B.

TECH
(SEM I) THEORY EXAMINATION 2022-23
SOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (BEE-101)

Section A
1 (a)

(i) Unilateral and Bilateral elements

Unilateral Element: A unilateral element (such as a diode or transistor) conducts current only
in one direction.

Bilateral Element: An element that conducts current in both directions and has the same
magnitude is referred to as a bilateral element. Examples of such elements are resistance,
inductance, and capacitance.
(ii) Active and Passive elements

Active elements are the elements of a circuit which possess energy of their own and can impart it
to other element of the circuit. Active elements are of two types : Voltage source (Ex :
Battery) and Current source (Ex : Cells).

Passive elements: The passive elements of an electric circuit do not possess energy of their own.
They receive energy from the sources.

Ex: Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance.

(b)

(i) Independent ideal voltage source:

A voltage source that has zero internal resistance is called an ideal voltage source. In such cases,
the terminal voltage remains the same, irrespective of the value of load resistance.

We know, Terminal voltage,

V= E/(1+Ri/RL)
Because Ri=0
Terminal voltage, V= E
(ii) Independent Ideal Current Source: A current source that supplies a constant current no
matter whatever is the load resistance (or impedance) is known as ideal current source. A
symbolic representation of such an ideal current source is shown in the figure. The current
supplied by the source should remain constant at all values of load resistance.

(C) The RMS value of sinusoidal current in one complete cycle is 0.707 Im

(d) Phasor diagram of Practical two winding transformer at no-load condition

(e) Different types of DC machines

(f) Switch Fuse Unit (SFU)

Switch fuse unit is compact combination, generally metal enclosed of a switch and a fuse. It is
very widely used for low and medium voltages. The ratings of switch fuse units are in the range
of 30,60,100,200, 400, 600 and 800 amperes.

Switch fuse units are available as 3 pole and 4 pole units. They are developed for making
capacities upto 46 kA. They can safely break, depending upon ratings, currents of the order of 3
times the load current. Switch fuse units can be installed on metal-clad switchgear.
(g) Real Power consumed in a purely inductive circuit
 

Hence, the real power consumed in a purely inductive circuit is zero for a complete cycle.
 Section B
(a) To calculate current through 2 ohm resistor using nodal method
(b) Series Resonance

Phasor diagram at series resonance condition

VL = VC (at resonance)

So Vs = VR
 (C) Transformer losses

(1) Core Losses or Iron Losses

Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend on the magnetic properties of the material used for
the construction of the core. So, these losses are also known as core losses or iron losses.

x Hysteresis loss in transformer: The reason is the reversal of magnetization in the transformer
core. This loss depends on the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and
value of flux density. We have the Steinmetz formula:

Wh= ηBmax1.6fV (watts)

Where, η = Steinmetz hysteresis constant

V = volume of the core in m3

x Eddy current loss in transformer: The AC current is supplied to the primary winding which
sets up alternating magnetizing flux in the transformer. When this flux flow to a secondary
winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts such as steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced
emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy
current. Due to the current, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.

(2) Copper Loss

The ohmic resistance of the transformer windings creates copper loss. The copper loss for the
primary winding is I12R1 and for the secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in
primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and
secondary winding respectively. We can see that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current,
and current depends on the load. So that copper loss in transformer varies with the load

(3) Stray Loss: The reason for the types of loss is the occurrence of the leakage field. When
compared with copper and iron losses, the percentage of stray losses are less, so these losses can
be neglected.

(4) Dielectric Loss

The oil of the transformer is the reason for this loss. Oil in transformer is an insulating material.
When the oil in the transformer gets deteriorates then the transformer’s efficiency will be
affected.

Methods to reduce the energy loss in transformer:

1. Use of low resistance wire for the winding of the coil.

 2. Heat loss due to eddy current can be reduced by the lamination of the iron core.
3. The heat generated can be kept to a minimum by using a magnetic material which has a
low hysteresis loss. Hence, soft iron is often chosen for the core material because the
magnetic domains within it changes rapidly with low energy loss.
(d) EMF equation of DC Generator
(e) Battery or cells are referred to as the parallel combination of electrochemical cells. The
major difference between a primary cell and the secondary cell is that primary cells are the ones
that cannot be charged but secondary cells are the ones that are rechargeable.

Primary cell
Primary cells have high density and get discharged slowly. Since there is no fluid inside these
cells they are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is
irreversible. Its initial cost is cheap and also primary cells are easy to use.

Secondary cell
Secondary cells have low energy density and are made of molten salts and wet cells. The internal
resistance is low and the chemical reaction is reversible. Its initial cost is high and is a little
complicated to use when compared to the primary cell.
Difference between Primary Cell and Secondary Cell

Primary Cell Secondary Cell

Have high energy density and slow They have smaller energy density
in discharge and easy to use

There are no fluids in the cells These are made up of wet cells (flooded and liquid cells)
hence it is also called as dry cells and molten salt (liquid cells with different composition)

It has high internal resistance It has a low internal resistance

It has an irreversible chemical It has a reversible chemical reaction

reaction

Its design is smaller and lighter Its design is more complex and heavier

Its initial cost is cheap Its initial cost is high

Working of Lead Acid Battery

The following chemical reactions takes place at Anode and Cathode during the
charging process.

At cathode

PbSO4 + 2e- => Pb + SO42-

At anode

PbSO4 + 2H2O => PbO2 + SO42- + 4H- + 2e-

Combining above two equation, the overall chemical reaction will be

2PbSO4 + 2H2O => PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4
 Section C
3(a)
3(b)
4(a) The mathematical relationship between phase and line quantities in a 3-phase star
configuration:
4(b) Consider a series RL circuit:
5(a)

5(b) Practical Transformer and Equivalent Circuits

Transformer windings are made mainly of copper. Although copper is a very good conductor, it
still has some internal resistance. Hence, both the primary and the secondary winding of a
transformer have finite resistances viz. R1 and R2. These resistances spread uniformly
throughout the windings and give rise to copper losses (I2R).
Let us consider that the emf I1N1 in the primary winding induces the flux Φl1, the emf I2N2 in
the secondary windings, and the leakage flux Φl2. Both the resistances are regarded as the
leakage reactance of the transformer windings. They are series effects at very low (50Hz / 60Hz)
operating frequencies. These can be regarded as lumped parameters for ease of calculations.
Therefore, the transformer is considered to consist of lumped resistances R1 and R2, and
reactance X l1 and X l2 in series with the respective windings. However, the induced emfs E1
and E2 may vary slightly from the secondary voltages V1 and V2 due to the presence of the
lumped impedances. This phenomenon is observed due to small voltage drops in the winding
resistances R1 and R2 and leakage reactance.
The below equation gives the transformer ratio as:
a= (N1/N2) = (E1/ E2) ≈ (V1 / V2)

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

6(a) Working principle of 3-phase induction motor

A three phase induction motor has a stator and a rotor. The stator carries a 3-phase winding
called as stator winding while the rotor carries a short circuited winding called as rotor winding.
The stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply and the rotor winding derives its voltage and
power from the stator winding through electromagnetic induction. Therefore, the working
principle of a 3-phase induction motor is fundamentally based on electromagnetic induction.
Consider a portion of a three phase induction motor (see the figure). Therefore, the working of a
three phase induction motor can be explained as follows –
 x When the stator winding is connected to a balanced three phase supply, a rotating
magnetic field (RMF) is setup which rotates around the stator at synchronous speed (Ns).
x The RMF passes through air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which are stationary at
start. Due to relative motion between RMF and the stationary rotor, an EMF is induced in
the rotor conductors. Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, a current starts flowing in
the rotor conductors.
x Now, the current carrying rotor conductors are in a magnetic field created by the stator.
As a result of this, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors. The sum of mechanical
forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque which tries to move the rotor in the
same direction as the RMF.
x Hence, the induction motor starts to rotate. From, the above discussion, it can be seen that
the three phase induction motor is self-starting motor.
x The three induction motor accelerates till the speed reached to a speed just below the
synchronous speed.
Torque- Slip Characteristics
6(b)

7(a) Typical Constructional diagram of a four-core armoured XLPE cable:

Purpose of different layers used in construction of cable
1. Core or Conductor: A cable may have one or more core depending upon the type of
service for which it is used. The conductors are made up of tinned copper or aluminium
and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility.
2. Insulation: Around the conductor, it is necessary to provide insulation in order to prevent
the electrical short circuit.
3. Metallic Sheath: In order to protect cable from moisture, gases, and harmful chemicals, in
the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath is required.
4. Bedding: over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of fibrous
material like jute or hessian tape.
5. Armoring: Over the bedding, armoring is provided which consists of one or two layers of
galvanized steel wire.
6. Serving: In order to protect armoring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of serving is
required.

7(b) Earthing is defined as “the process in which the instantaneous discharge of the electrical
energy takes place by transferring charges directly to the earth through low resistance wire.”
Low resistance earthing wire is chosen to provide the least resistance path for leakage of fault
current.
Earthing:
To ensure safety, earthing can be done by connecting the electrical appliance to earthing systems
or electrodes placed near the soil or below the ground level.
The electrode or earthing mat equipped with a flat iron riser is installed under the ground level.
It helps to connect all the non-current-carrying metallic parts of the equipment.
Types of Earthing
There are three types of earthing, they are:

x Pipe earthing
x Plate earthing
x Strip earthing
Pipe earthing is the best and most efficient way of earthing and is also easily affordable. Pipe
earthing uses 38mm diameter and 2 meters length pipe vertically embedded in the ground to
work as earth electrodes.
In plate earthing, an earthing plate made of copper or G.I. is buried into the ground at a depth
more than 3 meters from the ground level. This earthing plate is embedded in an alternative layer
of coke and salts.
Strip earthing is used in transmission processes. Strip electrodes of cross section not less than
25mm X 1.6mm of copper or 25 mm X 4mm of G.I. or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of
a minimum depth of 0.5m.
Advantages of Earthing:

1. Earthing is the safe and the best method of offering safety. We know that the earth’s
potential is zero and is treated as Neutral. Since low equipment is connected to earth
using low resistance wire, balancing is achieved.
2. Metal can be used in electrical installations without looking for its conductivity, proper
earthing ensures that metal does not transfer current.
3. A sudden surge in voltage or overload does not harm the device and person if proper
earthing measures are done.
4. It prevents the risk of fire hazards that could otherwise be caused by the current leakage.