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Module 1.1 Symbiotic Relationships

Symbionic

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Hannah Adrienne Maulana
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21 views

Module 1.1 Symbiotic Relationships

Symbionic

Uploaded by

Hannah Adrienne Maulana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY
Jose M. Duallo Jr., RMT
Mary Grace C. Tayong, RMT

Property of Misamis University - College of Medical Technology


LEARNING OUTCOME
Differentiate parasitism from other symbiotic
relationships and the different types of
parasite and host.

Property of Misamis University - College of Medical Technology


SYMBIOSIS – 2 or more species live closely together
Types:
• Mutualism – both organism (of different species) benefit
from each other
• Commensalism – one specie benefits without harming
the other
• Parasitism – one specie benefits at the expense of the
other specie
Parasitology defined
PARASITES: are organisms that live on and obtain nutrients
from another organism (HOST)
-Study of parasites which:
• INFECT – invasion IN the human body
(intestine, blood, tissue, liver, lung etc.)
• INFEST – invasion ON the human body
(lice, ticks, etc.)
Cause disease (diarrhea, fever, anemia, blindness,
elephantiasis, etc.) in the human body. Transport carriers
known as VECTORS are always responsible for
transmission to the host.
Types of Parasites
According to location
• Endoparasite – established inside the host (eg. Ascaris
lumbricoides, Plasmodium falciparum, Shistosoma
japonicum)
• Ectoparasite – established in or on the exterior surface of
the host (eg.
According to taxonomic groups
• Protozoans – unicellular microorganism (eg. Amebae,
Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoans)
• Helminths – worms, multicellular organisms (eg.
Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes)
• Arthropods – Class Insecta
Types of Parasites, cont.
According to Degree of Association with Host
• Obligatory – cannot survive outside the host
• Facultative – capable of existing independently of a host
• Permanent - remain in the host from early life to maturity
• Temporary/ Intermittent – live on host for a short time
• Accidental/ Incidental – enter host not usually theirs
• Erratic/ Aberant – found in an organ not its usual habitat
Types of Host
• Definitive – host in which the adult sexual phase of
parasite development occurs
• Accidental/Incidental – host other than the normal one
that is harbouring the parasite
• Intermediate – host in which the larval asexual phase of
parasite development occurs
• Reservoir – host harbouring parasites that are parasitic
for humans and from which humans may become
infected
• Paratenic – host harbouring the parasite in an arrested
state of development, capable of continuing life cycle in a
subsequent suitable host
Types of Vectors
1. BIOLOGIC – in which parasites increase their numbers
by multiplication or transformation inside the body of
the carrier-organisms. (eg. Aedes Mosquito)
2. MECHANICAL/ PHORETIC – only transmits the parasite
(eg. Flies, cockroaches)
Parasitic Life Cycles
1. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
2. INFECTIVE STAGE – a morphologic form that invades
humans
3. DIAGNOSTIC STAGE – 1 or more forms that can be
detected in the lab
Source of Infection
• Contaminated Soil and Water
• Food
• Arthropods
• Another person
• Environment
• Ownself
Mode of Infection
• Mouth
• skin penetration
• Congenital transmission
• Inhalation
• Sexual Intercourse
Stages of Parasitism
1. Contact
2. Entry
3. Migration
4. Establichment
5. Development
6. Reproductive
7. Exit
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
AND PROCESSING
Specimen Collection and Lab
Diagnosis
• STOOL
• Cellophane Tape Prep
• BLOOD
• Permanent stains, Knott Technique, Buffy Coat Slides
• TISSUE BIOPSIES
• SPUTUM
• URINE & GENITAL MATERIAL
• COLON MATERIAL
• CSF
• EYE SPECIMEN
• SKIN SNIPS
Specimen Collection and Lab
Diagnosis
• STOOL – most commonly submitted
- placed in a tight-fitting lid with an acceptable
amount of stool ( 2-5 grams or about a walnut)
- specimen container must be labeled :
(a) Patient’s name and ID Number
(b) Physician’s Name
(c) Date and Time of sample collection
Specimen Collection and Lab
Diagnosis cont.
FIXATIVES – substances that preserve the morphology of
protozoa and prevent further development of certain
helminth eggs and larvae. (eg. Formalin, Polyvinyl Alcohol,
Sodium Acetate Formalin)
3 parts Fixative + 1 part Stool
PROCESSING
1. MACROSCOPIC
2. MICROSCOPIC – ocular micrometer may be inserted in
eyepiece
• Direct Wet Preparation
• Concentration Method ( eg. FEA Sedimentation, ZS Flotation)
• Permanent Stains

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