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THE IAW OF TORTS
IN SINGAPORE

Second Edition
ABOUT THE LAW PRACTICE SERIES

The series aims to publish seminal works on key subject areas in legal
practice.
Corporate Law (2015)
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2nd Ed) (2015)
Personal Property Law (2014)
THE LAW OF TORTS-
Intellectual Property Law of Singapore (2013) IN SINGAPORE
Principles of Civil Procedure (2013)
The Law of Contract in Singapore (2012)
Second Edition
A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law (2012)
The Cri.mirial Procedure Code of Singapore - Annotations and
Commentary (2012)
The Law of Torts in Singapore (2011)
The Law of Agency (2010) Gary Chan Kok Yew
LLB (Hons), MA (SoutheastAsian Studies)
Corporate Governance - Practice and Issues (2010)
(National University of Singapore),
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2009) BA (Philosophy), LLM (Merit) (University of London);
Sentencing Principles in Singapore (2009) Advocate and Solicitor {Singapore),
Auorney and Counselor-at-Law (New York};
Modern Advocacy- Perspectives from Singapore (2008) Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Ethics and Professional Responsibility - A Code for the Advocate Singapore Management University
and Solicitor (2007)
LeePeyWoan
LLB (Hons) (King's College, University of London),
BCL (University of Ox.ford);
Barrister (Middle Temple),
Advocate and Solicitor (Singapore);
Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Singapore Management University

It\ Academy
~ Publishing
2016
Academy Publishing is a division of the Singapore Academy of Law.
The Singapore Academy of Law is the promotion and development agency
for Singapore's legal industry. Its vision is to make Singapore the legal hub of
Asia. It aims to drive legal excellence through developing thought leadership, Preface
world-class infrastructure and legal solutions. It does this by building up the
intellectual capital of the legal profession by enhancing legal knowledge,
raising the international profile of Singapore law, promoting Singapore as a
centre for dispute resolution and improving the efficiency of legal practice
through the use of technology. More information can be found at
www.sal.org.sg.
Tort law has continued to develop apace in the intervening period
since the first edition of the book was published in 2011: new torts
DISCLAIMER have emerged, existing torts re-formulated, and important
Views expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of Academy
Publishing nor the Academy. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure
clarifications made on the scope of specific torts and doctrines.
that the information contained in this work is correct, the authors, Academy Unsurprisingly, the Singapore judiciary has been a major contributor
Publishing and the Academy disclaim all liability and responsibilil)• for any to the growth of local tort jurisprudence. Of particular significance is
error or omission in this publication, and in respect of anything, or the the Court of Appeal decision in See Toh Siew Kee v Ho Ah Lam
consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any person in Ferrocenzent (Pte) Ltd which subsumed the law on occupiers' liability
reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any pan of the under the tort of negligence. Consequently, occupiers' liability is no
contents of this publication. longer considered in a separate chapter but is examined as a specific
aspect of duty of care in chapter 4. At the same time, chapter 4 has
been re-organised by carving out the discussion on the impact of
COPYRIGHT
© 2016 Gary Chan Kok Yew and Lee Pey Woan. contractual and statutory contexts on duty of care. This topic, which
Published by Academy Publishing under exclusive licence. has received considerable attention both locally and abroad, is now
considered in chapter 5. The total number of chapters remains at 20.
This edition also considers other significant decisions on the law of
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in negligence. These include:
any retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, whether
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the • Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC and AEL v Cheo
written permission of the copyright holders. All enquiries seeking such Yroh & Associates LLC (lawyer's duty to the intended beneficiaries
permission should be addressed to: under an invalid will);
• Ramesh s/o Krishnan v AXA Life Insurance Singapore Pte Ltd (duty
Senior Director, Academy Publishing of ex-employers to ex-employees when writing employment
Singapore Academy of Law
1 Supreme Court Lane, Level 6
references); and
Singapore 178879 • Go Dante Yap v Banlt Austria Creditanstalt AG and Deutsche Bank
Tel No: (+65) 6332 4388 Fax No: (+65) 6334 4940 AG v Chang Tse Wen (duties of banks with respect to investment
E-mail: [email protected] and other advice).
Developments in defamation and malicious falsehood are marked by
the Court of Appeal's decision in Low Tuck Kwong v Sukamto Sia,

, .. 'll''lT'"'_, which laid down important guidelines on the elements, defences and
remedies of these torts. Interesting and novel issues involving
defamation via new media (blog and Facebook postings) were also
considered in GoU:len Season Pte Ltd v Kairos Singapore Ho/,dings Pte Ltd
9 789810 977092 and Zhu Yong Zhen v ATA Singapore Pte Ltd (chapters 12 and 13).

v
 Preface

In Staywell Hospitality Group Pt)' Ltd v Starwood Hotels & Resorts

Worldwide, Inc, the Court of Appeal revisited the contentious issue of
whether pre-trading activity would generate the requisite goodwill for
purposes of passing off (chapter 14). In the burgeoning area of
economic torts, EFT Holding. Inc v Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte Ltd
has provided important clarifications on the scope of unla,'lful means Contents
conspiracy (chapter 15). The landmark case of Skandinaviska Enskilda
BanllBn AB (Puhl), Singapore Branch v Asia Pacific Brewems (Singapore) Pte
Ltd on the "close connection" test in vicarious liability was decided
shortly before the first edition went to print, and we are happy to now
include it in this edition (chapter 19).
On the legislative front, increased urbanisation and populati~n Page
density have precipitated two new torts. The statutory tort of v
Preface
harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act allows victims xxiii
Table ofCases
of harassment to claim damages from the perpetrators (chapter 2); xciii
Table ofLegislatum
whilst the Community Disputes Resolution Act 2015 has ushered in a
Other Sources Referred 1o CV
new statutory tort of interference with a person's enjoyment or use of
his place of residence (chapter 10). I
Chapter I Introduction to Law of Torts
Where relevant, we have also highlighted important developments
in English tort law. These include James Rhodes v OPO (clarffying the By Gary Chan
scope of the rule in Wilkinson v Downton in chapter 2); Lawrence v Fen A Introduction l
Tigers Ltd (touching on a broad range of issues in nuisance in B. Historical background 2
chapter 10); as well as Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK (~n joint C. Distinction between law of torts and other areas of law 4
1. Tort versus criminal law 4
tortfeasance in chapter 18).
This second edition would not have materialised without the 2. Ton versus contract law 6
assistance and support of many people. We thank our colleagues, 3. Tort versus restitution 7
friends and students for their kind and constructive feedback and for 4. Tort versus equity 8
highlighting to us the errors and ambiguities in the first edition. D. Tort theories 9
We are also grateful to the team at Academy Publishing for L Corrective justice 9
rendering invaluable editorial assistance with much dedication and 2. Distributive justice 12
meticulousness. Finally, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to 3. Combination of corrective and distributive justice 14
The Honourable Judge of Appeal Justice Andrew Phang Boon Leong 4. Retributive justice 15
without whose support and encouragement this book would not have 5. Deterrence 15
been written. 6. Law and ecor1omics 17
7. Moral and ethical considerations 20
Gary Chan and Lee Pey Woan 8. Protection from infringement of lights 22
12 November 2015 E. Classifications within law of torts 24
1. Conduct of defendant 24
(a) Acts and omissions 24
(b) State of mind 25
(i) Intention 25
(ii) Negligence 26
(iii) Strict liability or near strict liability 27
2. Types of protected interests 28

vi vii
 Conten ls Ccntenls

Page Page
F. Sources of law of torts in Singapore and relevance of (c) Fair,justand reasonable or public policy 101
precedents from England and Commonwealth 30 (i) Excessive policy making by judges 102
(ii) Floodgates arguments and indeterminacy of
Chapter 2 Intentional Torts to the Person 35 liability 103
By Gary Chan (iii) Defensive conduct and availability of
A. Introduction 35 resources 104
l. Intention and negligence 36 (iv) Compromising the objectives of public
B. Battery 39 good and social utility 105
1. Direct physical contact with plaintiff 39 (v) Contractual risk allocation and insurance 105
2. Intentional act of defendant 41 (vi) Statutory duties, purposes and remedies 105
3. Unjustified physical contact 42 (vii) Other policy considerations 106
C. Assault 43 (d) Foreseeability, proximity and policy: Their
D. False imprisonment 45 inter-relationships 106
l. Direct act 46 4. Development of the Singapore approach 108
2. Intentional act 47
3. Confinement or restraint within particular area Chapter 4 Duty of Care: Ordinary Duties, Special
delimited by defendant 49 Scenarios and Parties 113
E. Defences to trespass to person 51 By Gary Chan
1. Consent 52 A. Introduction 113
(a) Meaning and scope of consent 52 B. Ordinary and specific scenarios 114
(b) Patient's right to refuse medical u·eatrnent 54 I. General or ordinary duties 114
(c) Withdrawal of consent 58 (a) Negligent act causing personal injury 114
2. Defence of necessity 60 (i) Road users and road accidents 115
3. Self-defence 61 (ii) Manufacturers, retailers and distributors of
4. Defence of lawful arrest and detention 62 products 116
F. Rule in Wilkinson v Dorunton 65 (iii) Employers' duties towards employees at the
G. Statutory tort of harassment 69 workplace 116
(iv) Occupiers' duty with respect to personal
Chapter3 Tort of Negligence: Overview and General injuries on premises 119
Duty of Care 77 (v) Other duties arising from claims for
By Gary Chan personal injuries 123
A. Introduction 77 (b} Negligent act causing property damage 124
B. Introducing legal requirements of negligence action 2. Special mechanics of harm 126
79
c. Duty of care: General principles and concepts (a) Real omissions 126
80
I. Introducing framework for duty of care: Spandeck (i) Omission of defendant to protect plaintiff
En.gi.ncering (S) Pte Ltd v Defence Science & Technowgy from harm 128
Agency 81 (ii) Omission to prevent third parties from
2. Historical background and English common law of causing harm to plaintiff 129
negligence 3. Special type of harm 135
82
(a) Pure economic losses 135
3. Explaining elements of duty of care 89
(a) Factual foreseeability and reasonable (i) Negligent misstatements causing economic
losses 137
foreseeability 89
(b) Proximity 93 (ii) Negligent acts causing economic losses 148

viii ix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(b) Personal injury and property damage arising from (e) Reliance 215
negligen t misstatements 159 (f) Control exercised by d1e defendant 217
(c) Psychiatric harm 162 (g) Vulnerability and dependence of the plaintiff
(i) Negligent acts causing psychiatric harm 162 vis-<l-vis the defendant 218
(A) First proximity requirement: Class of (h) Proximity may arise outside of statutory
persons (or relational closeness) 165 framework 218
(B) Second proximity requirement: 2. Policy considerations 219
Proximity to accident in time and (a) Criminal sanctions for breach of statutory duty
space (or temporal closeness) 166 and the lacuna in statutes 219
(c) Third proximity requirement: Means (b) Indeterminacy ofliability 220
by which shock was caused (c) Conflicting duties owed to different parties 220
(or perceptional closeness) 167 (e) Availability of alternative statutory remedies and
(ii) Negligent statements causing psychiatric processes 222
harm 176 (f) Interaction between the first and second limbs of
(d) Special harm: Wrongful birth and wrongful life the Sparuieck framework 222
claims 178 (g) Where common law duty of care is inconsistent
(i) Wrongful birth - Claim by mother 178 with statutory scheme 223
(ii) Wrongful life - Claim by child 181 (h) Statutory immunity 224
c. Special defendants 183 D. Interaction of statutory and contractual frameworks 224
1. Public authorities 183
2. Lawyers 187 Chapter6 Tort of Negligence: Breach of Duty 227
By Gary Chan
Chapter 5 Duty of Care: Contractual and Statutory A Introduction 227
Frameworks 193 B. Standard of care: General principles 228
By Gary Chan C. Factors to determine standard of care 232
A. Introduction 193 L Likelihood and risks of harm 233
B. Contractual framework and duty of care 194 2. Extent of harm 235
1. Concurrent liability in contract and tort 195 3. Costs of avoiding harm 236
2. Voluntary assumption of responsibility and other 4. Other factors 238
proximity factors 196 (a) Defendant's conduct or activity 238
3. Express and implied contractual duty and duty of care 198 (b) Hazard or danger posed to plaintiff 239
4. Contractual terms concerning the nature of the (c) Reliance on third parties 240
relationship between the parties 200 (d) Industry standards or common practice 240
5. Alternative means of resolution of disputes under the (e) Standard of care of employers towards employees 244
contract 202 (f) Public authorities 245
6. Exemption of liability clauses 203 (g) Professionals 246
7. Insurance clauses 204 D. Conflicting expert evidence on standard of care: Bolam and
8. Duty of care inconsistent with contractual framework 205 Bolitho 247
C. Statutory framework and duty of care 207 E. Professionals and professional standards and practices 254
1. Proximity 210 l. Medical doctors and alternative medical practitioners 257
(a) The scope of statutory duty 210 2. Lawyers 259
(b) Type of damages recoverable under the statute 211 3. Statutory auditors 263
(c) The scope of protected class of persons 211 F. The rule of res ipsa loqv.itur 264
(d) Voluntary assumption of responsibility 214

x
 Contents Contents

Page Page
2. Specific scenarios 363
Chapter7 Tort of Negligence: Damage 271
3. Apportionment of liability 368
By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 271 Chapter 9 Breach of Statutory Duty 373
B. Causation of damage 272
B)' Gary Chan
1. Burden of proof in causation 275 373
A. Introduction
(a) "But for" test 277
B. Elements of tort of breach -0f statutory duty 375
(i) Limits of "but for" test 279
1. When does a private right of action arise 376
(b) Material contribution to damage 282
(a) Protection of limited class 378
(c) Material contribution to risks of damage 285
(b) Parliament's intention to confer private right of
(d) Loss of chance 292
action 379
(e) Causation in law: Successive torts and
(i) Where statute provides for criminal
non-tortious events - Jobling triumphs Bakerv
sanctions in event of contravention of
Wuloughby in Singapore 298 statutory duty 380
(f) Causation in law: Novus actus interveniens 301 (ii) Where statute provides for alternative
(i) Third-party act 302 382
remedies
(ii) Plaintiff's own act 305 (iii) Where statute does not provide for any
(iii) Natural causes 309 remedy or enforcement of duty 383
C. Remoteness of damage 311 (iv) Where statute provides for wide discretion
1. General principles 312 in manner of carrying out statutory duty 384
2. Special circumstances of plaintiff ("egg-shell-skull rule") 319 (v) Where Parliament could not have foreseen
(a) Physical circumstances 319 circumstances in which harm was suffered
(b) Financial circumstances 321 385
by plaintiff
3. Scope of duty, causation and remoteness: Banque 386
C. Statutory duty imposed on defendant
Bruxelks again and]S/ Shipping 322 388
D. Breach of statutory duty
E. Causation of damage 390
Chapter8 Tort of Negligence: Defences 329 F. Damage to be within scope of protection under statute 391
By Gary Clum G. Breach of statutory duty versus negligence 394
A. Introduction 329 H. Selected types of statutes 398
B. Defence of ex turfri. causa 330 1. Workplace safety and health statutes 398
c. Defence of vol.enti non fu injuria 339 2. Statutes relating to use of motor vehicles and insurance
I. Participation in inherently dangerous activities 341 policies and road traffic statutes 401
2. Drink driving 342 I. Defences 403
3. Sporting events and competitions 343 1. Volenli non fit injuria 403
4. Rescue 344 2. Contributory negligence 403
5. Employment 344 3. Ex turpi causa 405
6. Prisoners and suicide 345 4. Defence absolving employer's vicarious liability fol·
7. VoLmti defence and notices exempting liability 346 absolute breach of statutory duty 406
D. Exemption of liability 346
E. Defence of force majeure 357 Chapter 10 Interference ·with Land 407
F. Defence of inevitable accident 358
By Gary Chan
G. Contributory negligence 359 407
A. Introduction
1. Some general principles 361 407
B. Trespass to land

xii xiii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
l. Defendant's actS of interference 408 (i) Bailment 474
2. Voluntary and direct acts 410 (ii) Finders 475
3. Plaintiffs possession ofland 411 (iii) Possession by wrongdoers 477
4. Defences 413 (b) Right to immediate possession 479
5. Remedies 415 4. Subject of conversion 482
C. Nuisance 420 (a) Money 482
l. Conditions and activities interfering with plaintiff's use (b) Documentary intangibles 483
and enjoyment of land 422 (c) Non-documentary intangibles 484
2. Unreasonable interference 424 5. Defence 486
(a) Unsafe use 424 (a) Mistake 486
(b) Public benefit and social costs 425 (b) Contributory negligence 486
(c) Locality 425 ( c) ]us tertii 486
(d) Malice 426 6. Remedies 487
( e) Practicability of avoiding interference 427 (a) Damages 487
3. Who can sue 428 (b) Causation 494
4. Who can be sued 429 (c) Remoteness 495
5. Causation and foreseeability of damage 433 (d) Duty to mitigate 495
6. Defences 434 C. Detinue 496
7. Remedies 438 D. Trespass to goods 496
8. Nuisance versus negligence 443
D. Rule in Rylands v Fktclter 445 Chapter 12 Tort of Defamation: Establishing a Prima
1. Non-natural use of land 446 FacieCase 499
2. Escape of the "thing" 448 By Gary Chan
3. A "thing" likely to do mischief if it escapes 449 499
A. Introduction
4. Who can sue 450 l. Libel versus slander - The distinction 500
5. Who can be sued 451 2. Criminal defamation versus civil defamation 502
6. Causation and foreseeability of damage 451 B. Elements of a prima facie case of defamation 503
7. Defences 452 504
1. Whether statement is defamatory in nature
8. Remedies 453 505
(a) The legal tests
9. Rule in Rylands v Fktclzer versus nuisance 454 (b) Ascertaining defamatory meaning 511
(i) Natural and ordinary meaning 512
Chapter 11 Interference with Goods 459 (ii) True innuendo 515
By Lu Pey Woan (c) Different levels of defamatory meaning 517
A. Introduction 459 (d) Interpreting defamatory statements as a whole 520
B. Conversion 459 (e) Application for preliminary determination of
1. Conduct that constitutes conversion 460 defamatory meaning 520
(a) Taking or asportation 463 2. Reference to p laintiff 521
(b) Receipt and detention 463 (a) Group or class defamation 522
( c) Delivery 464 3. Publication 526
(d) Disposition 464
(e) Damage and destruction 465
2. Innocent intermediaries 465
3. Who may sue 469
(a) Actual possession 472

xiv xv
 Contents Contents

Page Page
Chapter 13 Tort of DefaJ11ation: Defences and Remedies 539 c. Remedies 589
l. Damages 589
B)' Gary Chan
(a) Basic compensatory damages 590
A. Introduction 539 (b) Aggravated damages 594
B. The defences 539 (c) Exemplary damages 595
1. Justification 539 (d) Mitigation of damages 596
2. Fair comment 544
(a)
2. Injunctions 598
Statement is in nature of comment 545
(b) Comment must be based on true facts 547 Chapter 14 False Representations 601
(c) Comment must be fair 549
(d) Comment must relate to matters of public interest 550 By Gary Chan and Lee Pt:y Woan
(e) Fair comment may be defeated by malice 551
A. Introduction 601
3. Absolute privilege B. Deceit 601
554
(a) Parliamentary proceedings 555 1. Whether defendant's representation was false 602
(b) Judicial proceedings 2. Knowledge of falsity or r ecklessness as to uuth or
556
(i) Meaning and scope ofjudicial proceeding otherwise of statement 605
557
(ii) Statements made for purpose of and prior 3. Whether representor intended representation to be
to judicial proceeding acted upon 607
558
(c) Executive matters 4. Whether plaintiff acted on or was induced by
561
(d) The Riddick principle representation 608
561
4. Qualified privilege 5. Whether plaintiff suffered damage 609
562
(a) Duty-interest test 6. Burden of proof 610
563
(b) Protection of self.interests 7. Quantification of damages 611
567
(c) Fair and accurate reports of parliamentary and 8. Defences 613
judicial proceedings at common law 568
c. Malicious falsehood 614
(d) Statutory qualified privilege I. Publication of falsehood 615
568
(e) Ancillary or derivative privilege 2. Malice 618
571
(f) Qualified privilege may be defeated by malice 572 3. Causation of damage 620
(i) Defendant actuated by improper or ulterior 4. Remedies 620
motive 5. Malicious falsehood and defamation 623
572
(ii) Defendant did not honestly believe D. Passing off 624
statement was true or was reckless as to I. Goodwill 624
truth of statements (a) Distinctive or descriptive? 625
573
(g) Meaning of malice in qualified privilege different (b) Secondary meaning 627
from malice in fair comment (c) Distinctive name becoming descriptive 628
574
(h) No transfer of malice (d) Getup 629
576
(i) Applicability of public interest defence in (e) Proof of goodwill 631
Singapore 576
2. Misrepresentation 634
5. Innocent dissemination (a) Types of misrepresentations 635
583
6. Statutory defence for network service providers which (i) Misrepresentation as to source 635
merely provide access to third party materials (ii) Misrepresentation as to quality 638
584
7. Offer of amends (iii) Misrepresentation as to connection 638
585
8. Assent or consent by plaintiff (b) Is misrepresentation deceptive? 639
586

xvi xvii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(c) Parallel imports 644 C. Developments in England and Commonwealth on protection
(d) Instruments of deception 645 of privacy interests 711
3. Damage 646 D. Arguments for and against a tort of privacy 716
1. Gaps in existing causes of action fo1· protection of
Chapter 15 Economic Torts 651 privacy 717
By Lee Pey Woan 2. Statutory provisions, regulations, rules and codes and
A. Introduction 651 danger of parliamentary inertia 718
B. Inducing breach of contract 653 E. Issues relating to development of tort of privacy 724
1. Knowledge and intention 655 l. What is private information? 724
2. Procurement 659 2. When are privacy rights infringed? 728
(a) Direct persuasion or inducement 659 3. Right of privacy for corporations? 729
(b) Prevention and indirect intervention 660 4. Defence of public interest 730
(c) Inconsistent dealings 662 5. Remedies 731
3. Breach 663
4. Damage 664 Chapter 17 Abuse of Process and Power:
5. Justification 664 Malicious Prosecution and Misfeasance in
C. Inducing breach of other obligations 665 Public Office 737
D. Causing loss by unlawful means 666 By Gary Chan
1. Intention 668 A. Introduction 737
2. Unlawful means 670 B. Malicious prosecution 737
E. Intimidation 674 1. Plaintiff was prosecuted by defendant 739
I. Threat 675 2. Prosecution was in plaintiff's favour 742
2. Unlawful conduct 675 3. P rosecution \Yas without reasonable and probable cause 742
3. Two- and three-party liability 677 4. Prosecution was malicious 746
4. Justification 679 C. Tort of misfeasance in public office 747
F. Conspiracy 679 1. Act done or decision by public body or office 749
1. Conspiracy by lawful means 680 2. State of mind of defendant 750
(a) Combination 681 3. Foreseeability versus probability of harm 751
(b) Predominant purpose to injure 683 4. Proof of actual damage 752
(c) Damage 684
2. Conspiracy by unlawful means 685 Chapter 18 Parties, Joint Torts and Personal Liability for
(a) Combination 685 Torts 753
(b) Intention 687 By Gary Clum and Lee Pey Woan
(c) Unlawful means 690 A. Introduction 753
B. The parties 753
Chapter 16 Protection of Privacy Interests in Tort 697 I. Government 754
By Gary Chan. 2. Corporations 758
A. Introduction 697 3. General partnerships and limited liability partnerships 760
8. Action based on breach of confidence 703 4. Unincorporated bodies 760
1. Quality of confidence 704 5. Mentally incapable or disordered persons 761
2. Obligation of confidence 707 6. Parents and children 761
3. Unauthorised use 708 7. Deceased persons and estates 763
4. Defences 710

xviii xix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
C. Joint torts 763 1. Compensatory damages 824
l. Compensation byjoint torlfeasors 767 2. Aggravated damages 825
2. Contribution againstjoint tortfeasors 769 3. Exemplary or punitive damages 827
3. Tortfeasor's claim for indemnity 770 (a) Exemplary damages in negligence 832
D. Personal tortious liability of employees, officers and directors 771 4. Nominal damages 835
1. Director's personal liability 772 5. Contemptuous damages 836
2. Employee's perso!lal liability 775 6. Vindicatory damages 836
3. Partner's personal liability in a limited liability 7. Restitutionary damages 838
partnership 776 8. Damages for personal injuries and death 840
(a) General damages 841
Chapter 19 Vicarious Liability 779 (b) Special damages 847
By Gary Chan (c) Claims by estate of deceased person 848
A. Int.roduction 779 (d) Dependants' claims 848
B. Rationales for vicarious liability 780 (e) Provisional damages 849
C. When does vicarious liabilty of employers arise 782 (f) Interest 851
1. Whether there is an employer-employee relationship 783 9. Property damage 851
(a) Agency workers 785 10. Pure economic losses 854
(b) Lending and borrowing of worker 786 11. Non-recoverable heads of damages 855
(c) Dual vicarious liability 789 12. Mitigation of damage 856
(d) Relationships akin to employment 791 c. Account of profits 858
2. Whether employee committed the tort 792 D. Iajunctions 860
3. Whether employee committed tort in course of 1. Prohibitory and mandatory injunctions 860
employment 793 2. Final and interim injunctions 861
(a) Special scenarios 801 3. Quia limet injunctions 862
(i) Detour 801 4. Damages in lieu of injunctions 863
(ii) Travelling to perform work 801 E. Limitation periods 865
(iii) Employee's fraud 802 1. Date of accrual of action in tort 866
(iv) Ent.rusunent of thing to employee 803 2. Negligence, nuisance or breach of duty in section 24A
(v) Negligent performance at work 803 of the Limitation Act 868
(vi) Acting contrary to employer's instructions 804 3. Knowledge in section 24A of the Limitation Act 871
(vii) Employee's personal vengeance or 4. Overriding time limit in section 24B of the Limitation
retaliation 805 Act 873
5_ Actions based on fraud in section 29 of the Limitation
D. Vicarious liability of vehicle owners 808
E. Vicarious liability verS'US liability under agency principles 810 Act 874
F. Employees versus independent cont.ractors - Vicarious liability 6. Limitation periods in respect of equitable damages and
verS'US breach of non-delegable duties 813 injunctions in tort actions 874
G. Employers' claims against employee for indemnity 820 7. Limit.'ltion periods for tortious actions for account of
profits 875
Chapter 20 Remedies in Tort 823 8. Impact of disability of plain tiff 875

By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 823 877
Index
B. Damages 824

xx x:xi
Table of Cases

Para

A
A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation),
Re [2001] Fam 147 ................................................................................. 02.066
A v B [2003] QB 195 .................................................................................... 16.075
A v Bottrill [2001] 3 NZLR 622 (CA) ......................................................... 20.028
Av Bottrill (2002] UK.PC 44; [2003) 2 NZLR 721 .............. ......... 20.028, 20.029,
20.030, 20.032
A v Google New Zealand Ltd [2012) NZHC 2352 ........ ............................. 12.092
A v Hoare [2008] 1AC844 ......................................................... ................ 20.135
A L Underwood, Ltd v Bank of Liverpool and
Martins (1924] 1 KB 775 ........................................................................ 11.043
A&W Hemphill Ltd v Williams (1966]
2 Lloyd's Rep 101 ........................................................... ......................... 19.058
AAA v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2012]
EWHC 2103 .......................................... ................................................... 16.078
Aaron Anne Joseph v Cheong Yip Seng [1996)
I SLR(R) 258 .................................................. 12.015, 12.037, 13.003, 13.012,
13.027, 13.032, 13.106
AAYvAAZ [2011) 1SLR1093 .................................................................... 16.012
AB v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507 ....... 20.012, 20.020, 20.024
AB v Tameside and Glossop HA [1997] 8 Med LR 91 .............................. 04.155
Abani Trading Pte Ltd v PT Delta Karina Mandiri
[2001) 3 SLR(R) 404 .......................................... ......... ........................... 15.014
Abdul Rahman v Attorney-General [1985- 1986)
SLR(R) 705 ..................................... .... ....................................... 18.011, 18.012
ABZ v Singapore Press Holdings Ltd [2009]
4SLR(R) 648 ................................................................ 12.019, 13.091, 13.112
ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd (20141 2 SLR 990 ................... 01.041, 04.165,
04.166, 07.104
Acclaim Insurance Brokers P te Ltd v Chow Cheng
Chye (2007] SGMC 21 ............................................................................ 02.085
ACD v See Mun Li (2009] SGH C 217......................................................... 20.081
ACES System Development Pte Ltd v Yenty Lily
(2013) 4 SLR 1317 ........................ .... ......................................... 10.027, 20.045
AdamvWard [1917) AC309 ............................................................ .......... 13.066
Adams v Kennedy (2000) 49 NSWLR 78 .................................................... 20.027
Adams v Rhymney Valley District Council [2001]
PNLR 4 ............................................ ... .... .... ............................................. 06.051

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 Table of Cases Tabl.e of Cases

Para Para
Addie & Sons Ltd v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358 ..........................................04.017 Alwie Handoyo v L]ong Very Sumito (2013)
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak (2009] 4 SLR 308 ......................................................... .......... ................ 11.041, 11.043
239 CLR 420 ............................................................................................ 04.053 Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111 ................................................. 07.048
AEL v Cheo Yeoh & Associates LLC (2014) American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975] AC 396 ............................. 20.118
3 SLR 1231 .....................................................................03.057, 04.103, 04.104 Amixco Asia Pte Ltd v Bank Negara Indonesia 1946
Aerospace Publishing Ltd v Thames Water Utilities [1991) 2 SLR(R) 713 .............................................................................. 15.068
Ltd [2007) Bus LR 726; [2007] EWCA Civ 3 .........................................20.095 AMM v HXW (2010) EWHC 2457 (QB) .................................................... 16.085
Afro-Asia Shipping Co (Pte) Ltd v Da Zhong Amus bin Pangkong v Jurong Shipyard Ltd (2004]
Investment Pte Ltd [2004) 2 SLR(R) 117................................06.084, 06.087, I SLR(R) 839 .......................................................................................... 09.035
19.089, 20.019 Amutha Valli d/ o Krishnan v Titular Superior of the
AG Spalding & Bros v AW Gamage Ltd (1915) Redemptorist Fathers in Singapore (2009)
32 RPC 273 .............................................................. ................... 14.080, 14.089 2 SLR(R) 1091 .............................................................. 02.073,04.119, 04.150
AHQ v Attorney-General (2014) 4 SLR 713 (HC) ..................................... i8.007 An Informer v Chief Constable (2013) 2 WLR 694 ................................... 06.040
AHQ v Attorney-General (2015] 4 SLR 760 (CA) ...................................... 18.007 ANBvANC (2015) SGCA43 ...................................................................... 16.068
Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd ANB v ANF (2011) 2 SLR 1 .................................. 12.053, 12.083, 13.007, 13.008
[1983) l WLR 964; (1983) 1 All ER 101 ............. ...................................08.049 Ancona v Rogers (1876) 1 Ex D 285 ........................................................... 11.025
Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v Anderson v Newham College of Higher Education
James [2013] 3 WLR 1299 ......................................................................02.059 [2003) ICR 212 ....................................................................................... 08.076
Aitken Agencies Ltd v Richardson [1967) NZLR 65 .................................. 11.010 Andreae v Selfridge & Co, Ltd [1938) Ch 1.. ............................................. 10.048
Ajinomoto Sweeteners Europe SAS v Asda Stores Ltd Ang Alek v Sembawang Bethlehem Pte Ltd (1998)
(2011] QB 497 .................................................. ....... ................................ 14.041 2 SLR(R) 1004 ........................................................................................ 09.069
Akenzua v Secretary of State for the Home Ang Eng Lee v Lim Lye Soon (1985-1986)
Department (2003) 1 WLR 741 ................................... 17.034,17.039, 17.041 SLR(R) 931 ............................................................................................. 08.104
Al Amoudi v Brisard (2007) 1WLR113 ..................................................... 12.084 Ang Leng Hock v Leo Ee Ah (2004) 2 SLR(R) 361 .................................. 20.065
AJ. Enterprises Ltd v Bram Enterprises Ltd (2014] Ang Sin Hock v Khoo Eng Lim [2010] 3 SLR 179 ..................................... 14.008
sec 12 ..................................................................................................... 15.035 Ang Tiong Seng v Goh Huan Chir (1968-1970)
Alcoa Minerals ofJamaica Inc v Herbert Broderick SLR(R) 778 ............................................................................................. 06.067
(2002] 1AC371 ......................................................................... 07.112, 20.007 Ang Toh Wah v Goh Loh [1974-1976) SLR(R) 472 ................................. 19.020
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police Anglo-Cyprian Agencies Ltd v Paphos Wine
(1992) l AC 310 ...........................................................04.123, 04.125, 04.127, Industries Ltd [1951] l All ER 873 ........................................................ 20.037
04.129, 04.130, 04.133 Angus v Clifford [1891] 2 Ch 449 ............................................................... 14.013
Alcock vWraith (1991) 58BLR16.............................................................. 19.092 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar NP (1984]
Aldabe Fermin v Standard Chartered Bank (2010) FSR413 .................................................................................................... 14.063
3 SLR 722 ................................................................................................. 14.005 Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Al-Fagih v HH Saudi Research and Marketing (UK) Ai'JA Contractor Pte Ltd [2010] SGHC 85 ............................................ 05.041
Ltd (2002) EMLR 13, (2002) EMLR 215............................................... 13.104 Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Ali v City of Bradford Metropolitan DC (2012) Tan Boon Kwee [2011] 2 SLR 146 (CA) .................... 05.019, 05.040, 05.042,
l WLR 161 ............................................................. .................................. 05.048 05.043, 05.044, 05.066, 05.068,
Al-Kandari v J R Brown & Co (1988) QB 665 .............................................03.059 05.070, 05.071, 09.007
Allan William Goldman v Rupert William Edeson Annabel's (Berkeley Square) Ltd v G Shock [1972)
Hargrave (1967) 1AC645 ............................................04.037, 10.063, 10.097 RPC 838 .............. ..................................................................................... 14.108
Allen v British Rail Engineering Ltd [2001) Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002)
PIQR QlO ................................................................................................07.034 211 CLR317 ............................................................................................ 04.123
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd {1981) AC 1001 ........................................... 10.069 Anos v Merton London Borough Council [1978)
Alliance Entertainment Singapore Pte Ltd v Sim Kay AC 728 ............................................................. 03.024, 03.025, 03.026, 03.027,
Teck [2007) 2 SLR(R) 869 ..................................................................... 16.055 03.052, 03.053, 03.062, 03.083,
Allianz Insurance Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Ma 03.084, 03.085, 03.086, 03.088,
Shoudong [2011] 3 SLR 1167 ................................................................04.016 04.073, 04.087, 04.089, 04.099,
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons 04.176, 04.177, 05.039, 05.054
[1995] 1WLR1602 ......................................... 07.009, 07.029, 07.058, 07.060, Antariksa Logistics Pte Ltd v McTrans Cargo (S) Pte
07.061, 07.062, 07.063 Ltd (2012) 4 SLR 250 ...................................... 11.011, 11.017, 11.028, 11.036
Al-Nakib Investments (Jersey) Ltd v Longcroft [1990]
1 WLR 1390 .............................................................................................04.076

xxiv xxv
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Antrim Truck Centre Ltd v Her Majesty The Queen Associated Provincial Pictui·e Houses, Ltd v
in Right of the Province of Ontario [2013] Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 ...................... ....... 04.172, 17.031, 20.023
1 SCR 594 ............................................................................................. ... 10.044 Astley v Austrust (1999) 197 CLR 1 ............. ......................... ...................... 05.024
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877)
[2014] 3 SLR 761 ......................... ................................03.056, 03.057, 04. 102, 2 Ex D 441 ............................................................................................... 09.018
04.103, 04.185, 04.186, Attia v British Gas plc [1988) QB 304......................................................... 04.148
04.187, 05.013, 20.051 Attorney General v Blake [1998) Ch 439 (CA) .......................................... 16.080
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Attorney General v Blake [2001) l AC 26& (HL) ...................................... 11.058
[2014) SGHC 234....................... .................... ....... ..................................20.036 Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2)
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Cho ng & Hue LLC [1990] 1AC109 ......................................................................... 16.029, 16.080
[2015] SGCA 49 .......................................... ............................................ 20.036 Attorney-General v Ho Tee M ing (1968-1970)
AOD, a minor suing by the litigation representative v SLR(R) 382 .............................................................. ............................... 04.170
AOE [2014] SGHCR 21 .......................................................................... 20.080 Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape L.t d [1976) .
Appleton v Garrett [1996) PIQR Pl ...................... ........................0 2.054, 20.013 QB 752 ...................................................................................................... 16.083
Araveanthan v Nippon Pigment (S) Pte Ltd [1992) Attorney-General v Lee Kwai Hou Howard, Xu Yuen
1SLR(R)167 ..............................................................................04.011, 09.033 Chen , Loh Hong Puey Andrew, Choo Zheng X i,
Archerv Brown [1985] QB 401 ..................................................... .14.020, 20.011 Lee Song Kwang and Ting Choon Meng [2015)
Archibald Nugent Robinson v Balmain New Ferry Co SGDC 114 .................................................... ............................... 02.084, 18.013
Ltd [1910] AC 295 ............................... ....... ........................ .......02.061, 02.063 Attorney-General v Observer Ltd (1990) I AC 109 ......... 16.020, 16.024, 20.110
Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Str 505 .... ............... ..........................11.023. 11.029 Attorney-General v PYA Quarries Ltd [ 1957]
Armstrong v Times Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [2006] 2 QB 169 ........................................................................... ....................... 10.033
1WLR2462 ............................................................................................. 12.045 Attorney-General v RAnpazhakan [1999]
Arnold Mann vThe Medicine Group Pty Ltd (1991) 3 SLR(R) 810 ............................................................... 06.027, 06.028, 06.040,
105 FLR419 (SC, ACT) ................................................... ....................... 12.067 18.005, 18.006
Arnold Mann, Re v The Medicine Group Pty Ltd Attorney-General v Tod Heatley [1897) 1 Ch 560 ..................................... 10.060
(1992) 38 FCR 400 (Fed Ct, Aust) .................................. ....................... 12.067 Attorney-General.at and by the Relation of
Aron Salomon v A Salomon & Co, Ltd [1897) AC 22 ............................... 18.041 Pesurohjaya lbu Kota (Commissioner of the
Arthur v Anker [1997] QB 564........................................................... ......... 10.031 Federal Capital), Kuala Lumpur v Wan Kam Fong
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons [2002) 1 AC 615 ............................ 04.181, 04.184 [1967] 2 MLJ 72 ...... ..................................... ....... ...................... .... .... ...... 10.033
Arthur V\Thite (Contractors) Ltd v Tarmac Civil Attorney General of the British Vil-gin Islands v
Engineering Ltd [1967] 1WLR1508 .................................................... 18.038 Hartwell [2004) 1WLR1273 ................................................................. 19.068
Arul Chandran v Chew Chin Aik Victor [2001) Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago v
I SLR(R) 86 ...................................................... 13.010, 13.065, 13.087, 13.141 Ramanoop (2006] I AC 328 .... .............................................................. 20.041
Arul Chandran v Gar tshore [2000] 1 SLR(R) 436 ..........c• •• •••• •• •• •• •••• ••••••••• 15.061 ATU v AT'l (2015] 4 SLR 1159 ..... ....................... 12.082, 13.140, 13.141, 20.015
Ashby v V\Thite (1703) 2 Raym Ld 938; 92 ER 126 ............09.040, 17.027 , 17.040 Au Mun Chew v Lim Ban Lee (1997] 1 SLR(R) 220 .... .... ........... 12.015, 13.128,
Ashley v Chief Const.able of Sussex Police [2008] 13.140, 13.141
1 AC 962 .......................................................................01.012, 01.064, 02.008, Austin v Commissioner o f Police of the Metropolis
0 2.068, 20.041 [20 08] QB 660 ............................................................................... ......... 02.070
Ashton vTurner [1981] QB 137 .......................................08.009, 08.010, 08.012 Auston International Group Ltd v Ng Swee Hua
Asia Beni Steel Industries Pte Ltd v Chua Chuan [2009] 4 SLR(R) 628 ................. ................................................... .......... 07.064
Leong Contractors Pte L td (1996) 3 SLR(R) 253 ... .................07.007, 19.022 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Lenah Game Meats
Asia Hotel Investments Ltd v Starwood Asia Pacific Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199; (2001) 185 ALR 1........... .......... 01.061, 16.037,
Management Pte Ltd [2005) 1 SLR(R) 661 .......................................... 07.061 16.038, 16.066, 16.072
Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneers & Leaders Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk [2005)
(Publishers) Pte Ltd [2011] 4 SLR 381 .................................... 14.094, 14.097 \ FCA 290 ............................................... ............... ..................... ............... . 15.065
Asia Star, The [2010) 2 SLR 1154 ..................................................... ..........07.109 Auto Palace Pte Ltd v Sean L iew Cheng En [2013]
Asian Corporate Services (SEA) Pte Ltd v East:west ! SGDC 110 .... ......................... ..................................... .............................. 19.073
Management Ltd (Singapore Branch) [2006] .I Awan g bin Dollah v Shun Shing Construction &
I SLR(R) 901 .......................... ................................................................. 15.054 !
I
Engineering Co Ltd [ 1997] 2 SLR(R) 746................. 06.088, 06.091, 06.092,
Aspro Travel Ltd v Owners Abroad Group plc [1996) 09.030, 09.035, 09.057, 19.023
1WLR132 .................................................................................. 12.063, 13.009 AXA Ins urance S ingapore Pte Ltd v Chandran
Associated Newspapers Group pie v News Group s/o Natesan [2013) 4 SLR 545 ............ ............ 02.085, 02.086, 10.052, 16.058
Newspapers Ltd [1986] RPC 515 ........................................................... 16.008

xxvi xxvii
 Table of Cases Tabl.e of Cases

Para Para
BDG Roof-Bond Ltd v Douglas [2000)
B Lloyd's Rep PN 273; (2000) BCC 770 ................................................... 04.185
Beckett v New South Wales [2013) 248 CLR 432 ...................................... 17.014
Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2009) 1WLR1052 .........................07.033, 07.047 Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2008)
Bakerv Asia Motor Co Ltd (1962] MLJ 425 ............................................... 14.012 2 SLR(R) 189 (HC) ...................................................... 15.064, 15.067, 15.069
Baker v Bolton (1808) 1Camp493; 170 ER 1033 ......................................04.110 Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2009)
Baker v Quantum Clothing Group Ltd [2011] 3 S1:-R(R) 452 (CA) ................................................................................. 15.064
1\VLR1003 .............................................................................................09.036 Beleggmg-en-Exploitaiemaatschappij Lavender BV v
Baker v T ~Hopkins & Son Ltd (1959) l WLR 966 .....................07.088, 08.036 Witten ~ndustrial Diamonds Ltd (1979] FSR 59 ................................... 18.028
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 ......................07.065, 07.067, 07.068, 07.069 Belmont Fmance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
:alden v Shorter [1933] Ch 427 ................................................................. 14.045 [1979) Ch 250 ............................................................................ 15.054, 15.056
allard v MPC (1983) 133 NLJ 1133 ...........................................................20.011 Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
Ballett v Mingay (1943] KB 281 ................................................................... 18.025 (No 2) [ 1980) 1 All ER 393 ....................................................... 15.056 15 067
Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson ( 1906) ~eh.~oir ~inance Co Ltd vStapleton [1971) l QB 210 ............................. :.11:036
4 CLR 379 ................................................................................................02.061 enJamm v Storr (1874) LR 9 CP 400 ........................................................ 10.039
Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 66; 122 ER 27.........................01.007, 10.043 ~enn~tt v Tugwell (1971] 2 QB 267 ........................................................... 08.040
Banco de Portugal v Waterlow and Sons, Ltd [1932] ennmgvWong (1969) 122 CLR 249........................................................ 10.082
AC 452 ..................................................................................................... 20.098 Beoco Ltd v Alfa Laval Co Ltd [1995) QB 137........................................... 07.070
Bank of China v Asiaweek Ltd (1991] 1 SLR(R) 230 .................... 12.015, 12.019 Berezovsky v Michaels [2000) 1 WLR l 004 ................................................ 20.127
Bank of Credit and Commerce (International) Berkoffv Burchill [1997) EMLR 139; [1996)
(Overseas) Ltd v Price Waterhouse (No 2) [1998] 4 All ER 1008 ............................................................................. .............. 12.026
Ch 84 ........................................................................................................04.075 Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd [ 1978]
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Slatford QB479 ..................................................................................................... 10.007
(1953) l QB 248 ...................................................................................... 19.013 Berry v British Transport Commission [1961]
Barber v Somerset County Council (2004) 1QB149 .................................................................................................. 17.007
1WLR1089 .................................................................. 04.015, 04.151, 06.024, Beryl Badger v The Ministry of Defence (2006)
06.039, 19.087 3 All ER 173 ............................................................................................. 08.093
Barclay v Penberthy (2012) 246 CLR 258 ......................................04.110, 05.024 Bhagwan Singh v Chand Singh (1968-1970)
Barings plc v Coopers & Lybrand (No 5) [2002] SLR(R) 50 ............................................................................................... 17.007
EWHC 461 (Ch) ...................................................... ................................ 14.014 Biffa Waste Services Ltd v Maschinenfabrik Ernst
Barker v Corus (UK) Ltd (2006] 2 AC 572......................07.044, 07.045, 07.046, Hese GmbH [2009) @ 725...................................................... 19.096 19.097
07.047, 07.048, 07.049, 07.053 Bik v Mirror Newspapers Ltd [1979) 2 NSWLR 679 ................................ :.12.078
BarkervFurlong [1891] 2Ch 172 .............................................................. 11.016 Birch v University College London Hospital NHS
Barkwayv South Wales Transport Co Ltd [1050] Foundation Trust (2008) 104 BMLR 168 .............................................. 06.049
AC 185; (1950] 1 All ER 392 ..................................................................06.087 Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742; 115 ER 668.................................... 02.044, 02.061
BarleyvWalford (1846) 9 QB 197; 115 ER 1249 ....................................... 14.022 Bird v Pearce [1979) RTR 369 .......... .......................................................... 05.059
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Bisset v Wilkinson [ 1927] AC 177 ............................................................... 14.007
Management Committee [1969] l QB 428 ...........................................07.018 BlackshawvLord (1984) QB 1 ................................................................... 13.111
Barr v Biffa Waste Services Ltd [2013) QB 455 ............................. 10.070, 10.072 Blackwater v Plint (2005] 3 SCR 3 .............................................................. 19.030
Barrett v Enfield London Borough Council (2001) Blake v Galloway (2004] 1v\ILR2844 ............................................ 02.052, 06.022
2 AC 550 ........................................................................04.172, 05.074, 06.040 Bloodworth v Gray (1844) 7 Man & G 334;
Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR 1217 .....................................04.038 135 ER 140 .............................................................................................. 12.007
Bashford v Information Australia (Newsletters) Pty Blue Nile Co Ltd v Emery Customs Brokers (S) Pte
Ltd [2001] NSWCA 470 .......................................................................... 13.065 Ltd (1991) 2 SLR(R) 962 .......................................................... 19.061, 19.062
Basil Anthony Herman v Premier Security Blyth v The Company of Proprietors of the
Co-operative Ltd [2010) 3 SLR 110 ............................ 12.053, 13.011, 13.022, Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781;
13.028, 13.037, 13.094, 13.095, 156 ER 1047 ............................................................................................ 06.006
13.130, 13.140, 13.142 BNJ v SMRT Trains Ltd [20H] 2 SLR 7 ........................... 04.025, 06.087, 09.030
Bazley v Curry [1999] 2 SCR 534; (1999) BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
174 DLR (4th) 45 ............................................. 19.006, 19.039, 19.046, 19.069 2 SLR 258 (HC) ............................................... 04.027, 06.037, 19.102, 19.103
BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd v EDA Holdings BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
Ltd [1990) 1WLR409 ............................................................... ll.054,11.058 4 SLR 931 (CA) ............................................................ 04.027, 06.037, 07.019,
19.015, 19.018

xxviii xxix
 Tab/,e of Cases Tab/,e qf Cases

Para Para
Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onsho1·e Led [2010] Britestone Pee Ltd v Smith & Associates Far East, Led
3 WLR654 .................................................................................. 10.006, 10.007 [2007) 4SLR(R) 855 ................................................................. 07.014, 20.036
Body Corporate No 207624 v Nol"th Shore City British American Tobacco Australia Ltd v Gordon
Council (2012] NZSC 83; [2013) 2 NZLR 297......................................04.091 (2009] VSC 619 ....................................................................................... 15.065
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee British Celanese Ltd v AH Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd
(1957) l WLR 582 ...........................................06.042, 06.043, 06.044, 06.046, (1969) 1WLR959......................................................... 10.037, 10.093, 10.105
06.048, 06.049, 06.050, 06.051, British Columbia v Zastawny (2008) 1SCR27 .......................................... 08.008
06.052, 06.053, 06.054, 06.055, British Crane Hfre Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd
06.063, 06.077, 06.079, 07.074 [1975] QB 303 ........................................................................................ 08.043
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] British Motor Trade Association v Salvadori (1949)
AC 232 ..........................................................................06.043, 06.044, 06.046, Ch 556 ........................................................................................ 15.017, 20.095
06.048, 06.051, 06.052, British Railway Traffic and Electric Co, Ltd v The
06.053, 06.054, 06.063, CRC Co, Led [1922) 2 KB 260................................................................ 14.033
06.076, 06.079, 07.018, 07.074 British Railways Boal"d v Herrington ( 1972) AC 877 ................................. 04.01 7
Bollinger v Costa Brava Wine Co Ltd [1960) RPC 116 .............................. 14.090 British Telecommunications pie v James Thomson &
Bolton v Stone (1951) AC 850 ...........................................06.018, 06.026, 07.105 Sons (Engineers) Ltd (1999] l WLR 9 .................................................. 05.033
Bonnard v Perryman (1891) 2 Ch 269 ........................................... 13.149, 14.056 British Telecommunications pie v One In A Million
Bonnick v Morris (2003) 1 AC 300 ................................................ 13.099, 13.105 Ltd (19991 1 WLR903 ................. ........................................................... l4.105
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw (1956) AC 613 ..... :............. 07.031, 07.032, British Vacuum Cleaner Co, Ltd v New Vacuum
07.034, 07.047, 07.048 Cleaner Co, Ltd [1907] 2 Ch 312 .......................................................... 14.069
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1989) l \IVLR 640 .................................................... 13.006 British Westinghouse Electtic and Manufacturing
Bordeaux v Jobs 1913 Ca.-swellAlta 86 ........................................................ 12.079 Co, Ltd v Underground Electric Railways
Borders (UK) Ltd v Commissioner of Police of the Company of London, Ltd (1912) AC 673 ............................................. 20.098
Metropolis (2005) EWCA Civ 197 ..........................................................20.023 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001)
Bou Malhab v Diffusion Metrnmedia CMR inc 2011 206 CLR 512 ............................................................................................ 05.061
sec 9; c20111 I scR 214 ........................................................................ 12.060 Brnok Street Bureau (UK) Ltd v Patdcia Dacas
Boui.-goin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and [2004) ICR 1437 ..................................................................................... 19.017
Food (1986] QB 716 ...............................................................................09.003 Brnoke v Boo! (1928] 2 KB 578 .................................................................. 18.028
Bowaterv Rowley Regis Corp (1944) KB 476 .............................................08.037 Brook.field Multiplex Ltd v Owners Corporation
Boyce v Paddington Bornugh Council (1903] Strata Plan 61288 (2014) HCA 36 ............................... 05.015, 05.037, 05.088
1Ch109 ...................................................................................................09.017 Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Boyle v Kodak (1969] 2 All ER 439 ................................................09.069, 09.073 [2005) l v\TLR 1495................... ........ ...................................................... 03.072
Bracewell v Appleby (1975] Ch 408 ............................................................20.046 Brown v Raphael (1958) Ch 636 ................................................................. 14.007
Bradford v Robinson Rentals Ltd (1967] 1 WLR 337 ................................07.101 Brown v Rolls Royce Ltd (1960] I v\ILR 210 .............................................. 06.034
Bradford City Metl"opolitan Council v Arora [1991) Brown v The Mount Bal"ker Soldiers' Hospital
2 QB 507 .............. .................................................................................... 20.020 Incorporated (1934} SASR 128.................... .......................................... 04.157
Bradley v Wingnut Films Ltd (1993] 1 NZLR 415...................................... 16.039 Brnwne v Thomson & Co (1912) SC 359 ................................................... 12.060
Brandeis Goldschmidt & Co Ltd v Western Transpon Brumder v Motornet Service and Repairs Ltd (2013}
Ltd [1981) QB 864 .................................................................................. 11.058 I WLR 2783 ............................................. ................................................ 09.073
Branson v Bower (No 1) (2001) EMLR 32 .................................... 13.015, 13.018 Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 ................. 01.089, 04.090, 04.095, 05.015
Brent Walker Group pie v Time Out Ltd [1991] Bryanston Finance Ltd v de Vries [1975} QB 703 ..................................... 13.083
2 QB 33 .................................................................................................... 13.026 Buchanan vJennings (2005) 1AC115 ....................................................... 13.045
Brice v Brown (1984] 1 All ER 997 ............................................................. 07.108 Buckley v Dalziel (2007) 1 WLR 2933 ......................................................... 13.055
Bddges v Hawkeswonh (1851) 21 LJ QB 75 .............................................. 11.031 Buckley v Gross (1863) 3 B & S 566; 122 ER 213 ....................................... 11.049
Bridlington Relay Ltd v Yorkshh'e Electricity Board Buckley and The Toronto Transportation
(1965) l Ch 436 ........................................... ........................................... 10.049 Commission v Smith Transport Led ( 1946)
Brierly v Kendall (1852) 17 QB 937; 117 ER 1540 ........................ 11.020, 11.028 4 DLR 721................................................................................................ 06.009
Bdmelow v Casson (1924) 1 Ch 302 ........................................................... 15.024 BuggevBrown [1919] 26CLR110 ........................................ .................... 19.066
Brink's Global Services Inc v Igrox Ltd (2010] Bunt v Tilley (2007] l WLR 1243................................................................ 13.115
EWCA 1207.............................................................................................. 19.064 Burnie Pon Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd (1994)
Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservatories Custom 179 CLR 520; (1994) 120 ALR 42 ................... 01.075, 10.138, 10.139, 19.100
Built Ltd (1989) RPC 455 ............................................. 14.086, 14.098, 14.101 Burroughes v Bayne (1860) 5 H & N 296;
157 ER 1196 ................................... ......................................................... 11.004

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Para Para
Burstein v Times Newspapers Ltd (2001 ) 1 WLR 579 ............................... 13.147 Capital & Counties plc v Hampshire County Council
Burstein of Leigh v Skyviews and General Ltd (1978) ( 1997] QB 1004 ............................................... 04.036, 04.051, 05.055, 05.056
QB 479 ..................................................................................................... 16.045 Capital Finance Co Ltd v Bray (1964) 1\VLR323 ..................................... 11.011
Business Computers International Ltd v Registrar of Capps v Miller (1989) 1WLR839 ............................................................... 08.087
Companies [1988) Ch 229 .....................................................................05.077 Carlgarth, The (1927] P 93 ......................................................................... 10.019
Bux v Slough Metals Ltd [1973) 1WLR1358 ............................................09.047 Carmarthenshire County Council v Lewis (1955]
Byrne v Deane [1937] 1KB818 ........................... 12.021, 12.088, 12.089, 12.090 AC 549 ........................................................................... 06.021, 18.023, 19.093
Carnes v Thompson 48 SW 2d 903 at 904 ( 1932) ...................................... 02.023
c Carr-Saunde1·s v Dick McNeil Associates Ltd (1986)
1 WLR 922 ............................................................................................... 20.046
C (adult: refusal of medical treatment), Re [1994] Carslogie Steamship Co Ld v Royal Nonvegian
1 WLR 290 ...............................................................................................02.056 Government (1952) AC 292 ................................................................... 07.070
C v Holland (2012] 3 NZLR 672 ................................................................. 16.071 Cartledge v EJopling & Sons Ltd (1963) AC 758 ...................................... 20.137
C Evans & Sons Ltd v Spritebrand Ltd (1985) Cassell & Co Ltd v Broome (1972] AC 1027 ................... 13.143, 20.0ll, 20.019,
1WLR317; [1985) 2 All ER 415 ............................................... 18.028, 18.045 20.021, 20.024, 20.049
Cadam v Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd (1959} Cassidy v Daily Mirror Newspapers, Ltd (1929)
1QB413 .................................................................................................. 13.009 2 KB 331 ........................................:............................................ 12.011, 12.041
Cadbury Schweppes Inc v FBI Foods Ltd (2000) Cassidy v Ministry of Health (1951] 2 KB 343 .............................. 19.010, 19.091,
FSR 491 .................................................................................................... 16.078 19.093, 19.094
CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Accidents Insw•mce Caswell v Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries, Ltd
Board (2009) HCA47 .............................................................................04.039 (1940) AC 152 ............................................................... 09.055, 09.068, 09.069
Calix v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago Cattanach v Melchior (2003] 215 CLR 1....................................... 04.164, 04.166
(2013) 1WLR3283 ................................................................................. 17.026 Cavanagh v Ulster Weaving Co Ltd (1960] AC 145 ................... ................ 06.034
Calveley v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police Cavenagh Investment Pte Ltd v Kaushik Rajiv (2013)
(1989) AC 1228 .......................................................................................09.020 2 SLR 543 ...................................................................... 10.023, 10.027, 20.045
Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd (2009) Ch 330 ..........................07.121, 08.098 CBS Songs Ltd v Arnst.rad Consumer Electr0nics pie
Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather pie [1988] AC 1013 ....................................................................................... 18.028
[1994) 2 AC 264 .............................................. 10.068, 10.109, 10.114, 10.124, CDL Hotels International Ltd v Pontiac Marina Pte
10.133, 10.135, 10.136, 10.139 Ltd (1998) l SLR(R) 975 ............................................ 14.063, 14.068, 14.069,
Caminer v Northern & London Investment Trust, 14.074, 14.077, 14.091, 14.093,
Ltd (1951) AC 88 ....................................................................................06.058 14.097, 14.099, 14.101, 14.106
Cammish v Hughes (2013) EMLR 13 ............................................ 12.027, 12.095 Cekan v Haines (1990) 21NSWLR296 ...................................................... 06.016
Campbell v MGN Ltd (2003) QB 633 (CA) ............................................... 16.075 Cellular Clothing Co, Ltd, The v Maxton & Murray
Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004] 2 AC 457 (HL) .................01.080, 16.007, 16.033, {1899) AC 326 .................. ....................................................... ................ 14.069
16.035, 16.036, 16.041, 16.042, Century Insurance Co, Ltd v Northern Ireland Road
16.061, 16.062, 16.063, 16.066, Transport Board (1942) AC 509 ............................................................ 19.065
16.070, 16.075, 16.078 Chadwick v British Railways Board (1967] l WLR 912 .............................. 04.141
Canada Steamship Lines Ld v The King (1952) Chai Chew Heng v Chung Su Chon (1983-1984)
AC 192 ..............................................................08.044, 08.045, 08.048, 08.050 SLR(R) 554 ......................................................... :................................... 19.025
Canadian National Railway Co v Norsk Pacific Chai Kang Wei Samuel v Shaw Linda Gillian (2010]
Steamship Co [1992] 1 SCR 1021 ................................03.084, 04.089, 04.093 3 SLR 587 ...................................................................... 20.056, 20.063, 20.064
Canadian Pacific Railway Co v Lockhart (1942] Challenger Technologies Pte Ltd v Dennison
AC 591 .....................................................................................................19.067 Transoceanic Corp (1997) 2 SLR(R) 618 .......................... :···· 14.034, 17.006,
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951) 2 KB 164...................... 03.023, 04.061 17, 017, 17.024
Candlewood Navigation Corp Ltd v Mitsui OSK Lines Challenger Technologies Pte Ltd v Sheares Edwin
Ltd (1986] AC 1 ......................................................................................04.029 Charles Hingwee (1998) 2 SLR(R) 292 ................................................. 04.079
Canterbury v Spence 464 F 2d 772 (1972) ....................................06.050, 06.044 Chan Cheng Wah Bernard v Koh Sin Chong Freddie
Caparo Industries pie v Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 .....................03.025, 03.027, (2012) 1 SLR 506 ............................................. 12.017, 12.033, 13.006, 13.097
03.030, 03.052, 03.077, 03.083, Chan Chook Tim v Wong Kwok Hung (2003]
03.086, 03.088, 04.073, 04.074, HK.CU 301 ................................................................................ ............... 13.099
04.076, 04.077, 04.079, 04.099, Chan Shuk Kuen Helina v Ee Seek Tee Raymond
04.133, 04.134, 05.050, 05.052, [1999] SGHC 153 ................................................................................... 13.066
05.079, 08.020 Chandler v Cape plc (2012] 1 WLR 3111.. .................................... 04.010, 18.028

xxxii xxxiii
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Para Para
Chandran a/I Subbiah v Dockers Marine Pte Ltd Chew Swee Hiang v Attorney-General (1990]
(2009] 3 SLR(R) 995 (HC) ....................................................................09.030 2 SLR(R) 215 ................................................................ 07.037, 19.009, 19.010
Chandran a/I Subbiah v Dockers Marine Pte Ltd Chia Kok Leong v Prosperland Pte Ltd [2005)
[2010} 1 SLR 786 (CA) ................•................................04.011, 06.035, 06.036 2 SLR(R) 484 .......................................................................................... 20.140
Chang Ah Lek v Lim Ah Koon [1998] 3 SLR(R) 551 ................................ 20.063 Chia Peng Siang v Attorney-General [2011)
Chang Mui Hoon v Lim Bee Leng (2013] SGHCR 17 ............................. 20.051, SGDC 311 ................................................................................................ 20.152
20.054, 20.063 Chiaro See Tong v Ling How Doong [1996)
Channing v South African Financial Gazette (1966] 3 SLR(R) 942 ........•...................................................... 12.015, 12.021, 12.033,
3 SA 470 (Vl) .............................................................................. 12.017, 12.023 13.019, 13.033, 13.146
Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 .......................................................... 07.026 Chiaro See Tong v Xin Zhang Jiang Restau1-ant Pte
Charing Cross Elect.r icity Supply Co v Hydraulic Ltd [1995) l SLR(R) 856 ................................ 12.015, 12.022, 13.124, 16.006
Power Co (1914) 3 KB 772 ..................................................................... 10.115 Chiang Choong Loong v The Personal
Charles Dalton v Henry Angus & Co (1881) Representative of Chua Meng I-Iwee.deceased
6App Cas 740 .............................................................................01.090, 19.092 [2010) SGDC398 .................................................................................... 19.049
Charleston v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1995] ChiarapurkJack v Haw Par Brothers International
2 AC 65 ............................................................. 12.027, 12.036, 12.051, 14.041 Ltd {1993] 2 SLR(R) 620 .......................................................... 16.019, 16.082
Charrington v Simons & Co Ltd (1970] 1 WLR 725 .................................. 10.029 Chien Tham Kong v Excellent Strategy Sdn Bhd
Chartered Electronics Industries Pte Ltd v Comtech [2009] 7 l'vlLJ 261 .................................................................................... 06.050
ITPteLtd (1998) 2SLR(R) 1010 ................... 11.053, 11.054, 11.059, 11.060 Childs v Desormeaux [2006] 1SCR643 ....................................... 03.088, 04.052
Chase v Newsgroup Newspapers Ltd [2003] Chin Bay Ching v Merchant Ventures Pte Ltd (2005]
EMLR 11; (2003) EMLR 218 ....................................... 12.047, 12.048, 12.049, 3 SLR(R) 142 ................................................................ 13.150, 13.151, 14.056
12.050, 13.003, 13.011 China Construction (South Pacific) Development Co
Chatterton v Gerson (1981) QB 432 ..............................................02.054, 08.025 Pte Ltd v Shao Hai (20041 2 SLR(R) 479 .............................................. 06.020
Chatterton v Secretary of State for India in Council China Insurance Co Ltd v Woh Hup (Pte) Led
(1895) 2 QB 189 ......................................................................................13.060 (1977-1978) SLR(R) 50 ......................................................................... 04.017
Chaudhry v Prabhakar [1989} 1 v\ILR 29 ...................................................04.068 Chinese Calligraphy Society of Singapore, The v
Cheang Peng Yew v Lim Chong Lin (2012] SGDC 86 .................. 10.081, 10.086 Khoo Seng Kong [2008) SCHC 121 ...................................................... 14.068
Chee Siok Chin v Minister for Home Affairs [2006] Chong Hon Kuan Ivan v Levy Maurice [2004]
1 SLR(R) 582 ..............................................................................02.091, 18.013 4 SLR(R) 801 ................................................................ 15.013, 15.056, 18.041
Chen Cheng v Central Christian Church (1995) Chong Kim Bengv Lim Ka Poh [2015) 3 SLR 652 .................................... 18.031
3 SLR(R) 806 .............................................................................. 12.012, 18.021 Chong Kwai Choy v Lee Fung OnnJames (1998)
Chen C heng v Central Christian Church [1998) SGHC 63 .................................................................................................. 19.058
3 SLR(R) 236 ................................................................ 12.015, 12.028, 13.013, Chong Yeo and Partners v Guan Ming Hardware and
13.028, 13.111 Engineering Pte Ltd [1997) 2 SLR(R) 30 .................. 04.181, 04.182, 04.183,
Chen Qiangshi v Hong Fei COY ConstrUction Pte Ltd 06.071, 07.020
[2014] SGHC 177 .............................................04.025, 09.070, 19.026, 19.027 Choo Kok Lin v Management Corporation Strata
Chenet Finance Ltd v Lim Poh Yen [2012) Title Plan No 2405 [2005] 4SLR(R) 175 .............................................. 10.029
SGHC 158 ................................................................................................ 17.006 Chow Ching Ling Adelene v Chew Ping (2009}
Cheng Albert v Tse Wai Chun Paul [2000] 4 HKC 1 .................... 13.037, 13.092 SGDC 395 ................................................................................................ 10.024
Cheo Yeoh & Associates LLC v AEL (2015] Chow Khai Hong v Tham Sek Khow [19911
4 SLR 325 ..................................................................... ............................20.103 2 SLR(R) 670 .......................................................................................... 20.063
Cheong Ghim Fah v Murugian s/o Rangasamy Choy Kuo Wen Eddie v Soh Chin Seng (2008)
[2004) 1 SLR(R) 628 ....................................... 04.008, 06.096, 08.088, 08.101 SGHC 113 ............ .................................................................................... 20.064
Cheong Yoke Kuen v Cheong Kwok Kiong [1999] Christie v Davey (1893] 1 Ch 316................................................... 01.070, 10.046
1 SLR(R) 1126 ................................................................................ ......... 20.002 CHS CPO GmbH vVikas Goel [2005] 3 SLR(R) 202 ................... 07.105, 20.019
Cherry, The [2003] 1 SLR(R) 471 ....................... 07.006, 07.024, 11.020, 11.063 Chu Said Thong v Vision Law LLC [2014) 4 SLR 375 ... 01.062, 03.038, 03.057,
Chester v Afshar [2005) l AC 134 .................................... 01.084, 04.162, 06.045, 03.059, 14.011, 14.013
07.026. 07.027 Chua Chye Leong Alan v Grand Palace De-luxe Nite
Cheung Fung v Shanmugam Thanabal [2014] Club Pte Ltd (1993) 2 SLR(R) 420 ........................................... 06.088, 19.024
SGHC 271 ................................................................................................04.008 Chua Kee 4rn v Moksha (2009] 3 SLR(R} 1010....................................... 08.102
Chew Kim Kee v Kertar & Co (2004] SCHC 95 ............................05.007, 07.091 Chua Kwee Chen v Koh Choon Chin (2006}
Chew Kong Huat v Ricwil (Singapore) Pte Ltd 3 SLR(R) 469 ............................................................................. 14.023, 15.055
[1999) 3 SLR(R) 1167 .................................................. 15.046, 15.056, 15.068

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Chua Teck Chew v Goh Eng Wah (2009) Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Barclays
4 SLR(R) 716 ........................................................................................... 20.146 Bank plc [2007) 1AC181; (2006) 3 WLR 1 (HL) ................. 03.033, 03.036,
Chuan Bee Realty Pte Ltd v Teo Chee Yeow Aloysius 05.012, 05.055, 05.056
(1996) 2 SLR(R) 134 .............................................................................. 14.009 Commissioners of Inland Revenue, The v Muller &
Chuan v\Tu v Body Corporate 366611 and Theta Co's Margarine, Ltd [1901) AC 217 ...................................................... 14.061
Management Ltd (SC 20/2013) (2014) NZSC 137 .............................. 10.016 Commonwealth v Introvigne (1982) 150 CLR 258 .... ................................ 19.093
Chuang Uming (Pte) Ltd v Setron Ltd (1999) Condon v Basi (1985) l WLR 866............................................................... 06.007
3 SLR(R) 771 ........................................................................................... 18.029 Consolidated Co v Curtis & Son (1892) 1 QB 495........... 11.012, 11.013, 11.016
Chun Cheng Fishery Enterprise Pte Ltd v Chuang · Constantine v Imperial Hotels, Ltd [1944) 1 I<B 693 ................................ 20.036
Hern Hsiung (2008] SGHC 135............................................................. 15.054 Contra AG v RAnpazhakan (1999) 3 SLR(R) 810 .................................... 04.170
Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980] Control Risks Ltd v New English Library Ltd (1990]
1\\l'LR582 ............................................................................................... 10.009 l '\o\'LR183 ............................................................................................... 13.014
City Chain Stores (S) Pte Ltd v Louis Vuitton Conway v George Wimpey & Co Ld {1951) 2 KB 266 ............................... 19.066
Malletier [2010] l SLR 382 ....................................................... 14.064, 14.093 Cook v Alexander [1974) QB 279............................................................... 13.080
City Developments Ltd v Chief Assessor [2008) CookvCook (1986) 162 CLR376 ................................................. 06.010, 06.011
4SLR(R) 150 ..............................................................................04.172, 17.031 Cook v Lewis (1951) SCR 830 ........................................................ 07.025, 07.043
City of London Corp v Appleyard ( 1963] 1 WLR 982 .................. 11.029, 11.030 Cooke v MGN (2014) EWHC 2831 (QB) .....................: ............................. 12.027
Clark Fixing Ltd v Dudley Metropolitan Borough Cooper v Hobart [2001) 3 SCR 537................................. 03.053, 03.084, 04.089,
Council (2001) EWCA Civ 1898 .............................................................04.048 05.054, 09.052
Clal'kjonathan Michael v Lee Khee Chung (2010) Cooper v Railway Executive [1953) 1VvLR223 ......................................... 09.033
1 SLR 209 ................................................................................................. 20.069 Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank
Clarke v Norton [1910] VLR 494 ................................................................ 13.015 BA (trading as Rabobank International),
Class One Enterprises Pte Ltd v Motherland Movies Singapore Branch v Motorola Electronics Pte Ltd
(S) Pte Ltd [1999) 1 SLR(R) 424 ........................................................... 11.041 [2011] 2 SLR 63 ...................................................................................... 07.014
Clayton vLe Roy (1911] 2KB1031 ............................................................ 11.067 Coopers & Lybrand v Singapore Society of
Clearlab SC Pte Ltd v Ting Chong Chai (2015] Accountants [1988) l SLR(R) 590 ........................................... 13.062, 16.056
l SLR 163 .............: ...................................................................... 16.023, 16.081 Cope v Sharpe (No 2) (1912) I KB 496 ..................................................... 10.021
Clements v Clements (2012] 2 SCR 181; 2012 SCC 32 ................. 07.017, 07.035 Corby Group Litigation, Re [2009) Q.B 335.................................. 10.083, 10.131
Clift v Slough Borough Council [2011) 1 WLR 1774 ................................ 13.070 Cornelius v De Taranto [2001] EMLR 329 ................................................ 16.078
Clift v Welsh Office (1999) 1 WLR 796....................................................... 10.039 Corporation of Greenock v Caledonian Railway Co
Clough v First Choice Holidays and Flights Ltd [1917) 1AC556 ...................................................................................... 10.128
(2006) PIQR P22 .....................................................................................07.039 Corrv IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008) 1 AC 884 ..................................... 07.089, 08.078
Clunis v Caxnden and Islington Health Authority Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire
[1998) QB 978 .............................................................. 05.077, 07.090, 08.008, Constabulary [2001) 1WLR1437................... 11.032, 11.033, 11.034, 11.035
08.015, 09.071 Couch v The Attorney-General (2010] 3 NZLR 149;
Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969) RPG 41 ....................... 16.018, 16.020, [2010) NZSC 27 ............................................... 20.029, 20.030, 20.031, 20.032
16.021, 16.025 Council of the Shire of Sutherland v Heyman ( 1985)
Cohen v Daily Telegraph [1968) l WLR 916 .......... ................................... 13.011 157 CLR 424 ................................................................. 01.089, 03.025, 03.029,
Colbeam Palmer Ltd v Stock Affiliates Pty Ltd (1968) 03.053, 03.062, 04.112,
122 CLR 25 ..............................................................................................20.109 04.172, 04.176, 05.039
Cole v De Trafford (No 2) [1918) 2 KB 523 ..............................................04.011 Cox v Ministry ofjustice (Rev 2) (2014) ICR 713 ...................................... 19.033
Cole v Turner (1704) 6 Mod 149 ................................................................02.025 Coxall v Goodyear Great Britain Ltd (2003)
Colgate-Palmolive Ltd v Markwell Finance Ltd 1 '\o\'LR 536 ............................................................................................... 06.039
[1989) RPC 497 ....................................................................................... 14.103 Cramaso LLP v Ogilvie-Granl, Earl ofSeafield [2014)
Collins vWilcock (1984) 1WLR1172 ..............................02.015, 02.024, 02.026 UKSC g .................................................................................................... 04.084
Collins Stewart Ltd v The Financial Times Ltd (2006) Crawford Adjusters v Sagicor General Insurance
EMLR 5 ....................................................................................... 13.140, 20.015 (Cayman) Ltd (2013] 3 WLR 927 ............................................. 17.006, 17.007
Colls v Home & Colonial Stores Ltd (1904) AC 179.................................. 10.036 Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee (2005) 1AC253 ..................................... 16.084
Columbia Picture Industries Inc v Robinson [1987] Credit Industriel et Commercial v Teo Wai Cheong
Ch 38 ........................................................................................................ 20.015 (2010] 3SLR1149 .................................................................................. 05.006
Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Barclays Gr-edit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Export
Bank pie [2005) 1 WLR 2082 (CA) ........................................................03.036 Credits Guarantee Deparunent [1998]
1 Lloyd's Rep 19 (CA) ............................................................................ 15.062

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Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Export Daniels v British Broadcasting Corp [2010)
Credits Guarantee Department (2000) EWHC 3057............................................................................................. 12.027
l AC 486 (HL) ............................................................................ 18.028, 19.035 Dann v Hamilton (1939] I KB 509 ...................... 08.030, 08.031, 08.032, 08.090
Creutzfeldt:Jakob Disease Litigation (2000) Danns vThe Department of Health [1996) PIQR P69 ............................. 09.027
54BMLR85 (CA); (1998) 41 BMLR157 (QBD) .................................04.149 Darbishire v Warran [1963) 1WLR1067 ...................................... 20.085, 20.099
Crimmins v Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim v Dato' Seri Dr Mahathir
(1999) 200CLR1 .......................................................................05.061, 05.082 Mohamad (2001) 2 MLJ 65 .................................................................... 13.107
Cristofori Music Pte Ltd v Robert Piano Co Pte Ltd David Murray v Big Pictures (UK) Ltd [2008)
[1999) 1 SLR(R) 562 .............................................................................. 12.015 EWCA Civ 446 ............................................................................ 16.064, 16.065
Crocker v Sundance Northwest Resorts Ltd (1988) David Stuart v Tania Kirkland-Veenstra (2009)
1SCR1186 .............................................................................................. 04.040 HCA 15 .................................................................................................... 09.032
Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co, Ltd v Veitch Davidson v Chief Constable of North Wales [1994)
(1942) AC 435 .................................................. 15.053, 15.058, 15.059, 15.070 2 All ER 597 ................................................................................ 02.038, 17.011
Crook v Derbyshire Stone Ltd (1956] 1WLR432 ..................................... 19.059 Davidson v Hebeeb [2011) EWHC 3031 ...................... :............................. 12.089
Crookes v Holloway (2008) 77 BCLR (4th) 201.. ... .................................... 12.084 Davie v New Merton Board Mills Ltd [ 1959) AC 604 ................................ 19.090
Crookes v Newton (2011) 3 SCR................................................................. 12.093 Davies v Solomon (1871) LR 7 QB 112 ...................................................... 12.006
Cross v Kirkby (2000) EWCA Civ 426 ......................................................... 08.012 Davis vTaylor [1974) AC 207 ...................................................................... 07.061
Crown Rivers Cruises Ltd v Kimbolton Fireworks Ltd Daw v Swaine (1668) 1 Sid 424 ................................................................... 17.007
(1996) CLC 1214 ..................................................................................... 10.038 Dawson & Co v Bingley Urban District Council
Cruise v Express Newspapers pie [1999) QB 931.. ..................................... 13.007 [1911] 2 KB 149 ...................................................................................... 09.018
CST Cleaning & Trading Pte Ltd v National Parks Day v High Performance Sports Ltd [2003)
Board [2009) 1 SLR(R) 55 ...........................................08.050, 18.039, 18.040 EWHC 197 ............................................................................................... 04.050
Cullen v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster DBS Bank Ltd v Carrier Singapore (Pte) Ltd (2008)
Constabulary [2003) 1WLR1763 ................................09.023, 09.040, 09.041 3 SLR(R) 261 .......................................................................................... 14.030
Curistan v Times Newspapers Ltd (2008] D'Conceicao Jeanie Doris v Tong Ming Chuan
l WLR 126 (QB) ..................................................................................... 12.050 [2011] SGHC 193 ........................................................ 06.046, 06.047, 06.049,
Curistan v Times Ncwspapei:-s Ltd [2009] QB 231; 06.065, 07.027
[2009) 2 WLR 149 (CA) ............................................... 12.047, 12.049, 13.081 De Beers Abrasive Products Ltd v International
Curlender v Bio-Science Laboratories General Elecuic Co of New York Ltd (1975)
165 Cal Rptr 477(1980) ..........................................................................04.169 l WLR 972 .................................................................................. 14.036, 14.038
Curran v Northern Ireland Co-ownership Housing De Cotta v Tan Hock Lee (1971-1973) SLR(R) 475 .................... 08.082, 08.086
Association Ltd [1987) AC 718 ..............................................................03.026 De Cruz Andrea Heidi v Guangzhou Yuzhitang
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co (1951) Health Products Co Led [2003] 4 SLR(R) 682 ........................ 18.047, 20.069
1KB805 ...................................................................................................08.043 De Souza Tay & Goh v Singapore Press Holdings Ltd
Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ld [1949] AC 398 .........................09.018, 15.042 [2001) 2 SLR(R) 201 .................................................... 12.035, 12.036, 12.051
Cycle & Carriage Motor Dealer Pte Ltd v Hong Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370 ................................................ 19.068
Leong Finance Ltd (2005) 1 SLR(R) 458 ............................................. 11.044 DelaneyvPickett [2012) l \VLR2149 ........................................................ 08.017
Delaney v TP Smith Ltd (1946) KB 393 ..................................................... 10.015
D Delaware Mansions Ltd v Westminster City Council
(2002] 1 AC 321 ......................................................................... 10.036, 10.081
D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust Demarco v Ungaro (1979) 95 DLR (3d) 385 ............................................. 04.184
(2005) 2 AC 373 .........................................................................03.012, 05.076 Denis Matthew Harte v Dr Tan Hun Hoe [2000)
D v Kong Sim Guan (2003) 3 SLR(R) 146 ......... 03.003, 13.046, 13.050, 13.053, SGHC 248 ................................................................................................ 19.011
13.056, 13.077, 20.096 Dennis v Ministry of Defence (2003) Env LR 34 ....................................... 10.087
D v L (2004) EMLR 1 ................................................................................... 16.083 Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd
D & F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for [1993) AC 534 ............................................................................ 01.091, 18.013
England [1989) AC 177 ..........................................................................04.087 Derry v Handley (1867) 16 LT 263 ........ ...................... ............................... 12.079
D CThomson & Co Ld v Deakin [1952) Ch 646 ............ 15.012, 15.013, 15.015, Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 ............................................. 14.012, 14.014
15.016, 15.030 Design P rogression Ltd v Thurloe Properties Ltd
D W Moore and Co Ltd v Ferrier (1988) 1WLR267 ...................... .......... 20.129 (2005] 1WLR1 ....................................................................................... 20.024
Daily Office Cleaning Contractors v Shaffard [1977) Deutsche Bank AG v Chang Tse Wen [2013]
RTR 361 ................................................................................................... 20.099 4 SLR 886 ...................................................................... 04.082, 06.061, 08.053

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Para Para
De u tz Far Ease (Pee) Ltd v Pacific Navigation Co Pee Du lieu v White & Sons [ 1901] 2 KB 669 .................................................... 04.140
Ltd (1989) 2 SLR(R) 392... .....................................................................04.028 Dumbell v Roberts [1944) 1 All ER 326 ..................................................... 02.017
Devenish Nutrition Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis SA [2009) Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co, Ltd v David Moseley &.
3WLR198 ..................................................................................20.048, 20.106 Sons, Ltd (1903) 1 Ch 612 ..................................................................... 18.028
DeweyvWhite (1827) M&.M56; 173ER1079 ......................................... 10.021 Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd [2012) 1WLR867 ...................................... 07.045
DFTvTFD (2010) EWHC2335 (QB) ........................................................ 16.085 Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council
DHKW Marketing v Nature's Farm Pte Ltd [1998) ( 1972) 1 QB 373 ..................................................................................... 03.032
3 SLR(R) 774 ................................................... 12.064, 13.141, 13.144, 14.048,
14.049, 14.054, 14.058 E
Didier Coudrat v Commissioners of Her Majesty's
Revenue and Customs (2005] EWCA Civ 616 ....................................... 17.019 E v English Province of Our Lady of Charity (2013)
Dingle v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1964] AC 371 ................................. 18.029 QB 722 ..................................................................................................... 19.032
Diva XL Pee Ltd v Goenka Mahesh Kumar (2004) EHul ton&Covjones [1910) AC20 ............................................ 12.056, l2.058
3 SLR(R) 506 ........................................................................................... 15.006 EastvMaurer [1991) 1 WLR461 ................................................................ 14.025
Dobson v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2009) East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent (1941]
3All ER319 ..................................................... ........................................ 10.081 AC 74 ....................................................................................................... 04.036
Doctor's Associates Inc v Lim Eng VV'ah (2012] Eaton Mansions (Westminster) Ltd v Stinger
3 SLR 193 ................................................................................................. 14.079 Compania de Inversion SA [2013] EWCA Civ 624;
Dodd Properties Ltd v Canterbury City Council (2014] HLR4 ............................................................................. 13.140, 20.015
(1980] 1WLR433 ......................................................... 10.025, 10.081, 20.084 EC-Asia International Ltd v PricewaterhouseCoopers
Doe vYahoo!7 Pty Ltd (2013] QDC 181.. ................................................... 16.038 [2011) 2 SLR 607 ............................................ ........................................ 08.023
Dolphina, The (2012) 1SLR992 ......................... 08.023, 15.062, 15.063, 18.015 Eden Refuge Tn.ist v Hohepa (2011] 3 NZLR 273 .......... .......................... 20.029
Donaghey v Boulton & Paul Ltd (1968) AC 1 ............................................ 09.044 Edgeworth Construction Ltd v ND Lea & Associates
Donselaar v Donselaar (1982] 1 NZLR 97 ..................................................20.029 Ltd (1993) 107 DLR (4th} 169 ................................................. 05.031, 05.032
Dorsey James Michael v World Sport Grnup Pte Ltd Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459 ........................................... 14.008
(2013] 3 SLR 354 ....................................................................................05.046 Ediger v Johnston [2013] 2 SCR 98; 2013 SCC 18 ......................... ............ 07.018
D'Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid (2005) Edward Wong Finance Co Ltd v Johnson Stokes &
223 CLR 1 ................................................................................................ 04.184 Master (1984] AC 296 .................................................. 06.035, 06.052, 06.077
Dought)• v Turner Manufacturing Co Ltd [1964] Edwards v Law Society of Upp er Canada (2001)
1QB518 .................................................................................................. 07.103 3 SCR 562 ................................................................................... 05.084, 09.052
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (2001) QB 967 ............................................. 16.024, 16.034 Edwin Hill and Partners v First National Finance
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2003) 3 All ER 996 (Ch) ............................... 15.033 Corp plc (1989) 1WLR225 .................................. .................... 15.009, 15.025
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2006) QB 125 (CA) .................................... 15.033 EFT Holding, Inc v Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2008) 1AC1 ............................................... 15.046 Ltd (2010) 1SLR860 .................................................. 15.001, 15.041, 15.053,
DouglasvTucker [1952] 1 SCR275 ........................................................... 12.080 15.054, 15.062, 15.064, 15.065,
Dow Jones & Co Inc v Gutnick (2002) 210 CLR 575 ................................. 12.077 15.066, 15.069, 15.070, 15.073,
Downs v Chappell [1997] 1WLR426 ............................................ 14.015, 18.036 15.074, 15.075, 15.076
Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd (1969) 2 QB 158 ...................... 14.026, 14.025 Egger v Viscount Chelmsford [1965] 1 QB 248 ......................................... 13.098
Doyle v Wallace (1998] PIQR Ql46 ............................................................ 07.061 Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunication and
Dramatico Entertainment Ltd v British Sky Plumbing Union v Times Newspapers Ltd [1980)
Brnadcasting Ltd [2012) RPC 27 ......................... .... .............................. 18.028 QB 585 ..................................................................................................... 18.021
Drane v Evangelou (1978) 1WLR455 ............................. 10.028, 20.011, 20.021 Electro Cad Australia Pty Ltd v Mejati RCS Sdn Bhd
Dresna Pty Ltd v Misu Nominees Pty Ltd (2004] (1998) 3 MLJ 422 .................................................................................... 11.041
FCAFC 169 ............................................................................................... 15.065 Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the
Drinkwater v Kimber [1952) 2 QB 281 ....................................................... 18.030 Metropolis (1995) QB 335 ........................................... 03.072, 05.077, 17.034
Drummond:Jackson v British Medical Association Elino il-Hellenic Petroleum Co SA v Wee Ramayah &
(1970] 1WLR688 ...................................................................... 12.017, 12.019 Partners (1999) 1 SLR(R} 977 ............................................................... 06.070
DSG Retail Ltd v Comet Group plc (2002] FSR 58.................................... 14.038 Ellis v Home Office [1953] 2 QB 135 ......................................................... 06.027
Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam (2003) 2 AC 366 ................... 19.055, 19.085 Elwes v Brigg Gas Co (1886) 33 Ch D 562 ........................ 10.006, 11.030, 11.031
Duchess of Argyll v Duke of Argyll (1967) Ch 302 ..................................... 16.062 Emanuele v Hedley (1998) 179 FCR 290 ................................................... 17.016
Duck v Mayeu [1892) 2 QB 511 .................................................................. 18.034 Emeh v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster
Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185; Area Health Authority (1985) QB 1012 ................................................ 07.085
117 ER 75 .................................................................................... 12.071, 20.127

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Para Para
Emerald Construction Co Ltd v Lowthian (1966] Farrell v Avon Health Authority (2001)
1 WLR691 ............................................................................................... 15.0ll Lloyd's Rep Med 458 ................................................................. 02.075, 04.155
EMI Records Ltd v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd Farrier's Case, The (1372) .......................................................................... 01.006
(2013) FSR31 .......................................................................................... 18.028 Fayed v Al-Tajir [1988) QB 712 ................................................................... 13.060
Emma l'v!aersk, The (2006] SGHC 180 .......................................................06.032 Feng Hang, The (2001) 3 SLR(R) 864 .......................................... 07.006, 07.023
Endurance l, The ( 1998) 3 SLR(R) 970 ....................................... 11.060, 11.066 Ferguson v British Gas Trading Ltd [2010)
Endurance l, The, ex Tokai Maru [2000] l WLR 785 ............................................................................................... 02.088
2 SLR{R) 120 .............................................................................. 11.004, 11.028 Ferguson v John Dawson & Partners (Contractors)
Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd (1976) 1v\l'LR1213 .......................................................................... 19.016
Ltd [1999] 2 AC 22 .................................................................................07.010 Fieldingv Variety Incorporated (1967) 2 QB 841 ..................................... 14.053
Epolar System Enterprise Pte Ltd v Lee Hock Chuan Fima Construction Pte Ltd v Neo & Neo Brothers Pte
[2003) 2 SLR(R) 198 .................................................... 10.050, 10.051, 10.055 Ltd [1991) 1SLR(R)156 ....................................................................... 10.029
Erven Wamink BV v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd Firth v State of New York 775 NE 2d 463
(1979] AC 731 ..............: ......................................................................... .20.113 (CtApp 2002) ......................................................................................... 20.127
Esanda Finance Corp Ltd v Peat Marwick Fish v Kelly (1864) 17 CB NS 194; 144 ER 78 ............................................ 04.068
Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 241 ......................................................... 04.073 Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK [2012)
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Southport Corp [1956] 2 Lloyd's Rep 409 (QB) .......................................................................... 18.028
l AC 218 ........................................................................................ .... ...... 10.012 Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK (2013)
Esso Singapore Pte Ltd v Ang Chuah Nguan [1998) 1v\TLR3700 (CA) ...................................................................... 15.062, 18.028
1 SLR(R) 165 ........................................................................................... 15.068 Fitzgerald v Lane [1987] QB 781 (CA) ...................................................... 07.043
Estate of Tan Kow Quee, Re (2007) 2 SLR(R) 417.................................... 20.148 Fitzgerald v Lane [1989] AC 328 (HL) ......................................... 07.043, 18.036
Euro-Diam Ltd v Bathurst (1990) 1 QB 1 ...................................................08.008 Fletcher v Rylands (1866) LR 1 Exch 265 ..................................... 10.098, 10.100
Evangelismos, The (1858) 12 Moo PC 352; 14 ER 945 .............................. 17.006 Flewster v Role ( 1808) 1 Camp 187; 170 ER 924 ....................................... 02.038
Evans v London Hospital Medical College Flood v Times Newspapers Ltd [2012) 2 WLR 760 ................................... 13.099
(University of London) (1981) 1v\ILR184........................................... 13.055 Flying Fish, The (1865) 2 Moo PC NS 77; 16 ER 29 .................................. 20.104
Everett v Comojo (UK) Ltd (2012] 1 WLR 150 .........................................04.053 Foaminol Laboratories, Ltd v British Artid Plastics,
E..x Parte Island Records Ltd (1978] Ch 122.................................. 09.012, 09.019 Ltd (1941] 2 All ER 393 ......................................................................... 13.127
Excelsior Pee Ltd v Excelsior Sport (S) Pte Ltd Fong Maun Yee v Yoong Weng Ho Robert (1997)
(1985-1986] SLR(R) 81 ......................................................................... 14.096 l SLR(R) 751 ............................................................... 04.185,06.076, 06.077,
Exclusiv Auto Services Pte Ltd v Chan Yong Chuan 08.084, 08.097, 08.103
Eric (1995] 3 SLR(R) 728 ....................................................................... 11.044 Fontaine v British Columbia (1998) 1SCR424......................................... 06.092
Foo Fio Na v Dr Soo Fook Mun (2007] 1 MLJ 593 .................................... 06.050
F Foo Siang Him v Attorney-General (1983-1984)
SLR(R) 586 ................................................................................ 04.170, 08.083
F (mental patient: sterilisation). Re [1990] 2 AC 1 ......................02.026, 02.066 Forrester v Tyrrell (1893) 9 TLR 257 ......................................................... 12.008
F v Chan Tanny [2003] 4 SLR(R) 231 ........................................... 06.046, 06.097 Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v Butcher [1989]
Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler (1987) Ch 117 ......................................... 16.023 AC 852 ..................................................................................................... 08.084
Fagan v Commissioner of Metropolitan Police (1969) Forster v Outred & Co (1982] l WLR 86 ...................................... 20.129, 20.130
l QB 439 ..................................................................................................02.020 Forsyth-Grant v Allen (2008) Env LR 41 .................................................... 20.106
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd (2003] Fouldes v Willoughby (1841) 8 M & W 540................................... 11.006, 11.010
1 AC 32 .........................................................................07.038, 07.039, 07.041, Fowler v Hollins (1872) LR 7 QB 616......................................................... 11.047
07.043, 07.044, 07.045, 07.047, Fowlerv Lanning (1959) l QB 426 ............................................................ 02.006
07.048, 07.049, 07.050, 07.053 Frank Reddaway v George Banham (1896) AC 199 ..................... 14.067, 14.068
Fairchild Shipping Corp v Adamson (1975] QB 180 ................................. 18.042 Franklin v Gramophone Co Ltd (1948) 1 KB 542 ..................................... 09.047
Fairmacs Shipping & Transport Services Pte Ltd v Fraser v Evans [1969) 1 QB 349 .................................................................. 16.081
Harikutai Engineering Pte Ltd (2015] l SLR 904 ................................ 11.060 Fraser & Neave Ltd v Yeo Hiap Seng Ltd
Fairman v Perpetual Investment Building Society [1981-1982) SLR(R) 279 .................... ................................................... 14.070
(1923] AC 74 ........................................................................................... 04.017 Freeman v Home Office (No 2) [1984] QB 524........................... 02.052, 02.053
Farquharson Brnthers & Co v C King & Co (1902] Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Propei:ties
AC 325 ..................................................................................................... 11.048 (Mangal) Ltd [1964) 2 QB 480 ....................................... ....................... 19.079
Farraj v King's Healthcare NHS Trust (2010) Froom v Butcher [1976) QB 286 .............. ........... 08.078, 08.081, 08.087, 08.089
l WLR 2139 ............................................................................................. 19.094

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Para Para
Fullowka v Pinkerton's of Canada Ltd (2010) Goh Chok Tong v Jeyaremamjoshua Benjamin
1 SCR 132; (2010) 4 v\l'WR 35; (1998] 2 SLR(R) 971 (CA) .......................................... 12.029, 12.041, 12.043,
71 CCLT (3d) 1 (SC, Can) ...........................................04.053, 05.060, 06.031 12.044, 12.045, 13.142
Furniss v Fitchett (1958) NZLR 396 ............................................................04.157 Goh Chok Tong v Tang Liang Hong (1997]
Future Enterprises Pte Ltd v Tong Seng Produce Pte l SLR(R) 811 .......................................................................................... 12.015
Ltd (1997) 3 SLR(R) 797........................................................... 14.075, 14.095 Goh Eng Hong v Management Corporation of
Fytche v Wincanton Logistics plc [2004] 4 All ER 221 .............................. 09.043 Textile Centre (2003] l SLR(R) 209 ..................................................... 20.054
Goh Geok Buay v Edward Iq (1971-1973)
G SLR(R) 779 ............................................................................................. 07.007
Goh Pin Yi Cindy v Mahmod Fadzuli bin Mahnor
Gabriel Peter & Paru1ers v Wee Chong Jin [ 1997] (2009) SGHC 94 ..................................................................................... 08.101
3 SLR(R) 649 ................................................................ 12.015, 18.028, 18.044, Goh Sin Huat Electrical Pte Ltd v Ho See Jui (2012)
18.045, 18.049 3 SLR 1038 .............................................................................................. 18.038
Gadsden v Barrow (1854) 9 Exch 514; 156 ER220 .................................... ll.049 Gold v Essex County Council (1942) 2 KB 293 .......................................... 19.094
Calashiels Gas Co Ld v O'Donnell (1949) AC 275 ....................................09.033 Gold" Haringey Health Authority (1988] QB 481.. .................................. 06.051
Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd [2006] EMLR 11 ................................... 13.103 Golden Season Pte Ltd v Kairos Singapore Holdings
Galoo Ltd v Bright Grahame Murray (1994) · Pte Ltd (2015] 2 SLR 751.. ........................................... 12.083, 13.140, 20.015
1WLR1360 .............................................................................................04.074 Colden Way Holdings Pte Ltd v Sadique Marican
Garden Cottage Foods Ltd v Milk Marketing Board (2008) SGDC 252 .................................................................................... 19.055
(1984) AC 130 ............................................................................01.088, 09.003 Goldsmith v Bhoyrul [1998) QB 459 .......................................................... 18.013
Gartside v Outram (1857) 26 LJ Ch. 113 ..................................................... 16.031 G o o d will v British Pregnancy Advisory Service (1996]
Geetha v Hong Kong Teakwood Works (S) Pte Ltd 1WLR1397 ............................................................................. ................ 04.158
[1991) 1 SLR(R) 852 ..............................................................................09.069 Goodwill Building Resources Pte Ltd v Yue Cheong
General and Finance Facilities Ltd v Cooks Cars Kuan t/a Ben Design Architects (2006) SGDC 240 ............................. 05.029
(Romford) Ltd [1963] l WLR644 ........................................... 11.051, 11.067 Gordon v Harper (1796) 7 TR 9; 101 ER 828 ............................... 11.020, 11.028
General Cleaning Contractors Ld v Christmas [1953] Gordon v Selico Ltd (1986) 18 HLR 219 ...................................... ............. 14.006
AC 180 ..................................................................................................... 04.014 Gordon BerkeleyJones v ClementJohn Skelton
George v Skivington (1869) LR 5 Ex 1 ....................................................... 03.018 (1963] l WLR 1362 ................................................................................. 12.033
Giannarelli vWraith (1988) 165 CLR 543 ..................................................04.184 Gore v Stannard [2013] 3 WLR 623 ........................................................... 10.117
Giller v Procopets [2008) VSCA 236 .............................................. 16.038, 16.078 Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough
Gillick v West Norfolk & Wisbech Area Health Council [2004) l WLR 1057 ....................................... 05.048, 05.059, 09.046,
Authority (1986) AC 112 ........................................................................02.059 09.048, 09.049
Gillingham Borough Council v Medway (Chatham) Gorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Exch 125 .......................................................... 09.043
Dock Co Ltd (1993) QB 343 ..................................................... 10.072, 10.073 Gough v The Chief Constable of the West Midlands
Girardy v Richardson (1793) 1 Esp 13; 170 ER 265 ................................... 08.011 Police (2004] Pol LR 164 ............................................. 11.032, 11.033, 11.035
Giullietta Galli-Atkinson v Sudhaker Seghal [2003] Gough vThorne [1966] 1WLR1387 ......................................................... 08.104
Lloyd's Rep Med 285 ..............................................................................04.129 Gould vVaggelas (1985) 157 CLR 215 ....................................................... 14.029
CKE Warehousing and Logistics Pte Ltd v Raajit Couriet v Union of Post Office Workers [ 1978]
Singh [2005) SCDC 67 ........................................................................... 19.064 AC 435 ........................................................................................ 10.033, 15.042
Glamorgan Coal Co, Ltd v South Wales Miners' Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran v The
Federation (1903] 2 KB 545 ................................................................... 15.023 Barakat Galleries Ltd (2009] QB 22 ...................................................... 11.038
Glasgow Corp v Muir (1943] AC 448 ..........................................................06.007 Governors of the Peabody Donation Fund v
Gleaner Co Ltd, The v Abrahams (2004) 1 AC 628 ...................... 13.134, 13.135 Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985) AC 210 ......... 03.025, 03.026, 03.075
Glen v Korean Airlines Co Ltd [2003] QB 1386 ........................................ 10.084 Grnham v Commercial Bodyworks Ltd [2015)
Glinski v Mciver [1962] AC 726 .................................................................. 17.019 'INLR(D) 50; (2015] ICR 665 .................................................................. 19.069
Co Dante Yap v Bank Austria Creditanstalt AC Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002)
(2011] 4 SLR 559 .........................................................04.081, 05.007, 05.018, 211CLR540 ....................................... ........................... 03.034, 05.082, 09.046
05.020, 06.001, 06.061 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936] AC 85 ......................................... 04.009
Godfrey v Demon Internet Ltd [2001] QB 201 ............................ 12.005, 13.115 Grant v Torstar Corp 2009 SCC 61; (2009) 3 SCR 640 ........... ...... 13.099, 13.104
Goh Chok Tongv Chee Soonjuan (2003] Grappelli v Derek Block (Holdings) Ltd [1981]
3 SLR(R) 32 ................................................................................ 12.015, 15.045 1 WLR 822 ............................................................................................... 12.042
Goh Chok Tong v Jeyaretnamjoshua Benjamin Gravil v Ca1Toll [2008) EWCA Civ 689 ....................................................... 19.067
(1997] 3 SLR(R) 46 (HC) ............................................ 12.045, 12.081, 12.082 Gray v Jones (1939] 1 All ER 798 ................................................................ 12.007

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Gray v Motor Accident Commission (1998) Harrods Led v Harrodian School Ltd [1996] RPC 697 ............................ 14.081,
196 CLR 1 ............................................................... ............. .......20.025, 20.035 14.091, 14.097
Gray v Richards (2014] HCA 40 .................................................................. 20.072 Ha1veyvRGO'DellLtd [1958] 2QB78 .................................................... 19.106
GrayvThames Trains Ltd [2009] 1AC1339 ...................07.067, 07.090, 08.016 Harwood vWyken Colliery Co [1913] 2 KB 158 ........................................ 07.067
Greatorex v Greatorex (2000] 1'WLR1970 ...............................................04.147 Hasan bin Datolah v Kerajaan Malaysia [2010]
Green v Chelsea Waterworks Co (1894) 70 LTR 547; 2 MLJ 646 ................................................................................. ............... 06.050
10 TLR 259 .............................................................................................. 10.129 Hasnul bin Abdul Hadi v Bulat bin Mohamed [1978]
Green v Gaul (2007] 1WLR591 ................................................................. 20.148 l MLJ 7!i .................................................................................................. 12.038
Greene v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2005) QB 972................................ 13.149 Hatton v Sutherland (2002] 2 All ER 1 ........................................ 04.015, 04.151,
Greers Ltd v Pearman and Corder Ltd (1922) 06.024, 06.039, 19.087
39 RPC 406 ............. ............. .................................................................... 14.046 Haugesund Kommune v Depfa ACS Bank (2011]
GreggvO'Gara (2008] EWHC658 ............................................................ 12.085 PNLR 14 ..................................................................................... 07.113, 20.103
Gregg v Scott (2005) 2 AC 176 .............................07.045, 07.057, 07.058, 07.059 Haughey v Moriarty (1999] 3 IR 1 .............................................................. 16.059
Gregoryv Piper (1829) 9 B & C 591; 109 ER 220 ...................................... 10.011 Haward v Fawcetts [2006] 1WLR682 ........................................................ 20.141
Gregory v Portsmouth City Council (2000) 1AC419 ............................... 17.007 Hawley v Luminar Leisure plc (2006] EWCA Civ 30 ................................. 19.024
Grimmer v Carleton Road Industries Association Hay or Bourhill vYoung [1943) AC 92 .............. 03.020, 03.023, 03.042, 03.044,
2009 NSSC 169; 282 NSR (2d) 159 (NSSC) ............................. 12.073, 13.121 04.122, 06.019, 07.105
Griswold v Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965) ............................................... 16.004 Hayes vWilloughby [2013] 2 Cr App R 11; [2013)
Grobbelaar v News Group Newspape1·s Ltd [2002] UKSC 17 ................................................................................................. . 02.096
l WLR 3024 .............................................................................................20.040 Haynes v Harwood [1935] l KB 146 .................... 04.047, 07.072, 07.088, 08.036
Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 ................................................................. 16.038 Heaton v AXA Equity and Law Life Assm·ance Society
Groves v Wimborne (1898) 2 QB 402 ..................09.019, 09.022, 09.055, 09.057 p!c (2002] 2 AC 329 ................................................................................ 18.035
Guan Ming Hardware & Engineering Pte Ltd v Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503 ....... .................................... 03.018, 03.020
Chong Yeo & Partners (1996) 2 SLR(R) 382 ........................................06.010 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd
Cul Chandiram Mahtani v Chain Singh (1998) (1964] AC 465; [1963] 3 WLR 101 ............................. 03.022, 03.061, 04.061,
2 SLR(R) 801 ...........................................................................................20.051 04.062, 04.063, 04.065, 04.066,
GWK Ltd v Dunlop Rubber Co Ltd (1926) 04.067, 04.070, 04.072, 04.074,
42 TLR 376 .............................................................................................. 15.015 04.078, 04.085, 04.102, 04.106,
05.011, 05.060, 08.041, 14.002
H Hegarty v E E Caledonia Ltd [ 1997)
2 Lloyd's Repo1·t 259 ............................................................................... 04.141
H West & Son Ltd v Shepha1·d [1964 ] AC 326 ........................................... 20.053 HegartyvShine (1878) 14 Cox CC 145.................................................. .... 08.018
Hadleyv Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341; 156ER145 ........................ .........07.105 Helen Palsgrafv The Long Island Railroad Co
Hady Hartanto vYee Kit Hong (2014] 2 SLR 1127 ......... 13.068, 13.069, 13.122 248 NY 339 (1928) ................. ................................................................. 03.043
Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 All ER 579 .................................................. 10.131 Hellewell v Chief Constable of Derbyshire [1995]
Haley v London Electricity Board (1965) AC 778................. .....................06.019 1v\TLR804 ............................................................................................... 16.031
Halifax Building Society v Thomas [1996] Ch 217 ....................................20.048 Hende1·son v Henry Ejenkins & Sons [1970) AC 282 .............................. 06.092
Hall v Hebert [1993] 2 SCR 159.................................................................. 08.008 Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Led [1995) 2 AC 145 ............... 01.020, 01.025,
Halsey v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd [1961] l v\TLR 683 .................... 10.036, 10.040, 03.031, 04.072, 05.007,
10.045, 10.081, 10.086, 05.008, 08.084
10.118, 10.133, 20.113 Hepburn vTCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1983]
Hambrook v Stokes Brothers [1925) 1 KB 141 ..........................................04.140 2 NSWLR 682 .. ........................................................................................ 12.023
Hampshire Waste Services Ltd v Intending Hercules Managements Ltd v Ernst & Young [ 1997]
Trespassers upon Chineham Incinerato1· [2004) 2 SCR 165 ......................................................... 03.084, 04.073, 04.089, 05.050
Env LR 9 .................................................................................................. 10.030 Herd vWeardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co Ltd [1915)
Hao Wei (S) Pte Ltd v Rasan Selvan [2009] AC 67 ......... ................................................................................. 02.062, 02.063
l SLR(R) 142 .............................................................................. 04.010, 04.012 Herring v Boyle (1834) l Cr M & R 377; 149 ER 1126 .............................. 02.045
Harnett v Bond [1925) AC 669 ...................................................... 02.038, 02.044 Hewison v Meridian Shipping Services Pm Ltd
Harris v Evans (1998) 1v\TLR1285 ........................................................ .....05.081 (2003] ICR 766 ..... : ................................................. ................................ 09.072
Harrison v Duke of Rutland [1893] 1QB142 ....................................... .... 20.002 Hicks v Faulkner (1878) 8 QBD 167 ........ ......................... 17.015, 17.019, 17.021
Harrison v Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co (1891] HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase
2 Ch 409 ................................................................................................... 10.039 Manhattan Bank [2001) CLC 1853 ....................................................... 14.031
Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 CLR 52 .................................................... 04.169

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Para Para
Hilder v Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Hong Leong Holdings Ltd v Sun bird (Pte) Ltd
Ltd (1961) 1WLR1434 ........................................... ............................... 06.018 (1990] 1 SLR(R) 677 .............................................................................. 14.035
Hill v Chief Constable ofWestYorkshire [1989] Hong Realty Pte Ltd v Chua Keng Mong [1994]
AC 53 ....................................................................................................... 03.071 2 SLR(R) 90 ............................................................................................ 08.045
Hill v Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Services Hook v Cunard Steamship Co (1953] l v\TLR 682 ..................................... 02.048
Board (2007) 285 DLR (4th) 620 ..........................................................06.040 Hooper v Lane (1857) 6 HL Case 443........................................................ 05.084
Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 ............................................................04.109 Hooper v Rogers [1975] Ch 43 ................................................................... 20.121
Hills v Potter (1984) 1WLR641; (1983] 3 All ER 716 ..............................02.054 Hopkins v Kay 2014 ONSC 321; 237 ACWS (3d) 362;
Hiltz & Seamone Co v Nova Scotia 119 OR (3d) 251 ..........................: ....................................... :.................. 16.043
(Attorney General) (1999) 172 DLR ( 4d1) 488 .................................... 13.140 Hopper v Reeve (1817) 7 Taunt 698; 129 ER 278 ..................................... 02.017
Hin Hup Bus Service v Tay Chwee Hiang [2006) Horrocks v Lowe (1975) l AC 135 ................................................. 13.089, 13.093
4 SLR(R) 723 ........................................................................................... 19.061 Horsley v MacLaren [1970] 2 OR 487;
Hiort v Bott (1874) LR 9 Ex 86 ...................................................................11.005 11 DLR (3d) 277 (CA) .................................................... ....................... 04.050
HL v United Kingdom (2005) 40 EHRR 32 ...............................................02.046 Horsley v MacLaren (1972] SCR 441 (SC) ................................................ 04.050
HL Motorworks v Alwahbi (1977) RTR 276 ...............................................20.099 Horton v Taplin Contracts Ltd [2003) ICR 179 ........................... 09.033, 09.039
Ho Kang Peng v Scimronix Corp Ltd (2014) Hosking v Runting (2005] 1NZLR1 ............................... 16.039, 16.040, 16.041,
3 SLR 329 .•.................................................................................. 18.015, 18.017 16.042, 16.047, 16.063,
Ho See Jui v Liquid Advertising Pte Ltd (2011) 16.066, 16.074, 16.084
SGHC 108 ...................................................................... 06.031, 10.037, 10.107 Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Australian Rugby Union
Ho See Jui v Liquid Advertising Pte Ltd [2012] Ltd (2001) 110FCR157 ......................................................................... 20.106
SGHCR 11 ............................................................................................. ..20.085 Hotel Cipriani SRL v Cipriani (Grosvenor Street) Ltd
Ho Soo Fong v Standard Chartered Bank [2007) [2010) Bus LR 1465 ................................................................................ 14.079
2 SLR(R) 181 ................................................................07.105, 07.110, 07.112, Hotel De L'Europe Ltd VW D Currie-Fryer (1955)
20.066, 20.100 MC l ........................................................................................................ 14.007
Ho Yeow Kim v Lai Hai Kuen (1999) 1 SLR(R) 1068 ................................20.076 Hotel Royal @ Queens Pte Ltd v J M Pang & Seah
Holbeck Hall Hotel Ltd v Scarborough Borough (Pte) Ltd (2014) 3 SLR 967 ........................................ 05.021, 06.033, 06.059,
Council (2000) QB 836 .......................................................................... 10.064 07.087, 08.103
Holden v Chief Constable of Lancashire (1987] Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Aud1ority
QB 380 ................................................................................. ....................20.020 (1987) AC 750 .................................................. 07.032, 07.055, 07.057, 07.059
Holland Leedon Pte Ltd v C & P Transport Pte Ltd Howard Marine and Dredging Co Ltd" A Ogden &
(2013) SGHC 281 .................................................................................... 08.045 Sons (Excavations) Ltd (1978] QB 574................................................. 04.085
Hollebone v Midhurst and Fernhurst Builders Ltd HRH Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
(1968) l Lloyd's Rep 38..........................................................................20.084 (2008) Ch 57 ........................................................................................... 16.062
Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757 .................. 01.076, 11.003, 11.016, 11.047 HSBC Bank plc v 5th Avenue Partners Lid (2009)
Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 ................................................... 19.077 E'VJCA Civ 296 ......................................................................................... 19.085
Hollywood Silver Fox Fa.r m, Ltd v Emmett (1936) Hsu Ann Mei Amy v Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp
2 KB 468............................................................................ .......... 10.036, 10.046 Ltd [2011] 2 SLR 178 ............................................................................. 06.062
Holman vjohnson (1775) l Cowp 341; 98ER1120..................................08.007 Hucks v Cole (1993) 4 Med LR 393 ............................................... 06.048, 06.052
Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd (2000] Hudson v Ridge Manufactming Co Ltd [1957]
3 All ER 421 ................................................................................07.034, 07.043 2 QB 348 .................................................................................................. 06.038
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd (1970) AC 1004.....03.021, 03.064, 04.043, Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963) AC 837 ....................................... 07.102, 07.103
04.047, 04.049, 07.078 Hunt vSevers (1994) 2 AC 350 ................................................................... 20.051
Hon Ying v Buildmart Industries Pte Ltd [2014] Hunt v The Star Newspaper Co, Ltd (1908) 2 KB 309 ................. 13.017, 13.025
SGHC 136 ................................................................................................05.063 Hunter and New England Local Health District v
Honeywill and Stein, Ltd v Larkin Brothers McKenna; Hunter and New England Local Health
(London's Commercial Photographers), Ltd District v Simon [2014) HCA 44 ..................................... ....................... 05.081
(1934] 1 KB 191 ...................................................................................... 19.095 Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd (1997) AC 655 ....... 10.036, 10.045, 10.052, 10.082,
Hong Huat Development Co (Ptc) Ltd v Hiap 10.083, 10.133, 16.045, 16.047
Hong & Co Pte Ltd [2000) SGHC 131 .............................. .................... 05.029 Hunter v Chief Constable of the West Midlands
Hong Lam Marine Pte Ltd v Koh Chye Heng (1998) Police (1982] AC 529 .............................................................................. 04.181
3 SLR(R) 526 .................................................... 13.059, 13.062, 13.063, 16.056 Hunter v Southam Inc (1984] 2 SCR 145 .................................................. 16.059
Hong Leong Finance Ltd v Cycle & Carriage Motor Hussain v Chief Constable of West Mercia
Dealer Pte Ltd (2004] SGDC 105 ........................................................... 11.044 Constabulary [2008) EWCA Civ 1205 ...................................... .............. 17.041

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 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Hussain v Lancastet· City Council [2000) QB 1 .......................................... 10.056 Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1996] AC 624;
Hussain v New Taplow Paper Mills Ltd (1988) [1994] 3 NZLR513 ....................................................... 0l.089, 04.089, 05.059
AC 514 ..................................................................................................... 20.051 Inverugie Investments Ltd v Hackett (1995]
Hutcheson v News G1·oup Newspapers Ltd [2011] 1 WLR 713 .................................................................................. 10.026, 20.045
11 EWCA Civ 808; [2012] EMLR 2 ........................................... ............. 16.061 Investors in Industry Ltd v South Bedfordshire
Hutchinson vYork, Newcastle and Berwick Railway District Council (1986] AC 1034 ........................................................... 05.049
Co (1850) 5 Exch 343; 155 ER 150 ........................................................ 19.002 Iqbal v Dean Manson Solicitors (2011] IRLR 428;
_Huth v Huth (1915] 3 KB 32 ....................................................................... 12.076 [2011] CP Rep 26 ...................................................................... 02.088, 02.091
Hygeian Medical Supplies Pte Ltd v Tri-Star Rotary Iqbal v Prison Officers Association [2010] 1 QB 732 .................. 02.038, 02.039,
Screen EngravingW01·ks Pte Ltd [1993) 02.040, 17.035
2SLR(R) 411 .................................................... 10.037, I0.067, 10.110, 19.090 Irene Fernandez v Utusan Melayu (M) Sdn Bhd
Hytech Builders Pte Ltd v Goh Teng Poh Kat·en (2008] 2 CLJ 814..................................................................................... 13.099
[2008] 3 SLR(R) 236 ................................................... 13.020, 13.073, 13.092, Irvine v Talksport Ltd (2002] 1 WLR 2355 ................................................ 14.110
. 13.093, 13.096, 14.044
Hytech Builders Pte Ltd vTan Eng Leong [1995)
1 SLR(R) 576 .................................................................... .......................08.065 _ J
J&E Hall, Ltd v Barclay [1937] 3 All ER 620 .............................. ................ 11.060
I JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham (2003) 1 AC 419 ...................................... 11.025
Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2005]
IBM vWeb-Sphere Ltd (2004] EWHC 529 (Ch); 1vVLR37 ................................................................................................. 07.105
[2004) FSR 39 ........... ... ............................................................................ 14.048 Jacobi v Griffiths (1999] 2 SCR 570 ............................................................ 19.039
Ife Fund SA v Goldman Sachs International [2007] Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 ........................................................ 04.129
2 Lloyd's Rep 449 .................................................................................... 05.006 Jag Shakti, The [1985-1986] SLR(R) 448 ..................................... 11.053, 11.060
Ikumene Singapore Pte Ltd v Leong Chee Leng Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 1WLR269 ................................. 10.030, 10.091, 20.122
(1993) 2 SLR(R) 480 .......................................03.086, 04.077, 05.052, 05.079 Jain v Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009]
llkiw v Samuels [1963] l WLR 991.. ............................................................ 19.066 1AC853 ....................................................................................... ........... 05.078
Illustrated Newspapers, Ltd v Publicity Services Jameel (Mohammed) v Wall Streetjournal Europe
(London), Ltd [1938] Ch 414................................................................ 14.108 Sprl [2007] 1AC359 ................................................... 12.013, 13.100, 13.103,
lmbree v McNeilly [2008) HCA 40 ................................................06.010, 06.011 13.133, 18.014
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Shat1vell [1965) Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005)
AC 656 ..............................................................08.029, 08.037, 09.066, 19.034 QB 946 ........................................................................... 12.027, 12.094, 12.096
Imperial Gas Light & Coke Co v Broadbent (1859) James v Campbell (1832) 5 Car & P 372; 172 ER 1015 ............................. 02.023
LR 7 HL 600; 11ER239 .............. ...........................................................20.113 James v Hepworth & Grandage Ltd [1968] 1QB94 ....................... .......... 07.028
Incledon v Watson (1862) 2 F & F 841; 175 ER 1312 ................................ 14.005 James Andrew Robinson v P Ejones (Contractors)
Indata Equipment Supplies Ltd v ACL Ltd (1998) Ltd [2011] EWCACiv9 .......................................................................... 05.018
FSR 248 .................................................................................................... 15.046 James McNaughton Paper Group Ltd v Hicks
Indemaurv Dames (1866) LR l CP 274 ..................................................... 04.017 Ande1·son & Co (1991] 2 QB 113 .................................... ...................... 04.074
Industrial Commercial Bank v Tan Swa Eng (1995] James Rhodes v OPO (2015) 2 WLR 1373; (2015)
2 SLR(R) 385 ...........................................................................................04.017 UKSC 32 ........................................................................ 02.074, 02.079, 02.080
Info-communications Development Authority of Jane Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corp (2007)
Singapore v Singapore Telecommunications Ltd vcc 281 ................................................................................................... 16.038
(No 2) (2002) 2 SLR(R) 136 ..................................................................01.021 Janvier v Sweeney [1919) 2 KB 316 ......................................... .................... 02.077
Initial Services Ltd v Putterill [1968] l QB 396.......................................... 16.031 JanrisvWilliams (1955) 1 WLR71 ................................................. ll.037,ll.038
Innes v Wylie (1844) 1 Car & K 257; 174 ER 800 .......................................02.019 Jason Carlos Francisco v Dr L M Thng (1999)
Integrated Information Pte Ltd v CD-Biz Directories SGHC 206 ................................................................................................ 06.046
Pte Ltd (1999) 2 SLR(R) 301 ................................................................. 14.052 JD Ltd v Comptroller of Income Tax (2006)
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual 1 SLR(R) 484 .......................................................................................... 17.031
Programmes Ltd (1989] QB 433 ............................................................08.043 JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks, Bloom & Co [1983)
International Factors Ltd v Rodriguez D 979] QB 351 ................. 11.037, 11.038 1 All ER 583 ............................................................................................. 14.017
Intraco Ltd v Multi-Pak Singapore Pte Ltd [1994] Jefford v Gee [1970) 2 QB 130.................................................................... 20.082
3 SLR(R) 1064 ........................................ .............. ................................... 15.067 Jeffries v The Great Western Railway Co (1856)
Invenpro (M) Sdn Bhd v JCS Automation Pte Ltd 5 El & BI 802, 119 ER 680.......................................................... 11.023, 11.049
[2014] 2 SLR 1045 ........................................... 12.052, 16.021, 16.025, 16.027

li
 Tabl.e of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Jet Aviation (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Jet Maintenance JSI Shipping (S) Pte Ltd v Teofoongwonglcloong
Pte Ltd (1998) 1 SLR(R) 713 ........ .... ..................................................... 14.076 (2007] 4 SLR(R) 460 ................................................... 06.012, 06.035, 06.053,
Jet Holding Ltd v Cooper Cameron (Singapore) Pte 06.078, 06.079, 06.080, 06.081,
Ltd (2005) 4 SLR (R) 417 (HC) .................................................... ........ 04.029 06.082, 07.012, 07.023, 07.028,
Jet Holding Ltd v Cooper Cameron (Singapore) Pte 07.062, 07.116, 08.066
Ltd (2006] 3 SLR(R) 769 (CA) .......................08.082, 08.084, 08.085, 10.023 JT Stratford & Son Ltd v Lindley (1965] AC 269 ......................... 15.010, 15.015,
Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Ltd [2015) 2 WLR 1168; 15.016, 15.030
[2015) UKSC 23 ................................................................... .... ............... 18.016 JU v See Tho Kai Yin (2005] 4 SLR(R) 96 ..................................... 04.167, 06.046
JeyaretnamJoshua Benjamin v Goh Chok Tong Jumbo Seafood Pte Ltd v Hong Kong Jumbo Seafood
(1983-1984) SLR(R) 745 .......................................................... 12.015, 12.028 Restaurant Pte Ltd [1997) 3 SLR(R) 878 ................................. 14.065, 14.075
JeyaretnamJoshua Benjamin v Lee Kuan Yew (1992] Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd (1983] l AC 520 ................................. 04.096
1 SLR(R) 791 ....................................................... ....................... 12.002, 13.041 Jurong Port Pte Ltd v Huationg Inland Transport
Jeyasegaram David v Ban Song Long David (2005) Service Pte Ltd [2009) 4 SLR(R) 53 ......................................... 08.050, 18.040
2 SLR(R) 712 ................................................... 12.015, 12.020, 12.051, 13.011, Jurnng Primewide Pte Ltd v Moh Seng Cranes Pte
13.024, 13.029, 13.089 Ltd (2014] 2 SLR 360 ................................... ............... 05.028, 05.035, 05.045,
Jinsung Construction Co Ltd Singapore Branch v 05.062, 05.063, 05.079, 05.080,
Roko Trading Pte Ltd (2012} SGHC 50 ................................................ 18.047 05.086, 05.087, 06.032, 08.102
jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982) AC 794 ..........................07.067, 07.068, Jurong Town Corp v Wishing Star Ltd [2005)
07.069, 07.070 3 SLR(R) 283 ............................................................................. 14.015, 14.029
John v MGN Ltd [1997] QB 586 ....................................... 13.135, 13.143, 20.106 Just v British Columbia (1990)
John Doe v Bennett (2004] 1SCR436 .......................................... 19.005, 19.038 64 DLR (4th) 689 (SCC) ........................................................................ 04.176
John Holland Construction and Engineering Pc.y Ltd v
Majorca Projects Pc.y Ltd (2000) 16 Const LJ 114 ................................. 05.029 K
John Rylands v Thomas Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 ................01.007, 03.003,
10.001, 10.042, 10.098, 10.099, K v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2011] 1WLR1827 .............................. 16.083
10.104, 10.116, 19.092 Kalaba v Commonwealth of Australia [2004]
.John Summers & Sons Ld v Frost (1955] AC 740 ...................................... 09.033 FCA 763 ................................................................................................... 16.038
Johnson &Johnson v Uni-Charm Kabushiki Kaisha Kamal Shashikant Shah v Bharat Dharmadas Kalwani
(2007] 1 SLR(R) 1082 ....................................... ........... ......... ................. 14.068 (2014] SGMC 2 ....................................................................................... 02.086
Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] Kamloops v Nielsen (1984] 2 SCR 2 .............................................. 03.084, 04.089
QB 333 .....................................................................................................08.040 Kannan s/o Kunjiraman v Public Prosecutor (1995]
Jolley v Sutton London Borough Council (2000] 3 SLR(R) 294 .......................................................................................... 15.051
I WLR 1082 .............................................................................................07.102 Karagozlu v Commissioner of Police of the
Jones v Kaney (2011) 2 WLR 823 ................................................................04.184 Metropolis [2007) 1 WLR 1881 ................................... .......................... 17.041
Jones v Livox Quarries Ld (1952] 2 QB 608 .....................08.079, 08.080, 08.081 Karuppan Bhoomidas v Port of Singapore Authority
Jones v Manchester Corp [1952) 2 QB 852 ................................................ 19.106 [1977- 1978] SLR(R) 204 .......................................................... 19.021, 19.025
Jones v Ruth (2012) 1 WLR 1495 ................................................................02.089 Kasapis v Laimos Bros Ltd (1959] 2 Lloyd's Rep 378 ................................ 04.011
Jones v Stones [1999] 1WLR1739 ............................................................. 10.019 Kay Swee Pin v Singapore Island Counu-y Club
Jones v Swansea Cic.y Council (1990] 1'VJLR1453 ..................................... 17.034 [2010] 4 SLR 288 .......................................................... 12.016, 13.039, 13.071
Jones vTsige 2012 ONCA 32, 108 OR (3d) 241........................... 16.043, 16.070, KayevRobertson [1991] FSR62 ......................... 02.017, 14.034, 14.039, 14.044,
16.071, 16.079 16.045, 16.046, 16.057
Jones Bros (Hunstanton) Ld v Stevens (1955) KD v Chief Constable of Hampshire [2005)
l QB 275 .................................................................................................. 15.020 EWHC 2550 .... ......................................................................................... 20.014
Jo1·dan House Ltd v Menow ( 1974] SCR 239 ......................... .................... 04.040 Kea Holdings Pte Ltd v Gan Boon Hock (2000)
Joseph v Spiller (2010) 3 WLR 1791 ... ........................................................ 13.025 2 SLR(R) 333 .................................................... ...................................... 14.021
Joseph Smith v Charles Baker & Sons (1891] AC 325 ............................... 08.037 Kearns v General Council of the Bar (2003]
Joyce v Motor Surveys Ltd [1948] Ch 252 ............. ... .................................. 14.043 1WLR1357 ................................................................................ 13.066, 13.105
Joyce v O'Brien [2014] l WLR 70 ..................................... 08.010, 08.011, 08.017 Keating v Bromley London Borough Council ( 1995]
Joyce v Sengupta [1993) 1WLR337 .................................... .......... 14.046, 14.053 2 AC 633 ........................................................................................... ....... 09.027
Keller Piano Co (Pee) Ltd v Management
Corporation Strata Title Plan No 1298 (1994)
3 SLR(R) 965 .......................................................................................... 06.090

Iii I iii
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Kelly v Tinling (1865) LR 1 QB 699 ............................................................ 13.032 Koh Sin Chong Freddie v Chan Cheng Wah Bernard
Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (of Great Britain and (2013) 4 SLR 629 ............................................. 12.060, 13.134, 13.139, 20.010
Ireland) Ltd (1957) 2 QB 334 ....................... ............................ 10.029, 20.115 Konskier v B Goodman, Ltd (1928) 1KB421 ........................................... 10.008
Kemmy v Ireland [2009) IEHC 178 (HC, Ireland) .................................... 18.007 Kota Bakti, The (1993) l SLR(R) 229 ........................................... 11.010, 11.068
Kemsley v Foot (1952) AC 345 ....................................................... 13.015, 13.019 Kota Sejarah, The (1990) 1 SLR(R) 747 ....................................... 11.012, 11.068
KennawayvThompson (1981) QB88 ........................................... 10.086, 20.113 Koursk, The [ 1924) P 140 .............................................................. 18.028, 18.030
Kenso Leasing Pte Ltd v Hoo Hui Seng (2010] Kralj v McGrath (1986) 1 All ER54 ............................................................ 20.012
SGMC 8 .................................................................................................... 11.044 Kriti Palm, The [2007) I All ER (Comm) 667 ........................................... 14.010
Kent v Griffiths [2001) QB 36 ........................................................04.051, 05.055 Kua Kok Kim v Ernst & Young [1999) 3 SLR(R) 1184 .............................. 06.054
Keppel Singmarine Dockyard Pte Ltd v Ng Chan Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire
Teng [2008) 2 SLR(R} 839.....................................................................08.077 Constabulary (2002) 2 AC 122 .................................... 17.042, 20.020, 20.023,
Kesavan Engineering & Construction Pte Ltd v SP 20.024, 20.027, 20.033
Powerassets Ltd [2011) SGDC 179............................................ 12.071, 12.096 Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co
Khashoggi v IPC Magazines Ltd (1986) 1WLR1412 ................................ 13.007 (Nos4and5) [2U02] 2AC883...................... ll.004, 11.006, ll.007, ll.Oll,
KhodaparastvSh ad (2000] l WLR618 ......................................... 14.055, 20.011 11.051, 11.054, 11.058,
Khoo Bee Keong v Ang Chun Hong (2005) 11.061, 11.063, 11.065
SGHC 128 ................................................................................................ 08.082
Khoo James v Gunapathy d/o Muniandy (2002] L
1 SLR(R) 1024 .................................................06.044, 06.046, 06.047, 06.048,
06.049, 06.050, 06.051, 06.052, L v G (2002) DCR 234 ................................................................................. 16.039
06.053, 06.055 Ladas v Apple Inc 2014 BCSC 1821 .............................................. .............. 16.043
Khoo Ting Hong v Sim Guan Soon [1968-1970) Lagden v O'Connor (2004) l AC 1067 ......................................... 07.112, 20.100
SLR(R) 391 .............................................................................................. 04.017 Lai v Chamberlains (2007) 2 NZLR 7 ...................................................... ... 04.184
Khorasandjian v Bush (1993) QB 727 .............................. 10.052, 16.045, 16.047 Lai Wai Keong Eugene v Loo Wei Yen (2014)
Khusvinder Singh Chopra v Mooka Pillai Rajagopal 3 SLR 702 ................................................................................................ 20.059
(1999) 1 SLR(R) 130 ..............................................................................07.110 Lamb v Camden London Borough (1981) QB 625................................... 07.105
Kiam v MGN Ltd [2003] QB 281 ................................................................ 13.134 Lamine v Don-ell (1705) 2 Raym Ld 1216; 92 ER 303............................... 20.047
Kickapoo (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v T h e Monarch Land Securities pie v Fladgate Fielder (2010]
Beverage Co (Europe) Ltd [2010] 1SLR1212 ........................ 14.083, 14.085 2v\TLR 1265 ............................................................................................. 17.006
Kiddle v City Business Properties, Ltd [1942] Lane v Holloway (1968) l QB 379 .............................................................. 02.069
l KB 269................................................................................................... 10.127 Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385 ........................................................ 13.107
Kiku Pacific, The [1999] 2 SLR(R) 91.. ...................................................... 17.006 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corp (1997)
Kim Anseok v Shi Sool Hee (2010) SGHC 124 ................04.008, 20.053, 20.076 189 CLR 520 ............................................................................................ 13.107
King v Lake (1667) Hardres 470; 145 ER 552 ................... .........................01.007 Langridge v Levy (1837) 2 M & W 519; 150 ER 863 ..................... 14.016, 14.020
King vTelegraph Group Ltd [2005] 1WLR2282 ..................................... 13.011 Latimer v AEC Ltd (1953) AC 643.............................................................. 06.025
King Fish vWee Meng Tugboat Service (1994) Lau Peng Cheng David v Tan Boon Heng [2013)
3 SLR(R) 950 ...........................................................................................07.015 l SLR 783 ................................................................................................ 20.058
Kirk v Gregory (1876) 1 Ex D 55 ................................................................. 11.069 Laurentide Motels Ltd v City of Beaufort (1989)
Kirkham v Boughey (1958) 2 QB 338 .........................................................20.104 1 SCR 705 ................................................................................................ 05.059
Kirkham v Chief Constable of the Greater Law Debentures Trust Corp v Ural Caspian (1995)
Manchester Police (1990] 2 QB 283 ..............03.072, 04.041, 07.089, 08.008, Ch 152 ..................................................................................................... 15.018
08.011, 08.018. 08.038 Law Society of Singapore v Tan Guat Neo Phyllis
Ki1vek Management and Consulting Services Ltd v (2008) 2 SLR(R} 239 .................................................... 17.002, 17.006, 17.008
Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago (2002) Lawrence v Fen Tigers Ltd (2014) 2 WLR 433 ............... 10.041, 10.070, 10.071,
1 \.\7LR 2792 .............................................................................................09.024 10.072, 10.073, 10.076, 10.077,
Knapp v Railway Executive (1949) 2 All ER 508 ........................................09.013 10.078, 10.079, 10.091, 10.092
Knightley v Johns (1982) 1WLR349 .............................................07.079, 07.081 Lawrence v Fen T igers Ltd (No 2) (2014] 3 'WLR 555 .............................. 10.058
Knupfferv London Express Newspaper, Ltd [1944) Lawrence v Horton (1890) 59 LJ Ch 440 ................................................... 20.115
AC 116 .............................................................. 12.054, 12.060, 12.061, 12.066 Le Fanu v Malcolmson (1848) l HLC 637; 9 ER 910 ................................ 12.060
Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) Le Lievre v Gould (1893) 1 QB 491 .................................. 03.018, 04.061, 14.002
222 CLR 44 .................................................................................04.151, 05.038 Leake v Loveday and Brooks (1842) 4 Man & G 972;
Koh Chai Kwang v Teo Ai Ling (2011) 3 SLR 610 ........................20.064, 20.078 134 ER 399 ...................... ........................................................................ 11.049
Koh Poh Seng v Low Leong Meng [2010) SGDC 256 ............................... 12.042

liv lv
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Leakey v National Trust for Places of Histodc Leong Chin Kum v Selco (Shipyard) Pte Ltd
Interest or Natural Beauty (1980) 1 QB 485 ............................ 10.062, 10.097 (1981-1982] SLR(R) 619 ....................................................................... 07.007
Lee Chang-Rung v Leonard Loo LLP (2012) Les Laboratoires Se1vier v Apotext Inc [2014]
SGHC 174 ...................................................................................06.070, 07.063 3 WLR 1257 ................................................................................ 08.008, 08.011
Lee Feng Steel Pte Ltd v First Commercial Bank L'Estrange v F Graucob, Ltd [1934) 2 KB 394 ........................................... 08.043
[1996] 3 SLR(R) 64 ................................................................... 19.062, 19.063 Letang v Cooper [1965] l QB 232 ...................... ............. 02.007, 02.008, 02.009,
Lee Hsien Loong v Review Publishing Co Ltd (2009] 02.043, 03.003, 20.135
l SLR(R) 177 ................................................... 12.015, 12.016, 12.029, 12.038, Lewis v Daily Telegraph Ltd [1963] l QB 340; [1962)
13.075, 13.106, 13.134, 18.013 3 WLR 50 ................................................................................................. 12.032
Lee Hsien Loong v Roy NgerngYi Ling [2014] Li Siu Lun v Looi Kok Poh (2013) SGHCR 27 ............................. 20.0ll, 20.020
SGHC 230 ..................................................................... 12.002, 12.033, 12.038, Li Siu Lun v Looi Kok Poh [2015) 4 SLR 667.............................. 15.061, 20.010,
12.083, 13.152 20.011, 20.013
Lee Hsien Loong v Singapore Democratic Party Lian Kok Hong v Ow Wah Foong (2008)
(2007] 1 SLR(R) 675 ................................................... 12.038, 12.059, 13.106, 4 SLR(R) 165 ............................................................... 20.128, 20.132, 20.139,
13.107, 18.013, 20.113 20. 141, 20.142, 20.143
Lee Hsien Loong v Singapore Democratic Party Lifestyle 1.99 Pte Ltd v S$1.99 Pte Ltd [2000)
[2009] 1 SLR(R) 642 .................................................... 13.141, 13.147, 13.152 1 SLR(R) 687 ........................... :.................................... 14.066, 14.069, 14.096
Lee Kuan Yew v Davies Derek Gwyn [ 1989] Lim Eng Hock Peter v Lin Jian Wei (2009)
2 SLR(R) 544 ................................................... 12.059, 13.012, 13.021, Ut025, 2 SLR(R) 1004 (HC) ................................................... 12.015, 12.016, 12.040,
13.030, 13.075, 13.090, 13.042, 13.065, 13.072,
13.098, 13 .108, 13.141 13.086, 13.088, 13.136
Lee Kuan Yewv Jeyaremamjoshua Benjamin (1990] Lim Eng Hock Peter v Linjian Wei [2010]
l SLR(R) 709 ................................................................. 13.014, 13.018, 13.107 4 SLR 331 (CA) ....................................................... :..... 12.040, 13.087, 13.088
Lee Kuan Yew v Nair Devan (1990) 2 SLR(R) 51 ...................................... 13.007 Lim Eng Hock Peterv Linjian Wei (2010) 4 SLR 357 ............... 12.013, 13.134,
Lee Kuan Yew v Nair Devan (1992) 3 SLR(R) 757 .................................... 12.080 13.141, 13.142
Lee Kuan Yew v Seow Khee Leng [1988) Lim Fook Lau v Kepdrill International Inc SA [1992]
2 SLR(R) 252 ........................................................................................... 13.141 3 SLR(R) 244 .......................................................................................... 20.059
LeeKuanYewvVinocurjohn (1996) lSLR(R) 840 .................... 13.138, 13.141 L im Hong Seng v East Coast Medicare Centre Pte
Lee Ngiap Hoon v Teo Sin (1991] 2 SLR(R) 131 .........................20.053, 20.058 Ltd [1994] 3 SLR(R) 680 .......................................................... 10.020, 10.078
Lee Say Sugar Factory Pte Ltd v Deep-Freeze Lim Kok Koon v Tan Cheng Yew [2004]
Refrigeration Pte Ltd [1997) SGHC 149 ...............................................06.084 3 SLR(R) 111 .......................................................................................... 19.055
Lee Siew Chun v Sourgrapes Packaging Products Lim Kok Lian v Lee Paukia [2015) 1 SLR 1184........................................ 17.007
Trading Pte Ltd (1993] 3 SLR(R) 855 .....................................04.185, 06.070, Lim Leong Huat v Chip Hup Hup Kee Construction
08.099, 19.105 Pte Ltd [2009) 2 SLR(R) 318 ................................................................. 15.056
Lee Ting San gv Chung Chi-Keung (1990) 2 AC 374 ................................ 19.015 Lim Meng Suang v Attorney-General [2015]
Lee Wei Kong v Ng Siok Tong [2010) SGHC 371 ..................................... 20.056 1 SLR 26 .................................................................................................. 16.014
Lee Wei Kong v Ng Siok Tong [2012] 2 SLR 85 (CA) ................20.058, 20.063, Lim Poh Choo v Camden and Islington Area Health
20.065, 20.070 Authority (1980) AC 174 .............................................. 20.053, 20.061, 20.066
Lee Yoke Yam v Chin Keat Seng [2013) 1MLJ145 ................................... 13.056 Lim Poh Eng v Public Prosecutor (1999)
Leerdam v Noori [2009) NSWCA 90 .......................................................... 17.034 1 SLR(R) 428 ............................................................................. 03.004, 06.069
Leichhardt Municipal Council v Montgomery (2007) Lim Seow Wah v Housing & Development Board .
230 CLR 22 .............................................................................................. 19.100 (1990) 2 SLR(R) 760 .............................................................................. 04.017
Leigh v Gladstone (1909) 26 TLR 139 ........................................................02.067 Limpus v London General Omnibus Co (1862)
Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co Ltd 1 H & C 526; 158 ER 993 ........................................................................ 19.066
(1986) AC 785 ..................................................... ....................... 03.026, 04.029 Lincoln v Daniels [1962) 1 QB 237 ..................... 13.047, 13.051, 13.052, 13.053
Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Fox (2009) HCA 35 .................................06.035 Lines International Holding (S) Pte Ltd v Singapore
Lemos v Kennedy Leigh Development Co Ltd (1961) ToudstPromotionBoard (1997) I SLR(R) 52.......... 04.172, 15.012, 17.029,
105 Soljo 178 .......................................................................................... 20.121 17.031, 17.032, 17.038
Lennard's Carrying Co, Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co, Ling Kee Ling v Leow Leng Siong (1994)
Ltd (1915) AC 705 .................................................................................. 18.017 3 SLR(R) 395 ..................................................................... .... ................. 20.076
Leon Engineering & Construction Co Ltd v Ka Duk Lion Laboratories Ltd v Evans (1985) QB 526 ............................. 16.031, 16.073
Investment Co Ltd (1989) 47 BLR 139 .................................................. 05.029 Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548 ...................................... 01.021

lvi lvii
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completes what the bullet has but half done. Women were among
them in numbers; some carrying infants in their gaunt, ragged arms;
some plumed and decked as if for a gala sight.
I was weary with thought; weary with the monotony of
introspection. Evidently there was some excitement toward, and to
follow it up would take me out of myself.
Toiling up Ludgate hill we went, an army of tramping feet. Then,
like a sewer diverted, we wheeled and poured into the noisome alley
of the Old Bailey.
In a moment the truth burst upon me with a shock. There was a
man to be hanged that morning!
I twisted hurriedly about and strove to force my way out again. I
might as easily have stayed the Thames with a finger. I was beaten
back with oaths and coarse ribaldry—gathered up and carried
ruthlessly in the rush for place—hemmed in, planted like a maggot in
one great trunk of bestial and frouzy human flesh. Had I striven
again I should have been smashed and pounded underfoot, all
semblance of life stamped from me.
I looked about me in agony. Before and around was one huge sea
of faces, from the level of which rose a jangling patter of talk and
cries, like bubbles bursting on the surface of a seething tank of
corruption. And under the grim shadow of Newgate there stood, in
full view, a hideous machine. Barriers were about it, and a spruce
cordon of officials, who stood out humanly in that garden of squalid
refuse. It was black, with a black crossbeam; and from the beam a
loop hung motionless, like a collar for death to grin through, and the
crowd were already betting on the expression of his face when he
should first see it.
I do not know how long or short a time my anguish lasted. It may
have been half an hour, when the deep tolling of a bell wrought
sudden silence in the fetid air. At its first stroke the roar of voices
went off and lessened, rolling like a peal of thunder; at its third the
quiet of eternity had fallen and consumed the world.
A mist came before my eyes. When it cleared I was aware of a
little group on the platform, and one, with a ghastly white face, the
center of it.
“Who is it?” I whispered, in intolerable agony.
 “Curse you!” growled my next neighbor. “Can’t you hold your
tongue and let a cove look?”
A word marred the full relish of his appetite.
I managed to slew my head away from the direct line of vision. A
low babble of voices came from the scaffold. He must be reprieved, I
thought, with a leap of the heart. I could not conceive voices
sounding natural, otherwise, under such fearful circumstances.
Suddenly, as I was on the point of looking once more to ease my
horrible tension of mind, there dropped upon my ears a low rumbling
flap, and immediately a hoarse murmur went up from the multitude.
Then, giving a cry myself, I turned my face. The rope hung down in a
straight line, but loop and man were gone.
From the universal murmur, by claps and starts, the old uproar
bubbled forth from the faces, till the pent-up street resounded with it.
An after-dinner loquacity was on all and the fellow who had cursed
me a minute ago addressed me now with over-brimming geniality of
information.
“Who’s him, says you? Why, where’s your wits gone, matey? Him
was Mul-ler, the greasy furriner as murdered old Briggs.”
The trial had made sensation enough of late, but the date of the
poor wretch’s execution I had had no thought of.
When at last I could force a passage through the press—for they
lingered like ghouls over the crumbs of the banquet—I broke into
Holborn, with my whole soul panting and crying for fresh air and
forgetfulness. It was hideous, it was inhuman, it was debasing, I
cried to myself, to launch that quivering mass of terror into eternity in
a public shambles! To such as came to see, it must be grossly
demoralizing; to those who, like me, were enforced spectators, it was
a sickening experience that must leave an impression of morbidity
almost indelible.
Suddenly I felt a hand grasp my shoulder and a voice exclaim:
“Renny, by all the saints!”
I turned—and it was Jason.
He held me at arm’s length and cried again: “Renny? Really?—
and a true sportsman as of old!”
Then he leaned to me and whispered with a grin: “I say, old fellow,
if it wasn’t for luck you might be any day where he stood just now.”
 CHAPTER XIX.
A MENACE.

At first I hardly grasped the import of my brother’s words, or the

fact that here was the old fateful destiny upon me again, so lost were
the few faculties I could command in wonder at his unexpected
appearance in London.
I stared and stared and had not a word to say.
“Where’s your tongue, old chap?” he cried. “This is an affectionate
greeting on your part, upon my word, and after near four years, too.”
I pressed my hand across my forehead and strove to smooth the
confusion therefrom.
“You must forgive me,” I said at length; “this sudden meeting has
driven me all abroad; and then I got stuck down there by mistake,
and the sight has half-turned my brain, I think.”
“By mistake, was it?” he said, with a mocking titter. “Oh, Renny,
don’t I know you?—though your looks are changed, too, for the
matter of that; more than mine are, I expect.”
I could well believe. Soul and manhood must have wrought new
expression in me; but, for Jason, he was the Jason of old—fuller,
more set and powerful; yet the same beautiful personality with the
uninterpretable eyes.
“Well,” he said, “aren’t you surprised to see me?”
“Surprise isn’t the word.”
“Nor pleasure either, I expect.”
“No. I should be a liar to say it was.”
“Well, you used to be that, you know; though I dare say you’ve
found out the better policy now.”
“At any rate, as you’re here, you’ll come home with me, won’t
you?”
“Of course. That’s what I intend. I’ve been in London three or four
days, and went over to your old place yesterday, but found you had
left. I got the new address off a queer old chap there. Why didn’t you
tell us you had changed?”
 “I did. I wrote to dad about it.”
“Well, anyhow, he never told me.”
“That seems funny. How is he?”
“Oh, the same old besotted curmudgeon as ever.”
“Don’t, Jason. Dad’s dad for all his failings.”
“Yes, and Zyp’s Zyp for all hers.”
It gave me a thrill to hear the old name spoken familiarly, though
by such reckless lips.
“Is—is she all right?”
“She’s Zyp, I tell you, and that means anything that’s sprightly and
unquenchable. Let her alone for a jade; I’m sick of her name.”
Was it evident from this that his suit had not prospered? I looked at
his changing eyes and my heart reeled with a sudden sick
intoxication of hope. Was my reasoning to be all gone through with
again? “Come,” I said, “let’s make for my place. A fellow-hand lives
with me there.”
We walked up Holborn together. He had eyes for every incident, a
tongue that seldom ceased wagging. Many a smart and powdered
working girl, tripping to her business, nudged her companion and
looked after him. He accepted it all with a bold indifference—the
masterful condescension that sets tight-laced breasts a-twittering
under their twice-turned jackets. He was much better dressed than I
was and carried himself with some show of fashion.
Duke had left when we reached home, and his absence I hardly
regretted.
“Well,” said my brother, as we entered the sitting-room, “you’ve
decent quarters, Renny, and no doubt deserve them for being a
good boy. You can give me some breakfast, I suppose?”
“If you don’t mind eating alone,” I said. “I’ve got no appetite.”
“All the worse for you. I never lose mine.” The table was already
laid as Duke had left it. I fetched a knuckle of ham from our private
store and placed it before my unwelcome guest, who fell to with a
healthy vigor of hunger.
“It’s as well, perhaps, I didn’t find you last night,” he said,
munching and enjoying himself. “We should have sat up late and
then I might have overslept myself and missed the fun. I say, didn’t
he go down plump? I hoped the rope would break and that we
should have it over again.”
“Jason!” I cried, “drop it, won’t you? I tell you I got caught there by
mistake, and that the whole thing was horrible to me!”
“Oh, all right,” he said, with a laugh. “I shouldn’t have thought
you’d have cared, but I won’t say anything more about it.”
I would not challenge word or tone in him. To what could I possibly
appeal in one so void of the first instincts of humanity?
He pushed his plate away presently and fetched out a little pipe
and began to smoke. I had sat all the time by the window, looking
vaguely upon the crowded street.
“Now,” I said, turning to him, “let’s hear why you are in London?”
He raised his eyebrows with an affectation of perplexity.
“Didn’t I tell you?” he said. “But there’s nothing to explain. I wanted
to come and I came.”
“Four days ago?”
“More or less.”
“But what brought you? Where did you get the money?”
“Never mind. That’s my affair. I did get it, and there’s an end.”
“How long do you intend to stop?”
“It all depends upon circumstances. Maybe I shall get something
to do here.”
“Well, you might. I had nothing more to recommend me than you
have when I first came.”
“Not so much, my good fellow.”
He threw out his chest and a whiff of smoke together.
“I’ve more about me to take the fancy, I believe, and I’m not
handicapped with a depressing secret for the unscrupulous to trade
upon. Besides, you forget that I’ve a friend at court, which you never
had.”
“Meaning me. It’s no good, I can tell you in the very beginning. I’ve
not influence enough with my employer to foist a useless fresh hand
upon him.”
“We’ll see, my friend—we’ll see, perhaps, by and by. I’m not in any
hurry. I haven’t the slightest intention of working till I’m forced to.”
“I suppose not. But what are you going to do in the meantime?”
“Enjoy life, as I always do.”
 “Here, in London?”
“Yes, of course.”
“We can’t put you up at this place. It’s impossible.”
“Wait till you’re asked. I’ve got my own quarters.”
“Where?”
“Find out if you can. I keep my private burrow secret.”
“Well, it’s all very queer, but I suppose you know your own
business best.”
“Naturally,” he said, and sat frowning at me a little while.
Then presently he rose and came and looked down upon me.
“Renny,” he said, quietly, “I’m going now, but I shall look you up
from time to time. I just want to say a thing first, though. You haven’t
received me very well, and I shan’t forget it. There’s a new manner
about you that’s prettier than it’s quite safe. You seem to have
thought matters over and to have come to the conclusion that this
lapse of years has tided you over a little difficulty we remember. I
only want to suggest that you don’t presume upon that too far. Grant
it to be true, as old Crackenthorpe said, that that fellow Muller’s fate
isn’t likely to be yours. I can make things pretty hot for you,
nevertheless.”
He nodded at me once or twice, with his lips set, and so walked
from the room.
For an hour after he had gone, regardless of the calls of business,
I sat on by the window pondering the meaning of this down-swoop
and its likely influence on my fortunes.
The nervous apprehension of boyhood had left me; I had carved
out an independent path for myself and had prospered. Was it likely
that, thus restored, as it were, to manliness, I could weakly succumb
to a sense of fatality? I was stronger by nature and experience than
this blackest of blackmailers. He who takes his moral fiber from
humanity must necessarily surpass the egotist who habitually drains
upon himself.
As to the mere fact of my brother’s journey hither, and his
acquirement of the means which enabled him to do so and to
present a becoming appearance, I cared to speculate but little.
London was the natural goal of his kind, and when the migratory fit
came he was bound by hook or by crook to gather the wherewith for
his flight.
It was the immediate presence of his blackrent mood that I had to
combat, and I found myself strong to do so. I would not own his
mastery; I would anticipate him and force the crisis he wished to
postpone for his own gain and my torment. That very evening would
I tell Duke all and abide by his judgment.
And Dolly? Here on the instant I compromised with manliness and
so admitted a weak place in my armor. Viewed through the dizzy
mist of my own past and haunted suffering, this sweet and natural
child stood out, such a tender vision of innocence that I dared not
arrogate to myself the right of informing it with an evil that must be
negative only in the first instance. How can I imperil her soul, I
thought, by shattering at a blow the image, my image, that enlightens
it? Sophistry—sophistry; for what true woman is the worse for
learning that her idol is poor humanity after all—not a thing to
worship, but a soul to help and protect—a soul thirsting for the deep
wells of sympathy?
Had I been wise to forestall my brother with all whose influence
was upon my life a great misery might have been averted. In this
instance I temporized, and the fatal cloud of calamity rose above the
horizon.
Why was it that, at the first, Dolly was much more in my mind than
Zyp? That I cannot answer altogether, but so it was. The balance of
my feelings was set no differently; yet, while it seemed quite right
and proper that Zyp should estimate me at my dual personality, I
shrunk with shuddering from the thought of Dolly knowing me as I
knew myself. Perhaps it was that, for all my sense of passionate
affinity to the wild creature once so part of my destinies, I recognized
in the other the purer soul; that it was the love of the first I desired,
the good will of the second. Perhaps, also, the recognition of this
drove me on again to abide by my decision of the morning. It is
useless to speculate now; for the little unhappy tale ended otherwise
than as I had prefigured it. My day had begun with an omen as
ghastly as its sequel was to be.
 CHAPTER XX.
DUKE SPEAKS.

That evening, in the luminous dusk of our sitting-room, I sat up

and gave Duke my history. He would have stopped me at the outset,
but I would brook no eccentric philosophy in the imperious fever of
insistence that was my mood. I told him of all that related personally
to me—my deed, my repentance—my brother’s exposure and
renewed menaces; but to Zyp I only referred in such manner as to
convey the impression that whatever influence she had once exerted
over me was dead with boyhood and scarcely to be resurrected.
That here I intentionally told a half-truth only, cowardly in the
suspicion that the whole would be resented by my hearer on Dolly’s
behalf, I cannot deny. I dared not commit myself to a policy of
absolute confidence.
When I had finished there was a silence, which I myself was
forced to at length break.
“Duke,” I said, “haven’t you a remark to make—no word of advice
or rebuke?”
“Not one, Renny. What concern have we with that past existence
of yours?”
“Oh, for heaven’s sake drop that nonsense for once in a way. It’s a
very real trouble to me, whatever it is to you.”
“Old man, you did and you repented in one day. The account up
there must balance.”
“You think it must?”
“We are masters of our acts—not of our impulses. You strike a bell
and it clangs. You strike a man and the devil leaps out at his eyes.
It’s in the rebound that the thought comes that decides the act. In
this case yours was natural to yourself, for you are a good fellow.”
“And so are you, a hundred times over, to take it so. You don’t
know the terror it has been to me—that it must be to me still in a
measure. The account may balance; but still——”
“Well?”
 “The boy—my brother—died.”
“Yes—after you had tried to save him.”
“Duke—Duke, you can’t hold me not to blame.”
“I don’t, indeed. You were very much to blame for not retreating
when your better angel gave you the chance. It’s for that you’ll be
called to account some day—not the other.”
“Well, I’ll stand up and cry ‘peccavi!’” I said, sadly.
“Renny,” said Duke, from the shadow of his side of the room,
“what’s this elder brother of yours like?”
I explained Jason’s appearance to the best of my power.
“Ah,” he said, quietly, “I thought so.”
“What do you mean?”
“Nothing. Only I saw him this afternoon taking the bearings of the
office from t’other side the street.”
“Very likely. He mentioned something about using my influence
with Ripley to give him a berth later on. Probably he was debating
his ground.”
“You haven’t given your confidence to any one but me in this
matter?”
“No.”
“Do you intend to?”
“If you think it right. Shall I tell Ripley?”
“It’s my opinion you should. Forestall your brother in every
direction.”
“Well, yours and his are the only two that concerns me.”
“One other, Renny.”
“Who?”
“Dolly.”
He leaned forward and looked at me with such intensity of
earnestness that his black eyes seemed to pierce to my very soul.
“Shall I,” he said—and his gaze never left my face—“shall I
acknowledge your confidence with another?”
“It shall be sacred, Duke,” I answered low, “if it refers to past or
present.”
He threw himself back with a sudden wail.
“To both!” he cried; “to both!”
He was himself again directly.
 “Bah!” he cried; “what a woman I am! Renny, you shall for once
find me sick of philosophy and human.”
I resumed my seat, fairly dumfounded at this revelation of
unwonted depths in my friend, and stared at him in silence; once
more he leaned forward and seemed to read me through.
“Renny, tell me—do you wish to make Dolly your wife?”
“Duke, upon my soul I don’t know.”
“Do you love her?”
“If I thought I did, as you meant it, I could answer your first
question.”
“And you can’t?”
“No, I can’t.”
“Renny, make her happy. She loves you with all her heart.”
“Would that be fair to her, Duke? Let me know my own mind first.”
“Ah, I am afraid you don’t care to know it; that you are playing with
a pleasurable emotion. Take care—oh, take care, I tell you! The halt
and maimed see further in the dark than the vigorous. Renny, there
is trouble ahead. I know more of women than you do, perhaps,
because, cut off from manly exercises, I can gauge their temptations
and their weaknesses. I see a way of striking at you that you don’t
dream of. Be great with resolve! Save my little book-sewer, I implore
you.”
“Duke,” I said, with extreme emotion, for I fancied I could catch the
shine of most unaccustomed tears in his dark eyes, “my good, dear
fellow, what is the meaning of this? I would do anything to make you
or Dolly happy; but where is the sense of half-measures? If you feel
like this, why don’t you—I say it with all love—why don’t——”
He struggled to his feet, and with a wild, pathetic action drew
emptiness about him with enfolding arms.
“I tell you,” he cried, in a broken voice, “that I would give my life to
stand in your shoes, valuing the evil as nothing to the sweet.”
He dropped his head on his breast and I had no word to say. My
willful blindness seemed to me at that moment as vile a thing as any
in my life.
Suddenly he stood erect once more.
“Renny,” he said, with a faint smile, “for all your good friendship
you don’t know me yet, I see. I’m too stiff-jointed to kneel.”
 “Don’t curse me for blighting your life like this. But, Duke—I never
guessed. If I had—it didn’t matter to me—I would have walked over a
precipice rather than cross your path.”
“How could you know? Wasn’t I sworn to philosophy?”
“And it can’t be now?”
“It can never be.”
“Think, Duke—think.”
“I never do anything else. Love may exist on pity, but not on
charity. I put myself on one side. It is her happiness that has to be
considered first; and, Renny, you know the way to it.”
“Duke, have you always felt like this toward her?”
“Always? I feel here that I should answer you according to my
theory of life. But I have shown you my weak side. Every negro, they
say, worships white as the complexion of his unknown God. From
my first sight of her I have tried to rub my sooty soul clean—have
tried every means like the ‘Black-Gob’ committee in Hood’s poem.”
“I think you have been successful—if any rubbing was necessary. I
think at least you have proved your affinity to her, and will claim and
be claimed by her in the hereafter.”
“I shall not have the less chance then, for striving to procure her
happiness here.”
“Oh, Duke—no!”
I stood abashed in presence of so much lofty abrogation of self.
“What am I to do?” I said, humbly. “I will be guided by you. Shall I
study to make our interests one and trust to heaven for the right
feeling?”
“First tell her what you have told me. You need have no fear.”
“Very well. I will do so on the first opportunity.”
“That confidence alone will make a bond between you. But, Renny
—oh, don’t delay.”
“I won’t, Duke—I won’t. But I wish you would tell me what danger it
is you fear.”
“If I did you would think it nothing but a phantom of my brain. I
have said I see in the dark. This room is full of fantastic shapes to
me. Perhaps they are only the goblin lights born of warp and
disease.”
“I will speak to her next Sunday.”
 “Not sooner?”
“I can’t very well. We must be alone together without risk of
interruption.”
I would have told him of our yesterday’s talk, only that it seemed a
cruel thing to take even him into that broken and tender confidence.
“Very well. Let it be then, as you value her happiness.”
All day it had been close and oppressive and now thunder began
to moan and complain up the lower slopes of the night.
Suddenly, in the ominous stirring of the gloom, I became
conscious that my companion was murmuring to himself—that a low
current of speech was issuing from his lips monotonous as the
babble of delirium.
“There was a window in the roof, where stars glittered like bubbles
in the glass—and the ceiling came almost down to the floor on one
side and I cried often with terror, for the window and I were alone.
Sometimes the frost gathered there, like white skin over a wound,
and sometimes the monstrous clouds looked in and mocked and
nodded at me. I was very cold or else my face cracked like earth with
the heat, and I could not run away, for he had thrown me down years
before and the marrow dried in my bones. There had been a time
when the woman came with her white face and loved me, always
listening, and crept away looking back. But she went at last and I
never saw her again.”
“Duke!” I whispered—“Duke!” but he seemed lost to all sense of
my presence.
“He came often, and there was a great dog with him, whose flesh
writhed with folds of gray, and the edges of his tongue were curled
up like a burning leaf—and the dog made my heart sick, for its eyes
were full of hate like his, and when he made it snarl at me I shivered
with terror lest a movement of mine should bring it upon me. And
sometimes I heard it breathing outside the door and thought if they
had forgotten to lock it and it came in I should die. But they never
forgot, and I was left alone with the window in the roof and nothing
else. But now I feel that if I could meet that dog—now, now I should
scream and tear it with my teeth and torture it inch by inch for what it
made me suffer.”
I cried to him again, but he took no heed.
 “There was water, in the end, and great dark buildings went up
from it and the thunder was thick in the sky. Then he said, ‘Drink,’
and held something to my lips; and I obeyed because I was in terror
of him. It was fire he gave me, and I could not shriek because it took
me by the throat—but I fell against the water and felt it lap toward me
and I woke screaming and I was in a boat—I was in a boat, I tell
you.”
There came a booming crash overhead and the room for a
moment weltered with ghastly light. In its passing I saw Duke leap to
his feet, and there was something beside him—a shape—a mist—
one of the phantoms of his brain—no, of mine—Modred, pointing
and smiling. It was gone in an instant—a mere trick of the nerves.
But, as I stood shivering and blinded, I heard Duke cry in a terrible
voice:
“Renny—listen! It was on such a night as this that my father
poisoned me!”
 CHAPTER XXI.
THE CALM BEFORE.

Long after the storm had broken and rolled away were we still
sitting talking in the dim lamplight. In these hours I learned what dark
confidences my friend had to give me as to his solitary and haunted
past; learned more truly, also, than I had ever done as yet, the value
of a moral courage that had enabled him, dogged by the cruelest
hate of adversity, to emerge from the furnace noble and thrice
refined.
He had been picked up, as a mere child drowning in the river, by
the Thames police and had been ultimately consigned to a charity
school, from which, in due course, he had been apprenticed to a
printer. Thus far had his existence, emerging from profoundest
gloom, run a straight and uneventful course—but before?
Into what deadly corner of a great city’s most secret burrows his
young life had been first hemmed and then crushed out of shape
who may say? When I had got him down again, unnerved but quiet
now and wistful with apology over his outburst, he told me all that he
knew.
“Thunder always seems to turn my brain a little, Renny, perhaps
because it is associated in the depths of my mind with that strange
young experience. The muttering sound of it brings a picture, as it
were, before my eyes. I seem to see a confusion of wharfs and
monstrous piles of blackness standing out against the sky; deadly
water runs between, in which smudges of light palpitate and are
splintered into arrows and come together again like drops of
quicksilver.”
“And you are given something to drink?”
“It is poison; I know it as certainly as that it is my father who
wishes to be quit of me. I can’t tell you how I know.”
“And before?”
“There is only the room and the window in the roof, and myself, a
sickly cripple lying in bed, always alone and always fearful of
something.”
“Duke, was the gentle woman your mother?”
“I feel that it must have been. But she went after a time. Perhaps
he killed her as he wished to kill me.”
“Can you remember him at all?”
“Only through a dreadful impression of cruelty. I know that I am
what I am by his act; though when made so, or under what
provocation, if any, is all a blank. It is the dog that haunts my
memory most. That seems queer, doesn’t it? I suppose it was the
type or symbol of all the hate I was the victim of, and I often feel as if
some day I shall meet it once more—only once more—and measure
conclusions with it on that little matter of the suffering it caused me.”
We fell silent for awhile. Then said I, softly: “Duke, with such a
past for background, I think I can understand how Dolly must stand
out in the front of your picture.”
“Yes,” he said, with a tender inflection in his voice. “But anyhow I
have no quarrel with her sex. What should I have been without that
other presence in the past? I have known only two women intimately.
For their sake my right arm is at the service of all.”
His eyes shone upon me from the sallow, strong face. He looked
like a crippled knight of errantry, fearless and dangerous to tamper
with where his right of affection was questioned.
The week that followed was barren of active interest. It was a busy
one at Great Queen street, and all personal matters must needs be
relegated to the background. Occasionally I saw Dolly, but only in the
course of official routine, and no opportunity occurred for us to
exchange half a dozen words in private.
Nevertheless, there was in the dusty atmosphere of the place a
sensation of warmth and romance that is scarcely habitual to the
matter-of-fact of the workshop. Compromise with my heart as I might
on the subject of Zyp’s ineffaceable image, I could not but be
conscious that Ripley’s at present held a very pretty and tender
sentiment for me. The sense of a certain proprietorship in it was an
experience of happiness that made my days run rosily, for all the
perplexity in my soul. Yet love, such as I understood it in its spiritual
exclusiveness, was absent; nor did I ever entertain for a moment the
possibility of its awakening to existence in my breast.
 So the week wore on and it was Saturday again, and to-morrow,
for good or evil, the question must be put.
That evening, as Duke and I were sitting talking after supper,
Jason’s voice came clamoring up the stairs and a moment after my
brother burst into the room. He was in high spirits—flushed and
boisterous as a young Antinous—and he flung himself into a chair
and nodded royally to Duke.
“Renny’s chum, I suppose?” said he. “And that’s a distinction to be
proud of, for all it’s his brother that says so. Glad to know you,
Straw.”
Duke didn’t answer, but he returned the nod, striving to gloze over
prejudice genially for my sake.
“Renny, old chap!” cried Jason, “I sha’n’t want my friend at court
yet—not yet, by a long chalk, I hope. Look here.”
He seized a purse from his pocket and clapped it down on the
table with a jingling thud.
“There’s solid cash for you, my boy! Forty-three pounds to a
penny, and a new pleasure to the pretty face of each of ’em.”
“Where on earth did you get it, Jason?”
“Won’t you be shocked, Barebones? Come with me some night
and see for yourself.”
“You’ve been gambling, I believe.”
“Horrid, isn’t it?—the wailing baby and the deserted wife and the
pistol in a garret—that’s what you are thinking of, eh? Oh, you dear
thing! But we aren’t built alike, you and I.”
“Be quiet, can’t you?” I cried, angrily.
“Not a bit of it. I’m breezy as a weathercock to-night. I must talk, I
tell you, and you always rouse the laughing imp in me. Where’s the
harm of gambling, if you win? Eh, Jack Straw?”
“It’s no very good qualification for work, if that’s what you want to
get, Mr. Trender.”
“Work? Hang the dirty rubbish! Work’s for the poor in pocket and in
spirit. I want to see life; to feel the sun of enjoyment down to my very
finger-tips. You two may work, if you like, with your codes of cranky
morals. You may go back to your mill every Monday morning with a
guilty sense of relief that another weekly dissipation on Hampstead
heath is over and done with. That don’t do for me. The shops here
aren’t all iron-ware and stationery. There’s color and glitter and music
and rich food and laughter everywhere around, and I want my share
of it. When I’m poor I’ll work; only—I don’t ever intend to be poor
again.”
“Well, we don’t any of us intend to, for the matter of that,” said
Duke.
“Oh, but you go the wrong way about it. You’re hampered in the
beginning with the notion that you were made to work, and that if you
do it in fine manly fashion your wages will be paid you in full some
day. Why, what owls you are not to see that those wages that you
think you are storing up so patiently are all the time being spent by
such as me! Here’s happiness at your elbow, in the person of Jason
Trender—not up in the skies there. But it’s your nature and luckily
that’s my gain. You wouldn’t know how to enjoy ten thousand a year
if you had it.”
“You think not?”
“I know it. You’d never be able to shake off the old humbug of
responsibility.”
“Toward others, you mean?”
“Of course I do, and that’s not the way to make out life.”
“Not your way?”
“Mine? Mine’s to be irresponsible and independent—to act upon
every impulse and always have a cat by me to claw out the
chestnuts.”
“A high ideal, isn’t it?”
“Don’t fire that nonsense at me. Ideal, indeed! A cant term, Jack
Straw, for a sort of religious mania. No ideal ever sparkled like a
bottle of champagne. I’ve been drinking it for the first time lately and
learning to play euchre. I’ve not proved such a bad pupil.”
He slapped the pocket to which he had returned his purse, with a
joyous laugh.
“Champagne’s heaven!” he cried. “I never want any better. Come
out with me to-morrow and taste it. Let’s have a jaunt!”
Duke shook his head.
“We shouldn’t agree in our notions of pleasure,” said he.
“Then, come you, Renny, and I’ll swear to show you more fun in a
day than you’ve known in all your four years of London.”
 “I can’t, Jason. I’ve got another engagement.”
“Who with?”
“Never mind. But I can’t come.”
“Oh, rubbish! You’ll have to tell me or else we go together.”
“Neither the one nor the other.”
For a moment he looked threatening. “I’m not fond of these
mysteries,” he said. Then his face cleared again.
“Well,” he cried, “it’s a small matter for me, and, after all, you don’t
know what you miss. You don’t keep whisky here, I suppose?”
“No, we don’t drink grog, either of us.”
“So I should have thought. Then I’ll make for livelier quarters”—
and crying good-night to us, he went singing out of the room.
The moment I heard the outer door shut on him, I turned to Duke.
“Don’t hold me responsible for him,” I said. “You see what he is.”
“Renny,” said Duke, gravely, “I see that friendship is impossible to
him, and can understand in a measure what he made you suffer.”
“Yet, I think, it’s true that he’s of the sort whom fortune always
favors.”
“They sign a compact in blood for it, though, as the wicked baron
does in the story books.”
He smiled and we both fell silent. Presently Duke said from the
darkness:
“Where has he put up in London?”
“I don’t know. He wouldn’t say. I’m not particularly anxious to find
out as long as he keeps away from here.”
“Ah, as long as he does,” said my companion, and sunk into a
pondering fit again.
“Get off early to-morrow,” he said, suddenly. “What time have you
arranged to—to meet Dolly?”
“Half-past nine, Duke.”
“Not before? Well, be punctual, there’s a good fellow. She’s worth
an effort.”
I watched him, as he rose with a stifled sigh and busied himself
over lighting our bedroom candle. In the gusty dance of the flame his
eyes seemed to change and glint red like beads of garnet. I had no
notion why, but a thrill ran through me and with it a sudden impulse
to seize him by the hand and exclaim: “Thank God, we’re friends,
Duke!”
He startled a little and looked full in my face, and then I knew what
had moved me.
Friends were we; but heaven pity the man who made him his
enemy!
 CHAPTER XXII.
THE SHADOW OF THE STORM.

Dolly met me the next morning, looking shy and half-frightened as

a child caught fruit-picking. She gave me her hand with no show of
heartiness, and withdrew it at once as if its fingers were the delicate
antennae of her innocent soul and I her natural enemy.
“Where shall we go, Renny?” she asked, glancing timidly up at
me.
“To Epping again, Dolly, dear. I’ve set my heart on it.”
She seemed at first as if about to ask me why; then to shrink from
a subject she dreaded appearing to have a leading interest in.
“Very well,” she answered, faintly. “It will be lovely there now.”
“Won’t you help a poor woman to a crust of bread, kind lidy?” said
a voluble whining voice at our ears, and a sturdy mendicant thrust
her hand between us. She was a very frouzy and forbidding-looking
mendicant, indeed, with battered bonnet askew and villainous small
eyes, and her neighborhood was redolent of gin.
“Spare a copper, kind lidy and gentleman,” she entreated, with a
bibulous smirk, “and call down the blessings of ’eving on a widowed
’art as ’an’t tysted bit or sup since yesterday come to-morrer, and five
blessed children wantin’ a ’ome, which it’s the rent overdue and
these ’ands wore to knife powder scrapin’ in the gutters for scraps
which one crust of bread would ease. Kind lidy, oh, just a copper.”
Dolly was for putting a charitable hand into her pocket as the
creature followed us, but I peremptorily stopped her and would not
have her imposed upon.
“Kind lidy,” continued the woman, “I’ve walked the streets all night
since yesterday morning and the soles off my feet, kind lidy; won’t
you spare a copper? And I dursn’t go ’ome for fear of my man, and I
buried the youngest a week come yesterday, and praise ’eving I’m a
lonely widder, without child or ’usband, kind lidy; just a copper for the
funeral—and rot the faces off of you for a couple of bloomin’ marks
in your silks and satings and may you die of the black thirst with the