TRANSFORMERS

2.1
Introduction

• A transformer is a static device (means that has no moving parts) that consists of

one, two or more windings which are magnetically coupled and electrically
.
separated, with or without a magnetic core.

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TRANSFORMERS
2.1
Introduction

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TRANSFORMER

Primar
y
steel core

• A simple single phase transformer comprises a steel core onto which two
separate coils are wound.
• The core is laminated to minimise eddy current losses.
• The coil connected to an alternating current (ac) the supply, is called the
“primary winding”.
• The coil connected to the load, is termed the “secondary winding”.
3 • Transformers can be used as Step up or Step down transformers
CLASSIFICATION

Transformer Classification

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CLASSIFICATION - OUTPUT
Transformer Classification

The ratio of the voltage of a transformer is determined by the turns ratio.

Larger number of turns in the winding, - higher voltage produced and vice versa

Turns Ratio = Primary Voltage/ Secondary Voltage = Primary Turns/ Secondary turns

The turns ratio is, VP /VS = NP /NS

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CLASSIFICATION - CONSTRUCTION
Transformer Classification

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CORE TYPE

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated

square core.

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SHELL TYPE

•Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a laminated

core.

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BERRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

It is actually a shell type transformer but the name is

related to the designer and its cylindrical shape.

Berry type transformer has more than two

independent magnetic circuits i.e. it has distributed
magnetic circuits.

The core construction of berry type transformer is

like spokes of a wheal.

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CLASSIFICATION - SUPPLY
Transformer Classification
SINGLE PHASE

THREE PHASE

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PARTS

• The main parts of a transformer are

• Core

• Windings

• Container or tank

• Bushings and conservator and

radiators.

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CORE Cor
e
Core is made up of silicon steel or sheet steel laminations which are assembled to
provide a continuous magnetic path for the flux.

With this laminated core eddy current losses are minimized.

The thickness of these laminated sheets of steel are 0.35 to 5 mm and are insulated
with a varnish, or oxide, or phosphate and then formed as a core.

In caseof small transformers, coreis constructed with hot rolled

silicon steel laminations in the form of E and I, C and I or O are used.

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CORE
Core
• High power applications - transformer coreis made with
permeability material. high

• The cross section of the core - square or rectangular.

• Air core transformers - High frequency application (above 2 KHz)

• Iron core transformers - Low frequency applications (below 2 KHz)

• Iron core transformers provide better power transformation compared

with air core transformers

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 Winding
WINDINGS
s
Generally, the (two winding) transformer has two windings namely primary and
secondary windings which are made up of high grade copper.

The insulated stranded conductors are used as windings for carrying high currents.

This insulation avoids one turn contacting with other turns.

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 Winding
WINDINGS
s
• Voltage connected to the primary winding is called primary voltage

• Induced voltage in the secondary is called as secondary voltage.

If secondary voltage is more than the primary, it is called as step-up transformer and if
it is less. then it is called as step-down transformer.

Therefore, the windings are designated as HV and LV windings based on the voltage
level.

Compared to the LV winding, HV winding needs more insulation to withstand high

voltages, also needs more clearance to the core and the body.

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 Conservator tank
CONSERVATOR

Conservator tank - used to provide the necessary oil storage

such that the pressure of the oil under heavy loads settles down.

When the oil in the transformer subject to the heat, naturally, oil
expand and contract.

Under this, oil is subjected to heavy pressure so without a

conservator tank, there will be a chance of transformer burst.

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CONSERVATOR
Transformer Classification

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BUSHINGS
Bushings

The bushings provide the insulation to the output terminals to be taken from the
windings of the transformer.

These can be porcelain or condenser type bushing and based on the level of
operating voltage these are selected.

Because of simple, durable and rugged construction, transformers require a little

maintenance.

Because of no moving parts, the efficiency of the transformer is very high which
may vary from 95% to 98%.

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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER
• When current in the primary coil is changed the flux linked to the secondary coil
also changes.

• Consequently an EMF is induced in the secondary coil due to Faraday law’s of

electromagnetic induction.

The transformer is based on two principles:

• First, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism)

• Second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across
the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).

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LEAKAGE FLUX

Flux which does not link with the secondary winding is called as
leakage flux.
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TRANSFORMERS
2.1
What is an Electric Transformer?
• When the primary winding is energized with alternating voltage source, an
alternating magnetic flux or field is produced in the transformer core.

• This magnetic flux amplitude depends on the applied voltage magnitude,

frequency of the supply and the number of turns on the primary side.

• This flux circulates through the core and hence links with the secondary winding.

• Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, this magnetic linking induces

a voltage in the secondary winding. This is called as mutual induction between
two circuits.

• The secondary voltage depends on the number of turns on the secondary as well
as magnetic flux and frequency.

• Therefore, by an appropriate primary and secondary turns proportion desired

voltage ratio is obtained from the transformer.

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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER

E1 E1

Open circuit means that there is no load connected to the secondary winding

A sinusoidal voltage V1|across the primary winding|, which has N1 turns.

A small magnetising current I1 will flow in that winding and establish a flux φ in
the core - (just like the toroid coil).

The flux induces an emf E1 in the primary coil in accordance with

Faraday’s Law.
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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER

The flux (φ1) is common to both coils it will also induce an emf E2 in the secondary
winding, which has N2 turns

From E1we had

∴ From E1 and E2

“turns ratio” =

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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER

We had “turns ratio” = &

If the primary & secondary impedances are negligible, then:
❖ E1=V1, applied voltage
❖ E2=V2, secondary terminal voltage
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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER

In practice:
❖ The windings will have a small finite resistance, and
❖ A very small fraction of the flux will fail to link both coils. This
we refer to as Flux Leakage
Fortunately, the effects of these are generally small and may be ignored
allowing the above equations to be used with reasonable accuracy.

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LOAD CONNECTED TO THE SECONDARY

❑ A current I2 will start to flow when a load is connected to the

secondary circuit.
❑ I2 will set up its own flux φ2, in a direction which will oppose the
main flux φ, tending to reduce it and eventually reducing E1
Since
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LOAD CONNECTED TO THE SECONDARY

The potential difference (V1 - E1) in the primary circuit increases

Raises both the primary current I1 and the main flux. i.e. I1🢩 & φ1🢩

Equilibrium is achieved when the flux φ (hence E1) has been restored to its original
value

The extra flux produced by the increase in the primary current cancels out the flux
φ2 created by I2.

In the steady state the mmfs (ampere turns) in the primary and secondary windings
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balance
i.e. I1N1 = I2N2 or
LOAD CONNECTED TO THE SECONDARY

I2🢩🢩 φ2🢩opposing φ1 🢩 φ1🢩 🢩 E1🢩 🢩 (V1 - E1) 🢩 🢩 I1🢩 🢩

🢩 φ1🢩counteract φ2 🢩 φ2🢩 🢩 E2🢩 🢩 (V2 – E2) 🢩 🢩 I2🢩 🢩
🢩 and so on 🢩 a balance is reached

❑In the steady state the mmfs (ampere turns) in the primary and
secondary windings
i.e. I1N1 = I2N2 or

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EMF EQUATION

Where:
ƒ – is the flux frequency in Hertz, = ω/2π
Ν – is the number of coil windings.
29 Φ – is the amount of flux in webers
TRANSFORMER LOSSES

There are two types of losses in a

transformer, namely:

❑I2R Losses

❖ These are losses in both, the primary and the secondary

❖ Losses are due to the resistance of the coils, hence losses in each of the
windings is equal to I2R
❖ These losses translate as heat and are often referred “copper losses”.

❑ Core Losses
❖ Two types of losses caused by:
constant and
Magnetic hysteresis effects, and
independent of load.
Eddy current losses in the steel core.
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TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

❑Efficiency,

Input power = Output power + (I2R losses) + (core losses)

Output power = P2 = V2 I2 cosφ2 where (cosφ2) = power factor of the load

Primary (I2 R) Losses, P11 = I12 R1 & Secondary (I2 R) Losses, P12 = I2 2R2

Total Core loss, Pc = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss (= constant)

31 Input power = P1 = P2 + (P11 + P12) + Pc

ADVANTAGES
A transformer will increase or decrease AC voltage or current

No moving parts and starting time

Isolation and efficiency is better

It has the advantage of preventing condensed flux leakage as well as iron loss

It offers good mechanical strength

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DISADVANTAGES

Will not work with DC voltage under any condition

Size is big

Physical size of the transformer is directly related to the amount of power

Heavy

Requires cooling

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