PDF Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering 2nd Edition Raymond N. Yong (Author) Download
PDF Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering 2nd Edition Raymond N. Yong (Author) Download
com
Sustainable Practices in
Geoenvironmental Engineering 2nd
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-
practices-in-geoenvironmental-
engineering-2nd-edition-raymond-n-yong-
author/
textbookfull
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-practices-in-
geoenvironmental-engineering-second-edition-fukue/
https://textbookfull.com/product/natural-and-enhanced-
attenuation-of-contaminants-in-soils-second-edition-raymond-n-
yong-author/
https://textbookfull.com/product/geoenvironmental-practices-and-
sustainability-linkages-and-directions-1st-edition-g-l-sivakumar-
babu/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-landscaping-
principles-and-practices-2nd-edition-marietta-loehrlein/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-practices-and-
innovations-in-civil-engineering-select-proceedings-of-
spice-2019-s-ramanagopal/
https://textbookfull.com/product/beauty-in-chemistry-artistry-in-
the-creation-of-new-molecules-1st-edition-kenneth-n-raymond/
https://textbookfull.com/product/cities-in-global-transition-
creating-sustainable-communities-in-australia-1st-edition-
raymond-charles-rauscher/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-agriculture-
reviews-29-sustainable-soil-management-preventive-and-
ameliorative-strategies-rattan-lal/
Sustainable Practices
in Geoenvironmental
Engineering
Second Edition
Raymond N. Yong
Catherine N. Mulligan
Masaharu Fukue
Sustainable Practices
in Geoenvironmental
Engineering
Second Edition
Sustainable Practices
in Geoenvironmental
Engineering
Second Edition
Raymond N. Yong
Catherine N. Mulligan
Masaharu Fukue
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro-
duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any
form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy-
right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica-
tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
v
vi Contents
There are many who would argue that sustainability is a fashionable word that has lost
its meaning when used in the context of society and the environment. They would fur-
ther say that the word has been overused and that it never had any cachet because of
one’s inability to properly define what sustainability means. There are also those who will
maintain that it is indeed foolhardy to attempt to write on the subject chosen for this book,
simply because of the very amorphous nature of the subject.
The above notwithstanding, we have chosen to focus our attention on the geoenviron-
ment and the need to protect the health and quality of the natural capital items that com-
prise the geoenvironment. We fully recognize that so long as continued depletion of the
nonrenewable natural resources contained within the geoenvironment occurs, sustain-
ability of the geoenvironment cannot be attained. We also recognize that the physical,
chemical, and biological impacts to the geoenvironment from the various stress generators
(humans, industry, agriculture, forestry, mining, cities, etc.) create situations that do not
allow for sustainability goals to be achieved. If one combines all of the preceding impacts
and their outcome with the recent spate of natural catastrophic disasters such as the earth-
quakes, floods, hurricanes, slides, famine, etc., it will become all the more evident that
geoenvironmental sustainability is an impossible dream. Faced with all of these, one has
two simple choices: (a) to admit defeat and prepare to face the inevitable or (b) to correct,
ameliorate, mitigate, and even prevent those detrimental elements that can be corrected,
mitigated, and eliminated, and to find substitutes and alternatives that will replace the
depleting nonrenewable resources. The material in this book is a first step in adoption of
the second choice.
The subject addressed in this book is both an ambitious one and also a very difficult
one, not only from the viewpoint of the basic science–engineering relationships involved
in dealing with the various kinds of impacts on the geoenvironment, but as much or more
so from the fact that many crucial elements contributing to the generation of these same
impacts cannot be properly addressed. One part of the problem is that many of these ele-
ments are either not within the purview of this book (especially the critical subject of
biological diversity). The other part of the problem is that there are many elements that are
dictated by prominent forces. Among these are (a) social–economic factors and business–
industrial relationships, (b) public attitudes, awareness, sensitivity and commitment, and
(c) political awareness and will.
The terrestrial environment, which is a major part of the geoenvironment is the engine
that provides the base or platform for human sustenance—food, shelter, and clothing. By
all accounts, there is universal consensus that the stresses and demands imposed by soci-
ety on the ecosphere have far surpassed the capability of the world’s natural resources to
regenerate and replenish themselves to meet sustainability requirements. It is contended
that there are insufficient resources to meet the continued demands of the present world
population, and that collapse of society will inevitably occur. Some of the major factors
involved include (a) loss of biological diversity, (b) increasing discharge of greenhouse
gases to the atmosphere, (c) loss of soil quality, (d) increasing generation of wastes and pol-
lutants, (e) depletion of nonrenewable natural resources such as fossil fuels, and (f) deple-
tion of natural living resources such as fisheries and forests. Considerable attention is being
paid to many of these issues by researchers, policy makers, and other professionals well
xvii
xviii Preface to the First Edition
In Chapter 6, we are concerned with the land environment and sustainability of the land
ecosystem in relation to food production. We do not focus on food production from an
agriculture engineering or soils science point of view since all the subjects and aspects of
food production are well covered by soil science and agriculture engineering. Instead, the
focus is from a geoenvironmental perspective on the results of activities in food produc-
tion and in agroindustry on the geoenvironment itself. Chapter 7 directs its attention to
the impacts on the geoenvironment in relation to industrial ecology. We consider the inter-
actions on the geoenvironment by activities associated with manufacturing and service
industries. Insofar as geoenvironmental resources are concerned, and in respect to sustain-
ability goals, the primary concerns are (a) use of natural resources both as raw materials
and energy supply and (b) emissions and waste discharges. Since the purview of this book
addresses resource use from the geoenvironment framework and not from the industry
perspective, we acknowledge the fundamental fact that the consequences of depletion of
nonrenewable natural resources to society is a problem that must be confronted, and that
the solution is not within the scope of this book. Accordingly, from the geoenvironmental
protection point of view, we concentrate our attention on the impacts resulting from the
discharge of liquid and solid wastes and waste products into the environment.
In Chapter 8, we discuss (a) the threats to the health of the coastal sediments realized
from discharge of pollutants and other hazardous substances from anthropogenic activi-
ties, (b) the impacts already observed, and (c) the necessary remediation techniques devel-
oped to restore the health of the coastal sediments. A healthy coastal marine ecosystem
ensures that aquatic plants and animals are healthy and that these do not pose risks to
human health when they form part of the food chain.
Chapter 9 addresses the subject of land environment sustainability as it pertains to
its interaction with the various waste discharges originating from industrial and urban
activities. We focus our attention on developing concepts that involve the natural capital
of the land environment. Chapter 10 discusses the magnitude of the problem of urbaniza-
tion and industries. Particular attention is paid to the example of sites contaminated with
hazardous wastes and other material discards. The discussion in this chapter recognizes
that the impact from the presence of pollutants in the ground need to be mitigated and
managed—as a beginning step toward protection of the resources in the environment and
also as a first step toward achievement of a sustainable geoenvironment. The emphasis
will be on using the properties and characteristics of the natural soil–water system as the
primary agent for such purposes. Finally in Chapter 11, we (a) discuss the case of nonre-
newable nonliving renewable natural resources, (b) look at some typical case histories and
examples of sustainability actions, and (c) present the geoenvironmental perspective of the
present status of “where we are in the geoenvironmental sustainability framework,” with
a view that points toward “where we need to go.”
Given the nature and scope of the multidisciplinary material covered in this book, the
limitations, and given the need to present the information to highlight the importance of
the land environment and sustainability of the land ecosystem in relation to food produc-
tion etc., we have had to make some difficult decisions as to the amount and level of “basic
theory” needed to support the discussions presented. It was not our intent to develop or
present extensive basic theories in any one discipline area of this multidisciplinary prob-
lem—except as is necessary to support the discussion from the sustainability viewpoint.
There are basic textbooks that will provide the background theories for the various parts
of the multidisciplinary problem treated in this book.
In the preparation of this book, the authors have benefited from the many interactions
and discussions with their colleagues and research students, and most certainly with the
xx Preface to the First Edition
professionals in the field who face the very daunting task of educating the public, indus-
try, and the political bodies on the need for conservation and protection of our natural
resources. We have identified the sources of various kinds of noxious emissions in our dis-
cussions in the various chapters and have discussed the serious impact and consequences
of such discharges. We have made mention in many chapters on the excess consumption of
renewable resources and the significant problems of depleting nonrenewable resources—
especially the energy resources. We have not embarked on detailed discussions on the
kinds of alternate and/or substitute energy sources and the very pressing need for such
sources to be found (researched and developed). That the need exists is eminently obvi-
ous. It was felt that this subject of depleting energy resources, together with the subject
of climate change deserve full attention from books dedicated specifically to these very
important subjects.
It is well understood that there is considerable effort directed toward alleviating many
of the impacts described by industry, consumers, legislative bodies, the general public,
and the professionals responsible for developing and implementing solutions. We wish to
acknowledge these efforts and to remind all that much greater effort is needed. Finally, the
first author wishes to acknowledge the very significant support and encouragement given
by his wife Florence in this endeavor.
Raymond N. Yong
Catherine N. Mulligan
Masaharu Fukue
Preface to the Second Edition
Much has happened in the past 7 years since publication of the first edition of this book
(Geoenvironmental Sustainability). Since that time, the combination of population growth
and increased exploitation of both renewable and nonrenewable natural resources have
added increased stresses on the quality and health of the geoenvironment. This is espe-
cially true when viewed in the context of the growing demand for food and shelter, and
particularly for energy and mineral resources and their resultant effects on the natural
capital of the geoenvironment. There is considerable need for governments, stakehold-
ers, and geoenvironmental scientists and engineers to develop and implement measures
needed to manage the natural capital and resources of the geoenvironment to ensure that
future generations of humankind are not compromised because of the lack of availability
of geoenvironmental resources.
As we have pointed out in the preface for the first edition of this book, continued har-
vesting or exploitation of the nonrenewable geoenvironmental natural resources means
that we will never be able to achieve geoenvironment sustainability. We recognize this
and acknowledge that the means and measures to diminish the depletion rate of the non-
renewable resources (conservation?) lie with industry. That being said, it is the renewable
natural resources and the natural capital of the geoenvironment that need to be managed
to ensure their sustainability. This means the development and implementation of tech-
nology and practices that seek to protect the quality and health of the natural resources
and capital in the face of chemical, mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, and biogeochemical
stressors originating from natural and anthropogenic sources.
The material in this new edition focuses on the application of geoenvironmental engi-
neering procedures and practice to mitigate and ameliorate the adverse impacts gener-
ated by stressors imposed on and in the geoenvironment from anthropogenic sources.
Although industry and society have made considerable efforts in recent years to adopt
practices and procedures to “protect the environment” (i.e., to go “green”), there are still
many activities that generate geoenvironment stressors, the impacts of which are seen to
be adverse to the quality and health of the geoenvironment. What is needed is a set of tools
and/or procedures and concrete examples that can be used by competent professionals to
minimize and perhaps even eliminate the adverse consequences of the stressor impacts.
For this to happen, it is necessary to identify the sources of the geoenvironment stressors
and also the nature of the stressors (Chapters 3 through 9). With this knowledge, it then
becomes possible to structure and/or develop technological and engineering tools and
procedures to eliminate, where possible, or alleviate the adverse impacts to the geoenvi-
ronment (Chapters 10 through 13). We have chosen to call these engineering procedures
and practices sustainable practices in geoenvironmental engineering.
In short, sustainable practices in geoenvironmental engineering is the application of geo
environmental engineering practice to manage (control, alleviate, mitigate, etc.) stressor
impacts on the geoenvironment from natural and anthropogenic sources in a manner
that protects the quality and health of the natural resources and capital of the geoenvi-
ronment and ensures that these geoenvironmental natural resources and capital remain
available for future generations (i.e., sustainability of the natural resources and capital).
Geoenvironmental engineers and scientists have the knowledge and the various sets of
tools to provide regulators, stakeholders and other interested parties with the capability to
xxi
xxii Preface to the Second Edition
protect the geoenvironment from stressor impacts. What is needed now is a deeper inte-
gration of the various disciplines such as soil physics and chemistry, microbiology, hydro-
geology, and geochemistry, into the encompassing field of geoenvironmental engineering.
As we have indicated before, to provide the kinds of technology and solutions needed to
safeguard the quality and health of the geoenvironment, it is necessary for one to utilize
all the pertinent science from the other disciplines.
The new concepts brought into the discussions on sustainability requirements include
(a) the nature of indicators and how one specifies the different types of indicators, (b) site
functionality and restoration and the choice and use of attributes, (c) remediation and
management of contaminated soil, (d) techniques for remediation that include chemi-
cal, biological, chemical–thermal, and biological, (e) sustainable ground improvement
using carbonate and artificial diagenetic processes, (f) exploitation and state of renewable
resources, and (g) sustainable assessment tools. We are grateful to our many colleagues
from the different disciplines for their invaluable input throughout our many discussions
on the problem of geoenvironmental sustainability.
Raymond N. Yong
Catherine N. Mulligan
Masaharu Fukue
Authors
Raymond N. Yong, BA, BSc, MSc, MEng, PhD, is the William Scott professor emeritus
at McGill University, Canada, and professor emeritus at the University of Wales Cardiff
(Cardiff University), UK. He has authored and coauthored 11 other textbooks, more than
500 refereed papers in the various journals in the disciplines of geoenvironmental engi-
neering and earth science, and holds 52 patents. He is a fellow of the Royal Society (Canada)
and a Chevalier de l’Ordre National du Québec. He and his students were among the early
researchers in geoenvironmental engineering engaged in research on the physicochemical
properties and behavior of soils, their use in buffer/barriers for HLW (high-level radio-
active waste) and HSW (hazardous solid waste) containment and isolation and restora-
tion/remediation of contaminated sites. He and his colleagues are currently engaged in
research on geoenvironmental sustainability.
Catherine N. Mulligan, BSc, MEng, PhD, holds a Concordia research chair in geoen-
vironmental sustainability (tier I) and is full professor and associate dean, Research
and Graduate Studies of the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science of Concordia
University, Canada. She has authored more than 80 refereed papers in various journals,
authored, coedited, or coauthored five other books, holds three patents, and has supervised
to completion more than 40 graduate students. She is the director of the new Concordia
Institute of Water, Energy and Sustainable Systems. The new institute trains students in
sustainable development practices and performs research into new systems, technologies,
and solutions for environmental sustainability.
Masaharu Fukue, BEng, MEng, PhD, is a full professor at Tokai University, Japan. He has
studied and taught geoenvironmental engineering and geotechnical engineering for 36
years, since 1978, in Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University. He has coauthored
two other textbooks, more than 100 refereed papers in various journals, and holds six
patents. He has recently established the Japanese Geotechnical Association for Housing
Disaster Prevention to apply the theory and practice of innovative microbial cementing
process (one of his patented processes). In addition, another of his Japanese patents (resus-
pension technique for sediment rehabilitation) is currently being applied in Fukushima,
Japan, in the aftermath of the March 2011 East Japan great earthquake and accompany-
ing tsunami. Both projects demonstrate the interdependencies between geoenvironmental
engineering and geotechnical engineering and the need to apply sustainability principles
in the practice of both disciplines.
xxiii
1
Geoenvironment Management and Sustainability
1.1 Introduction
There is growing concern and alarm that the demands on the ecosphere to provide for
“food, shelter, and clothing” for the well-being of humankind are fast coming to the point
where (a) continued exploitation of the nonrenewable natural resources such as fossil fuels
and minerals will be highly prohibitive and (b) renewable resources will not be able to
regenerate and replenish themselves to meet sustainability criteria. The stresses generated
by these demands create, in most cases, adverse impacts on the geoenvironment such as
(a) loss of biological diversity, (b) increasing discharge of noxious gases and particulates
that find their way back to the land surface, (c) loss of soil quality and soil functionality,
(d) increasing generation and discharge of wastes and pollutants to the land and aquatic
environments, and (e) most importantly, decreased geoenvironment carrying capacity.
Considerable attention is being paid to many of these issues by researchers, policy makers,
and other professionals well-versed in engineering, scientific, and socioeconomic disci-
plines to alleviate the stresses to the geosphere and to seek sustainable ways for society to
live in harmony with the environment.
The above sustainability concerns have been studied, documented, and published by
researchers and government bodies dealing with sustainable development issues. The reader
is well advised to consult these sources for discussions on these subjects. The primary focus
of this book is on the geoenvironment and its importance as a resource base for life-support
systems—with particular attention on issues relating to its carry capacity and capability
for regeneration of the geoenvironment natural resources. We define the carrying capacity
of the geoenvironment as the ability of the geoenvironment to indefinitely sustain the popu-
lation at hand (or a growing population) with its naturally derived resources. Although
some degree of human intervention is required to capitalize on these natural resources, e.g.,
agriculture, forest management, breeding, hydro-power generation, it must be understood
that the basic natural resource being exploited is the factor that enters into the calculation
of the carrying capacity of the geoenvironment. Humans depend on the ecosphere, and in
particular on the geoenvironment, to provide the basic materials to support life. Because
of the many threats and adverse impacts on the various life-support systems within the
geoenvironment, there is pressing need for one to (a) develop a better appreciation of the
stresses imposed on the geoenvironment by humankind and (b) determine and implement
the requirements for sensible and proper management of our geoenvironmental resources
to meet the goals of a sustainable society.
Many of the terms used in this book will have slightly different meanings depending on
one’s background, perspective, and scientific–engineering discipline. It would be useful,
at the outset, to establish what we mean by the term geoenvironment. The geoenvironment
1
2 Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering
Atmosphere
rou d in s on
An
co /or th
All artm ted ctivi
an an
mp cre eir
th
the
’s s wa here
id g an die
en en by ties
ro
interacting with
sol ace bo
vir ts
sp
terra firma
sp
on im um
he
urf ter
d
dro
nd
a a
me pa an
re
irm rs on
Hy
re
nt cted s
At ving ra fi
a
rth all
ce ter
err wate
al
m
i
h
os wa ma
ea des
af
ph ter
d i ng
lu
er s,
Inc
an ceivi
e, an
nt
t
en
all d
Ground
re
nm
All
surface
iro
nv
oe
Ge
So
(te lid g
rra ro life
fir und Soil ecosphere
ir ma
Ge m f s
o a) rra ne es
Inc (Li sp Te zo
lud ho t he re lud
he —inc
an es so sph re s p s
d o lid e Bio earth ism
ce co re) t h e gan
r
an nt f
ic ine e o ng o
cru n
st tal f e zon ll livi
Li a
FIGURE 1.1
Venn diagram showing the various elements in the five ecosphere components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geo-
sphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere) that make up the geoenvironment.
is a significant part of the ecosphere. Figure 1.1 shows the various components of the eco-
sphere and their relationship to the geoenvironment. The ecosphere shown in the Venn
diagram in Figure 1.1 consists of the (a) atmosphere, (b) geosphere, which is also known as
the lithosphere, (c) hydrosphere, (d) biosphere, and (e) anthrosphere. The various elements
contributing to the attributes and features of the geoenvironment will be discussed in
Section 1.2.
Industrialization, urbanization, agriculture (food production), and natural resource
exploitation (including energy) are basic activities associated with a living and vibrant
society. We consider these basic elemental activities to be necessary to sustain life and also
to be integral to development. In general terms, we consider development to (1) embody
the many sets of activities associated with the production of goods and services; (2) reflect
the economic growth of a nation, state, city, or society in general; and (3) serve as an indica-
tion of the output or result of activities associated with these four main elemental activi-
ties. Questions often arise as to how these activities are compatible with, or are in conflict
with the carrying capacity of the geoenvironment.
be done, but also because we need to arrive at some sets of criteria that will tell us “what
constitutes an impact.” In many instances, we may not readily recognize or be aware of
the impacts from many sets of activities or events—natural or man-made. To some extent,
this is because (a) the effects of the impacts will not be immediately evident, for example,
in the case of long-term health effects, and (b) the effects or results of the impacts cannot
be recognized, i.e., we have yet to learn or recognize the results or effects of the impacts
on the various biotic receptors and the environment itself. The important lesson to bear
in mind is that any kind of geoenvironment impact, i.e., impact on and in the geoenviron-
ment, may, sooner or later, produce reactions and/or conditions in the geoenvironment
that may be benign, beneficial, or adverse to the geoenvironment.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .