Q1.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

// Function to greet based on provided name and greeting (with default value)

void greet(const std::string& name, const std::string& greeting = "Hello") {

std::cout << greeting << ", " << name << std::endl;

int main() {

// Example usage

greet("Alice"); // Prints: Hello, Alice

greet("Bob", "Hi"); // Prints: Hi, Bob

return 0;

Q2.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <vector>

class Student {

private:

std::string name;

int age;

std::vector<double> grades;

public:

// Constructor: Initialize name and age

Student(const std::string& studentName, int studentAge) : name(studentName), age(studentAge) {

std::cout << "Creating student: " << name << std::endl;

// Destructor

~Student() {
std::cout << "Destroying student: " << name << std::endl;

// Method to add a grade

void addGrade(double grade) {

grades.push_back(grade);

// Method to calculate average grade

double calculateAverageGrade() const {

if (grades.empty()) {

return 0.0; // No grades yet

double sum = 0.0;

for (double grade : grades) {

sum += grade;

return sum / grades.size();

// Method to print student details

void printDetails() const {

std::cout << "Student Details:" << std::endl;

std::cout << "Name: " << name << std::endl;

std::cout << "Age: " << age << std::endl;

std::cout << "Grades: ";

for (double grade : grades) {

std::cout << grade << " ";

std::cout << std::endl;

};

int main() {

// Create a student
 Student alice("Alice", 20);

// Add some grades

alice.addGrade(85.5);

alice.addGrade(92.0);

alice.addGrade(78.3);

// Print student details

alice.printDetails();

// Calculate and print average grade

double avgGrade = alice.calculateAverageGrade();

std::cout << "Average Grade: " << avgGrade << std::endl;

return 0;

Q4.

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

class Matrix {

private:

std::vector<std::vector<double>> data;

int rows;

int cols;

public:

// Constructor: Create an empty matrix with specified dimensions

Matrix(int numRows, int numCols) : rows(numRows), cols(numCols) {

data.resize(rows, std::vector<double>(cols, 0.0));

// Copy constructor

Matrix(const Matrix& other) : rows(other.rows), cols(other.cols), data(other.data) {}

// Method to set a specific element in the matrix

void setElement(int row, int col, double value) {

data[row][col] = value;

} else {

std::cerr << "Invalid indices." << std::endl;

// Overload + operator for matrix addition

Matrix operator+(const Matrix& other) const {

if (rows != other.rows || cols != other.cols) {

std::cerr << "Matrix dimensions must match for addition." << std::endl;

return *this; // Return the original matrix

Matrix result(rows, cols);

for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {

for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j) {

result.data[i][j] = data[i][j] + other.data[i][j];

return result;

// Method to display the matrix

void display() const {

for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {

for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j) {

std::cout << data[i][j] << " ";

std::cout << std::endl;

};
int main() {

// Example usage

Matrix A(2, 3);

A.setElement(0, 0, 1.0);

A.setElement(0, 1, 2.0);

A.setElement(0, 2, 3.0);

A.setElement(1, 0, 4.0);

A.setElement(1, 1, 5.0);

A.setElement(1, 2, 6.0);

Matrix B = A; // Copy constructor

Matrix C = A + B; // Matrix addition

std::cout << "Matrix A:" << std::endl;

A.display();

std::cout << "Matrix B:" << std::endl;

B.display();

std::cout << "Matrix C (A + B):" << std::endl;

C.display();

return 0;

Q3.

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

// Class for managing individual bank accounts

class Account {

private:

string accountNumber;

double balance;

public:
 // Constructor to initialize account

Account(string accNum, double initialBalance)

: accountNumber(accNum), balance(initialBalance) {}

// Method to deposit money into the account

void deposit(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

balance += amount;

cout << "Deposited: $" << amount << endl;

} else {

cout << "Deposit amount must be positive." << endl;

// Method to withdraw money from the account

void withdraw(double amount) {

if (amount > 0 && amount <= balance) {

balance -= amount;

cout << "Withdrew: $" << amount << endl;

} else {

cout << "Insufficient funds or invalid amount." << endl;

// Method to get the balance of the account

double getBalance() const {

return balance;

// Method to get the account number

string getAccountNumber() const {

return accountNumber;

};

// Class for managing customer details

private:

string name;

string address;

vector<Account> accounts;

public:

// Constructor to initialize customer details

Customer(string custName, string custAddress)

: name(custName), address(custAddress) {}

// Method to add an account to the customer

void addAccount(const Account& account) {

accounts.push_back(account);

// Method to display customer information

void displayCustomerInfo() const {

cout << "Customer Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Address: " << address << endl;

cout << "Accounts:" << endl;

for (const auto& account : accounts) {

cout << "Account Number: " << account.getAccountNumber()

<< ", Balance: $" << account.getBalance() << endl;

};

// Class for managing the bank with multiple customers

class Bank {

private:

vector<Customer> customers;

public:

// Method to add a customer to the bank

void addCustomer(const Customer& customer) {

// Method to display all customers

void displayAllCustomers() const {

for (const auto& customer : customers) {

customer.displayCustomerInfo();

cout << "------------------------" << endl;

};

int main() {

// Create some accounts

Account acc1("123456789", 1000.00);

Account acc2("987654321", 500.00);

// Create a customer and add accounts to the customer

Customer cust1("John Doe", "123 Elm Street");

cust1.addAccount(acc1);

cust1.addAccount(acc2);

// Create the bank and add the customer

Bank myBank;

myBank.addCustomer(cust1);

// Perform some transactions

acc1.deposit(200);

acc1.withdraw(150);

acc2.deposit(100);

acc2.withdraw(50);

// Display all customer information

myBank.displayAllCustomers();

return 0;