Contents

G r a mma r Tenses
Present ten ses
Nouns, pronouns and determiners 26 Present simple...................................................... 42
Nouns and determiners 27 Present continuous............................................... 43
1 Singular and plural nouns........................................... 4 28 Present simple or present continuous........................ 45
2 Countable and uncountable nouns..............................5 29 State verbs............................................................. 46
3 Counting uncountable nouns...................................... 7 C heck 6 Present tenses.............................................. 47
4 a lot of/lots of, many, much, (a) few, (a) little................8
5 all, most, some, none...............................................10 Past tenses
6 each, every.............................................................. 12 30 Past simple: regular verbs....................................... 48
C heck 1 Nouns and determiners..................................13 31 Past simple: irregular verbs..................................... 49
32 Past continuous....................................................... 51
Pronouns and possessives 33 Past continuous and past sim ple..............................53
7 Pronouns and possessive adjectives......................... 14 34 used t o .................................................................. 54
8 Possessive's, possessive o f ..................................... 15 Check 7 Past tenses................................................... 56
9 Reflexive pronouns, each other................................. 16
10 one, ones................................................................17 Perfect tenses
11 somebody, something etc..........................................18 35 Present perfect: form and u s e .................................. 57
36 Present perfect withjust, already, yet........................ 59
C heck 2 Pronouns and possessives............................. 20
37 Present perfect with ever, never................................60
38 Present perfect with for, s in c e .................................. 62
Articles 39 Present and past simple, present perfect................... 63
12 Definite and indefinite article.................................... 21
13 Definite and zero article (1)....................................... 22 Check 8 Present perfect............................................ 65
14 Definite and zero article (2 ) ......................................23 40 Past perfect simple................................................. 66
15 Definite, indefinite and zero article............................24 41 Past perfect and past simple....................................67
Check 3 Articles........................................................ 26 Check 9 Past and perfect tenses................................ 69
Future forms
Adjectives and adverbs, comparison 42 be going to and will................................................. 70
Adjectives and adverbs 43 Present continuous or be going to............................. 71
16 Order of adjectives....................................................27 44 Present simple and continuous for future................... 72
17 Comparative and superlative adjectives..................... 28 Check 10 Future forms...............................................73
18 Adverbs of manner.*.................................................30
19 Comparative and superlative adverbs.........................31
20 Modifying comparisons: much faster etc..................... 33 Modal verbs
21 Adverbs of frequency............................................... 34 45 Ability and possibility: can, could, be able to..............74
22 Adverbs of degree: very, really etc.............................. 36 46 Permission:can, could, be allowed to........................ 75
C heck 4 Adjectives and adverbs.................................. 37 47 Possibility: may, might, could....................................77
48 Certainty and deduction: must, can't....................... 78
Comparative structures 49 Requests: can, could, would..................................... 79
23 as... as, not as... a s ................................................38 50 Offers and suggestions: will, shall, can, could............80
24 too, enough, very................................................... 39 Check 11 Modal verbs (1 )...........................................81
25 s o ... that, such (a/an)... that.................................... 40
51 Obligation and necessity: must, have to, need t o ___82
C heck 5 Comparative structures...................................41 52 Prohibition: mustn't, can't, not be allowed to ............ 83
53 Lack of necessity: don't have to, don't need t o .......... 84
54 Advice: should, ought to, m ust................................ 85
Check 12 Modal verbs (2)...........................................87

2
 v _ u iiieu ii>

Sentence and text structure Conditionals

Statements and questions 87 The zero conditional ............................................... 137
88 The first conditional.................................................138
55 Word order: direct and indirect objects .....................88
89 unless.................................................................... 140
56 there is/are vs. it is .................................................... 89
90 The second conditional............................................141
57 Making questions.................................................... 91
58 Question words as subject or object.......................... 93 Check 21 Conditionals...............................................143
59 Prepositions at the end of questions ........................ 94
60 Question tags ......................................................... 95
61 Short responses with so, neither/nor etc.....................96 V o ca bu l a r y
62 Short responses: I think so. I hope not. ..................... 97
Prepositions
C heck 13 Statements and questions............................98 91 Prepositions of place................................................144
-in g form s and in fin itive s 92 Prepositions of movement....................................... 146
63 -ing forms as subjects of sentences...........................99 93 Prepositions of time (1)............................................ 147
64 Verbs followed by -ing form or to-infinitive.............. 100 94 Time expressions with no preposition........................149
65 Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive..................101 95 Prepositions of time (2 ).......................................... 150
96 with, by...................................................................151
C heck 14 -ing forms and infinitives........................... 102 97 lik e ........................................................................152
The p a ssiv e Check 22 Prepositions.............................................. 153
66 The passive: form and use ................................... 103
67 The passive + b y ................................................... 105 Prepositional phrases
68 The causative: have something done..................... 106 98 Prepositional phrases: time..................................... 154
C heck 15 The passive..............................................107 99 Prepositional phrases: place and activity...................155
looOther prepositional phrases..................................... 156
Reported sp eech
69 Direct speech: punctuation................................... 108 Check 23 Prepositional phrases................................. 157
70 Reported statements............................................ 109
71 Reporting verbs: say and tell................................. 111 Words that go together
72 Reported questions..............................................112 101 Adjective + preposition............................................ 158
73 Reported commands andrequests..........................114 102 Verb + preposition................................................... 159
C heck 16 Reported speech..................................... 116 103 Phrasal verbs..........................................................160
74 Indirect questions................................................. 117 104 make, do, have, get..................................................161
75 Wh- question words + to-infinitive.......................... 118 Check 2 4 Words that go together............................... 162
C heck 17 Indirect questions..................................... 119
Word formation
R elative c la u s e s
105 Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.............................. 163
76 Defining relative clauses.......................................120 106 Negative prefixes.....................................................164
77 Other ways of identifying people and things...........121 107 Forming adjectives................................................... 165
C heck 18 Relative clauses.......................................123 io8Forming nouns........................................................ 166
i09Compound nouns................................................... 167
L in kin g w o rd s and stru ctu re s 110 Compound adjectives..............................................168
78 Addition: and, also, too, as w ell............................ 124
Ch eck 25 Word formation......................................... 169
79 both... and, either... or, neither... n o r ................... 125
80 Contrast: but, althoughAhough, however.............. 126
81 Reason: because (of), as, since,so, therefore..........128 Appendices 170
82 Purpose: to, in order to, so that.............................. 129 Index 175
C heck 19 Linking words and structures (1 )............... 131
Answer key 177
83 Saying when things happen................................... 132
84 Future time clauses..............................................133
85 before/after + -ing................................................. 134
86 Sequencers.......................................................... 135
C heck 20 Linking words and structures (2)............... 136

3
 Nouns and determiners i
1 Singular and plural nouns
• To make a singular noun into a plural noun, add -s or -es. Be careful o f spelling
changes:
brother -> brothers match -> matches baby -> babies leaf-> leaves
• Remember the common irregular plural nouns:
man -> men woman -> women child -> children person -> people
foot -> /eef tooth -> teeth deer -> deer / 7s /7 -> fish sheep -> sheep

See Appendix 1: Spelling rules for plural nouns, page 170.

P R A C T I C E

la Complete the table.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

teacher teachers person
potato bus
secretary thief
beach box
half student
disco foot
dress place
sheep day

lb Complete the sentences. Use the plural of the word in brackets.

0 Are there any good near here? (restaurant)
1 I can’t find m y...........................Where are they? (key)
2 I usually have........................ for lunch, (sandwich)
3 How many...................... do we need for the salad? (tomato)
4 T he....................... are in the cupboard, next to th e ........................ (glass, dish)
5 The...................... are on tho se........................over there, (dictionary, shelf)
6 The............................. are in the living room, (child)
7 You can buy fresh ........................at the market, (fish)
8 Are there a n y............................. for me? (message)

4
 Grammar: nouns and determiners

Countable and uncountable nouns

• Countable nouns are things that can be counted. They have a singular and plural
form: book -> books glass -> glasses
• Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. They do not have a plural form:

• We use a/an with singular countable nouns: Has he got a car? I ’d like an apple,
please.
• We use som e with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in affirmative
sentences: I ’d like some eggs, please. There’s some water in the jug.
• We use any with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in negative
sentences and questions: They d idn ’t have any apples. Did you buy any eggs?
They didn ’t have any water. Have we g ot any milk?
• We usually use som e in questions when we make offers and requests:
Would you like some apples? Can I have some more coffee, please?
m We use no to mean ‘not one/not any’ with singular and plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns. We use no with an affirmative verb: There are no cars in the city
centre. They had no water.

P R A C T I C E

2a Write C after the countable nouns and U after the uncountable nouns.

friend C music butter

bread u DVD player furniture
rice money flat
book plate oil
sugar cheese sand
car information banana
office bag shampoo
soup vegetable tea

2b Marc is going to visit London and his friend is giving him some advice. Complete
the sentences. Use a, an or some.
0 Don’t forget to change...... ?.?/?.?...... money before you go.
1 Have you g o t......................... map of the city?
2 Here a re .......................addresses of cheap hotels.
3 Take.......................umbrella. It often rains in London.
4 It’s a good idea to ta k e .......................raincoat.
5 Pack.......................warm clothes. It’s sometimes cold in September.
6 Remember to ta k e .......................camera with you - 1want to see your photos!
Grammar: nouns and determiners

2C Circle the correct answer.

0 My sister’s married, but she hasn’t got some /(godchildren.
1 I eat some / any fruit every day, usually apples or bananas.
2 My father works in a / an office and my mother’s a / an hairdresser.
3 Do you have a / any homework this evening?
4 Would you like some / a tea?
5 I don’t put some / any salt on my food. I don’t like it.
6 Have you got a / any brothers or sisters?
7 The room’s empty. There’s no / any furniture in it.
8 There weren’t some / any people at the bus stop. I was the only person there.
9 What a I an terrible smell! Open the window and let in a I some fresh air.
10 Gloria hasn’t got no / any pets, but she’d like a cat.

2d Re-write the sentences. Use any or no.

0 We haven’t got any money. .........................
1 There isn’t any milk in the fridge. ............................................................
2 There are no shops open today. ............................................................
3 He’s got no friends at work. ............................................................
4 There aren’t any buses after midnight.................................................................
5 I haven’t got any free time tomorrow...................................................................
6 There’s no sugar in my coffee. ............................................................

2e Complete the conversations. Use o, some, any or no.

A: I’d like ( o )...... £?.(?.?...... information about trains, please. Are there
( l ) ...................... trains to Oxford on Saturday afternoon?
B: Let’s see. There’s (2 )...................... train at 4.35, but there are ( 3 ) ....................
trains after that.
A: OK, the 4.35 is fine. Can I have two return tickets, please?

A: Can I help you?

B: Yes. I’d like (4 )...................... oranges, please.
Two kilos. And (5 )...................... bananas.
A: I’m sorry. We haven’t got (6 )......................
bananas today. Would you like
(7 ) ...................... apples instead? We have
(8) ...................... special offer today.
B: Yes, thanks. A kilo, please.
 Grammar: nouns and determiners

Counting uncountable nouns

We can count some uncountable nouns by using a countable noun + of:
- a bit o f wood a lump o f sug a r a slice o f toast
- a bottle o f water a box o f chocolates two cups o f tea a glass o f milk
- 250 gram s o f cheese a litre o f milk five kilos o f potatoes
We can also use a piece o f with some nouns: a p iece o f advice a p iece o f furniture
a piece o f information a piece o f luggage a piece o f music a piece o f news
a piece o f paper

P R A C T I C E

3a Label the pictures. Use the words in the box.

bar bottle carton jar loaf slice tin tube

n®^
6
n*>Aw|| V y

0 a .... .................of water 4 a ..................................... of jam

1 a ............................... of toast 5 a ..................................of bread
2 a ................................ of tuna 6 a .....................of orange juice
3 a ....................... of chocolate 7 a .....................of toothpaste

3b Complete the conversations. Use a word to count the uncountable noun.

0 A: Go to bed early tonight.
B: That’s a g ood ..... ............... .. of advice. Thanks.
1 A: Hello. Can 1help you?
B: Yes, I’d like 3 0 0 ................. .... of cheese, please.
2 A: 1 heard an interesting...... ...............of news this morning.
B: Really? What?
3 A: 1want to brush my teeth.
B: There’s a n e w .................... ... of toothpaste in the cupboard.
4 A: Can you give me a ...................... of paper, please?
B: Here you are.
5 A: A typical family uses 160 ....................... of water every day.
B: That’s incredible!
6 A: You can only take o n e ...... ............... of hand luggage on the plane
B: I know!
7
u ram mar: nouns ana determ iners

l\ a lot of/lots of.; many,; much, (a) few, (a) little

• We use a lot offlots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little to talk about quantity.
• We use a lot of/lots o f {= a large number/amount of) with plural countable nouns
and uncountable nouns: Lots of people have fast Internet connections. There’s a lot
o f information for travellers on the Web.
• We use many with plural countable nouns and much with uncountable nouns in
negative sentences and questions: Have you got many films on DVD? I haven’t got
much energy at the moment.
• We use a few (= a small number of) with plural countable nouns and a little (= a
small amount of) with uncountable nouns: Can I ask you a few questions? I’d like
a little milk in my coffee, please.
• We use few and little to mean ‘an extremely small number/amount of’: Few people
read poetry these days. She had little time to study and failed the exam.
• We use How much/How many in questions and not much, not many, a lot, a few
and a little in short answers: How many computer games have you got? A lot./Not
many./Just a few.
A We can use many, much and a lot without a noun: He collects stamps, but he
hasn’t got many. Did your mobile cost much? They watch TV a lot.

P R A C T I C E

4a Complete the sentences. Use many or much.

0 I don’t have.... .(?.{(?P......... free time these days, so I don’t often cook.
1 There aren’t ...................... good restaurants in this part of town.
2 How.....................sugar do you take in your coffee?
3 They don’t e a t...................... eggs. Just one or two a week.
4 How.....................red meat do you eat every week?
5 How.....................kilos of rice do you want me to buy?
6 I don’t drink...................... coffee. It stops me from sleeping at night.
7 We don’t b u y...................... takeaways. We don’t think they’re healthy.
8 Do you e a t...................... Indian food? We eat it all the time!

4b Circle the correct answer.

A: I went to see (o)(a few)/ a little flats this morning.
B: Did you like any?
A: One flat was nice. There are (1) a few / a little shops nearby and it’s near the
university, but it only gets (2) a few / a little sunlight, so it’s quite dark. And
there’s (3) a few / a little water coming in through one of the windows. But
there’s another problem: we can’t move in for (4) a few / a little weeks.
B: That’s not good.

8
 Grammar: nouns and determiners

A: Mike, I’ve invited (5) a few / a little friends for dinner tonight.Could you give
me (6) a few / a little help to get things ready?
B: Sure. What do you want me to do?
A: Well, we’ve only got (7) a few / a little bread left. Could you get somemore?
And could you wash up (8) a few / a little dishes for me?

4C Complete the sentences. Use o lot of, few or little.

0 Her diet’s not very healthy. She e a ts ......meat but very
........fe™.........vegetables.
1 I love music. I’ve g o t.......................CDs but v e ry........................space to put
them in.
2 He’s lazy. He does v e ry .......................housework and w atches........................
TV.
3 It wasn’t a good party. We invite d.......................people b u t........................
came.
4 Come on! We’ve got v e ry .......................time a n d ........................things to do.
5 We’re ecological. We recycle.......................rubbish and use v e ry ........................
water.
6 There’s .......................information on the Internet, but unfortunately, there are
.......................really good sites.

4d Circle the correct answer.

© e « 9 New Message 0
.. , ,,-«, ........ . ,. ,

D ear M onica,
I’m rea lly ex cite d a b o u t y o u r visit! I c a n ’t b e lie ve that in ( 0 ) a little /
( a few) d a y s y o u ’ll be here in Stockholm !
(1 ) H ow m u ch / H ow m a n y d a y s do yo u plan to stay here? T he re are
( 2 ) lots o f / m u c h th in g s to do in Stockho lm , so I th in k you sh o u ld sta y
fo r a w eek.
D on ’t fo rg et to ch an g e ( 3 ) a little / a fe w m o ney before yo u a rriv e so
y o u can b u y a bu s tick et to get to m y h ouse . It d o e s n ’t co st ( 4 ) m u ch / \
m an y.
By the way, ( 5 ) h ow m u ch / h o w m a n y room do yo u have in y o u r bag?
C o uld you b rin g (6) a little / a fe w tea w ith y o u? T h a n k s, and see you
on Saturday!
Love, In g rid
grammar: nouns ana aeierminers

5 oil, most, some, none

• All, most, some and none express the following quantities:
I I M il 1 1 1
m um
i l l i n
all most some none
• We use all/most/some + plural or uncountable noun to talk about people or things
in general: All plants need water. Most pollution comes from cars. Some people
like sport.
• We use most/some/none + o f+ the/this/my etc. to talk about specific things: Most
o f the clothes in this shop are expensive. Some o f those photos are very old. None
o f their friends smoke.
• All and all o f are possible before the/this/my etc. to talk about specific things, but
all o f is less common: All (of) my friends like video games.
A • None is negative, so we use it with an affirmative verb: None o f the questions
* were easy.
• We use a singular verb with a singular or uncountable noun: None of the
cheese is French.
• We use a singular or plural verb with a plural noun: None of my friends is/are
rich.

P R A C T I C E

5a Circle the correct answer.

0 Some /(M osi)people write with their right hand.
1 Most students here are British, but most / some are Italian.
2 Some / Most sports are very dangerous.
3 Some /A ll fish can swim.
4 Most / All tigers live in Asia, but some live in zoos in other continents.
5 Some / Most people have not walked on the moon.
6 Most / All astronauts are men, but some / most are women.
7 Some / All countries have a capital city.
8 Some / All mountains have snow on them all year round.
9 Some / Most web pages on the Internet are in Japanese.
10 Some / All big companies need to have an Internet site.

10
 Grammar: nouns and determiners

5b Complete the sentences. Use o f or -

0 1 only know som e..... 9L......the people in this photo.
1 None............ .... my colleagues smoke.
2 We like a ll.... ............types of music, but jazz is our favourite.
3 Som e........... .... these paintings are lovely. How much are they?
4 I’m sorry, but non e................ the paintings are for sale.
5 M ost............ .... his friends live in the neighbourhood.
6 Som e........... children watch too much television.

7 She still sees m ost................ her school friends.

8 M ost............ .... people like chocolate.

5C Complete the questionnaire results. Use the words in the box.

all all of most most of none of some some of

I asked the people in the class about computers. (0) ... ............... students
(13 out o f 15) have a computer at home and (1) .................... these students j
(13 out o f 13) have an Internet connection. (2) .........................students (4 out
o f 13) have a slow connection, but (3) ...................... the people I spoke to
(9 out o f 13) have a fast connection. (4) ...................... students (15 out o f 15) f
use the Internet a lot and spend (5) ......................their time (30%) looking
for information and chatting to friends. (6) ...................... the people I spoke
to (0 out o f 15) do shopping on the Internet!
_LHJI ii.iiiij II III !■'11.......................... ..................................................................................................................................................................r ; ; ~ :r j :

5<J Write sentences. Use all, m ost, some or none. Use o/where necessary.
0 0% / this information / is / true
None o f this information is true.

1 80% / my friends / like going to the cinema

2 5% / people / work at night

3 0% / these mobiles / have a camera

4 Are / 100% / your brothers and sisters / vegetarian?

5 My brother / spends / 100% / his free time reading comics

6 75% / young people / get / 45% / their music from the Internet

11
u i d in n i d i : i i u u i i s u i i u u e i a i n i i i e i s

6 each, every
• We use every + singular countable noun + singular verb to talk about the people or
things in a group when we are thinking about them all together: Every student in
the class is taking the exam, (every student = all the students)
• We use each + singular countable noun + singular verb to talk about the people or
things in a group when we are thinking about them individually: The teacher spoke
to each student in turn. Each bedroom has a shower.
m Each and every have a similar meaning, but we cannot use every to talk about two
things: The waiter carried a plate in each hand. (Not in every hand)
• We can use each + o f+ the + plural countable noun: Each of the students received
a prize.
m We can use each on its own: I'd like one o f each, please.

P R A C T I C E

6a Complete the sentences. Use each or every.

0 I walk our do g...... PY.fXY....... morning before breakfast.
1 The man was holding a baby in ...................... arm.
2 They made six cakes for the party and the guests a te ........................ one.
3 ...................... student in the class forgot to do the homework.
4 She liked the black and the brown tops, so she bought one o f ........................
5 I got the same birthday present from...................... of my brothers!
6 ...................... language has things that are difficult to learn.
7 She was wearing a different sock o n ...................... foot.
8 ...................... of the bedrooms has its own bathroom.

6b Complete the exam preparation advice. Use each or every. Sometimes both are
possible.

When you’re studying for your final exam, it’s important to revise a little
(o )...... day. Make a study card for ( l ) ....................... of the topics you
studied and revise for (2 )...................... topic on the syllabus, not just the ones
you’re interested in. The exam has two parts and you have one hour to do
(3 ) ................... part. The first part has twenty questions that carry five marks
(4 ) ..................... Don’t spend more than three minutes on (5 ) ........................
question and answer (6 )...................... question if you can. In part two, remember
that you don’t need to understand ( 7 ) ...................... word in the text to answer
the comprehension questions. Make sure you read (8 )...................... of the
composition titles carefully before you start writing.

12
Check 1 Nouns and determiners
1 Complete the conversation. Use the 3 Choose the correct answer.
words in the box.
each every many no none Fun recipes for kids: P a n c a k e s
This is (11) ....great recipe for kids. Pancakes take
A: Did you take (1 ).....................
(12)....time to make, you don't need to buy (13) ..... special
photos at the wedding?
ingredients, and (14) ....children love them!
B: I took lots. Why?
A: Could you send them to me? To make pancakes for four (15) ..... you need some flour
( 2 )..................... of my photos (110g), 2 eggs, (16) ....milk (200ml) and water (75ml). Mix
are very good. They’ve got white the flour and eggs together, and add the milk and water.
lines on them. Then put some of the mixture in a frying pan and cook the
B: But I took hundreds! I can’t send pancake on both sides. Serve (17) ....pancake with (18) .....
you ( 3 ) ..................... photo I lemon and (19) ....sugar.
took! If you don't use (20) ....the mixture, simply put it in the fridge
A: Well, could you send me the best for the next day!
ones?
B: If you want, I can put a copy of
11 A a B an C some D a lot of
(4) ....................... of the best ones
on a CD. 12 A some B much C many D little
A: That’s a good idea. When can you 13 A a few B no C any D a lot
do that? 14 A most B most of Ca D any of
B: Is Monday OK? I’ve got 15 A child B person C persons D people
(5) .........................time before the
16 A litre B some C any D none
weekend.
A: Thanks. Monday will be fine. 17 A a B some C each D much
18 A a few B a little of C a slice of D piece of
~ T 7
19 A some B some of C any D any of
2 Match and make questions.
20 A much B many C none D ali
6 Can I have a loaf of
7 Could you buy a few /1 0

8 Could you put a little Total: / 20

9 Did you get a carton of
10 Do we have some of
\ y Self-check
a that delicious blue cheese? Wrong answers j Look again at j Try CD-ROM
11,15 Unit 1 Exercise 1
b fruit in my yoghurt?
5,13,16,19 Unit 2 Exercise 2
c brown bread, please? 6, 9,18 Unit 3 Exercise 3
d potatoes at the shop? 1, 7, 8,12 Unit 4 Exercise 4
2, 10, 14, 20 Unit Exercise 5
e milk at the supermarket? . 3, 4,17 Unit 6 Exercise 6
/ 5 Now do C heck 1 7 7
 Pronouns and possessives
7 Pronouns and possessive adjectives

Subject pronouns you he she it we you they

Object pronouns me you him her it us you them
Possessive adjectives my your his her its our your their
Possessive pronouns mine yours his hers - ours yours theirs

P R A C T I C E

7a Circle the correct answer.

0 I saw Sarah yesterday, but (she)/ her didn’t see I /(me).
1 My family and I have three cats. We / Us really love they / them.
2 We’re going to the cinema. Would you / your like to come with us / ours?
3 The Westons are our / ours neighbours. Their / Theirs flat is above our / ours.
4 Alice has a jacket like my / mine, but her / hers is grey.
5 I have a message for your mother. Can you give it / its to her / hersl
6 Those aren’t my / mine keys. They’re your / yours.

7b Complete the letter. Use one word in each gap.

E>ear M arla,
1saw (o) . .. y m .. . .. advertisem ent fo r a pen -friend on the internet aiA,d
decided to w rite to ( x ) ................. (2 .)............... nam e's £m m a and I'm
front o x fo rd In £ n g la n d . A s y o u tenow, o x fo rd is fa m o u s -for
( 3 ) ............... u n iv e rsity . There are a Lot o-f stu d e n ts and tou.ris>ts> here.
(« f)............... Live with ( 5 ) .................f a m ily . I have a yo un g er brother.
(£>)............... r liu . ( 7 - ) .............................. p la y s football an d sometlmes
1p la y w ith ( 2 ) ................. I also have a siste r. ( 9 ) ................. 's a student
In London, so we o n ly see (10) ................at weeleends.
1 love a ll telnds o f sport, m usic- an d tra ve llin g . T h is sum m er I'm g oing
to the south o f S p a in . M y parents have some frie n d s there and
(± ± ) .............. Ve Invited a ll o f ( x a ) .................to stay with them. In
( 1 3 ) ............... v illa .
w e ll, I've told you. a little about m y life. 1 hope y o u 'll write and tell me
about ( i- ^ ) .................
ja n e

14
 brammar: pronouns ana possessives

Possessive 's, possessive of

• To show that something belongs to someone:
- we a d d ’s to all singular nouns and to plural nouns that do not end in -s:
This is Paul's jacket. Sh e’s the g ir l’s mother. This is the ch ildren ’s room.
- we add an apostrophe Q to plural nouns that end in -s: My p arents’ flat is quite
small.
• When one person or thing belongs to two people, we a d d ’s to the end of the second
name: He’s Tom and Ray’s father. (Not Tom’s and-Ray’s-father)
• To show that something belongs to things and places, we use noun + o f+ noun:
We left before the end o f the film . (Not the film ’s end)
• We often use noun + noun for some common combinations of words:
Where are the car keys? (Not the-keys o f the car)
A There can be more than one posse ssive’s in a phrase or sentence: That’s John’s
• father’s car.

P R A C T I C E

8a Re-write the sentences. Put the apostrophe in the correct place.

0 My fathers study is over there. .
1 Sams room is next to my parents room.............................................................
2 The twins playroom is down the hall. ......................................................
3 My uncles names are David and Mark...............................................................
4 Davids wifes name is Sheila. ......................................................
5 Their childrens names are Pat and Clare...........................................................
6 Pat and Clares room is on the right. ......................................................

8b Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets.

0 Th e..........f:...?..”.?.'” ........is empty. Can you give her some food? (bowl / cat)
1 I live at th e ................................. - on the sixth floor, (top / the building)
2 I went to stay at m y................................. last summer, (house / grandparents)
3 I’ve painted th e ................................. blue, (walls / bathroom)
4 T he................................. is Canberra, (capital / Australia)
5 ................................. lived in France before she came here, (teacher / Lisa)
6 T h e................................. are over there, (changing rooms / women)
7 Can you switch off th e ................................. when you leave? (light / kitchen)
8 There’s a bus stop at th e ................................... (end / the street)
Reflexive pronouns, each other

1 -> myself you -> yourself he -> himself she -> herself
it -> itself we -> ourselves you -> yourselves they -> themselves
• We use reflexive pronouns for actions we do to ourselves, not to someone else.
Compare: I cut the bread. I cut myself.
• We can also use reflexive pronouns for emphasis: I did all the work myself.
(Nobody helped me.)
• A few verbs are followed by a reflexive pronoun to form an idiom: Please help
yourself. The food’s over there. Children! Behave yourselves! I enjoyed m yself at
the party.
• Compare reflexive pronouns and each other:

They’re looking at themselves. They’re looking at each other.

P R A C T I C E

9a Complete the sentences. Use reflexive pronouns.

0 Don’t come with us, Mum. We can look a f t e r .
1 Enjoy...................... in London, you two! HI see you next week.
2 When David c u t...................... . the nurse gave him three stitches.
3 That kettle switches...................... off automatically.
4 Jo’s a really good artist. She painted those posters........................
5 Nobody helped me organise the concert. I did it a ll...................... !
6 Some film actors do all the dangerous stunts........................

9b Circle the correct answer.

0 We met on the Internet. We write to ourselves l (§ach other)every day.
1 Helen and Annie have known themselves / each other for years.
2 The actors put on their make-up and looked at themselves / each other
carefully in the mirror.
3 She’s my best friend. We tell ourselves / each other everything.
4 It’s a self-service restaurant, so please serve yourselves / each other.
5 We work in groups so that we can help ourselves / each other.
6 Look after the children and make sure they behave themselves / each other.
 brammar: pronouns ana possessives

one, ones
We can use one instead of repeating a singular countable noun, and ones instead of
repeating a plural noun: Which bag do you like? This one. These shoes are too big.
I prefer the other ones.
A We can use one/ones after an adjective: I've go t three cats, a black one and two
grey ones.

P R A C T I C E

l o a Circle the correct answer.

0 A: Do you like this shirt? B: No, 1like that(gne)/ ones.
1 A: Can 1try on those earrings? B: These silver one / on es?
2 A: This pen doesn’t work. B: I’ve got another one / ones in my bag.
3 A: Excuse me, this fork’s dirty. B: I’m sorry. I’ll get you a clean one / ones.
4 A: Have you seen my shoes? B: Are they the one / ones in the bathroom?
5 A: Can 1borrow your mobile? B: Sorry, 1haven’t got one / ones.
6 A: Which gloves are yours? B: The blue one / ones.

l o b Complete the conversations. Use one, ones, the one or the ones.
0 A: Let’s go to a Chinese restaurant tonight. W hich........?{?£........is best?
B: .... in Mill Street’s good.
1 A: That painting’s my favourite.
B: W hich............................. ?
A: ...................... of the girl with the white hat.
2 A: I can’t decide which trousers to get.
B: .......................w hite........................are nice.
3 A: Have you seen that film?
B: W hich..............................?
A: .......................about the plane crash.
4 A: I think that’s Kevin’s house.
B: W hich............................. ?
A: .......................with the garden at the front.
5 A: These little cakes look delicious. W hich.......................shall we buy?
B: My favourites a re .......................with cream.
6 A: Are these your DVDs?
B: W hich............................. ?
A: .......................on the floor.
somebody,; something etc

For things something, anything, nothing, everything

For people somebody/someone, anybody/anyone,
nobody/no one, everybody/everyone
For places somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere
• We use something/somebody/somewhere in affirmative sentences:
There’s something for you in that bag. Som eone’s waiting to see you.
• We use something/somebody/somewhere in offers and requests: Shall I bring you
something cool to drink? Could somebody help me, please?
• We use anything/anybody/anywhere in negative sentences and questions: I can’t
find my glasses anywhere. Is anyone here a doctor?
• We use nothing/nobody/nowhere with an affirmative verb: Nobody can see us.
• We can use something, anybody, nowhere etc. with:
- an adjective: Is there anything interesting on TV?
- to + infinitive: We had nowhere to go.
- the word else: Let’s do something else.
• If everything/everyone is the subject, it is followed by a singular verb: Everything is
ready. Everyone likes her.
^A som ebody = someone, anybody = anyone, nobody = no one, everybody =
everyone: Is everyone/everybody ready?

P R A C T I C E

lia Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box.

anybody anything anywhere no one nothing
nowhere someone something somewhere

0 We must go shopping. There’s .... ?.?.ty!P.S.... in the fridge.

1 1 saw .............. ...... on TV about green tea. Apparently, it’s good for you.
2 Munich i s ....... ............. in Germany, but 1don’t know where exactly.
3 H as................ ....seen Tracey’s keys? She can’t find them.
4 I’ll be in Paris next Thursday, but I’ve g o t.....................to stay. Can 1stay
with you?
5 We don’t want .....................else to eat, thank you. We’re really full.
6 It’s terrible! An old man got on the bus, b u t.....................gave him their seat.
7 Did you g o ..... ............... interesting for your holidays this summer?
8 Could............. ....... open that window, please? I’m not tall enough.
 Grammar: pronouns and possessives

lib Re-write the sentences. Use any- or no-.

0 They didn’t say anything to me. They......... ...............................to me.
1 We have nowhere to go. W e.........................................to go.
2 I didn’t see anyone. I ...........................................
3 There isn’t anywhere else like Paris. There.........................................else like Paris.
4 She knows nothing about cars. S h e .........................................about cars.
5 He listens to nobody. H e ...........................................
6 I can’t tell you anything else. I .........................................else.
7 There isn’t anybody in the street. There.......................................... in the street.
8 They didn’t eat anything all day. They..................................................... all day.

11 C Complete the answers. Use some-, no- or every- + -body, -thing or -where.
0 A: What are you doing now? B :.....Mothjng....... why?

1 A: Who came to the party? B :..........................All my friends.

2 A: Where did you go last night? B :..........................I stayed at home.
3 A: What do you want to do tonight? B :........................ relaxing. I’m really tired.
4 A: Who are you talking to? B :............................It’s the answering machine.
5 A: What do we need to study? B :.....................................It’ll all be in the exam.
6 A: Where are you going on holiday? B :........................ hot. It’s really cold here.
7 A: Who did you see? B :......................... I was the only person
there.
8 A: What do you want to watch? B :........................ exciting. I hate boring
programmes.
9 A: Where did you go? B :.........................................We saw everything!
10 A: Who did you meet at the party? B :........................ nice. Her name’s Cheryl.

lid Complete the conversations. Use something, somebody etc.

A: Do you want to go (o) . . . f t o n i g h t ?
Let’s go ( l ) ......................nice for dinner.
Is there (2 )..................... in particular you want to eat? Indian food? Chinese?
How about some Thai food?
A: Wait a minute. It’s Saturday. ( 3 ) ..................... will be full.
B: That’s true. Let’s get (4 )..................... to eat at home, then.
A: A takeaway. Good idea!

A: It’s very quiet in here. Where is ( 5 )..................... ?

B: They’re in the meeting.
A: What meeting? (6 )..................... told me about a meeting.
B: Oh, Michael, don’t you read your e-mails?

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