- Have access to an established and equitable system of rule of law;

- Enjoy personal freedoms, including free movement, the right to hold private property, social free-
doms, and equal access to economic opportunities.

Note: The 1982 edition of Freedom in the World covers the period Jan 1981 - Aug 1982 (=1981 in
our dataset). The 1983-84 edition covers the period Aug 1982 - Nov 1983 (=1983 in our dataset).
This leaves 1982 empty. For 1972, South Africa was in the original data rated as ’White’ (fh_cl: 3,
fh_pr: 2, fh_status: Free) and ’Black’ (fh_cl: 6, fh_pr: 5, fh_status: Not Free). We treat South
Africa 1972 as missing.

129
4.25.1 Associational and Organizational Rights

QoG Code: fh_aor

Associational and Organizational Rights - The variable evaluates the freedom of assembly, demonstra-
tions and open public discussion; the freedom for nongovernmental organizations; and the freedom
for trade unions, peasant organizations and other professional and private organizations. Countries
are graded between 0 (worst) and 12 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.2 Civil Liberties

QoG Code: fh_cl

Civil Liberties Rating - Civil liberties allow for the freedoms of expression and belief, associational
and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy without interference from the state.
The more specific list of rights considered vary over the years. Countries are graded between 1 (most
free) and 7 (least free).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 207

130
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.3 Electoral Process

QoG Code: fh_ep

Electoral Process - The variable measures to what extent the national legislative representatives
and the national chief authority are elected through free and fair elections. Countries are graded
between 0 (worst) and 12 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

131
4.25.4 Freedom of Expression and Belief

QoG Code: fh_feb

Freedom of Expression and Belief - The variable measures the freedom and independence of the
media and other cultural expressions; the freedom of religious groups to practice their faith and ex-
press themselves; the academic freedom and freedom from extensive political indoctrination in the
educational system; and the ability of the people to engage in private (political) discussions without
fear of harassment or arrest by the authorities. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.5 Functioning of Government

QoG Code: fh_fog

Functioning of Government - The variable examines to what extent the freely elected head of gov-
ernment and a national legislative representative determine the policies of the government; if the
government is free from pervasive corruption; and if the government is accountable to the electorate
between elections and operates with openness and transparency. Countries are graded between 0
(worst) and 12 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

132
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.6 Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights

QoG Code: fh_pair

Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights - The variable evaluates the extent of state control over
travel, choice of residence, employment or institutions of higher education; the right of citizens to
own property and establish private businesses; the private business’ freedom from unduly influence
by government officials, security forces, political parties or organized crime; gender equality, freedom
of choice of marriage partners and size of family; equality of opportunity and absence of economic
exploitation. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

133
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.7 Political Rights

QoG Code: fh_pr

Political Rights Rating - Political rights enable people to participate freely in the political process,
including the right to vote freely for distinct alternatives in legitimate elections, compete for public
office, join political parties and organizations, and elect representatives who have a decisive impact
on public policies and are accountable to the electorate. The specific list of rights considered varies
over the years. Countries are graded between 1 (most free) and 7 (least free).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 207

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

134
4.25.8 Rule of Law

QoG Code: fh_rol

Rule of Law - The variable measures the independence of the judiciary; the extent to which rule
of law prevails in civil and criminal matters; the existence of direct civil control over the police; the
protection from political terror, unjustified imprisonment, exile and torture; absence of war and in-
surgencies; and the extent to which laws, policies and practices guarantee equal treatment of various
segments of the population. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.25.9 Freedom Status

QoG Code: fh_status

1. Free

2. Partly Free

3. Not Free

Until 2003, countries whose combined average ratings for Political Rights and Civil Liberties fell
between 1.0 and 2.5 were designated ’Free’; between 3.0 and 5.5 ’Partly Free’, and between 5.5 and
7.0 ’Not Free’. Since then, countries whose ratings average 1.0 to 2.5 are considered ’Free’, 3.0 to 5.0
’Partly Free’, and 5.5 to 7.0 ’Not Free’.

Type of variable: Discrete

135
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 207

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

136
4.26 Freedom of the Press

Dataset by: Freedom House

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Freedom House. (2017). Freedom of the press 2017. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-

press/freedom-press-2017

Dataset found at: https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives

Last update by original source: 2017-04-28
Date of download: 2022-09-13

Freedom of the Press, an annual report on media independence around the world, was published
between 1980 and 2017, and assessed the degree of print, broadcast, and digital media freedom in 199
countries and territories. It provided numerical scores and country narratives evaluating the legal
environment for the media, political pressures that influenced reporting, and economic factors that
affected access to news and information.

Note: The number in the variable names indicate what time period they refer to.

1: 1979-1987

2: 1988-1992

3: 1993-1995

4: 1996-2000

5: 2001-2016

4.26.1 Freedom of the Press, Score (2001-2016)

QoG Code: fhp_score5

Freedom of the Press, Score (2001-2016): The press freedom index is computed by adding four
component ratings: Laws and regulations, Political pressures and controls, Economic Influences and
Repressive actions. The scale ranges from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2001

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

137
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.26.2 Freedom of the Press, Status (2001-2016)

QoG Code: fhp_status5

Freedom of the Press, Status (1988-2016):

1. Free

2. Partly Free

3. Not Free

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2001

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

138
4.27 Freedom on the Net

Dataset by: Freedom House

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Freedom House. (2022b). Freedom on the net 2022: Countering an authoritarian overhaul of
the internet. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- net/2022/countering- authoritarian-
overhaul-internet

Dataset found at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net

Last update by original source: 2022-10-17
Date of download: 2022-11-14

Freedom on the Net is a Freedom House project consisting of cutting-edge analysis, fact-based ad-
vocacy, and on-the-ground capacity building. It features a ranked, country-by-country assessment
of online freedom, a global overview of the latest developments, as well as in depth country reports.
Freedom on the Net measures the subtle and not-so-subtle ways that governments and non-state
actors around the world restrict our intrinsic rights online. Each country assessment includes a de-
tailed narrative report and numerical scores, based on methodology developed in consultation with
international experts. This methodology includes three categories:

1. Obstacles to Access details infrastructural and economic barriers to access, legal and ownership
control over internet service providers, and independence of regulatory bodies;

2. Limits on Content analyzes legal regulations on content, technical filtering and blocking of websites,
self-censorship, the vibrancy/diversity of online news media, and the use of digital tools for civic
mobilization;

3. Violations of User Rights tackles surveillance, privacy, and repercussions for online speech and
activities, such as imprisonment, extralegal harassment, or cyberattacks.

Freedom on the Net is a collaborative effort between a small team of Freedom House staff and an
extensive network of local researchers and advisors in 65 countries.

4.27.1 Freedom on the Net: Score

QoG Code: fhn_fotnsc

Freedom on the Net, Score: Measures the subtle and not-so-subtle ways that governments and non-
state actors around the world restrict our intrinsic rights online by looking at Obstacles to Access,
Limits on Content and Violations of User Rights. The scores are based on a scale of 0 to 100 with 0
representing the best level of freedom on the net progress and 100 the worst.

Please note that the values have changed from previous versions of QoG data given that Freedom
House now provides a document with the vlaues for all years and these are different for the first years
of the score.

Type of variable: Continuous

139
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2010

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 71 Total N. of countries covered: 71

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.27.2 Freedom on the Net: Status

QoG Code: fhn_fotnst

Freedom on the Net, Status:

1. Free

2. Partly Free

3. Not Free

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2010

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 71 Total N. of countries covered: 71

140
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

141
4.28 Global Competitiveness Report 2019

Dataset by: World Economic Forum

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

World Economic Forum. (2019). The global competetiveness report 2019 [Commercial use of
data produced by the World Economic Forum is forbidden]. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Dataset found at: http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2019/downloads/

Date of download: 2021-12-20

The Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 assesses the competitiveness landscape of 140 economies, mea-
suring national competitiveness - defined as the set of institutions, policies and factors that determine
the level of productivity. The Report presents information and data that were compiled and/or col-
lected by the World Economic Forum organized into 12 pillars: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT
adoption, Macroeconomic Stability, Health, Skills, Product Market, Labor Market, Financial Sys-
tem, Market Size, Business Dynamism, and Innovation Capabilities.

4.28.1 Innovation capability

QoG Code: wef_ci

Innovation capability (scale 1 to 100, while 100 is best).

Original sources: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2018

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 140

142
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.28.2 Electricity

QoG Code: wef_elec

Electricity (scale 1 to 100, while 100 is best). This indicator is calculated by the World Economic
Forum by aggregating two indicators that measure the electrification rate and electric power trans-
mission and distribution losses. For more information, write to [email protected].

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 140

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

143
4.28.3 Global Competitiveness Index

QoG Code: wef_gci

Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 (scale 1 to 100, while 100 is best). The Global Competitiveness
Index 4.0 assesses the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness,
which is defined as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity
of a country. Original sources: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2018

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 140

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.28.4 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions

QoG Code: wef_mobile

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions. Number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100

people.

Original sources: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2018

Cross-section max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140

144
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.28.5 Organized crime

QoG Code: wef_oc

Organized crime (scale 1 to 7, while 7 is best). In your country, to what extent does organized crime
(mafia-oriented racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses? [1 = to a great extent-imposes
huge costs; 7 = not at all-imposes no costs] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2018

Cross-section max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

145
4.28.6 Property rights

QoG Code: wef_pr

Property rights (scale 1 to 7, while 7 is best). In your country, to what extent are property rights,
including financial assets, protected? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World
Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 140

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.28.7 Transport infrastructure

QoG Code: wef_qoi

Transport infrastructure (scale 1 to 100, while 100 is best). This indicator is calculated by the World
Economic Forum by aggregating eight indicators that measure roads, railroads, air transport and
water transport infrastructure. For more information, write to [email protected]. Original sources:
World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2018

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 140

146
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.28.8 Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers

QoG Code: wef_wlf

Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers. Ratio. The ratio of the percentage
of women aged 15-64 participating in the labour force as wage and salaried workers to the percentage
of men aged 15-64 participating in the labour force as wage and salaried workers. Original sources:
International Labour Organization (ILO), World Economic Forum

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2018

Cross-section max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 139

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

147
4.29 Global Corruption Barometer

Dataset by: Transparency International

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

International, T. (2017). Global corruption barometer 9th edition. https://www.transparency.

org/research/gcb

Dataset found at: http://www.transparency.org/research/gcb/overview

Last update by original source: 2021-02-22
Date of download: 2023-01-02

The Global Corruption Barometer is the only world wide public opinion survey about the views and
experiences of corruption.

The Global Corruption Barometer asks for people’s views on corruption in their country generally,
how the level of corruption has changed and in which institutions the problem of corruption is most
severe. It also provides a measure of people’s experience of bribery in the past year across six different
services. The survey asks people how well or badly they think their government has done at stopping
corruption.

For the 2015-2017 version all the values have been assigned the year 2016.

Note: Only valid answers are used when calculating the averages, "Unknown", "Don’t know" etc. are
excluded.

For the 2003-2013 version, the data for a country is marked as missing if there are less than 100
respondents per year, if there are 100 or more, the value corresponds to the mean of all answers.

4.29.1 Total bribery rate, total population

QoG Code: gcb_br

Total bribery rates by country. Total Bribery rate, total population. In percentage.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 108

148
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.2 Fight aganist corruption: Well (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_fcwell

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Well’ to the following question: How well or badly would
you say the current government is handling the following matter: "fighting corruption in government"?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 112

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

149
4.29.3 Feel personally obliged to report corruption: Agree (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_orcag

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Agree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: If I would witness an act of corruption, I would feel personally
obliged to report it.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 77

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.4 Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcbmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about Business
Executives: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t
you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 114

150
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.5 Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcjmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about Judges and
Magistrates: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t
you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 113

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

151
4.29.6 Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pclgcmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about Local gov-
ernment councilors: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 113

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.7 Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pclmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about the Mem-
bers of Parliament or Senators: How many of the following people do you think are involved in
corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 114

152
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.8 Corruption Perception Change: Increase (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcori

Percentage of respondents who answered ’increased’ to the following question: In your opinion, over
the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 82

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

153
4.29.9 Corruption Perception-Head of State: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcpmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about the Presi-
dent or Prime Minister and Officials in his office: How many of the following people do you think are
involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 113

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.10 Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcpolmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about the Police:
How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard
enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 114

154
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.11 Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pcrmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about Religious
Leaders: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you
heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 113

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

155
4.29.12 Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Most (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pctaxmost

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Most or All’ to the following question about Tax Officials,
like Ministry of Finance officials or Local Government tax collectors: How many of the following
people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 114

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.13 Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_pfcaag

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Agree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: Ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against
corruption.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 113

156
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.29.14 Is it socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_sarcag

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Agree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: In our society it is generally acceptable for people to report a
case of corruption they witness.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 77

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

157
4.29.15 Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents)

QoG Code: gcb_wsdag

Percentage of respondents who answered ’Agree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: I would report a case of corruption even if I would have to
spend a day in court to give evidence.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 77

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

158
4.30 Global Data Governance Mapping

Dataset by: Global Data Governance Mapping

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Struett, T., Zable, A., & Ariel, S. (2022). Global data governance mapping: Year two report.
https://globaldatagovernancemapping.org/images/DataGov-Year-2/year-two-mapping-report--
07-11-22-.pdf

Dataset found at: https://globaldatagovernancemapping.org/

Last update by original source: 2022-07-11
Date of download: 2022-09-19

The Digital Trade and Data Governance Hub seeks to help policymakers and the public understand
how governments around the world govern data.

Data governance, like the data-driven economy, is constantly evolving, reflecting changes in tech-
nology, society, and policymakers will and expertise. Consequently, data governance is a work in
progress and a different experience for all nations. Nations adopting a comprehensive approach de-
velop strategies, policies, and processes, adapt organizational structures and work to accommodate
different types and contexts for data use and re-use. Governments that can accommodate such change
in a responsive, competent, and anticipatory manner are likely to build and maintain trust in their
institutions.

This dataset divides data governance into six primary attributes: strategic, regulatory, responsible,
structural, participatory and international. These attributes can be thought of as the different di-
mensions of action a nation takes as it works to govern data in a comprehensive manner.

4.30.1 Total Data Governance Score

QoG Code: gdg_total

This variable scores countries based on the six attributes of data governance (strategic, regulatory,
responsible, structural, participatory and international). It is measured on a scale from 0-100

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2021

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 68

159
 Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

160
4.31 Global Footprint data

Dataset by: Global Footprint Network

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Global Footprint Network. (2019). National footprint and biocapacity accounts (1961-2016),
2019 edition [Date accessed: 21 October 2020]. https://data.footprintnetwork.org

Dataset found at: https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-23
Date of download: 2022-11-11

The National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts (NFAs) measure the ecological resource use and
resource capacity of nations over time. Based on approximately 15,000 data points per country per
year, the Accounts calculate the Footprints of more than 200 countries, territories, and regions from
1961 to the present, providing the core data needed for all Ecological Footprint analysis worldwide.

4.31.1 Ecological footprint of consumption per person (gha per person)

QoG Code: ef_ef

Total ecological footprint of consumption divided by the population size. Measured in global hectares
(gha) per person.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1961

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 192

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

161
4.32 Global Health Observatory data repository

Dataset by: World Health Organization

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

World Health Organization. (2021). Global health observatory data repository [Accessed on
2021-11-29]. http://www.who.int/gho/en/

Dataset found at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/

Last update by original source: 2020-12-04
Date of download: 2021-11-29

The GHO data repository is WHO’s gateway to health-related statistics for its 194 Member States.
It provides access to over 1000 indicators on priority health topics including mortality and burden of
diseases, the Millennium Development Goals (child nutrition, child health, maternal and reproductive
health, immunization, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases, water and sanitation),
non communicable diseases and risk factors, epidemic-prone diseases, health systems, environmental
health, violence and injuries, equity among others.

4.32.1 Healthy Life Expectancy, Total (Years)

QoG Code: who_halet

Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), Total

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2000

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 183 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

162
4.32.2 Total population using basic sanitation services (%)

QoG Code: who_sanittot

Total population using basic sanitation services (%)

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2000

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 119 Total N. of countries covered: 119

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

163
4.33 Global Militarization Index

Dataset by: Bonn International Center for Conversion

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Bayer, Markus and Paul Rohleder. (2022). Global Militarization Index 2022. Bonn International
Center for Conversion BICC. https://gmi.bicc.de/

Dataset found at: http://gmi.bicc.de/

Last update by original source: 2022-11-01
Date of download: 2023-01-03

Compiled by BICC, the Global Militarization Index (GMI) presents on an annual basis the relative
weight and importance of a country’s military apparatus in relation to its society as a whole. The
GMI covers 153 countries and is based on the latest available figures (up to 2021). The index project
is financially supported by Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Previously, the GMI reached back to the 1990s. Due to data reliability reasons, BICC decided to
take the older data offline.

4.33.1 Global Militarization Index

QoG Code: bicc_gmi

The Global Militarization Index is divided into three overarching categories: expenditure, person-
nel and heavy weapons. (See variables bicc_milexp, bicc_milper, and bicc_hw).

In order to increase the compatibility between different indicators and preventing extreme values
from crating distortions when normalizing data, in a first step every indicator was represented in a
logarithm with the factor 10. Second, all data was normalized using the formula x=(y-min)/(max-
min), with min and max representing, respectively, the lowest and the highest value of the logarithm.
In a third step, every indicator was weighted in accordance to a subjective factor, reflecting the
relative importance attributed to it by BICC researchers. In order to calculate the final score, the
weighted indicators were added together and then normalized one last time on a scale ranging from
0 to 1,000. For better comparison of individual years, all years were finally normalized.

Weighting Factors used:

Military expenditures as percentage of GDP - 5

Military expenditures in relation to health spending - 3

Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to population - 4

Military reservers in relation to population - 2

Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to physicians - 2

Heavy weapons in relation to population - 4

Type of variable: Continuous

164
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 158 Total N. of countries covered: 167

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

165
4.34 Global Peace Index

Dataset by: Institute for Economics & Peace

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Institute for Economics and Peace. (2022b). Global peace index 2022: Measuring peace in a
complex world [Accessed 01-09-2022]. http://visionofhumanity.org/resources

Dataset found at: http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/

Last update by original source: 2022-06-10
Date of download: 2022-09-01

The Global Peace Index (GPI), which ranks 163 independent states and territories according to their
level of peacefulness. Produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), the GPI is the
world’s leading measure of global peacefulness. The complete version of the GPI covers 99.7 per
cent of the world’s population, using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from highly respected
sources, and measures the state of peace using three thematic domains: the level of Societal Safety and
Security; the extent of Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict; and the degree of Militarisation.

Please refer to the original source to see all of the indicators. For the QoG compilation data, we
assume the report refers to the data of the preceding year.

4.34.1 Global Peace Index

QoG Code: gpi_gpi

The GPI (scaled from 1 to 5, 5 being least peaceful) measures a country’s level of Negative Peace
using three domains of peacefulness. The first domain, Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict,
investigates the extent to which countries are involved in internal and external conflicts, as well as
their role and duration of involvement in conflicts.

The second domain evaluates the level of harmony or discord within a nation; ten indicators broadly
assess what might be described as Societal Safety and Security. The assertion is that low crime
rates, minimal terrorist activity and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighbouring
countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced
or made refugees can be equated with peacefulness.

Seven further indicators are related to a country’s Militarisation-reflecting the link between a country’s
level of military build-up and access to weapons and its level of peacefulness, both domestically and
internationally. Comparable data on military expenditure as a percentage of GDP and the number
of armed service officers per head are gauged, as are financial contributions to UN peacekeeping
missions.

Type of variable: Continuous

166
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2007

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 161 Total N. of countries covered: 162

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

167
4.35 Global Terrorism Index

Dataset by: Institute for Economics & Peace

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Institute for Economics and Peace. (2022a). Global terrorism index 2022: Measuring the impact
of terrorism [Accessed 01-09-2022]. http://visionofhumanity.org/resources

Dataset found at: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/global-terrorism-index/#/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-01
Date of download: 2022-09-01

The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) is a comprehensive study analysing the impact of terrorism for
163 countries covering 99.7 percent of the worlds population.

The GTI report is produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) using data from Terrorism
Tracker and other sources. The GTI produces a composite score so as to provide an ordinal ranking
of countries on the impact of terrorism. The GTI scores each country on a scale from 0 to 10; where
0 represents no impact from terrorism and 10 represents the highest measurable impact of terrorism.

Given the significant resources committed to counter terrorism by governments across the world, it
is important to analyse and aggregate the available data to better understand its various properties.
One of the key aims of the GTI is to examine these trends. It also aims to help inform a positive,
practical debate about the future of terrorism and the required policy responses.

4.35.1 Global Terrorism Index

QoG Code: voh_gti

The global terrorism index is a composite measure made up of four indicators: incidents, fatali-
ties, injuries and property damage. To measure the impact of terrorism, a five year weighted average
is applied.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2011

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 161 Total N. of countries covered: 162

168
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

169
4.36 HRV Transparency Project

Dataset by: Hollyer, Rosendorff and Vreeland

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P., & Vreeland, J. R. (2014). Measuring transparency. Political
Analysis, 22 (4), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu001

Dataset found at: http://hrvtransparency.org/

Last update by original source: 2013-12-31
Date of download: 2022-09-05

The HRV Transparency project examines the causes and consequences of government transparency
both through theoretical and empirical approaches with the measure of government transparency or
HRV Index. The HRV index contrasts with other measurements because it relies on a precise and
narrow conception of transparency: the disclosure of policy-relevant information by the government
to the public.

The HRV Index focuses on the availability of credible aggregate economic data. It does so by exam-
ining patterns of missing data and treating transparency as the latent term which best reflects the
tendency to disclose. This measure provides observations for 125 countries from 1980-2010 and can be
used to measure relationships between transparency and other issues such as democracy, accountabil-
ity, or political instability. Transparency encompasses many dimensions. The HRV index measures
a specific aspect of government transparency: reporting national data to international organizations.
Rather than rely on expert but subjective judgments, the measure is based on objective criteria. The
HRV team uses "Item Response Theory", a highly sophisticated and computationally intense method
to estimate transparency. This method assigns different weights for reporting distinct measures of the
economy, based on how many other countries actually reported data on the measure, and how much a
country distinguishes itself from other countries by reporting data on a given measure. (Technically,
the model estimates "difficulty" and "discrimination" parameters for each economic variable.)

The model analyzes 240 measures of the economy consistently collected by the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators. Since the World Bank obtains its data from other international agencies
that, in turn, obtain their data from national statistical offices, the HRV measure is a valid indica-
tor of governments’ efforts to collect and disseminate economically relevant information. Moreover,
because the World Bank omits data considered "questionable", this index reflects the collection and
dissemination of generally credible information about a country’s national economy.

4.36.1 HRV Index

QoG Code: hrv_index

The point estimate of the HRV index. The HRV transparency index measures the availability of
credible aggregate economic data that a country discloses to the public.

Type of variable: Continuous

170
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1980

Time-series max. year: 2010
Total N. of countries covered: 126

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

171
4.37 Human Development Report

Dataset by: United Nations Development Program

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

United Nations Development Program. (2022b). Human development report 2021/2022. https:
//hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22

Dataset found at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22

Last update by original source: 2022-09-16
Date of download: 2022-11-16

The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual report published by the Human Development
Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

The entire series of Human Development Index (HDI) values and rankings are recalculated every year
using the most recent (revised) data and functional forms. The HDI rankings and values in the 2014
Human Development Report cannot therefore be compared directly to indices published in previous
Reports. Please see hdr.undp.org for more information.

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria
for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to
question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can
end up with different human development outcomes.

4.37.1 Human Development Index

QoG Code: undp_hdi

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate cri-
teria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be
used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per
capita can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate
about government policy priorities.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key di-
mensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent
standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimen-
sions. The closer the score is to 1, the better the country is doing.

The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth, the education dimension is measured
by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more and expected years of schooling
for children of school entering age. The standard of living dimension is measured by gross national
income per capita. The HDI uses the logarithm of income, to reflect the diminishing importance of
income with increasing GNI. The scores for the three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated into
a composite index using geometric mean. Refer to Technical notes for more details.

The HDI simplifies and captures only part of what human development entails. It does not reflect
on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc. The HDRO offers the other composite
indices as broader proxy on some of the key issues of human development, inequality, gender disparity
and human poverty.

172
Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 189 Total N. of countries covered: 191

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

173
4.38 IMF GFS - Expenditure by Functions of Government (COFOG)

Dataset by: IMF Government Finance Statistics

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

International Monetary Fund. (2022). Government finance statistics - expenditure by function

of government (cofog). https://data.imf.org/?sk=388dfa60- 1d26- 4ade- b505- a05a558d9a42&
sId=1479329132316

Dataset found at: https://data.imf.org/?sk=388dfa60-1d26-4ade-b505-a05a558d9a42

Last update by original source: 2022-12-10
Date of download: 2022-12-12

The IMF Government Finance Statistics (GFS) database contains fiscal data for all reporting coun-
tries in the framework of the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 (GFSM 2014). It includes
detailed data on revenues, expenditures, transactions in financial assets and liabilities, and balance
sheet data and includes data for the general government sector and its subsectors (e.g., central gov-
ernment, local government, state government and social security funds). GFS data are compiled by
country authorities and reported to the IMF Statistics Department annually.

The data reported in the QoG Datasets is retrieved from Expenditure by Function of Government
(COFOG) dataset, as the percentage of total expenditure by general government.

Please bear in mind, these data is produced and owned by the IMF, so please comply with their terms
of use when working with this dataset.

4.38.1 Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion (% of total gen. gov. exp.)

QoG Code: gfs_rcr

Total expenditure on recreation, culture and religion, as the percentage of general government ex-
penditure.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 68 Total N. of countries covered: 77

174
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

175
4.39 Ibrahim Index of African Governance

Dataset by: Mo Ibrahim Foundation

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Mo Ibrahim Foundation. (2020). The Ibrahim Index of African Governance. http://mo.ibrahim.

foundation/iiag/

Dataset found at: https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/iiag

Last update by original source: 2023-01-25
Date of download: 2023-01-25

The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) is a tool that measures and monitors governance
performance in African countries. The IIAG governance framework comprises four categories: Safety
& Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human De-
velopment. These categories are made up of 14 sub-categories, consisting of 100 indicators. The
IIAG is refined on an annual basis. Refinements may be methodological, or based on the inclusion or
exclusion of indicators. Different IIAG datasets are not comparable between themselves as they cover
a different ten-year period, data are revised retrospectively, and the theoretical framework is updated
between iterations. Users of the Index should therefore always reference the most recent version of
the IIAG dataset.

4.39.1 Business Environment

QoG Code: iiag_be

Business Environment is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for
Economic Opportunity category score. It consists of five indicators from five data sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

176
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.39.2 Education

QoG Code: iiag_edu

Education is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human Development cate-
gory score. It consists of five indicators from seven data sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

177
4.39.3 Overall Governance

QoG Code: iiag_gov

The Overall Governance score is calculated by aggregating the four categories: Security & Rule
of Law; Participation, Rights and Inclusion; Human Development and Foundations for Economic
Opportunity. These categories are made up of 16 sub-categories, consisting of 79 IIAG indicators,
from 40 data sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.39.4 Human Development

QoG Code: iiag_hd

Human Development is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the Overall Governance
score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 21 indicators.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

178
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.39.5 Health

QoG Code: iiag_he

Health is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human Development cate-
gory score. It consists of six indicators from eight data sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

179
4.39.6 Infrastructure

QoG Code: iiag_inf

Infrastructure is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for Economic
Opportunity category score. It consists of four indicators from four data sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.39.7 Security and Rule of Law

QoG Code: iiag_srol

Security & Rule of Law is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the Overall Gov-
ernance score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 21 indicators.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 54 Total N. of countries covered: 54

180
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

181
4.40 Information Capacity Dataset

Dataset by: Brambor, Goenega, Lindvall and Teorell

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Brambor, T., Goenaga, A., Lindvall, J., & JanTeorell. (2020). The lay of the land: Information
capacity and the state. Comparative Political Studies, 53 (2), 175–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/
0010414019843432

Dataset found at: http://www.stanceatlund.org/information-capacity-dataset.html

Date of download: 2022-11-28

The original Information Capacity Dataset offers numerical data on five institutions and policies that
modern states use to collect information about their populations and territories: (1) the regular im-
plementation of a reliable census, (2) the regular release of statistical yearbooks, the operation of
(3) civil and (4) population registers, and (5) the establishment of a government agency tasked with
processing statistical information. Based on these five indicators, an overall index of information
capacity is calculated for 85 polities from 1750 to 2015.

4.40.1 Information Capacity

QoG Code: icd_infcapirt

The aggregate index of information capacity. It is based on a hybrid two-parameter and graded
Item Response Model (IRT) that is based on five component indicators - when the country first
established a statistical agency, whether the country had in place a civil register and a population
register, and the graded indexes of census ability and yearbook ability.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1946

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 72

182
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

183
4.41 Institutions and Elections Project Data

Dataset by: Institutions and Elections Project

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Wig, T., Hegre, H., & Regan, P. M. (2015). Updated data on institutions and elections 1960–
2012: Presenting the iaep dataset version 2.0. Research & Politics, 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.
1177/2053168015579120

Dataset found at: https://havardhegre.net/iaep/

Last update by original source: 2015-05-20
Date of download: 2022-11-28

Institutions and Elections Project Data (version 2.0). The objective of the data from the Institutions
and Elections Project (IAEP) is to describe the formal institutions that are in place, even if practice
does not comport with those formal rules. The data refers to the situation January 1st each year.
Note: According to the documentation of the data many of the cases "have more than one executive;
[...] the executive referred to may be any one of the executives established in a country". We urge
users to refer to the documentation at the IAEP web site for information about which executive each
particular case refers to.

Note: Changes from the original version: The dataset has two types of missing values, logical missing
values and actual missing values. In the QoG data, logical missing values were recoded to actual
missing values. To access data with logical missing values please use original dataset.

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015).

Find the article at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2053168015579120

4.41.1 Banned Parties

QoG Code: iaep_bp

Are there banned parties?

0. No

1. Yes

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 174

184
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.41.2 Constitutional Court

QoG Code: iaep_cc

According to the constitution, does the country have a national constitutional court? In some cases,
a council with the powers of a constitutional court may exist, though it may not be part of the formal
judiciary. In such cases, this non-judicial council with the powers of a constitutional court is coded
as the constitutional court.

0. No

1. Yes

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 175

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder
185
4.41.3 Executive Power over Military Force

QoG Code: iaep_epmf

Does an executive have the power to use military force abroad without legislative approval?

0. No

1. Yes

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 174

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.41.4 Electoral System

QoG Code: iaep_es

What is the type of electoral system for legislative elections?

1. Plurality (First past the post)

2. Majority

3. Proportional representation

4. Mixed systems (combination of PR and either plurality or majority). This option includes situa-
tions in which a single chamber contains seats selected by different methods, or situations in which

186
all of the seats in a chamber are chosen with the same method, but each chamber is selected through
different methods.

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 169

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.41.5 Official State Party

QoG Code: iaep_osp

Is there an official state party?

0. No

1. Yes

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 174

187
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.41.6 Unitary or Federal State

QoG Code: iaep_ufs

This variable examines the relationship between the central and regional governments, those which
are immediately below the central government. We focus exclusively on states or provincial levels of
government, municipalities are not coded. Is the government structure a:

1. Unitary system

2. Confederation

3. Federal system

Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2012
Total N. of countries covered: 175

Overall country availability Time-series availability

188
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

189
4.42 Integrated Values Surveys (WVS/EVS trend 1981-2022)

Dataset by: World Values Survey

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

EVS. (2021). EVS Trend File 1981-2017. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13736

EVS. (2020). European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017). https : / / doi .
org/10.4232/1.13560

Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos,
M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & et al., B. P. (2021). World Values Survey Time-Series (1981-2020)
Cross-National Data-Set: Data File Version 2.0.0. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.15

Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., J., D.-M., M. Lagos, P. N.,
Ponarin, E., & B. Puranen, e. a. (2020). World Values Survey: Round Seven Country-Pooled
Datafile. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp

Dataset found at: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSEVStrend.jsp

Last update by original source: 2022-12-14
Date of download: 2023-01-26

The European Value Study (EVS) and the World Value Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-
national, and repeated cross-sectional longitudinal survey research programs. Since their emergence
in the early 1980s, the EVS has conducted 5 survey waves (every 9 years), and the WVS has conducted
7 survey waves (every 5 years). Both research programs include a large number of questions, which
have been replicated over time and across the EVS and the WVS surveys. Such repeated questions
constitute the Integrated Values Surveys (IVS), the joint EVS-WVS time-series data, which at the
moment covers a 41-years period (1981-2022).

The variables are country averages calculated using the population weight provided by WVS/EVS.

4.42.1 Confidence: Armed Forces

QoG Code: wvs_confaf

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Armed Forces

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

190
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 83 Total N. of countries covered: 108

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.2 Confidence: Churches

QoG Code: wvs_confch

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Churches

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 110

191
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.3 Confidence: The Civil Services

QoG Code: wvs_confcs

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: The Civil Services

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 108

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

192
4.42.4 Confidence: The Government

QoG Code: wvs_confgov

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: The Government

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 85 Total N. of countries covered: 108

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.5 Confidence: Justice System/Courts

QoG Code: wvs_confjs

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Justice System/Courts

1. None at all

2. Not very much

193
3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 85 Total N. of countries covered: 107

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.6 Confidence: Labour Unions

QoG Code: wvs_conflu

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Labour Unions

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 107

194
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.7 Confidence: Parliament

QoG Code: wvs_confpar

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Parliament

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 109

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

195
4.42.8 Confidence: The Police

QoG Code: wvs_confpol

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: The Police

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 85 Total N. of countries covered: 109

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.9 Confidence: The Political Parties

QoG Code: wvs_confpp

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: The Political Parties

1. None at all

2. Not very much

196
3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 106

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.10 Confidence: The Press

QoG Code: wvs_confpr

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: The Press

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 110

197
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.11 Confidence: Television

QoG Code: wvs_conftv

I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much con-
fidence you have in them: Television

1. None at all

2. Not very much

3. Quite a lot

4. A great deal

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 60 Total N. of countries covered: 100

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

198
4.42.12 Importance of democracy

QoG Code: wvs_demimp

How important is it for you to live in a country that is governed democratically?

1. Not at all important

10. Absolutely important

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.13 Democraticness in own country

QoG Code: wvs_democ

How democratically is this country being governed today?

1. Not at all democratic

10. Completely democratic

Type of variable: Continuous

199
 Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.14 Belief in: God

QoG Code: wvs_godbel

Do you believe in God?

0. No

1. Yes

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 84 Total N. of countries covered: 104

Overall country availability Time-series availability

200
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.15 Feeling of happiness

QoG Code: wvs_hap

Taking all things together, would you say you are:

1. Not at all happy

2. Not very happy

3. Rather happy

4. Very happy

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 111

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.16 Important in life: Religion

QoG Code: wvs_imprel

For each of the following, indicate how important it is in your life. Would you say it is: Religion

1. Not at all important

2. Not very important

3. Rather important

201
4. Very important

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1989

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 110

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.17 Post-Materialist index 12-item

QoG Code: wvs_pmi12

Post-Materialist index 12-item. 0=Materialist, 5=Post materialist.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1989

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 60 Total N. of countries covered: 107

202
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.18 Political system: Having the army rule

QoG Code: wvs_psarmy

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a
way of governing this country: Having the army rule

1. Very bad

2. Fairly bad

3. Fairly good

4. Very good

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1995

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 84 Total N. of countries covered: 107

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

203
4.42.19 Political system: Having a democratic political system

QoG Code: wvs_psdem

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a
way of governing this country: Having a democratic political system

1. Very bad

2. Fairly bad

3. Fairly good

4. Very good

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1995

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 107

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.20 Political system: Having experts make decisions

QoG Code: wvs_psexp

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a
way of governing this country: Having experts, not government, make decisions according to what
they think is best for the country

1. Very bad

2. Fairly bad
204
3. Fairly good

4. Very good

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1995

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 107

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.21 Political system: Having a strong leader

QoG Code: wvs_pssl

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a
way of governing this country: Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with parliament
and elections

1. Very bad

2. Fairly bad

3. Fairly good

4. Very good

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1995

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 107
205
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.22 The only acceptable religion is my religion

QoG Code: wvs_relacc

Please tell us if you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following state-
ments: The only acceptable religion is my religion

1. Strongly disagree

2. Disagree

3. Agree

4. Strongly agree

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 59

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

206
4.42.23 Satisfaction with financial situation of household

QoG Code: wvs_satfin

How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your household?

1. Completely dissatisfied

10. Completely satisfied

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 60 Total N. of countries covered: 108

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.24 State of health (subjective)

QoG Code: wvs_subh

All in all, how would you describe your state of health these days? Would you say it is:

1. Poor

2. Fair

3. Good

4. Very good

Type of variable: Continuous

207
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 110

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.42.25 Most people can be trusted

QoG Code: wvs_trust

Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very
careful in dealing with people?

0. Need to be very careful

1. Most people can be trusted

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1981

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 111

208
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

209
4.43 Inter-Parliamentary Union Data

Dataset by: Inter-Parliamentary Union

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2022). Parline database: Monthly ranking of women in national

parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking

Dataset found at: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking

Last update by original source: 2022-08-01
Date of download: 2022-09-21

The data has been compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union on the basis of information provided by
National Parliaments. Comparative data on the world and regional averages as well as data concerning
the two regional parliamentary assemblies elected by direct suffrage can be found on separate pages.

Note: The figures for South Africa on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the
36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore
calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. Included in the QoG Dataset are the data for
January each year.

4.43.1 Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses)

QoG Code: ipu_l_sw

Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1997

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

210
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.43.2 Share of Women (Upper House)

QoG Code: ipu_u_sw

Share of Women (Upper House).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1997

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 83 Total N. of countries covered: 91

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

211
4.44 KOF Index of Globalization

Dataset by: ETH Zurich

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index - Revis-
ited. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2

Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? evidence from a new index of global-
ization. Applied Economics, 38 (10), 1091–1110

Dataset found at: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.

html
Last update by original source: 2022-12-06
Date of download: 2023-01-03

The KOF Globalization Index measures the economic, social and political dimensions of globalization.
It is used in order to monitor changes in the level of globalization of different countries over extended
periods of time. The current KOF Globalization Index is available for 190 countries and covers the
period from 1970 until 2022. A distinction is drawn between de facto and de jure for the Index as a
whole, as well as within the economic, social and political components.

The Index measures globalization on a scale of 1 to 100, where higher values indicate a higher degree
of globalization. The figures for the constituent variables are expressed as percentiles. This means
that outliers are smoothed and ensures that fluctuations over time are lower. Due to the new method-
ology, the current Index is only to a limited extent comparable to the old KOF Globalization Index.

4.44.1 Economic Globalization

QoG Code: dr_eg

Economic globalisation (scale of 1 to 100) covers both trade flows as well as financial flows. De
facto trade is determined with reference to the trade in goods and services. De jure trade covers
customs duties, taxes and restrictions on trade.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 190

212
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.44.2 Index of Globalization

QoG Code: dr_ig

The overall index of globalization (scale of 1 to 100) is the weighted average of the following variables:
economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization (dr_eg, dr_sg and dr_pg).
Most weight has been given to economic followed by social globalization.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 189 Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

213
4.44.3 Political Globalization

QoG Code: dr_pg

Political globalisation (scale of 1 to 100) regards the de facto segment measured with reference
to the number of embassies and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), along with
partici-pation in UN peacekeeping missions. The de jure segment contains variables focussing on the
membership of international organisations and international treaties.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 189 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.44.4 Social Globalization

QoG Code: dr_sg

Social globalization (scale of 1 to 100) is comprised of three segments, each with its own de facto
and de jure segment. Interpersonal contact is measured within the de facto segment with reference
to international telephone connections, tourist numbers and migration. Within the de jure segment,
it is measured with reference to telephone subscriptions, international airports and visa restrictions.
Flows of information are determined within the de facto segment with reference to international
patent applications, international students and trade in high technology goods. The de jure segment
measures access to TV and the internet, freedom of the press and international internet connections.
Cultural proximity is measured in the de facto segment from trade in cultural goods, international
trademark registrations and the number of McDonalds restaurants and IKEA stores. The de jure area
focuses on civil rights (freedom of citizens), gender equality and public spending on school education.

Type of variable: Continuous

214
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 189 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

215
4.45 Luxembourg Income Study database and the Luxembourg Wealth
Study database

Dataset by: LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg. (2022). Lis inequality and poverty key figures
[Accessed on 2022-12-12]. https://www.lisdatacenter.org/download-key-figures/

Dataset found at: https://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access/key-figures/

Last update by original source: 2022-09-13
Date of download: 2022-12-12

LIS, formerly known as The Luxembourg Income Study, is a data archive and research center ded-
icated to cross-national analysis. LIS is home to two databases, the Luxembourg Income Study
Database, and the Luxembourg Wealth Study Database. The Luxembourg Income Study Database
(LIS), under constant expansion, is the largest available database of harmonised microdata collected
from multiple countries over a period of decades. The newer Luxembourg Wealth Study Database
(LWS), is the only cross-national wealth microdatabase in existence.

4.45.1 Gini Coefficient

QoG Code: lis_gini

Gini Coefficient.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1969

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 40 Total N. of countries covered: 53

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder
216
217
4.46 Maddison Project Database 2020

Dataset by: Maddison Historical Statistics

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2020). Maddison project database, version 2020 [Maddison style
estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2020 update]. https://www.rug.nl/
ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/research

Dataset found at: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-

Last update by original source: 2020-11-13
Date of download: 2022-08-15

The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income
levels over the very long run. The 2020 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period
up to 2018.

4.46.1 Real GDP per Capita

QoG Code: mad_gdppc

Real GDP per capita in 2011 US dollars, multiple benchmarks.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 163 Total N. of countries covered: 175

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

218
4.46.2 Real GDP per Capita (year 1900)

QoG Code: mad_gdppc1900

Real GDP per capita in 2011 US dollars for year 1900, multiple benchmarks.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 42 Total N. of countries covered: 48

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

219
4.47 Measures of Democracy 1810-2018

Dataset by: Tatu Vanhanen

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Vanhanen, T. (2019). Measures of democracy 1810-2018 [dataset] [Version 8.0]. http://urn.fi/

urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1289

Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. (2019). Measures of democ-
racy 1810-2018 [codebook] [Version 8.0]

Dataset found at: https://services.fsd.tuni.fi/catalogue/FSD1289?study_language=en

Last update by original source: 2019-06-17
Date of download: 2022-09-30

The data contain three different variables, created by Tatu Vanhanen. The variables in question are
political competition, political participation and the index of democratization.

4.47.1 Index of Democratization

QoG Code: van_index

The index of democratization is formed by multiplying the competition and the participation variables
and then dividing the outcome by 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 187 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

220
221
4.48 Migration and Remittances Data

Dataset by: The World Bank Group

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

The World Bank. (2021). Remittances data. https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / search /
dataset/0038132

Dataset found at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/

migration-remittances-data
Last update by original source: 2021-05-01
Date of download: 2022-12-07

Remittances Data provides a snapshot of latest statistics on remittance flows for 214 countries and
territories. It is calculated by World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of
Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and
World Bank country desks. All numbers are in current (nominal) US $ million.

4.48.1 Inward Remittances Flow

QoG Code: rd_inw

Migrant Remittances Inflow, current (nominal) US $ million.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1980

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 181 Total N. of countries covered: 185

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

222
4.48.2 Outward Remittances Flow

QoG Code: rd_outw

Outward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US $ million.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1980

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 187 Total N. of countries covered: 190

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

223
4.49 National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy, Version 6

Dataset by: Hyde and Marinov

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Hyde, S. D., & Marinov, N. (2012). Which elections can be lost? Political Analysis, 20 (2),
191–201

Hyde, S. D., & Marinov, N. (2021). Codebook for national elections across democracy and
autocracy dataset, 5.0. https://nelda.co/

Dataset found at: http://www.nelda.co/

Last update by original source: 2021-07-23
Date of download: 2022-08-15

The National Elections across Democracy and Autocracy (NELDA) dataset provides detailed in-
formation on all election events from 1945-2020. To be included, elections must be for a national
executive figure, such as a president, or for a national legislative body, such as a parliament, legisla-
ture, constituent assembly, or other directly elected representative bodies. In order for an election to
be included, voters must directly elect the person or persons appearing on the ballot to the national
post in question. Voting must also be direct, or by the people in the sense that mass voting takes
place. Microstates are now included but were not part of NELDA Versions 1-4.

4.49.1 Media Bias before Election

QoG Code: nelda_mbbe

If there were reports by either domestic or outside actors of media bias in favor of the incumbent or
ruling party, it is coded as a "Yes". In cases where the media is totally controlled by the government,
and/or no opposition is allowed, the answer is "Yes". It is possible that the answer is "No" even if the
political system is tightly controlled.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 177 Total N. of countries covered: 202

224
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.49.2 Was More Than One Party Legal

QoG Code: nelda_mtop

This variable indicates whether multiple political parties were technically legal. The legalization
of multiple parties need not necessarily mean the existence of a functioning opposition party, as there
may be other non-legal barriers to the development of an opposition party. Similarly, a well organized
opposition party may exist but may not be legal.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 202

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

225
4.49.3 Was Opposition Allowed

QoG Code: nelda_oa

This variable indicates whether at least one opposition political party existed to contest the election.
Some countries have multiple government parties but no opposition political party. An opposition
party is one that is not in the government, meaning it is not affiliated with the incumbent party in
power.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 202

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.49.4 Riots and Protests after Election

QoG Code: nelda_rpae

If there are protests and riots after elections, a "Yes" is coded. The riots and protests should at
least somewhat be related to the handling or outcome of the election.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 202

226
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

227
4.50 Oil and Gas Data, 1932-2014

Dataset by: Michael L Ross

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Ross, M., & Mahdavi, P. (2015). Oil and gas data, 1932-2014. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/
ZTPW0Y

Dataset found at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/

ZTPW0Y
Last update by original source: 2015-09-24
Date of download: 2022-09-01

Global dataset of oil and natural gas production, prices, exports, and net exports. These data are
based on the best available information about the volume and value of oil and natural gas production
in all countries from 1932 to 2014. The volume figures are from the documents listed in the original
source; to calculate the total value of production, the author multiplies the volume by the world price
for oil or gas. Since these are world prices for a single (benchmark) type of oil/gas, they only ap-
proximate the actual price - which varies by country according to the quality, the terms of contracts,
the timing of the transactions, and other factors. These figures do not tell how much revenues were
collected by governments or companies - only the approximate volume and value of production. Data
on oil production from 1946 to 1969, and gas production from 1955 (when it first was reported) to
1969, are from the US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, for various years.

4.50.1 Gas production value in 2014 dollars

QoG Code: ross_gas_value_2014

Gas production value in constant 2014 US dollars to adjust for inflation.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1955

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 188

228
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.50.2 Oil production value in 2014 dollars

QoG Code: ross_oil_value_2014

Oil production value in constant 2014 US dollars to adjust for inflation.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1946

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 189

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

229
4.51 Open Budget Survey data

Dataset by: International Budget Partnership

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

International Budget Partnership. (2019). Open budget survey data [Accessed on 2021-12-01].
https://www.internationalbudget.org/data-evidence/

Dataset found at: https://www.internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/

open-budget-survey/
Last update by original source: 2022-05-01
Date of download: 2022-09-01

The Open Budget Survey is a comprehensive analysis and survey that evaluates whether governments
give the public access to budget information and opportunities to participate in the budget process
at the national level. The survey also assesses the capacity and independence of formal oversight
institutions. The IBP works with civil society partners in 100 countries to collect the data for the
survey.

These materials were developed by the International Budget Partnership. IBP has given us permis-
sion to use the materials solely for noncommercial, educational purposes.

4.51.1 Open Budget Index

QoG Code: ibp_obi

The Open Budget Index (OBI) is a comparative measure of central government budget transparency.
The OBI assigns countries covered by the Open Budget Survey a transparency score on a 100-point
scale using 109 of the 140 questions on the Survey. These questions focus specifically on whether the
government provides the public with timely access to comprehensive information contained in eight
key budget documents in accordance with international good practice standards.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2006

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 120 Total N. of countries covered: 121

230
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

231
4.52 Penn World Table

Dataset by: Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. P. (2015). The next generation of the penn world
table. The American Economic Review, 105 (10), 3150–3182. www.ggdc.net/pwt

Dataset found at: http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/

Last update by original source: 2021-06-18
Date of download: 2022-10-14

The Penn World Table (PWT) version 10.0 is a database with information on relative levels of income,
output, input and productivity, covering 183 countries between 1950 and 2019.

In the Penn World Table the users are offered two different series of data for China. "China Version
1" uses the official growth rates for the whole period. "China Version 2" uses the recent modifications
of official Chinese growth rates. We have chosen to include China Version 1.

4.52.1 Human Capital Index

QoG Code: pwt_hci

Human capital index based on the average years of schooling from Barro and Lee (Barro & Lee,
2013) and an assumed rate of return to education, based on Mincer equation estimates around the
world (Psacharopoulos, 1994).

More information can be found in the document "Human capital in PWT 9.0"

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1950

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 143 Total N. of countries covered: 152

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.52.2 Population (in millions)

QoG Code: pwt_pop

Population (in millions).

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1950

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 171 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.53 Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset

Dataset by: Witold Henisz

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Henisz, W. J. (2017). The Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset 2017 release. https:
//mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/profile/1327

Henisz, W. J. (2002). The institutional environment for infrastructure investment. Industrial

and Corporate Change, 11 (2)

Dataset found at: https://mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/profile/1327

Last update by original source: 2017-02-14
Date of download: 2022-09-05

The measure of political constraints estimates the feasibility of policy change (the extent to which
a change in the preferences of any one actor may lead to a change in government policy) using the
following methodology. First, extracting data from political science databases, it identifies the num-
ber of independent branches of government (executive, lower and upper legislative chambers) with
veto power over policy change. The preferences of each of these branches and the status quo policy
are then assumed to be independently and identically drawn from a uniform, unidimensional policy
space. This assumption allows for the derivation of a quantitative measure of institutional hazards
using a simple spatial model of political interaction.

4.53.1 Independent Judiciary

QoG Code: h_j

Dummy variable coded 1 if there is an independent judiciary (based on information from Polity’s
Executive Constraints, p_xconst) and - where available - on ICRG’s index of Law & Order.

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2016 Time-series max. year: 2016
N. of countries: 163 Total N. of countries covered: 183

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.54 Polity V Annual Time-Series, 1800-2018

Dataset by: Marshall and Gurr

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Marshall, M. G., & Gurr, T. R. (2020). Polity v project, political regime characteristics and
transitions, 1800-2018

Dataset found at: http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html

Last update by original source: 2021-02-08
Date of download: 2022-09-01

The Polity project is one of the most widely used data resources for studying regime change and
the effects of regime authority. Polity5 Project, Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions,
1800-2018, annual, cross-national, time-series and polity-case formats coding democratic and auto-
cratic "patterns of authority" and regime changes in all independent countries with a total population
greater than 500,000 in 2018 (167 countries in 2018). Please note that the codes -99, -88, -77 and -66
have been recoded to missing.

4.54.1 Regime Durability

QoG Code: p_durable

Regime Durability: The number of years since the most recent regime change (defined by a three
point change in the p_polity score over a period of three years or less) or the end of a transition period
defined by the lack of stable political institutions (denoted by a standardized authority score). In
calculating the p_durable value, the first year during which a new (post-change) polity is established
is coded as the baseline "year zero" (value = 0) and each subsequent year adds one to the value of
the p_durable variable consecutively until a new regime change or transition period occurs.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 165 Total N. of countries covered: 182

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.54.2 Revised Combined Polity Score

QoG Code: p_polity2

Revised Combined Polity Score: The polity score is computed by subtracting the p_autoc score
from the p_democ score; the resulting unified polity scale ranges from +10 (strongly democratic) to
-10 (strongly autocratic). The revised version of the polity variable is designed to facilitate the use
of the polity regime measure in time-series analyses. It modifies the combined annual polity score by
applying a simple treatment, or ’fix’ to convert instances of ’standardized authority scores’ (i.e., -66,
-77, and -88) to conventional polity scores (i.e., within the range, -10 to +10). The values have been
converted according to the following rule set:

(-66) Cases of foreign ’interruption’ are treated as ’system missing.’

(-77) Cases of ’interregnum’, or anarchy, are converted to a ’neutral’ Polity score of ’0.’

(-88) Cases of ’transition’ are prorated across the span of the transition.

For example, country X has a p_polity score of -7 in 1957, followed by three years of -88 and, finally,
a score of +5 in 1961. The change (+12) would be prorated over the intervening three years at a rate
of per year, so that the converted scores would be as follow: 1957 -7; 1958 -4; 1959 -1; 1960 +2; and
1961 +5.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 165 Total N. of countries covered: 182

237
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

238
4.55 Religion and State Project

Dataset by: Bar-Ilan University

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Fox, J. (2016). The unfree exercise of religion: A world survey of religious discrimination against
religious minorities. NY: Cambridge University Pres

Fox, J. (2019). A world survey of secular-religious competition: State religion policy from 1990
to 2014. Religion, State and Society, 47 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2018.1532750

Fox, J. (2015). Political secularism, religion, and the state: A time series analysis of world-
wide data. Cambridge University Press

Fox, J., Finke, R., & Mataic, D. R. (2018). New data and measures on societal discrimina-
tion and religious minorities. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 2 (14)

Fox, J. (2008). A world survey of religion and the state. Cambridge University Press

Fox, J. (2017). Religion and state dataset: Round 3. http://www.religionandstate.org/

Dataset found at: https://www.thearda.com/data-archive?fid=RAS3&tab=1

Last update by original source: 2019-02-10
Date of download: 2022-09-13

The Religion and State (RAS) project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in
Ramat Gan, Israel. Its goal is to create a set of measures that systematically gauge the intersection
between government and religion. Specifically, it examines government religion policy. The project’s
goals are threefold:

- To provide an accurate description of government religion policies worldwide.

- To create a tool which will lead to greater understanding of the factors which influence government
religion policy.

- To provide the means to examine how government religion policy influences other political, social,
and economic factors as well as how those factors influence government religion policy.

Round 2 of the RAS dataset, which is currently the official version available for download, measures
the extent of government involvement in religion (GIR) or the lack thereof for 175 states on a yearly
basis between 1990 and 2014. This constitutes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as
well as a sampling of smaller states. The data includes the following information:

Official Religion: A 15 value variable which measures the official relationship between religion and the
state. This includes five categories of official religions and nine categories of state-religion relationships
which range from unofficial support for a single religion to overt hostility to all religion.

Religious Support: This includes 51 separate variables which measure different ways a government
can support religion including financial support, policies which enforce religious laws, and other forms
of entanglement between government and religion.

Religious Restrictions: This includes 29 separate variables which measure different ways governments
regulate, restrict, or control all religions in the state including the majority religion. This includes
restrictions on religion’s political role, restrictions on religious institutions, restrictions on religious
239
practices, and other forms of regulation, control, and restrictions.

Religious Discrimination: This includes 30 types of restrictions that are placed on the religious
institutions and practices of religious minorities that are not placed on the majority group. This
includes restrictions on religious practices, restrictions on religious institutions and clergy, restrictions
on conversion and proselytizing, and other restrictions.

The dataset also includes several sets of detailed variables measuring certain policies in depth. These
topics include religious education, the registration of religious organizations, restrictions on abortion,
restrictions on proselytizing, and religious requirements for holding public office or citizenship.

4.55.1 Official Religion

QoG Code: biu_offrel

Official Religion measures whether the government has an established religion. For a religion to
be established there must be a constitutional clause, a law, or the equivalent explicitly stating that
a specific religion or specific religions are the official religions of that state. This variable is coded on
the following scale:

0. The State has no official religion

1. The state has multiple established religions

2. The state has one established religion

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1990

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.56 Rule of Law Index

Dataset by: World Justice Project

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Project, W. J. (2022). WJP Rule of Law Index 2022

Dataset found at: https://worldjusticeproject.org/

Last update by original source: 2022-10-06
Date of download: 2023-01-02

The World Justice Project (WJP) developed the WJP Rule of Law Index to serve as a quantitative
tool for measuring the rule of law in practice. The Indexs methodology and comprehensive definition
of the rule of law are the products of intensive consultation and vetting with academics, practitioners,
and community leaders from more than 100 countries and jurisdictions and 17 professional disciplines.

4.56.1 Absence of Corruption

QoG Code: wjp_abs_cor

Absence of Corruption, Factor 2 of the WJP Rule of Law Index, measures the absence of corruption
in government. The factor considers three forms of corruption: bribery, improper influence by public
or private interests, and misappropriation of public funds or other resources. These three forms of
corruption are examined with respect to government officers in the executive branch, the judiciary,
the military, police, and the legislature.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder
241
4.56.2 Civil Justice

QoG Code: wjp_civ_just

Civil Justice, Factor 7 of the WJP Rule of Law Index, measures whether ordinary people can re-
solve their grievances peacefully and effectively through the civil justice system. It measures whether
civil justice systems are accessible and affordable as well as free of discrimination, corruption, and
improper influence by public officials. It examines whether court proceedings are conducted without
unreasonable delays and whether decisions are enforced effectively. It also measures the accessibility,
impartiality, and effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.3 Civil Justice is Free of Corruption

QoG Code: wjp_cj_cor

Civil justice is free of corruption measures whether the civil justice system is free of bribery and
improper influence by private interests.

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.4 Criminal Justice

QoG Code: wjp_crim_jus

Criminal Justice, Factor 8 of the WJP Rule of Law Index, evaluates a countrys criminal justice
system. An effective criminal justice system is a key aspect of the rule of law, as it constitutes the
conventional mechanism to redress grievances and bring action against individuals for offenses against
society. An assessment of the delivery of criminal justice should take into consideration the entire
system, including the police, lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and prison officers.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.5 Criminal System is Free of Corruption

QoG Code: wjp_crsys_cor

This variable measures whether the police, prosecutors, and judges are free of bribery and improper
influence from criminal organizations.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.6 Executive Branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain

QoG Code: wjp_exec_br

Government officials in the executive branch do not use public office for private gain variable mea-
sures the prevalence of bribery, informal payments, and other inducements in the delivery of public
services and the enforcement of regulations. It also measures whether government procurement and
public works contracts are awarded through an open and competitive bidding process, and whether
government officials at various levels of the executive branch refrain from embezzling public funds.

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.7 Constraints on Government Powers

QoG Code: wjp_gov_pow

Constraints on Government Powers, Factor 1 of the WJP Rule of Law Index, measures the ex-
tent to which those who govern are bound by law. It comprises the means, both constitutional and
institutional, by which the powers of the government and its officials and agents are limited and held
accountable under the law. It also includes non-governmental checks on the governments power, such
as a free and independent press.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

245
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.8 Judicial Branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain

QoG Code: wjp_jud_br

Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public office for private gain measures whether
judges and judicial officials refrain from soliciting and accepting bribes to perform duties or expe-
dite processes, and whether the judiciary and judicial rulings are free of improper influence by the
government, private interests, and criminal organizations.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.9 Legislative branch do not use Public Office for Private Gain

QoG Code: wjp_leg_br

Legislative branch do not use public office for private gain measures whether members of the leg-
islature refrain from soliciting or accepting bribes or other inducements in exchange for political
favors or favorable votes on legislation.

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.10 Order and Security

QoG Code: wjp_ord_secur

Order and Security, Factor 5 of the WJP Rule of Law Index, measures how well a society ensures the
security of persons and property. Security is one of the defining aspects of any rule of law society and
is a fundamental function of the state. It is also a precondition for the realization of the rights and
freedoms that the rule of law seeks to advance.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

247
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.56.11 Police and the Military do not use Public Office for Private Gain

QoG Code: wjp_pol_mil

Government officials in the police and the military do not use public office for private gain mea-
sures whether police officers and criminal investigators refrain from soliciting and accepting bribes to
perform basic police services or to investigate crimes, and whether government officials in the police
and the military are free of improper influence by private interests or criminal organizations.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 138 Total N. of countries covered: 138

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.57 Settler Mortality

Dataset by: Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative de-
velopment: An empirical investigation. The American Economic Review, 91 (5), 1369–1401

Dataset found at: https://economics.mit.edu/people/faculty/daron-acemoglu/data-archive

Last update by original source: 2010-01-18
Date of download: 2023-01-03

Data used in the article The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investiga-
tion.

4.57.1 Log Settler Mortality

QoG Code: ajr_settmort

Log of the mortality rate faced by European settlers at the time of colonization.

Note: The data for Ethiopia is used for both Ethiopia (-1992) and Ethiopia (1993-).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 86 Total N. of countries covered: 92

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.58 State Fragility Index and Matrix

Dataset by: Center of Systemic Peace

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Marshall, M. G., & Elzinga-Marshall, G. (2017). Global report 2017: Conflict, governance, and
state fragility

Dataset found at: http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html

Last update by original source: 2019-10-22
Date of download: 2022-08-15

The State Fragility Index and Matrix provides annual state fragility, effectiveness, and legitimacy
indices and the eight component indicators for the world’s 167 countries with populations greater
than 500,000 in 2018.

4.58.1 State Fragility Index

QoG Code: cspf_sfi

A country’s fragility is closely associated with its state capacity to manage conflict; make and im-
plement public policy; and deliver essential services and its systemic resilience in maintaining system
coherence, cohesion, and quality of life; responding effectively to challenges and crises, and sustain-
ing progressive development. State Fragility = Effectiveness Score + Legitimacy Score (25 points
possible).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1995

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 166 Total N. of countries covered: 168

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder
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4.59 Sustainable Governance Indicators

Dataset by: Bertelsmann Stiftung

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Schiller, C., & Hellmann, T. (2022). Sustainable governance indicators 2022 [Date accessed: 03
October 2022]. Bertelsmann Stiftung. https://www.sgi-network.org

Dataset found at: https://www.sgi-network.org

Last update by original source: 2022-09-12
Date of download: 2022-10-03

The Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI) survey addresses one of the most pressing questions
facing the highly developed states of the OECD and the European Union in the 21st century: How can
we achieve sustainable policy outcomes while ensuring that policy-making processes remain focused
on long-term goals?

To answer this question, 41 countries of the OECD and the EU are assessed and compared on the
basis of 157 quantitative and qualitative indicators. The qualitative assessment is carried out by
more than 100 international experts from the academic community. These country reports are the
result of a multiphase process of survey and validation. This allows successful examples of sustainable
governance to be identified, along with corresponding policy and governance achievements.

The instrument is based on three pillars: the Sustainable Policies Index, which measures the sustain-
ability of policy outcomes; the Robust Democracy Index, which measures the quality of democracy;
and the Good Governance Index, which explores the extent to which a countrys institutional ar-
rangements enhance the public sectors capacity to act (executive capacity) as well as the extent to
which citizens, NGOs and other organizations are endowed with the participatory competence to hold
government accountable to its actions (executive accountability).

4.59.1 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall

QoG Code: sgi_ec

Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies (Economy, Labor Market, Taxes, Budgets, Research and
Innovation, Global Financial System).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.2 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets

QoG Code: sgi_ecbg

Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets (Budgetary Policy, Debt to GDP, Primary Balance,
Debt Interest Ratio, Budget Consolidation).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.59.3 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy

QoG Code: sgi_ecec

Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy (Economic Policy, GDP per Capita, Inflation,
Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Real Interest Rate, Potential Output Growth Rate).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.4 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets

QoG Code: sgi_eclm

Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Market (Labor Market Policy, Unemployment, Long-
term Unemployment, Youth Unemployment, Low-skilled Unemployment, Employment, Low Pay In-
cidence).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

254
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.5 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes

QoG Code: sgi_ectx

Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes (Tax Policy, Tax System Complexity, Structural
Balance, Marginal Tax Burden for Businesses, Redistribution Effect).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.59.6 Environmental Policy Performance Index

QoG Code: sgi_en

The index consists of two parts: Environment Index and Global Environmental Protection Index,
weighted equally. The variable varies between 0 and 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.7 Environmental Policy Performance - Environment

QoG Code: sgi_enen

The Environment index consists of the "Environmental Policy" indicator (50%), based on expert
assessments of environmental policy effectiveness, and nine indicators related to observable environ-
mental performance, including Energy Productivity (5,56%), Greenhouse Gas Emissions (5,56%),
Particulate Matter (5,56%), Biocapacity (5,56%), Waste Generation (5,56%), Material Recycling
(5,56%), Biodiversity (5,56%), Renewable Energy (5,56%), and Material footprint (5,56%). The
index varies from 0 to 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

256
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.8 Environmental Policy Performance - Global Environmental Protection

QoG Code: sgi_enge

The Global Environmental Protection index consists of "Global Environmental Policy Indicator"
(50%), based on expert assessments of countries’ participation in global environmental protection
regimes, the rate of participation in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (25%), and Kyoto Par-
ticipation and Achievements indicator, measuring to what extent the Kyoto emission reduction targets
were met (25%). The index varies from 0 to 10.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.59.9 Robust Democracy

QoG Code: sgi_qd

This pillar of the SGI examines the quality of democracy in each country. From the perspective
of long-term system stability and political performance, the quality of democracy and political par-
ticipation are crucial aspects of a society’s success. The stability and performance of a political system
depends in large part upon the assent and confidence of its citizens. Democratic participation and
oversight are also essential to genuine learning and adaptation processes, and to the ability to change.
In this sense, guaranteeing opportunities for democratic participation and oversight, as well as the
presence of due process and respect for civil rights, are fundamental prerequisites for the legitimacy of
a political system. The quality of democracy in each country is measured against a definitional norm
that considers issues relating to participation rights, electoral competition, access to information and
the rule of law. Given that all OECD and EU member states constitute democracies, the questions
posed here focus on the quality rather than the presence of democracy. Individual indicators monitor
the following criteria:

1. Electoral processes.

2. Access to information.

3. Civil rights and political liberties.

4. Rule of law.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.10 Robust Democracy: Electoral Process

QoG Code: sgi_qdep

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Robust Democracy: Electoral Process (Candidacy Procedures, Media Access, Voting and Registration
Rights, Party Financing, Popular Decision-making).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.11 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Overall

QoG Code: sgi_so

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies (Education, Social Inclusion, Health, Families, Pensions, In-
tegration, Safe Living, Global Inequalities).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

259
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.12 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education

QoG Code: sgi_soed

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education (Education Policy, Upper Secondary Attainment,
Tertiary Attainment, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results, Programme
for International Student Assessment (PISA) Socioeconomic Background, Pre-primary Expenditure).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

260
4.59.13 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families

QoG Code: sgi_sofa

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families (Family Policy, Child Care Density Age 0-2, Child
Care Density Age 3-5, Fertility Rate, Child Poverty Rate).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.14 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Social Inequalities

QoG Code: sgi_sogi

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Inequalities (Global Social Policy, Official Development
Assistance (ODA)).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

261
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.15 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health

QoG Code: sgi_sohe

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health (Health Policy, Spending on Health Programs, Life
Expectancy, Infant Mortality, Perceived Health Status).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

262
4.59.16 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration Policy

QoG Code: sgi_soin

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration (Integration Policy, Foreign-born to Native Up-
per Secondary Attainment, Foreign-born to Native Tertiary Attainment, Foreign-born to Native
Unemployment, Foreign-born to Native Employment).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.17 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions

QoG Code: sgi_sope

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions (Pension Policy, Older Employment, Old Age De-
pendency Ratio, Senior Citizen Poverty).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

263
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.59.18 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion

QoG Code: sgi_sosi

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion (Social Inclusion Policy, Poverty Rate, NEET
Rate, Gini Coefficient, Gender Equality in Parliaments, Life Satisfaction).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

264
4.59.19 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living Conditions

QoG Code: sgi_sosl

Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living (Internal Security Policy, Homicides, Thefts, Con-
fidence in Police).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 41 Total N. of countries covered: 41

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

265
4.60 The ATOP State-Year dataset

Dataset by: Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions Project (ATOP)

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Leeds, B., Ashley, J., Ritter, S. M., McLaughlin, M., & Long, A. G. (2002). Alliance treaty
obligations and provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions, 28, 237–260

Dataset found at: http://www.atopdata.org/

Last update by original source: 2022-08-01
Date of download: 2022-10-17

The Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) project provides data regarding the content
of military alliance agreements signed by all countries of the world between 1815 and 2018.

4.60.1 Member of an Alliance

QoG Code: atop_ally

Member of an Alliance

0. Not a member of an alliance

1. Member of an alliance

Type of variable: Binary

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

266
4.60.2 Number of Alliances

QoG Code: atop_number

Number of Alliances

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2018 Time-series max. year: 2018
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

267
4.61 The Authoritarian Regime Dataset

Dataset by: Wahman, Teorell and Hadenius

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Wahman, M., Teorell, J., & Hadenius, A. (2013). Authoritarian regime types revisited: Updated
data in comparative perspective. Contemporary Politics, 19 (1), 19–34

Teorell, J., & Wahman, M. (2018). Institutional stepping stones for democracy: How and why
multipartyism enhances democratic change. Democratization, 25 (1), 78–97

Hadenius, A., & Teorell, J. (2007). Pathways from authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy,
18 (1), 143–157

Dataset found at: https://sites.google.com/site/authoritarianregimedataset/data

Last update by original source: 2017-08-10
Date of download: 2022-09-05

The Authoritarian Regimes Dataset version 6.0 covers the time period 1972-2014 and includes all
192 nations recognized as members of the UN except the four micro states of Europe (Andorra,
Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino) and two micro states in the Pacific that are not members of
the World Bank (Nauru and Tuvalu).

The variables for "Colonial Origin" and "Region" were updated until 2014 by the original authors.
QoG imputes this information until 2021.

4.61.1 Colonial Origin

QoG Code: ht_colonial

This is a tenfold classification of the former colonial ruler of the country. Following Bernard et
al. (2004), we have excluded the British settler colonies (the US, Canada, Australia, Israel and New
Zealand), and exclusively focused on "Western overseas" colonialism. This implies that only West-
ern colonizers (e.g. excluding Japanese colonialism), and only countries located in the non-Western
hemisphere "overseas" (e.g. excluding Ireland & Malta), have been coded. Each country that has
been colonized since 1700 is coded. In cases of several colonial powers, the last one is counted, if it
lasted for 10 years or longer. The categories are the following:

0. Never colonized by a Western overseas colonial power

1. Dutch

2. Spanish

3. Italian

4. US

5. British

6. French

268
7. Portuguese

8. Belgian

9. British-French

10. Australian

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 211

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.61.2 Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Imputed Polity)

QoG Code: ht_ipolity2

Imputed average Polity [original variable revpol2] & Freedom House [original variable fhadd] scores
(scaled 010), where missing values have been imputed by regressing the fhpol index on the Freedom
House scores [original variable fhadd], which have better country coverage than Polity2 Countries
with an ifhpol score larger than 7.0 are coded as democracies.

This variable replaces the variable previously called fh_ipolity2.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1972

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 200

269
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.61.3 The Region of the Country

QoG Code: ht_region

This is a tenfold politico-geographic classification of world regions, based on a mixture of two consid-
erations: geographical proximity (with the partial exception of category 5 below) and demarcation
by area specialists having contributed to a regional understanding of democratization. The categories
are as follow:

1. Eastern Europe and post Soviet Union (including Central Asia)

2. Latin America (including Cuba, Haiti & the Dominican Republic)

3. North Africa & the Middle East (including Israel, Turkey & Cyprus)

4. Sub-Saharan Africa

5. Western Europe and North America (including Australia & New Zealand)

6. East Asia (including Japan & Mongolia)

7. South-East Asia

8. South Asia

9. The Pacific (excluding Australia & New Zealand)

10. The Caribbean (including Belize, Guyana & Suriname, but excluding Cuba, Haiti & the Domini-
can Republic)

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 211

270
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.61.4 Regime Type

QoG Code: ht_regtype

This typology of authoritarian regimes is based on a distinction between three modes of political
power maintenance (probably the three most widely used throughout history): hereditary succession
(lineage), corresponding to monarchies; the actual or threatened use of military force, corresponding
to military regimes; and popular elections, designating electoral regimes. Among the latter we dis-
tinguish among no-party regimes (where all parties are prohibited), one-party regimes (where all but
one party is prohibited), and limited multiparty regimes (where multiple parties are allowed but the
system still does not pass as democratic); a subtype of these regimes where no parties are present,
although not being prohibited, are coded as "partyless" regimes. A subtype of military regimes are
coded "rebel regimes", where a rebel movement has taken power by military means. We also code
hybrids (or amalgams) combining elements from more than one regime type, as well as several minor
types of regimes: "theocracies", "transitional" regimes, "civil war", foreign "occupation", and a resid-
ual "other" category. Using the mean of the Freedom House and Polity scales (fh_ipolity2), the line
between democracies and autocracies is drawn at 7.5. This threshold value was chosen by estimating
the mean cutoff point separating democracy from autocracy in five well-known categorical measures
of democracy: those of Przeworski et al. (2000), Mainwaring et al. (2001), and Reich (2002), together
with Freedom House’s and Polity’s own categorical thresholds for democracy.

1. Limited Multiparty

2. Partyless

3. No-Party

4. Military

5. Military No-Party

6. Military Multiparty

7. Military One-party

8. One-Party

9. Other

16. One-Party Monarchy

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17. Monarchy

18. Rebel Regime

19. Civil War

20. Occupation

21. Theocracy

22. Transitional Regime

23. No-Party Monarchy

24. Multiparty Monarchy

25. Multiparty-Occupied

100. Democracy

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1972

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.61.5 Regime Type (simplified)

QoG Code: ht_regtype1

A simplified, collapsed version of ht_regtype, where all monarchical regimes with amalgams [ht_reg-
type =16, 17, 23 or 24] are treated as monarchies, all military regimes with sub-types and amalgams
[ht_regtype=4, 5, 6, 7 or 18] are treated as military regimes, and multiparty regimes with sub-types
are treated as multiparty regimes [ht_regtype=1 or 2]. Only pure noparty [ht_regtype=3] and one-
party [ht_regtype=8] regimes are treated as no-party and one-party regimes, respectively. The minor
types [ht_regtype=9, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 25] are treated as other.

272
1. Monarchy

2. Military

3. One party

4. Multi-party

9. No-party

99. Other

100. Democracy

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1972

Time-series max. year: 2014
Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

273
4.62 The Bayesian Corruption Index

Dataset by: Sherppa Ghent University

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Standaert, S. (2015). Divining the level of corruption: A bayesian state-space approach. Journal
of Comparative Economics, 43 (3), 782–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.05.007

Dataset found at: http://users.ugent.be/~sastanda/BCI/BCI.html

Last update by original source: 2018-09-26
Date of download: 2022-09-01

The Bayesian Corruption Index is a composite index of the perceived overall level of corruption:
with corruption refered to as the "abuse of public power for private gain". Perceived corruption:
Given the hidden nature of corruption, direct measures are hard to come by, or inherently flawed
(e.g. the number of corruption convictions). Instead, we amalgamate the opinion on the level of
corruption from inhabitants of the country, companies operating there, NGOs, and officials working
both in governmental and supra-governmental organizations. Composite: it combines the information
of 20 different surveys and more than 80 different survey questions that cover the perceived level of
corruption.

It is an alternative to the other well-known indicators of corruption perception: the Corruption

Perception Index (CPI) published by Transparency International and the Worldwide Governance
Indicators (WGI) published by the World Bank. Methodologically, it is most closely related to the
latter as the methodology used in the construction of the BCI can be seen as an augmented version
of the Worldwide Governance Indicators’ methodology.

The augmentation allows an increase of the coverage of the BCI: a 60% to 100% increase relative to
the WGI and CPI, respectively. In addition, in contrast to the WGI or CPI, the underlying source
data are entered without any ex-ante imputations, averaging or other manipulations. This results in
an index that truly represents the underlying data, unbiased by any modeling choices of the composer.

4.62.1 The Bayesian Corruption Indicator

QoG Code: bci_bci

The BCI index values lie between 0 and 100, with an increase in the index corresponding to a
raise in the level of corruption. This is a first difference with CPI and WGI where an increase means
that the level of corruption has decreased.

There exists no objective scale on which to measure the perception of corruption and the exact scaling
you use is to a large extent arbitrary. However, we were able to give the index an absolute scale: zero
corresponds to a situation where all surveys say that there is absolutely no corruption. On the other
hand, when the index is one, all surveys say that corruption is as bad as it gets according to their
scale. This is another difference with CPI and WGI, where the scaling is relative. They are rescaled
such that WGI has mean 0 and a standard deviation of 1 in each year, while CPI always lies between
0 and 100.

In contrast, the actual range of values of the BCI will change in each year, depending how close
countries come to the situation where everyone agrees there is no corruption at all (0), or that
corruption is as bad as it can get (100).
274
The absolute scale of the BCI index was obtained by rescaling all the individual survey data such that
zero corresponds to the lowest possible level of corruption and 1 to the highest one. We subsequently
rescaled the BCI index such that when all underlying indicators are zero (one), the expected value of
the BCI index is zero (hundred).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1984

Cross-section max. year: 2017 Time-series max. year: 2017
N. of countries: 192 Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

275
4.63 The CIRIGHTS Data project

Dataset by: Cingranelli, David L., David L. Richards, and K. Chad Clay

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Cingranelli, D. L., Filippov, M., & Mark, S. (2019). The CIRIGHTS dataset [Version 2019.07.21].
The Binghamton University Human Right Institute. www.binghamton.edu/institutes/hri

Cingranelli, D. L., Richards, D. L., & Clay, K. C. (2014). The CIRI Human Rights Dataset
[Version 2014.04.14]. CIRI Human Rights Data Project, 6

Dataset found at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/cirihumanrightsdata

Last update by original source: 2014-04-14
Date of download: 2022-08-29

The CIRI Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government
respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is
designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences
of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human
rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization,
economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention.

The original dataset contains the last version of the CIRI dataset, along with supporting docu-
mentation. The creation of the data and documentation has been supported by the National Science
Foundation under Grant Nos. SES–0318273 (2004-2006), SES-0647969 (2007-2010), and SES-0647916
(2007-2010). (2014-04-14)

Note: The three different missing codes -66 (country is occupied by foreign powers), -77 (complete
collapse of central authority), -999 (missing) have all been coded as missing.

4.63.1 Freedom of Assembly and Association

QoG Code: ciri_assn

It is an internationally recognized right of citizens to assemble freely and to associate with other
persons in political parties, trade unions, cultural organizations, or other special-interest groups.
This variable indicates the extent to which the freedoms of assembly and association are subject to
actual governmental limitations or restrictions (as opposed to strictly legal protections). A score
of 0 indicates that citizens’ rights to freedom of assembly or association were severely restricted or
denied completely to all citizens; a score of 1 indicates that these rights were limited for all citizens
or severely restricted or denied for select groups; and a score of 2 indicates that these rights were
virtually unrestricted and freely enjoyed by practically all citizens in a given year.

Type of variable: Categorical

276
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.63.2 Freedom of Domestic Movement

QoG Code: ciri_dommov

This variable indicates citizens’ freedom to travel within their own country. A score of 0 indicates
that this freedom was severely restricted; a score of 1 indicates the freedom was somewhat restricted,
and a score of 2 indicates unrestricted freedom of foreign movement.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

277
4.63.3 Freedom of Foreign Movement

QoG Code: ciri_formov

This variable indicates citizens’ freedom to leave and return to their country. A score of 0 indi-
cates that this freedom was severely restricted, a score of 1 indicates the freedom was somewhat
restricted, and a score of 2 indicates unrestricted freedom of foreign movement.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.63.4 Independence of the Judiciary

QoG Code: ciri_injud

This variable indicates the extent to which the judiciary is independent of control from other sources,
such as another branch of the government or the military. A score of 0 indicates "not independent",
a score of 1 indicates "partially independent" and a score of 2 indicates "generally independent".

Type of variable: Categorical

278
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.63.5 Physical Integrity Rights

QoG Code: ciri_physint

This is an additive index constructed from the Torture, Extrajudicial Killing, Political Imprison-
ment, and Disappearance indicators. It ranges from 0 (no government respect for these four rights)
to 8 (full government respect for these four rights).

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

279
4.63.6 Political Imprisonment

QoG Code: ciri_polpris

Political imprisonment refers to the incarceration of people by government officials because of: their
speech; their non-violent opposition to government policies or leaders; their religious beliefs; their
non-violent religious practices including proselytizing; or their membership in a group, including an
ethnic or racial group. A score of 0 indicates that there were many people imprisoned because of
their religious, political, or other beliefs in a given year; a score of 1indicates that a few people were
imprisoned; and a score of 2 indicates that no persons were imprisoned for any of the above reasons
in a given year.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.63.7 Freedom of Speech

QoG Code: ciri_speech

This variable indicates the extent to which freedoms of speech and press are affected by govern-
ment censorship, including ownership of media outlets. Censorship is any form of restriction that is
placed on freedom of the press, speech or expression. Expression may be in the form of art or music.
A score of 0 indicates that government censorship of the media was complete; a score of 1 indicates
that there was some government censorship of the media; and a score of 2 indicates that there was
no government censorship of the media in a given year.

Type of variable: Categorical

280
 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.63.8 Torture

QoG Code: ciri_tort

Torture refers to the purposeful inflicting of extreme pain, whether mental or physical, by government
officials or by private individuals at the instigation of government officials. Torture includes the use
of physical and other force by police and prison guards that is cruel, inhuman, or degrading. This
also includes deaths in custody due to negligence by government officials. A score of 0 indicates that
torture was practiced frequently in a given year; a score of 1 indicates that torture was practiced
occasionally; and a score of 2 indicates that torture did not occur in a given year.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1981

Time-series max. year: 2011
Total N. of countries covered: 201

281
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

282
4.64 The Comparative Abortion Index Project

Dataset by: Forman-Rabinovici and Sommer

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Forman–Rabinovici, A., & Sommer, U. (2018). Reproductive health policymakers: Comparing

the influences of international and domestic institutions on abortion policy. Public Administra-
tion, 96 (1), 185–199

Dataset found at: https://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/udis/the-comparative-abortion-index-project/

Last update by original source: 2019-05-11
Date of download: 2020-09-04

The comparative abortion index quantifies the permissiveness of abortion policies worldwide, ac-
counting for a variety of considerations. It aims to provide researchers with a tool to assess trends
in worldwide reproductive rights, and to study how these changes over time and space occur. It is
unique in its breadth and its method. Not only does it include a scale that reflects the number of
criteria accepted as grounds for abortion, but it includes a second scale which gives weighted scores to
each criterion, based on how common it is. These data are relevant for anyone interested in tracking
trends in women’s rights, public health policy, and reproductive rights policy over time.

The dataset covers 192 countries from 1992-2015. The UN Department of Social and Economic
Affairs has published a global review of abortion policy since 1992. For this database, all reviews
published between 1992 and 2015 were collected. The report offers seven criteria under which state
law may allow access to abortion services; saving a woman’s life, preserving a woman’s physical health,
preserving a woman’s mental health, in case of rape or incest, in case of fetal impairment, for social
or economic reasons and on request.

Each country-year is given a score based on the number of legal criteria accepted as grounds for
abortion. In the first version of the index (CAI1), each criterion is given equal weight and the score
is a direct reflection of the number of conditions the country accepts. Thus, a country that has no
conditions under which a woman can receive an abortion gets a score of 0. A country, in which a
woman may access an abortion under all conditions including on request, receives a score of 7.

For the purposes of robustness, and to fix a potential measurement flaw in the first index, we also offer
a weighted index (CAI2). The first scale does not account for the different degrees of acceptance that
each criterion represents. It would be imprecise, for instance, to suggest that the criterion of saving a
woman’s life is equivalent to (and thus carries the same weight as) allowing abortion on demand. The
more permissive the criterion, the less likely that it is universally accepted. Accordingly, the weight
of each criterion (Wi) will be determined based on the percentage (Pi) of countries that allow that
condition. In the weighted index, countries are given a score on a scale of 0 to1, where 0 represents
countries in which there are no conditions for legal abortion, and 1 represents a country that accepts
all criteria for abortion, including on request.

4.64.1 Comparative Abortion Index 2 (0 to 1)

QoG Code: cai_cai2

Using the 7 grounds for legal abortion, the weight of each grounds (Wi) will be determined based
on the percentage (Pi) of countries that allow it. In the weighted index, countries are given a score
on a scale of 0-1, where 0 represents countries in which there are no conditions for legal abortion,
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and 1 represents a country that accepts all criteria for abortion, including on request. The need for
a weighted scale is as follows: It would be imprecise, for instance, to suggest that the criterion of
saving a woman’s life is equivalent to (and thus carries the same weight as) allowing abortion on
demand. The more permissive the criterion, the less likely that it is universally accepted. Thus, the
scale accounts for the different degrees of acceptance that each criterion represents.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1992

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.65 The GenDip database on Gender and Diplomatic Representation

Dataset by: GenDip: Gender in Diplomacy

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Niklasson, B., & Towns, A. E. (2022). The gendip dataset on gender and diplomatic representa-
tion, version june21

Dataset found at: https://www.gu.se/en/gendip

Last update by original source: 2021-06-01
Date of download: 2022-08-02

The purpose of this dataset is to provide information on the gender of diplomats around the world,
data that has so far been missing from existing datasets on diplomatic exchanges (Bayer 2006; Rhamey
et al. 2013; Moyer et al. 2020).

For this dataset, only countries with at least 75% information on the gender of the diplomats is used.

The hope of the researchers is thus that the GenDip dataset will supply the fields of international
politics and gender and politics including the exciting and fast-growing research field on gender
in diplomacy with a foundation to be explored and developed in the quest to improve theories of
diplomatic exchanges as well as of gender representation.

4.65.1 Women ambassadors received as share of all postings

QoG Code: gendip_afrp

Women diplomats received to all postings as a share of all the postings received.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1968

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 207

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 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.65.2 Women ambassadors sent as share of all postings

QoG Code: gendip_afsp

Women diplomats sent to all postings as a share of all the postings sent.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1968

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 207

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.66 The Gender Inequality Index

Dataset by: United Nations Development Programme

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

United Nations Development Program. (2022a). Gender inequality index. http://hdr.undp.org/

en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii

United Nations Development Program. (2022b). Human development report 2021/2022. https:
//hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22

Dataset found at: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/thematic-composite-indices/gender-inequality-index#

/indicies/GII
Last update by original source: 2020-09-22
Date of download: 2022-11-16

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions - repro-
ductive health, empowerment and the labour market - for as many countries as data of reasonable
quality allow. It shows the loss in potential human development due to inequality between female
and male achievements in these dimensions. It ranges from 0, where women and men fare equally, to
1, where one gender fares as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.

4.66.1 Gender Inequality Index

QoG Code: gii_gii

The GII is an inequality index (0 to 1 higher disparity). It measures gender inequalities in three
important aspects of human development-reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio
and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied
by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some
secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured
by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is
built on the same framework as the IHDI-to better expose differences in the distribution of achieve-
ments between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality.
Thus the higher the GII value the more disparities between females and males and the more loss to
human development.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 170 Total N. of countries covered: 172

287
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

288
4.67 The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)

Dataset by: International Country Risk Guide - The PRS Group

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

The PRS Group et al. (2023). International country risk guide

Dataset found at: https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/icrg/

Last update by original source: 2023-02-01
Date of download: 2023-02-01

Now covering 141 developed, emerging, frontier countries and offshore financial centers, ICRG presents
monthly political, economic, financial and composite risk ratings and forecasts.

From risks presented by government instability, the threat of asset expropriation, transfer and pay-
ment delays, to forms of internal conflict, terrorism, and corruption, ICRG has been labelled ’a vital
source for managing and advising investment funds that focus on volatile countries, both emerging
and developed.’

4.67.1 ICRG Indicator of Quality of Government

QoG Code: icrg_qog

The mean value of the ICRG variables ’Corruption’, ’Law and Order’ and ’Bureaucracy Quality’,
scaled from 0 to 1. Higher values indicate higher quality of government.

Corruption:

This is an assessment of corruption within the political system. Such corruption is a threat to
foreign investment for several reasons: it distorts the economic and financial environment; it reduces
the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through
patronage rather than ability; and, last but not least, it introduces an inherent instability into the
political process. The most common form of corruption met directly by business is financial corruption
in the form of demands for special payments and bribes connected with import and export licenses,
exchange controls, tax assessments, police protection, or loans. Such corruption can make it difficult
to conduct business effectively, and in some cases may force the withdrawal or withholding of an
investment. Although the measure takes such corruption into account, it is more concerned with
actual or potential corruption in the form of excessive patronage, nepotism, job reservations, ’favor-
for-favors’, secret party funding, and suspiciously close ties between politics and business. According
to ICRG, these insidious sorts of corruption are potentially of much greater risk to foreign business
in that they can lead to popular discontent, unrealistic and inefficient controls on the state economy,
and encourage the development of the black market. The greatest risk in such corruption is that at
some time it will become so overweening, or some major scandal will be suddenly revealed, so as to
provoke a popular backlash, resulting in a fall or overthrow of the government, a major reorganizing
or restructuring of the country’s political institutions, or, at worst, a breakdown in law and order,
rendering the country ungovernable.

Law and order:

Law and Order are assessed separately, with each sub-component comprising zero to three points.
The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while

289
the Order sub-component is an assessment of popular observance of the law. Thus, a country can
enjoy a high rating in terms of its judicial system, but a low rating if it suffers from a very high
crime rate or if the law is routinely ignored without effective sanction (for example, widespread illegal
strikes).

Bureaucracy Quality:

The institutional strength and quality of the bureaucracy is another shock absorber that tends to
minimize revisions of policy when governments change. Therefore, high points are given to countries
where the bureaucracy has the strength and expertise to govern without drastic changes in policy
or interruptions in government services. In these low-risk countries, the bureaucracy tends to be
somewhat autonomous from political pressure and to have an established mechanism for recruitment
and training. Countries that lack the cushioning effect of a strong bureaucracy receive low points
because a change in government tends to be traumatic in terms of policy formulation and day-to-day
administrative functions.

The component variables can be purchased at https://epub.prsgroup.com/products/icrg

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1984

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 140 Total N. of countries covered: 148

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

290
4.68 The Ocean Health Index Data

Dataset by: The Ocean Health Index

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Halpern, B., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K., Samhouri, J., & Steven Katona, e. a. (2018).
Ocean health index [Date accessed: 07 December 2021]. https://github.com/OHI-Science/ohi-
global/releases

Halpern, B., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K., Samhouri, J., & Steven Katona, e. a. (2012).
An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature, 488, 615–620. https:
//doi.org/10.1038/nature11397

Index, O. H. (2022). Global scenarios data for ocean health index [Date accessed: 09 December
2022]. https://github.com/OHI-Science/ohi-global/releases

Dataset found at: http://www.oceanhealthindex.org

Last update by original source: 2022-12-06
Date of download: 2022-12-09

The Ocean Health Index is a valuable tool for the ongoing assessment of ocean health. By providing
a means to advance comprehensive ocean policy and compare future progress, the Index can inform
decisions about how to use or protect marine ecosystems.

The Index is a collaborative effort, made possible through contributions from more than 65 scien-
tists/ocean experts and partnerships between organizations including the National Center for Ecolog-
ical Analysis and Synthesis, Sea Around Us, Conservation International, National Geographic, and
the New England Aquarium.

The Index assesses the ocean based on 10 widely-held public goals for a healthy ocean. They are: Food
Provision, Artisanal Fishing Opportunities, Natural Products, Carbon Storage, Coastal Protection,
Sense of Place, Coastal Livelihoods & Economies, Tourism & Recreation, Clean Waters, Biodiversity.

Please note that every year the OHI team improve the Ocean Health Index by incorporating new
data, knowledge, and feedback. In order to make scores comparable among years, they recalculate
previous years results using the most recent methods and data.

4.68.1 The Ocean Health Index

QoG Code: ohi_ohi

The Ocean Health Index establishes reference points for achieving ten widely accepted socio-ecological
objectives and scores the oceans adjacent to 171 countries and territories on how successfully they de-
liver these goals. Evaluated globally and by country, these ten public goals represent the wide range of
benefits that a healthy ocean can provide; each country’s overall score is the average of its respective
goal scores. The ten socio-ecological objectives are: Food Provision, Artisanal Fishing Opportunities,
Natural Products, Carbon Storage, Coastal Protection, Coastal Livelihoods & Economies, Tourism
& Recreation, Sense of Place, Clean Waters, Biodiversity. The index varies from 0 to 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2012

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 150 Total N. of countries covered: 150

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

292
4.69 The Political Terror Scale

Dataset by: Gibney, Cornett and Wood

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Gibney, M., Cornett, L., Wood, R., Haschke, P., Arnon, D., Pisanò, A., Barrett, G., & Park,
B. (2020). The political terror scale 1976-2019 [Data retrieved from the Political Terror Scale
website]. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org

Dataset found at: http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/Data/Download.html

Last update by original source: 2022-08-24
Date of download: 2022-08-31

The PTS seeks to measure political terror. The authors define political terror as violations of basic
human rights to the physical integrity of the person by agents of the state within the territorial
boundaries of the state in question. It is important to note that political terror as defined by the
PTS is not synonymous with terrorism or the use of violence and intimidation in pursuit of political
aims. The concept is also distinguishable from terrorism as a tactic or from criminal acts.

The PTS measures levels of political violence and terror that a country experiences in a particular year
based on a 5-level "terror scale" originally developed by Freedom House. The data used in compiling
this index comes from three different sources: the yearly country reports of Amnesty International,
the U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, and Human Rights Watch’s
World Reports.

4.69.1 Political Terror Scale - Amnesty International

QoG Code: gd_ptsa

Political Terror Scale Levels from the yearly country reports of Amnesty International:

1. Countries under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their view, and torture is rare
or exceptional. Political murders are extremely rare.

2. There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent political activity. However, few persons
are affected, torture and beatings are exceptional. Political murder is rare.

3. There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of such imprisonment. Execution or

other political murders and brutality may be common. Unlimited detention, with or without a trial,
for political views is accepted.

4. Civil and political rights violations have expanded to large numbers of the population. Murders,
disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on this level terror
affects those who interest themselves in politics or ideas.

5. Terror has expanded to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the
means or thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals.

Type of variable: Categorical

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1976

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 161 Total N. of countries covered: 191

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.69.2 Political Terror Scale - Human Rights Watch

QoG Code: gd_ptsh

Political Terror Scale Levels from the Human Rights Watch’s World Reports:

1. Countries under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their view, and torture is rare
or exceptional. Political murders are extremely rare.

2. There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent political activity. However, few persons
are affected, torture and beatings are exceptional. Political murder is rare.

3. There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of such imprisonment. Execution or

other political murders and brutality may be common. Unlimited detention, with or without a trial,
for political views is accepted.

4. Civil and political rights violations have expanded to large numbers of the population. Murders,
disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on this level terror
affects those who interest themselves in politics or ideas.

5. Terror has expanded to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the
means or thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals.

Type of variable: Categorical

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 2013

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 106 Total N. of countries covered: 111

294
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

295
4.70 The Property Rights Protection Index

Dataset by: Ouattara and Standaert

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Ouattara, B., & Standaert, S. (2020). Property rights revisited. European Journal of Political
Economy, 64, 101895. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101895

Dataset found at: https://users.ugent.be/~sastanda/Data.html

Last update by original source: 2020-07-01
Date of download: 2022-08-15

Over the last two decades, numerous studies have tried to quantify the effect of property rights on a
wide range of societal outcomes, including growth, trade, and, to a lesser extent, inequality. However,
a major limitation of these studies has been the data measuring property rights. These suffer from a
number of shortcomings, including a lack of availability, focus, and objectivity.

Ouattara and Standaert address this gap by composing a new index of property rights that strictly
focuses on the protection of these rights. As is common with indicators of governance, there is little
to no objective data available that can be used to directly compare the security of property rights
across countries. Instead, perception-based indicators such as survey-data or expert assessments are
used to capture the opinion of a range of actors. The researchers’ approach is to combine a data
set of 18 such indicators from 7 different sources. The selection of an indicator depends on whether
it directly measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the
degree to which its government enforces those laws, including the probability that private property
is expropriated. By focusing on property rights alone, this allows the researchers to disentangle its
effect from that of the overall quality of the judicial system and other aspects of the institutional
framework. This ensures a better match between theoretical models and empirical tests on the effects
of property rights.

This is done for as wide a group of countries and as long a time span as possible, increasing the
index coverage by as much as 45% compared to other indexes - this index covers 191 countries cross
twenty-year period between 1994 - 2014.

4.70.1 The Property Right Protection Index

QoG Code: prp_prp

The Poperty Rights Index measures (the perception of) the security of property rights, separately
from other aspects of the rule of laws. It combines all publicly available information on the perception
of the security of property rights (18 singular indicators of property rights).

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1994

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 189

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.71 The Worldwide Governance Indicators

Dataset by: The World Bank Group

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: A
summary of methodology, data and analytical issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Pa-
per, 5430

Dataset found at: https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/

Last update by original source: 2022-09-23
Date of download: 2022-09-27

Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.
This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity
of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens
and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.

The Worldwide Governance Indicators report on six broad dimensions of governance for over 200
countries and territories over the period 1996-2021:

- Voice and Accountability

- Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism

- Government Effectiveness

- Regulatory Quality

- Rule of Law

- Control of Corruption

The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are a research dataset summarizing the views on the
quality of governance provided by a large number of enterprise, citizen and expert survey respondents
in industrial and developing countries. These data are gathered from a number of survey institutes,
think tanks, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private sector firms.
The WGI do not reflect the official views of the Natural Resource Governance Institute, the Brookings
Institutions, the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The WGI are
not used by the World Bank Group to allocate resources.

Please note: the 2022 WGI update includes significant revisions to the underlying source data that
affect the data for earlier years in the WGI dataset. This means the data has been retroactively ad-
justed in the dataset. Please go to the [WGI website](https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/)
to read more about the changes to the dataset.

4.71.1 Control of Corruption, Estimate

QoG Code: wbgi_cce

Control of Corruption - Estimate: ’Control of Corruption’ measures perceptions of corruption, con-

ventionally defined as the exercise of public power for private gain. The particular aspect of corruption
298
measured by the various sources differs somewhat, ranging from the frequency of ’additional payments
to get things done’, to the effects of corruption on the business environment, to measuring ’grand
corruption’ in the political arena or in the tendency of elite forms to engage in ’state capture’.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 192 Total N. of countries covered: 193

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.71.2 Government Effectiveness, Estimate

QoG Code: wbgi_gee

Government Effectiveness - Estimate: ’Government Effectiveness’ combines into a single grouping

responses on the quality of public service provision, the quality of the bureaucracy, the competence
of civil servants, the independence of the civil service from political pressures, and the credibility of
the government’s commitment to policies. The main focus of this index is on ’inputs’ required for the
government to be able to produce and implement good policies and deliver public goods.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 192 Total N. of countries covered: 193

299
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.71.3 Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Estimate

QoG Code: wbgi_pve

Political Stability and Absence of Violence- Estimate: ’Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism’
measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically-motivated violence,
including terrorism.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 194 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

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4.71.4 Rule of Law, Estimate

QoG Code: wbgi_rle

Rule of Law - Estimate: ’Rule of Law’ includes several indicators which measure the extent to
which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of the
incidence of crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of con-
tracts. Together, these indicators measure the success of a society in developing an environment in
which fair and predictable rules form the basis for economic and social interactions and the extent to
which property rights are protected.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1996

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 192 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

301
4.72 UN E-Government Knowledgebase

Dataset by: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). United nations e-government survey. https:
//publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2022

Dataset found at: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Overview

Last update by original source: 2022-09-28
Date of download: 2022-09-29

The E-Government Development Index presents the state of E-Government Development of the
United Nations Member States. Along with an assessment of the website development patterns
in a country, the E-Government Development index incorporates the access characteristics, such as
the infrastructure and educational levels, to reflect how a country is using information technologies
to promote access and inclusion of its people. The EGDI is a composite measure of three important
dimensions of e-government, namely: provision of online services, telecommunication connectivity
and human capacity.

The EGDI is based on a comprehensive Survey of the online presence of all 193 United Nations
Member States, which assesses national websites and how e-government policies and strategies are
applied in general and in specific sectors for delivery of essential services. The assessment rates
the e-government performance of countries relative to one another as opposed to being an absolute
measurement. The results are tabulated and combined with a set of indicators embodying a countrys
capacity to participate in the information society, without which e-government development efforts
are of limited immediate use.

Although the basic model has remained consistent, the precise meaning of these values varies from
one edition of the Survey to the next as understanding of the potential of e-government changes and
the underlying technology evolves. This is an important distinction because it also implies that it
is a comparative framework that seeks to encompass various approaches that may evolve over time
instead of advocating a linear path with an absolute goal.

Mathematically, the EGDI is a weighted average of three normalized scores on three most important
dimensions of e-government, namely: (1) scope and quality of online services (Online Service Index,
OSI), (2) development status of telecommunication infrastructure (Telecommunication Infrastructure
Index, TII), and (3) inherent human capital (Human Capital Index, HCI).

The EGDI is not designed to capture e-government development in an absolute sense; rather, it aims
to give a performance rating of national governments relative to one another.

4.72.1 E-Government Index

QoG Code: egov_egov

The E-Government Development Index (EGDI) is a weighted average of normalised scores on the
three most important dimensions of e-government, namely: scope and quality of online services (On-
line Service Index, OSI), status of the development of telecommunication infrastructure (Telecommu-
nication Infrastructure Index, TII) and inherent human capital (Human Capital Index, HCI). Each of
these sets of indices is in itself a composite measure that can be extracted and analysed independently.
302
Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2002

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.73 Varieties of Democracy Dataset version 12

Dataset by: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Pemstein, D., Marquardt, K. L., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y.-t., Medzihorsky, J., Krusell, J., Miri, F.,
& von Römer, J. (2022). The V-Dem measurement model: Latent variable analysis for cross-
national and cross-temporal expert-coded data

Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Alizada, N., Altman,
D., Bernhard, M., Cornell, A., Fish, M. S., Gastaldi, L., Gjerløw, H., Glynn, A., Hicken, A.,
Hindle, G., Ilchenko, N., Krusell, J., Luhrmann, A., Maerz, S. F., . . . Ziblatt, D. (2022). V-dem
[country-year/country-date] dataset v12. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds22

Dataset found at: https://v-dem.net/en/data/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-31
Date of download: 2022-08-29

Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a novel approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy.

It provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept
of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond the simple presence of elections. The V-Dem
project distinguishes between five high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory,
deliberative, and egalitarian, and collects data to measure these principles.

Please note there have been some changes introduced to the methodology; please refer to the website
of the original source to read said modifications in more detail.

4.73.1 Political corruption index

QoG Code: vdem_corr

The political corruption index addresses how pervasive political corruption is.

Clarification: The directionality of the V-Dem corruption index runs from less corrupt (0) to more
corrupt (1) (unlike the other V-Dem variables that generally run from less democratic to more demo-
cratic situation). The corruption index includes measures of six distinct types of corruption that
cover both different areas and levels of the polity realm, distinguishing between executive, legislative
and judicial corruption. Within the executive realm, the measures also distinguish between corrup-
tion mostly pertaining to bribery and corruption due to embezzlement. Finally, they differentiate
between corruption in the highest echelons of the executive (at the level of the rulers/cabinet) on
the one hand, and in the public sector at large on the other. The measures thus tap into several
distinguished types of corruption: both ’petty’ and ’grand’; both bribery and theft; both corruption
aimed and influencing law making and that affecting implementation. Aggregation: The index is
arrived at by taking the average of (a) public sector corruption index; (b) executive corruption index;
(c) the indicator for legislative corruption; and (d) the indicator for judicial corruption. In other
words, these four different government spheres are weighted equally in the resulting index. V-Dem
replaces missing values for countries with no legislature by only taking the average of (a), (b) and
(d).

Type of variable: Continuous

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 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.73.2 Deliberative democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_delibdem

Deliberative democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of deliberative democracy
achieved?

Clarification: The deliberative principle of democracy focuses on the process by which decisions are
reached in a polity. A deliberative process is one in which public reasoning focused on the com-
mon good motivates political decisions - as contrasted with emotional appeals, solidary attachments,
parochial interests, or coercion. According to this principle, democracy requires more than an aggre-
gation of existing preferences. There should also be respectful dialogue at all levels - from preference
formation to final decision - among informed and competent participants who are open to persuasion.
To make it a measure of not only the deliberative principle but also of democracy, the index also
takes the level of electoral democracy into account.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

305
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.73.3 Egalitarian democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_egaldem

Egalitarian democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of egalitarian democracy
achieved?

Clarifications: The egalitarian principle of democracy holds that material and immaterial inequalities
inhibit the exercise of formal rights and liberties, and diminish the ability of citizens from all social
groups to participate. Egalitarian democracy is achieved when 1) rights and freedoms of individuals
are protected equally across all social groups; and 2) resources are distributed equally across all social
groups. The distribution of resources must be sufficient to ensure that citizens’ basic needs are met
in a way that enables their meaningful participation. Additionally, an equal distribution of resources
ensures the potential for greater equality in the distribution of power. To make it a measure of
egalitarian democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

306
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.73.4 Women political empowerment index

QoG Code: vdem_gender

Women political empowerment index. Question: How politically empowered are women?

Clarifications: Women’s political empowerment is defined as a process of increasing capacity for

women, leading to greater choice, agency, and participation in societal decision-making. It is under-
stood to incorporate three equally-weighted dimensions: fundamental civil liberties, women’s open
discussion of political issues and participation in civil society organizations, and the descriptive rep-
resentation of women in formal political positions. Aggregation: The index is formed by taking
the average of women’s civil liberties index, women’s civil society participation index, and women’s
political participation index.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.73.5 Liberal democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_libdem

The liberal democracy index addresses to what extent the ideal of liberal democracy is achieved.

Clarifications: The liberal principle of democracy emphasizes the importance of protecting individual
and minority rights against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. The liberal
model takes a "negative" view of political power insofar as it judges the quality of democracy by the
limits placed on government. This is achieved by constitutionally protected civil liberties, strong rule

307
of law, an independent judiciary, and effective checks and balances that, together, limit the exercise
of executive power. To make this a measure of liberal democracy, the index also takes the level of
electoral democracy into account.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.73.6 Media corrupt

QoG Code: vdem_mecorrpt

Media corrupt. Question: Do journalists, publishers, or broadcasters accept payments in exchange for
altering news coverage? V-Dem uses a specifically designed measurement model to provide country-
year point estimates, aggregated from multiple codings submitted by country experts by taking
disagreement and measurement error into account. In this version of the variable, used in the QoG
dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the measurement model point estimates back to the original
ordinal scale of each variable as an interval measure.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

308
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.73.7 Participatory democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_partipdem

Participatory democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of participatory democracy
achieved?

Clarifications: The participatory principle of democracy emphasizes active participation by citizens

in all political processes, electoral and non-electoral. It is motivated by uneasiness about a bedrock
practice of electoral democracy: delegating authority to representatives. Thus, direct rule by citizens
is preferred, wherever practicable. This model of democracy thus takes suffrage for granted, empha-
sizing engagement in civil society organizations, direct democracy, and subnational elected bodies. To
make it a measure of participatory democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy
into account.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

309
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.73.8 Electoral democracy index

QoG Code: vdem_polyarchy

Electoral democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of electoral democracy in its
fullest sense achieved?

Clarifications: The electoral principle of democracy seeks to embody the core value of making rulers
responsive to citizens, achieved through electoral competition for the electorate’s approval under
circumstances when suffrage is extensive; political and civil society organizations can operate freely;
elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic irregularities; and elections affect the
composition of the chief executive of the country. In between elections, there is freedom of expression
and an independent media capable of presenting alternative views on matters of political relevance.
In the V-Dem conceptual scheme, electoral democracy is understood as an essential element of any
other conception of (representative) democracy - liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, or
some other. Aggregation: The index is formed by taking the average of, on the one hand, the sum of
the indices measuring freedom of association (thick), suffrage, clean elections, elected executive (de
jure) and freedom of expression; and, on the other, the five-way interaction between those indices.
This is half way between a straight average and strict multiplication, meaning the average of the two.
It is thus a compromise between the two most well known aggregation formulas in the literature,
both allowing "compensation" in one sub-component for lack of polyarchy in the others, but also
punishing countries not strong in one sub-component according to the "weakest link" argument. The
aggregation is done at the level of Dahl’s sub-components (with the one exception of the non-electoral
component).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

310
4.74 Voter Turnout Database

Dataset by: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2022). Voter turnout
database. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout

Dataset found at: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout

Date of download: 2022-12-14

The Voter Turnout Database is the best resource for a wide array of statistics on voter turnout from
around the world. It contains the most comprehensive global collection of voter turnout statistics from
presidential and parliamentary elections since 1945. Always growing, the database also includes Eu-
ropean Parliament elections, as presented by country using both the number of registered voters and
voting age population as indicators, and in some cases the data includes statistics on spoilt ballot rate.

4.74.1 Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout

QoG Code: ideavt_legvt

Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 177 Total N. of countries covered: 192

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

311
4.74.2 Presidential Election: Voter Turnout

QoG Code: ideavt_presvt

Presidential Election: Voter Turnout

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2022 Time-series max. year: 2022
N. of countries: 105 Total N. of countries covered: 113

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

312
4.75 World Development Indicators

Dataset by: The World Bank Group

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

World Bank. (2022). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/

world-development-indicators

Dataset found at: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

Last update by original source: 2023-01-22
Date of download: 2023-01-23

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized
international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available,
and includes national, regional and global estimates

This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the
adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed
by The World Bank.

4.75.1 Access to electricity (% of population)

QoG Code: wdi_acel

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are
collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.2 Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population)

QoG Code: wdi_acelr

Access to electricity, rural is the percentage of rural population with access to electricity.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 188 Total N. of countries covered: 193

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.3 Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population)

QoG Code: wdi_acelu

Access to electricity, urban is the percentage of urban population with access to electricity.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 191 Total N. of countries covered: 193

314
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.4 Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force)

QoG Code: wdi_afp

Armed forces personnel are active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if the train-
ing, organization, equipment, and control suggest they may be used to support or replace regular
military forces. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization’s
definition of the economically active population.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 166 Total N. of countries covered: 174

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

315
4.75.5 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age pop.)

QoG Code: wdi_agedr

Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents–people younger than 15 or older than 64–to the
working-age population–those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100
working-age population.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.6 Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use)

QoG Code: wdi_ane

Clean energy is noncarbohydrate energy that does not produce carbon dioxide when generated. It
includes hydropower and nuclear, geothermal, and solar power, among others.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

316
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.7 Arable land (% of land area)

QoG Code: wdi_araland

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas
are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen
gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1961

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 190 Total N. of countries covered: 197

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

317
4.75.8 Land area (sq. km)

QoG Code: wdi_area

Land area is a country’s total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to
continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies
includes major rivers and lakes.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1961

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.9 Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values)

QoG Code: wdi_armexp

Exports - Arms transfers cover the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those
made through manufacturing licenses. Data cover major conventional weapons such as aircraft, ar-
mored vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, and ships designed for military use. Excluded are
transfers of other military equipment such as small arms and light weapons, trucks, small artillery,
ammunition, support equipment, technology transfers, and other services.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 62 Total N. of countries covered: 124

318
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.10 Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values)

QoG Code: wdi_armimp

Imports - Arms transfers cover the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those
made through manufacturing licenses. Data cover major conventional weapons such as aircraft, ar-
mored vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, and ships designed for military use. Excluded are
transfers of other military equipment such as small arms and light weapons, trucks, small artillery,
ammunition, support equipment, technology transfers, and other services.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 157 Total N. of countries covered: 190

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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319
4.75.11 Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

QoG Code: wdi_birth

Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 popula-
tion estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the
rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 191 Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.12 Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe request)

QoG Code: wdi_bribfirm

Bribery incidence is the percentage of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across
six public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

320
 Overall country availability

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4.75.13 Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)

QoG Code: wdi_broadb

Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet
(a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes
cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satel-
lite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the
method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the
Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless
technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2017 Time-series min. year: 1998

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 189 Total N. of countries covered: 192

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

321
4.75.14 New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

QoG Code: wdi_busden

New businesses registered are the number of new limited liability corporations registered in the
calendar year.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2006

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 156 Total N. of countries covered: 160

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.15 CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)

QoG Code: wdi_co2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of ce-
ment. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and
gas flaring.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 191 Total N. of countries covered: 194

322
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.16 Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

QoG Code: wdi_death

Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population
estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate
of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 190 Total N. of countries covered: 199

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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323
4.75.17 Central government debt, total (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_debt

Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding
on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits,
securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by
the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather
than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 69 Total N. of countries covered: 120

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.18 School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary)

QoG Code: wdi_eduprp

Percentage of enrollment in primary education in private institutions (%).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 173 Total N. of countries covered: 193

324
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.19 School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary)

QoG Code: wdi_eduprs

Percentage of enrollment in secondary education in private institutions (%).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1998

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 159 Total N. of countries covered: 183

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.20 Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)

QoG Code: wdi_elerenew

325
Renewable electricity is the share of electrity generated by renewable power plants in total electricity
generated by all types of plants.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1990

Time-series max. year: 2019
Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.21 Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_elprodcoal

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and
brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including
patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in
this category.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

326
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.22 Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_elprodgas

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but
excludes natural gas liquids.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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327
4.75.23 Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_elprodhyd

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity
produced by hydroelectric power plants.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.24 Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_elprodnuc

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity
produced by nuclear power plants.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

328
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.25 Electricity production from oil sources (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_elprodoil

Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and
petroleum products.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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329
4.75.26 Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_emp

Employers refers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners,
hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly
dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced, and, in this capacity, have
engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employee(s). Modeled ILO
estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.27 Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empagr

Employment in agriculture as a percentage of all employment. Employment is defined as persons

of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or
profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture,
hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or
category A (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

330
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.28 Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empagrf

Female employment in agriculture as a percentage of all female employment. Employment is defined

as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for
pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence
from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agricul-
ture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3)
or category A (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

331
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.29 Employment in agriculture, male (% male employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empagrm

Male employment in agriculture as a percentage of all male employment. Employment is defined

as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for
pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence
from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agricul-
ture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3)
or category A (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

332
4.75.30 Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empind

Employment in industry as a percentage of all employment. Employment is defined as persons of

working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit,
whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or
to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing,
construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC
2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.31 Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empindf

Female employment in industry as a percentage of all female employment. Employment is defined as

persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay
or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manu-
facturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions
2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

333
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.32 Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empindm

Male employment in industry as a percentage of all male employment. Employment is defined as

persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay
or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manu-
facturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions
2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

334
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.33 Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empser

Total employment in services as percentage of total employment. Employment is defined as per-

sons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay
or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade
and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate,
and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9
(ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

335
4.75.34 Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empserf

Female employment in services (% of female employment). Employment is defined as persons of

working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit,
whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to
working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants
and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business
services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or
categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.35 Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_empserm

Male employment in services (% of male employment). Employment is defined as persons of working

age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether
at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to
working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants
and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business
services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or
categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

336
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.36 Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

QoG Code: wdi_eneimp

Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A
negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy
before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports
and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international
transport.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 143

Overall country availability Time-series availability

337
Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.37 Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_expedu

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a

percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to govern-
ment. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Note: The value for Tuvalu in 1997 has been recoded to missing due to an extreme and very unlikely
value.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 179 Total N. of countries covered: 191

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.38 Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)

QoG Code: wdi_expeduge

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and
transfers), expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including
health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international
sources to government. Public education expenditure includes spending by local/municipal, regional
and national governments (excluding household contributions) on educational institutions (both pub-
lic and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households
and other privates entities). In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers
only to the ministry of education and can exclude other ministries that spend a part of their bud-
get on educational activities. The indicator is calculated by dividing total public expenditure on

338
education incurred by all government agencies/departments by the total government expenditure
and multiplying by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1980

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 180 Total N. of countries covered: 190

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.39 Expenditure on primary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

QoG Code: wdi_expedup

Expenditure on Primary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government expen-

diture on education. Divide government expenditure on a given level of education (ex. primary,
secondary) by total government expenditure on education (all levels combined), and multiply by
100. A high percentage of government expenditure on education spent on a given level denotes a
high priority given to that level compared to others. When interpreting this indicator, one should
take into account enrollment at that level, and the relative costs per student between different
levels of education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 82 Total N. of countries covered: 175

339
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.40 Expenditure on secondary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

QoG Code: wdi_expedus

Expenditure on Secondary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government ex-

penditure on education. Divide government expenditure on a given level of education (ex. primary,
secondary) by total government expenditure on education (all levels combined), and multiply by
100. A high percentage of government expenditure on education spent on a given level denotes a
high priority given to that level compared to others. When interpreting this indicator, one should
take into account enrollment at that level, and the relative costs per student between different
levels of education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 81 Total N. of countries covered: 175

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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340
4.75.41 Expenditure on tertiary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

QoG Code: wdi_expedut

Expenditure on Tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government expen-

diture on education. Divide government expenditure on a given level of education (ex. primary,
secondary) by total government expenditure on education (all levels combined), and multiply by
100. A high percentage of government expenditure on education spent on a given level denotes a
high priority given to that level compared to others. When interpreting this indicator, one should
take into account enrollment at that level, and the relative costs per student between different
levels of education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 85 Total N. of countries covered: 183

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.42 Military expenditure (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_expmil

Military expenditure (% of GDP). Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the
NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including
peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects;
paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and mil-
itary space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement
pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procure-
ment; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor
country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as
for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. This definition cannot
341
be applied for all countries, however, since that would require much more detailed information than is
available about what is included in military budgets and off-budget military expenditure items. (For
example, military budgets might or might not cover civil defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police
and paramilitary forces, dual-purpose forces such as military and civilian police, military grants in
kind, pensions for military personnel, and social security contributions paid by one part of government
to another).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 153 Total N. of countries covered: 169

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.43 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_fdiin

Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management in-
terest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that
of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital,
and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new
investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided
by GDP.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 182 Total N. of countries covered: 191

342
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.44 Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_fdiout

Foreign direct investment are the net outflows of investment to acquire a lasting management in-
terest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that
of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and
short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net outflows of investment
from the reporting economy to the rest of the world and is divided by GDP.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 168 Total N. of countries covered: 186

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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343
4.75.45 Fertility rate, total (births per woman)

QoG Code: wdi_fertility

Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were
to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility
rates of the specified year.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 198

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.46 Firms with female top manager (% of firms)

QoG Code: wdi_firftopm

Firms with female top manager refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who have
females as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest ranking manager or CEO of the estab-
lishment. This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. The results are
based on surveys of more than 100,000 private firms.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

344
 Overall country availability

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4.75.47 Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms)

QoG Code: wdi_firgifttax

Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials is the percentage of firms that answered
positively to the question ’Was a gift or informal payment expected or requested during a meeting
with tax officials?’.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

Overall country availability

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345
4.75.48 Forest area (% of land area)

QoG Code: wdi_forest

Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether
productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit
plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.49 Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total)

QoG Code: wdi_fossil

Fossil fuel energy consumption as a percentage of total energy consumption. Fossil fuel comprises
coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Time-series

Time-series min. year: 1960

Time-series max. year: 2015
Total N. of countries covered: 172

346
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.50 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_gdpagr

Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well
as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after
adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deduc-
tions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The
origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC),
revision 3 or 4.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 195

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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347
4.75.51 GDP per capita (constant 2015 US dollar)

QoG Code: wdi_gdpcapcon2015

GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any
subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for
depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in
constant 2015 U.S. dollars.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 188 Total N. of countries covered: 197

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.52 GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar)

QoG Code: wdi_gdpcappppcon2017

GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product
converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has
the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s
prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes
and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Type of variable: Continuous

348
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 183 Total N. of countries covered: 186

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.53 Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_gdpind

Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37).
It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construc-
tion, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs
and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is
determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB
countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 186 Total N. of countries covered: 196

349
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.54 School enrollment, primary (% gross)

QoG Code: wdi_gerp

Total enrollment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the popu-
lation of official primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and
under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 174 Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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350
4.75.55 School enrollment, preprimary (% gross)

QoG Code: wdi_gerpp

Total enrollment in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the to-
tal population of official pre-primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of
over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 172 Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.56 School enrollment, secondary (% gross)

QoG Code: wdi_gers

Total enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the pop-
ulation of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged
and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 157 Total N. of countries covered: 194

351
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.57 School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)

QoG Code: wdi_gert

Total enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a percent-
age of the total population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 151 Total N. of countries covered: 189

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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352
4.75.58 Gini index

QoG Code: wdi_gini

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption
expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal
distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the
cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index
measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as
a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality,
while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1967

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 115 Total N. of countries covered: 167

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.59 Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

QoG Code: wdi_homicides

Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic
disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or
control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include
all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small
groups usually commit homicide, whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly
cohesive groups of up to several hundred members and is thus usually excluded.

Type of variable: Continuous

353
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 136 Total N. of countries covered: 174

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.60 Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number)

QoG Code: wdi_idpdis

Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with disasters (number of people). In-
ternally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
displacement.org/publications/1998/ocha-guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement) as people or groups
of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-
dence, in particular as a result of armed conflict, or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations
of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who
have not crossed an international border. "New Displacement" refers to the number of new cases or
incidents of displacement recorded, rather than the number of people displaced. This is done because
people may have been displaced more than once.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2008

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 172 Total N. of countries covered: 177

354
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.61 Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict & violence (number)

QoG Code: wdi_idpvc

Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases).
Internally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
displacement.org/publications/1998/ocha-guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement) as people or groups
of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-
dence, in particular as a result of armed conflict, or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations
of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who
have not crossed an international border. "New Displacement" refers to the number of new cases or
incidents of displacement recorded, rather than the number of people displaced. This is done because
people may have been displaced more than once.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2009

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 63 Total N. of countries covered: 69

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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355
4.75.62 Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number)

QoG Code: wdi_idpvp

Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of peo-
ple). Internally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
displacement.org/publications/1998/ocha-guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement) as people or groups
of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-
dence, in particular as a result of armed conflict, or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations
of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who
have not crossed an international border. "People displaced" refers to the number of people living in
displacement as of the end of each year.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2009

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 64 Total N. of countries covered: 72

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.63 Informal payments to public officials (% of firms)

QoG Code: wdi_infpay

Informal payments to public officials are the percentage of firms expected to make informal pay-
ments to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations,
services, and the like.

Type of variable: Continuous

356
 Available in Cross-section

Cross-section min. year: 2016

Cross-section max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 88

Overall country availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.64 Individuals using the Internet (% of population)

QoG Code: wdi_internet

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months.
The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine,
digital TV etc.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 190 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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357
4.75.65 Labor force, female (% of total labor force)

QoG Code: wdi_lfpf

Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the
labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour
Organization’s definition of the economically active population.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1990

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 181

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.66 Life expectancy at birth, total (years)

QoG Code: wdi_lifexp

Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing
patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 196
358
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.67 Life expectancy at birth, female (years)

QoG Code: wdi_lifexpf

Life expectancy at birth for females indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if
prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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359
4.75.68 Life expectancy at birth, male (years)

QoG Code: wdi_lifexpm

Life expectancy at birth for males indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if
prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 196

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.69 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

QoG Code: wdi_litrad

Percentage of the population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ’literacy’ also encompasses ’numeracy’, the
ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number
of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the
result by 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 134 Total N. of countries covered: 159

360
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.70 Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above)

QoG Code: wdi_litradf

Percentage of the female population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ’literacy’ also encompasses ’numeracy’, the
ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number
of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the
result by 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 134 Total N. of countries covered: 159

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

361
4.75.71 Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above)

QoG Code: wdi_litradm

Percentage of the male population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ’literacy’ also encompasses ’numeracy’, the
ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number
of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the
result by 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 134 Total N. of countries covered: 159

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.72 Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

QoG Code: wdi_litry

Number of people age 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short
simple statement on their everyday life, divided by the population in that age group. Generally,
’literacy’ also encompasses ’numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Divide the
number of people aged 15 to 24 years who are literate by the total population in the same age group
and multiply the result by 100.

Type of variable: Continuous

362
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 135 Total N. of countries covered: 158

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.73 Net migration

QoG Code: wdi_migration

Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants
less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year
estimates.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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363
4.75.74 School enrollment, primary (% net)

QoG Code: wdi_nerp

Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic
reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as
history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 149 Total N. of countries covered: 191

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.75 School enrollment, secondary (% net)

QoG Code: wdi_ners

Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision
of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong
learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more
specialized teachers.

Type of variable: Continuous

364
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1970

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 129 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.76 Population, total

QoG Code: wdi_pop

Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents re-
gardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

365
4.75.77 Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)

QoG Code: wdi_pop14

Total population between the ages 0 to 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is
based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or
citizenship.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.78 Population ages 15-64 (% of total population)

QoG Code: wdi_pop1564

Total population between the ages 15 to 64 as a percentage of the total population. Population
is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status
or citizenship.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200
366
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.79 Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)

QoG Code: wdi_pop65

Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de
facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

367
4.75.80 Population density (people per sq. km of land area)

QoG Code: wdi_popden

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population
is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status
or citizenship–except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally
considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country’s total area, ex-
cluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic
zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1961

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.81 Rural population (% of total population)

QoG Code: wdi_poprul

Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It
is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

368
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.82 Urban population (% of total population)

QoG Code: wdi_popurb

Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices.
The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 200

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

369
4.75.83 Refugee population by country or territory of asylum

QoG Code: wdi_refasy

Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the
UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary
protection. Asylum seekers–people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not
yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers–are excluded. Palestinian refugees are
people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and
who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country
of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.

Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 166 Total N. of countries covered: 181

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.84 Refugee population by country or territory of origin

QoG Code: wdi_refori

Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the
UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary
protection. Asylum seekers–people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not
yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers–are excluded. Palestinian refugees are
people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and
who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country
of origin generally refers to the nationality or country of citizenship of a claimant.

370
Type of variable: Discrete

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1961

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 185 Total N. of countries covered: 192

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.85 Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_semp

Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few part-
ners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs". i.e. jobs where the
remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced.
Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers, members of
producers’ cooperatives, and contributing family workers. Modeled ILO estimate.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2019
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

371
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.86 Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults)

QoG Code: wdi_smokf

Prevalence of smoking, female is the percentage of women ages 15 and over who smoke any form
of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes or any other smoked tobacco products. Data include
daily and non-daily or occasional smoking.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2000

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 163 Total N. of countries covered: 163

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

372
4.75.87 Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults)

QoG Code: wdi_smokm

Prevalence of smoking, male is the percentage of men ages 15 and over who smoke any form of
tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes or any other smoked tobacco products. Data include daily
and non-daily or occasional smoking.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2000

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 163 Total N. of countries covered: 163

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.88 CPIA social protection rating

QoG Code: wdi_spr

Social protection and labor assess government policies in social protection and labor market reg-
ulations that reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further
risks, and ensure a minimal level of welfare to all people (1=low to 6=high).

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 75 Total N. of countries covered: 85

373
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

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4.75.89 CPIA transparency-accountability-corruption in public sector rating (1-6)

QoG Code: wdi_tacpsr

Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector assess the extent to which the ex-
ecutive can be held accountable for its use of funds and for the results of its actions by the electorate
and by the legislature and judiciary, and the extent to which public employees within the executive
are required to account for administrative decisions, use of resources, and results obtained. The three
main dimensions assessed here are the accountability of the executive to oversight institutions and of
public employees for their performance, access of civil society to information on public affairs, and
state capture by narrow vested interests.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 75 Total N. of countries covered: 87

Overall country availability Time-series availability

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374
4.75.90 Tax revenue (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_taxrev

Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain
compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded.
Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.

Note: The value for San Marino for 1995 was extremely high (44326) and has been recoded to missing.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1972

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2020
N. of countries: 141 Total N. of countries covered: 161

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.91 Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people)

QoG Code: wdi_tele

Fixed telephone subscriptions refers to the sum of active number of analogue fixed telephone lines,
voice-over-IP (VoIP) subscriptions, fixed wireless local loop (WLL) subscriptions, ISDN voice-channel
equivalents and fixed public payphones.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 191 Total N. of countries covered: 200

375
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.92 Trade (% of GDP)

QoG Code: wdi_trade

Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross do-
mestic product.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 1960

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 172 Total N. of countries covered: 184

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

376
4.75.93 Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempfilo

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and
seeking employment. Female.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.94 Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempilo

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and
seeking employment. Total.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

377
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.95 Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempmilo

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and
seeking employment. Male.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

378
4.75.96 Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempyfilo

Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available
for and seeking employment.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.97 Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempyilo

Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available
for and seeking employment.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

379
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.75.98 Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24)(modeled ILO)

QoG Code: wdi_unempymilo

Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available
for and seeking employment.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1991

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 178 Total N. of countries covered: 180

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

380
4.75.99 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

QoG Code: wdi_wip

Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held
by women.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2018 Time-series min. year: 1997

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 193 Total N. of countries covered: 194

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

381
4.76 World Happiness Index

Dataset by: World Happiness Report

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Helliwell, J. F., Richard Layard, J. D. S., Neve, J.-E. D., Aknin, L. B., & Wang, S. (2022). World
happiness report 2022

Dataset found at: https://worldhappiness.report/

Last update by original source: 2022-03-14
Date of download: 2022-09-27

The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness that ranks 156
countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be.

4.76.1 National-level average scores for subjective well-being

QoG Code: whr_hap

National-level average scores for subjective well-being, as measured by answers to the Cantril ladder
question asking people to evaluate the quality of their current lives on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0
represents the worst possible life for them, and 10 the best.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2016 Time-series min. year: 2005

Cross-section max. year: 2020 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 150 Total N. of countries covered: 162

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

382
4.77 World Inequality Database

Dataset by: World Inequality Lab

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Alvaredo, F., Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2022). World inequality database.
http://wid.world/data

Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2022). World inequality report 2022. http:
//wid.world/

Dataset found at: http://wid.world/data/

Last update by original source: 2021-12-07
Date of download: 2022-10-11

The World Inequality Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the most
extensive available database on the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth,
both within countries and between countries.

The WID was initially created as the The World Top Incomes Database (WTID) in January 2011
with the aim of providing convenient and free access to all the existing series. The WTID expanded
to include series on income inequality for more than thirty countries, spanning over most of the 20th
and early 21st centuries, with over forty additional countries now under study.

Built to accompany the publishing of the two books Top Incomes: a Global Perspective (2010, Oxford
University Press) and Top Incomes over the XX Century (2007, Oxford University Press). The WID
offers the most comprehensive set of historical series on wealth inequality available so far.

4.77.1 Top 10% income share

QoG Code: top_top10_income_share

Income share of the top 10% of the population. This refers to the share of pre-tax national income
among equal-split adults for the top 10% in each country-year.

The pre-tax national income is the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows accruing to the owners of
the production factors, labor and capital, before taking into account the operation of the tax/transfer
system, but after taking into account the operation of pension system.

The central difference between personal factor income and pre-tax income is the treatment of pensions,
which are counted on a contribution basis by factor income and on a distribution basis by pre-tax
income. The population is comprised of individuals over age 20. The base unit is the individual
(rather than the household) but resources are split equally within couples.

Type of variable: Continuous

383
 Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 172 Total N. of countries covered: 178

Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

4.77.2 Top 1% income share

QoG Code: top_top1_income_share

Income share of the top 1% of the population. This refers to the share of pre-tax national income
among equal-split adults for the top 1% in each country-year.

The pre-tax national income is the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows accruing to the owners of
the production factors, labor and capital, before taking into account the operation of the tax/transfer
system, but after taking into account the operation of pension system.

The central difference between personal factor income and pre-tax income is the treatment of pensions,
which are counted on a contribution basis by factor income and on a distribution basis by pre-tax
income. The population is comprised of individuals over age 20. The base unit is the individual
(rather than the household) but resources are split equally within couples.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2019 Time-series min. year: 1946

Cross-section max. year: 2019 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 172 Total N. of countries covered: 178

384
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

385
4.78 World Press Freedom Index

Dataset by: Reporters Sans Frontières

If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:

Reporters sans frontières. (2022). World press freedom index. https://rsf.org/en/index

Dataset found at: https://rsf.org/en/index

Date of download: 2022-09-23

The Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index ranks the performance of 180 countries
according to a range of criteria that include media pluralism and independence, respect for the safety
and freedom of journalists, and the legislative, institutional and infrastructural environment in which
the media operate.

4.78.1 Press Freedom Index

QoG Code: rsf_pfi

Press Freedom Index, using the methodology of the 2022 report. The Press Freedom Index mea-
sures the amount of freedom journalists, and the media have in each country, and the efforts made
by governments to see that press freedom is respected. It does not take account of all human rights
violations, only those that affect press freedom. Neither is it an indicator of the quality of a country’s
media.

Note: Higher scores indicate that country has more press freedom.

Type of variable: Continuous

Available in Cross-section Available in Time-series

Cross-section min. year: 2021 Time-series min. year: 2021

Cross-section max. year: 2021 Time-series max. year: 2021
N. of countries: 175 Total N. of countries covered: 175

386
 Overall country availability Time-series availability

Find more information about this variable in the QoG Data Finder

387
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Environmental Law and Policy. epi.yale.edu
World Bank. (2022). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-
development-indicators
World Economic Forum. (2019). The global competetiveness report 2019 [Commercial use of data
produced by the World Economic Forum is forbidden]. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf
World Health Organization. (2021). Global health observatory data repository [Accessed on 2021-11-
29]. http://www.who.int/gho/en/

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6 Appendix

QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment

name ccode from to
Afghanistan 4 AFG 1946 2022 Independence from the UK 1919
Albania 8 ALB 1946 2022 Independence recognized by the Great Powers 1913
Algeria 12 DZA 1963 2022 Independence from France 1962
Andorra 20 AND 1946 2022 Independence from the Crown of Aragon 1278
Angola 24 AGO 1976 2022 Independence from Portugal 1975
Antigua and Bar- 28 ATG 1982 2022 Independence from the UK 1981
buda
Argentina 32 ARG 1946 2022 Independence from Spain 1816
Armenia 51 ARM 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union recognized 1991
Australia 36 AUS 1946 2022 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
Austria 40 AUT 1955 2022 The State Treaty signed in Vienna 1955
Azerbaijan 31 AZE 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Bahamas 44 BHS 1974 2022 Independence from the UK 1973
Bahrain 48 BHR 1972 2022 End of treaties with the UK 1971
Bangladesh 50 BGD 1971 2022 Independence from Pakistan 1971
Barbados 52 BRB 1967 2022 Independence from the UK 1966
Belarus 112 BLR 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Belgium 56 BEL 1946 2022 Independence from the Netherlands recognized 1839
Belize 84 BLZ 1982 2022 Independence from the UK 1981
Benin 204 BEN 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Bhutan 64 BTN 1946 2022 Monarchy established 1907
Bolivia 68 BOL 1946 2022 Independence from Spain recognized 1847
Bosnia and Herze- 70 BIH 1992 2022 Independence from Yugoslavia 1992
govina
Botswana 72 BWA 1967 2022 Independence from the UK 1966
Brazil 76 BRA 1946 2022 Independence from the UK of Portugal, Brazil & the Al-
garve 1825
Brunei 96 BRN 1984 2022 Independence from the UK 1984
Bulgaria 100 BGR 1946 2022 Independence from Ottoman Empire 1909
Burkina Faso 854 BFA 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Burundi 108 BDI 1963 2022 UN Trust Territory ceased to exist 1962
Cambodia 116 KHM 1954 2022 Independence from France 1953
Cameroon 120 CMR 1960 2022 Independence from France 1960
Canada 124 CAN 1946 2022 Statute of Westminster 1931
Cape Verde 132 CPV 1976 2022 Independence from Portugal 1975
Central African Re- 140 CAF 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
public
Chad 148 TCD 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Chile 152 CHL 1946 2022 Independence from Spain recognized 1844
China 156 CHN 1946 2022 Unification of China under the Qin Dynasty 221 BC
Colombia 170 COL 1946 2022 Independence from Spain recognized 1819
Comoros 174 COM 1976 2022 Independence from France 1975
Congo, Democratic 180 COD 1960 2022 Independence from Belgium 1960
Republic
Congo, Republic of 178 COG 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960

392
QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment
name ccode from to

Costa Rica 188 CRI 1946 2022 Independence from United Provinces of Central America
1847
Cote d’Ivoire 384 CIV 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Croatia 191 HRV 1992 2022 Independence 1991
Cuba 192 CUB 1946 2022 Independence from the United States 1902
Cyprus (-1974) 993 CYP 1961 1974 Independence from the UK 1960
Cyprus (1975-) 196 CYP 1975 2022 Division of the island 1974
Czech Republic 203 CZE 1993 2022 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1993
Czechoslovakia 200 CSK 1946 1992 Independence 1918, Liberation 1945
Denmark 208 DNK 1946 2022 Consolidaton 8th century
Djibouti 262 DJI 1977 2022 Independence from France 1977
Dominica 212 DMA 1979 2022 Independence from the UK 1978
Dominican Republic 214 DOM 1946 2022 Independence from Spain 1865
Ecuador 218 ECU 1946 2022 Independence from Gran Colombia 1830
Egypt 818 EGY 1946 2022 Indepencence from the UK 1922
El Salvador 222 SLV 1946 2022 Independence from the Greater Republic of Central Amer-
ica 1898
Equatorial Guinea 226 GNQ 1969 2022 Independence from Spain 1968
Eritrea 232 ERI 1993 2022 Independence from Ethiopia 1993
Estonia 233 EST 1992 2022 Independence restored 1991
Eswatini (formerly 748 SWZ 1969 2022 Independence from British mandate 1968
Swaziland)
Ethiopia (-1992) 230 ETH 1946 1992 Empire of Ethiopia 1137
Ethiopia (1993-) 231 ETH 1993 2022 Eritrean Independence 1993
Fiji 242 FJI 1971 2022 Independence from the UK 1970
Finland 246 FIN 1946 2022 Independence from Soviet Russia recognized 1918
France (-1962) 991 FRA 1946 1962 French Republic 1792
France (1963-) 250 FRA 1963 2022 Algeria Independence from France 1962
Gabon 266 GAB 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Gambia 270 GMB 1965 2022 Independence from the UK 1965
Georgia 268 GEO 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Germany 276 DEU 1991 2022 Reunification 1990
Germany, East 278 DDR 1950 1990 Established 1949
Germany, West 280 DEU 1949 1990 Established 1949
Ghana 288 GHA 1957 2022 Independence from the British Empire 1957
Greece 300 GRC 1946 2022 Independence from the Ottoman Empire recognized 1830
Grenada 308 GRD 1974 2022 Independence from the UK 1974
Guatemala 320 GTM 1946 2022 Independence from the First Mexican Empire 1823
Guinea 324 GIN 1959 2022 Independence from France 1958
Guinea-Bissau 624 GNB 1975 2022 Independence from Portugal recognized 1974
Guyana 328 GUY 1966 2022 Independence from the UK 1966
Haiti 332 HTI 1946 2022 Independence recognized 1825
Honduras 340 HND 1946 2022 Independence declared as Honduras 1838
Hungary 348 HUN 1946 2022 Secession from Austria-Hungary 1918
Iceland 352 ISL 1946 2022 Kingdom of Iceland 1918
India 356 IND 1948 2022 Independence from the UK (Dominion) 1947
Indonesia 360 IDN 1950 2022 Independence from the Netherlands recognized 1949

393
QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment
name ccode from to

Iran 364 IRN 1946 2022 Safavid Empire 1501

Iraq 368 IRQ 1946 2022 Independence from the UK 1932
Ireland 372 IRL 1946 2022 The Anglo-lrish Treaty 1921
Israel 376 ISR 1948 2022 Independence from Mandatory Palestine 1948
Italy 380 ITA 1946 2022 Unification 1861
Jamaica 388 JAM 1963 2022 Independence from the UK 1962
Japan 392 JPN 1946 2022 National Foundation Day 660 BC
Jordan 400 JOR 1946 2022 League of Nation mandate ended 1946
Kazakhstan 398 KAZ 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Kenya 404 KEN 1964 2022 Independence from the UK 1963
Kiribati 296 KIR 1980 2022 Independence from the UK 1979
Korea, North 408 PRK 1949 2022 Division of Korea 1948
Korea, South 410 KOR 1948 2022 Division of Korea 1948
Kuwait 414 KWT 1961 2022 Independence from the UK 1961
Kyrgyzstan 417 KGZ 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Laos 418 LAO 1954 2022 Independence from France 1953
Latvia 428 LVA 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Lebanon 422 LBN 1946 2022 Independence from France 1943
Lesotho 426 LSO 1967 2022 Independence from the UK 1966
Liberia 430 LBR 1946 2022 Independence from the American Colonization Society 1847
Libya 434 LBY 1952 2022 Released from British and French oversight 1951
Liechtenstein 438 LIE 1946 2022 Independence from German Confederation 1866
Lithuania 440 LTU 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Luxembourg 442 LUX 1946 2022 End of Personal Union 1890
Madagascar 450 MDG 1960 2022 Independence from France 1960
Malawi 454 MWI 1965 2022 Independence from the UK 1964
Malaysia (-1965) 992 MYS 1964 1965 Federation of Malaya, N Bomeo, Sarawak, Singapore 1963
Malaysia (1966-) 458 MYS 1966 2022 Singapore separation from Malaysia 1965
Maldives 462 MDV 1966 2022 Independence from the UK 1965
Mali 466 MLI 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Malta 470 MLT 1965 2022 Independence from the UK 1964
Marshall Islands 584 MHL 1987 2022 Independence from Compact of Free Associaton 1986
Mauritania 478 MRT 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Mauritius 480 MUS 1968 2022 Independence from the UK 1968
Mexico 484 MEX 1946 2022 Independence from Spain recognized 1821
Micronesia 583 FSM 1987 2022 Independence from Compact of Free Associaton 1986
Moldova 498 MDA 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Monaco 492 MCO 1946 2022 Franco-Monegasque Treaty 1861
Mongolia 496 MNG 1946 2022 Independence from the Qin Dynasty 1911
Montenegro 499 MNE 2006 2022 Independence from Serbia and Montenegro 2006
Morocco 504 MAR 1956 2022 Independence from France and Spain 1956
Mozambique 508 MOZ 1975 2022 Independence from the Portuguese Republic 1975
Myanmar 104 MMR 1948 2022 Independence from the UK 1948
Namibia 516 NAM 1990 2022 Independence from South Africa 1990
Nauru 520 NRU 1968 2022 Independence from UN Trusteeship 1968
Nepal 524 NPL 1946 2022 Kingdom declared 1768

394
QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment
name ccode from to

Netherlands 528 NLD 1946 2022 Independence from the Spanish Empire 1815
New Zealand 554 NZL 1948 2022 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947
Nicaragua 558 NIC 1946 2022 Independence from the Federal Republic of Central America
1838
Niger 562 NER 1961 2022 Independence from France 1960
Nigeria 566 NGA 1961 2022 Independence from the UK 1960
Norway 578 NOR 1946 2022 Dissolution of union with Sweden 1905
North Macedonia 807 MKD 1993 2022 Independence from Yugolsavia recognized 1993
Oman 512 OMN 1946 2022 Imamate established 751
Pakistan (-1970) 997 PAK 1948 1970 Independence from the UK 1947
Pakistan (1971-) 586 PAK 1971 2022 Bangladesh independence from Pakistan 1971
Palau 585 PLW 1995 2022 Independence from Compact of Free Association with the
US 1994
Panama 591 PAN 1946 2022 Independence from Colombia 1903
Papua New Guinea 598 PNG 1976 2022 Independence from Australia 1975
Paraguay 600 PRY 1946 2022 Independence from Spain 1811
Peru 604 PER 1946 2022 Independence from Span recognized 1824
Philippines 608 PHL 1947 2022 Independence from the United States 1946
Poland 616 POL 1946 2022 Reconstitution of Poland 1918
Portugal 620 PRT 1946 2022 Independence from Kingdom of Leon recognized 1143
Qatar 634 QAT 1972 2022 Independence from the UK 1971
Romania 642 ROU 1946 2022 Independence from the Ottoman Empire 1878
Russia 643 RUS 1992 2022 Russian Federation 1991
Rwanda 646 RWA 1963 2022 Independence from Belgium 1962
Samoa 882 WSM 1962 2022 Independence from New Zealand 1962
San Marino 674 SMR 1946 2022 Independence from the Roman Empire 301
Sao Tome and 678 STP 1976 2022 Independence from Portugal 1975
Principe
Saudi Arabia 682 SAU 1946 2022 Kingdom founded 1932
Senegal 686 SEN 1961 2022 Withdrawal from the Mali Federation 1960
Serbia 688 SRB 2006 2022 Independent republic 2006
Serbia and Montene- 891 SCG 1992 2005 Established 1992, Dissolution 2006
gro
Seychelles 690 SYC 1976 2022 Independence from the UK 1976
Sierra Leone 694 SLE 1961 2022 Independence from the UK 1961
Singapore 702 SGP 1966 2022 Separation from Malaysia 1965
Slovakia 703 SVK 1993 2022 Independence from Czechoslovakia 1993
Slovenia 705 SVN 1991 2022 Independence from Yugoslavia 1991
Solomon Islands 90 SLB 1979 2022 Independence from the UK 1978
Somalia 706 SOM 1961 2022 Union, Independence and Constitution 1960
South Africa 710 ZAF 1946 2022 The Union of South Africa came into being 1910
South Sudan 728 SSD 2011 2022 Separation from Sudan in 2011
Spain 724 ESP 1946 2022 Nation State 1812
Sri Lanka 144 LKA 1948 2022 Independence from the UK(Dominion) 1948
St Kitts and Nevis 659 KNA 1984 2022 Independence from the UK 1983
St Lucia 662 LCA 1979 2022 Independence from the UK 1979

395
QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment
name ccode from to

St. Vincent & the 670 VCT 1980 2022 Independence from the UK 1979
Grenadines
Sudan (-2011) 736 SDN 1956 2011 Independence from the UK and Egypt 1956
Sudan (2012-) 729 SDN 2012 2022 South Sudanese independence 2011
Suriname 740 SUR 1976 2022 Independence from the Netherlands 1975
Sweden 752 SWE 1946 2022 Consolidation Middle Ages
Switzerland 756 CHE 1946 2022 Peace of Westphalia 1648
Syria 760 SYR 1946 2022 Independence from France 1946
Taiwan 158 TWN 1950 2022 Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan 1949
Tajikistan 762 TJK 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Tanzania 834 TZA 1964 2022 Merger (Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba) 1964
Thailand 764 THA 1946 2022 Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782
Tibet 994 XTI 1946 1950 Independence from Qing Dynasty 1913
Timor-Leste 626 TLS 2002 2022 Independence from Indonesia 2002
Togo 768 TGO 1960 2022 Independence from France 1960
Tonga 776 TON 1970 2022 Independence from British protection 1970
Trinidad and Tobago 780 TTO 1963 2022 Independence from the UK 1962
Tunisia 788 TUN 1956 2022 Independence from France 1956
Turkey 792 TUR 1946 2022 Secession from the Ottoman Empire 1923
Turkmenistan 795 TKM 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Tuvalu 798 TUV 1979 2022 Independence from the UK 1978
Uganda 800 UGA 1963 2022 Independence from the UK 1962
Ukraine 804 UKR 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
United Arab Emi- 784 ARE 1972 2022 UK treaties ended 1971
rates
United Kingdom 826 GBR 1946 2022 Acts of Union 1707
United States 840 USA 1946 2022 Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain recog-
nized 1783
Uruguay 858 URY 1946 2022 Independence from the Empire of Brazil recognized 1828
USSR 810 SUN 1946 1991 Treaty of Creation 1922, Union dissolved 1991
Uzbekistan 860 UZB 1992 2022 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Vanuatu 548 VUT 1981 2022 Independence from France and the UK 1980
Venezuela 862 VEN 1946 2022 Independence from Gran Colombia recognized 1845
Vietnam 704 VNM 1977 2022 Reunification 1976
Vietnam, North 998 VNM 1955 1976 Geneva Accords. Partition of the County, 1954
Vietnam, South 999 VDR 1955 1976 Geneva Accords. Partition of the County, 1954
Yemen 887 YEM 1990 2022 Unification 1990
Yemen, North 886 YEM 1946 1989 Independence from the Ottoman Empire 1918
Yemen, South 720 YMD 1968 1989 Independence from the UK 1967
Yugoslavia 890 YUG 1946 1991 The union of the State of Slovenes, Croats, Serbs & Serbia
est 1918
Zambia 894 ZMB 1965 2022 Independence from the UK 1964
Zimbabwe 716 ZWE 1966 2022 The Unilateral Declarator of Independence (UDI) of Rhode-
sia 1965

396