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Science 10 - Module 24

Science 10 - Module 24

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Rhea Derla
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34 views

Science 10 - Module 24

Science 10 - Module 24

Uploaded by

Rhea Derla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HIGH SCHOOL

Module 24
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1 Hou
HIGH SCHOOL
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Hereditary

Gain Attention
What is DNA? How does DNA form?

Inform Learners of objectives


.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

Cognitive:
1. compare the structures of DNA and RNA molecule;
2. Identify the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis;
3. explain the process of replication, transcription, and translation.

Affective:
4. Appreciate the importance of studying our DNA

Psychomotor:
5. Create a miniature of DNA

Stimulate Recall of Prior Learning

Have you ever wondered why some of your parents physical & psychological
attribute is same with you?
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Present the content and provide learning


guidance
THE DNA

Every gene is a piece of DNA molecule. The genes contain messages


which are expressed through certain complex processes. The shape of one’s
face, skin color, and the size of one’s feet are some of the characteristics that result
from the expression of these numerous genes found within the chromosome of
every cell. If you unwind a chromosome, you will discover a long molecule of DNA
with about 100,000 genes.

Just like building a house, a plan of the structure of the house and to determine how
it will look like after construction requires a blueprint. All organisms have blueprints
that contain information that will determine their physical and chemical
characteristics. This blueprint is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Each DNA molecule is
packed in a separate chromosome. The total genetic information stored in the
chromosomes is called the genome.

DNA is mainly found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid region
of prokaryotic cells. It is made up of two strands that are coiled that
from a double helix. If a DNA molecule is uncoiled, a ladder-like
structure will result. The sides of the DNA ladder are composed of the sugar
deoxyribose and phosphate molecules with two nitrogen bases in each step
of the ladder held together by hydrogen bonds. A base, a sugar molecule, and a
phosphate group form a nucleotide. A chain of nucleotides from a DNA molecule.

RNA

Another type of nucleic acid is ribonucleic acid or RNA where it plays


an important role in protein synthesis. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA.
However, RNA differs from DNA in three ways. RNA is single-stranded. The base
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thymine is not found in RNA. Another nitrogen base called URACIL is found in its
place. Uracil is a pyrimidine and is
complementary to adenine. The sugar
molecules in RNA are ribose sugars. Ribose
sugars have one more oxygen atom than
deoxyribose sugars.

REPLICATION (DNA makes DNA)

DNA replicates to produce a copy of the genetic


material that will be transferred to new cells during mitosis or
to new gametes during meiosis. When a DNA molecule unzips
to form two strands, the base pairs separate. Each single
strand of DNA then picks up bases present in the cell’s
cytoplasm. In this way, two complete molecules of DNA are
created. Notice that each new DNA molecule has the same
order of base pairs as the original. The copying process is
called replication.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Scientists discovered that DNA controls protein synthesis, the process by


which proteins are made from amino acids. Some proteins are part of the
structure of each organism, and other proteins are enzymes that control most
chemical reactions. The characteristics of an organism are determined by its
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protein and ultimately, by its DNA.

What do you think is the role of RNA in making proteins in the cell? RNA
molecules or the workers for protein synthesis get the instructions from the
DNA on how the protein should be assembled.

Moreover, do you know that there are three types of RNA that help
build proteins? You can consider these RNA molecules to be the workers in
the production of proteins.

● Messenger RNA (mRNA) brings information from the DNA in the nucleus
to the protein manufacturing area, the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA
becomes the template of information to make proteins.

● Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) a component of ribosomes and ribosomal proteins


hold tightly into the mRNA using its information to assemble the amino acids
in the correct order. rRNA serves as the site for attachment of mRNA and
tRNA and for protein synthesis.

● Transfer RNA (tRNA) supplies amino acids to the ribosome to be


assembled as protein. It translates the protein message carried by the
mRNA through protein synthesis.

TRANSCRIPTION

The process of transcription involves the transfer


of information from the
DNA to the messenger RNA (mRNA).
Transcription produces mRNA’s that carry
information copied from the DNA. The
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“transcribed” message leaves the nucleus and directs the making of proteins in the
cytoplasm, while the DNA remains in the nucleus.

TRANSLATION

The process by which a sequence of nucleic acids in RNA is used to direct the
production of a chain of specific amino acids is called translation. In translation,
each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule codes for one amino acid in a
protein. The flow of information from gene to protein is based on codons. A codon is
a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid. The main players in the mRNA
translation process are ribosomes and another kind of RNA called transfer RNA
(tRNA). Transfer RNA (tRNA) translates the three-letter codons of mRNA to the
amino acids that make up proteins. The following events in translation can help you
understand the process:

Elicit Performance
Direction: Create a model of a DNA.

DNA
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Elicit Performance

Synthesis
Here are the module’s key ideas:
● Just like building a house, a plan of the structure of the house and to determine
how it will look like after construction requires a blueprint. All organisms have
blueprints that contain information that will determine their physical and
chemical characteristics. This blueprint is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Each
DNA molecule is packed in a separate chromosome. The total genetic
information stored in the chromosomes is called the genome.
● Another type of nucleic acid is ribonucleic acid or RNA where it plays
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an important role in protein synthesis.
● DNA replicates to produce a copy of the genetic material that will be transferred
to new cells during mitosis or to new gametes during meiosis.

Assess performance
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write the answer on the space provided

1. It directs the sequence of nucleotides in DNA to the order of nucleotides in


messenger RNA.
A. Replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. Mutation
2. What is a codon?
A. Three-base “word” that codes for one nucleotide
B. Three-base “word” that codes for two nucleotides
C. Three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid
D. Three-base “word” that codes for two amino acids
3. The process by which a sequence of nucleic acids in RNA is used to direct the
production of a chain of amino acids.
A. Replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. Mutation
4. A kind of RNA that translates the three-letter codons of mRNA to the amino
acids that make up proteins.
A. rRNA B. mRNA C. DNA D. tRNA
5. A kind of RNA that copies the message from the DNA and brings it to the
ribosomes located in the cytoplasm and becomes the template of
information to make proteins.
A. DNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. tRNA
6. What forms a nucleotide?
A. A base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group
B. A base, an amino acid, and a phosphate group
C. A base, an enzyme, and a hydrogen bond
D. A base, a protein and hydrogen bond

* For number 7, 8, and 9. The following is the base sequence on one strand of
a DNA molecule:
AGCTCGGGCAAT
7. If this strand is replicated, what is the sequence of the resulting strand?
A. ACG UCG GGC AAU C. UGC AGC CCG UUA
B. TCG AGC CCG TTA D. AGC TCG GGC AAT
8. If this strand is transcribed into an mRNA, what would be the resulting strand?
A. UCG AGC CCG UUA C. GAT CAA CCG TTA
B. TCG AGC CCG TTA D. UGC UGC GGC AAU
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Bibliography
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated
Science 1, Module 12. Inside the Earth.

Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science - Grade 8


Learner’s Module. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Punongbayan, R. et al. (1998). The Philippine Archipelago Volume 1. Tarbuck, E.J. et


al. (2009). Earth Science 12th ed.

Department of Education Learners Manual Science for Grade 10. First Edition. 2015.
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Dempsey, C. (2014) What is a Mountain? Physical Geography retrieved from:


https://www.geographyrealm.com/mountain/

Istanbul Earthquake Warnings Underlined by Eastern Turkey Tremor ...


www.bloomberg.com

Earthquake Country Alliance: Welcome to Earthquake Country!


www.earthquakecountry.org

Types of Mountains retrieved from:


https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/mountain-formation/

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