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Types of Sampling - Probability Sampling

Types of sampling - Probability Sampling

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6 views

Types of Sampling - Probability Sampling

Types of sampling - Probability Sampling

Uploaded by

SitakantaBarad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TYPES OF SAMPLING:

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Dr. Meenakshi Shukla


Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology
Magadh University
Bodh Gaya
• In general, sampling techniques can be divided into two types:
❑ Probability or random sampling
❑ Non- probability or non- random sampling
• Before choosing specific type of sampling technique, it is needed to decide broad sampling
technique.

• Probability sampling is also


known as ‘random sampling’
this is a sampling which permits
every single item from the
universe to have an equal chance
of presence in the sample. For
instance in a raffle draw
individual units will be picked
from the overall group by not a
deliberately, nonetheless by a
certain process.
Types of probability sampling

• Simple random sampling


The simple random sample means that every
case of the population has an equal probability
of inclusion in sample. Disadvantages
associated with simple random sampling
include (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005):

✓ A complete frame (a list of all units in the


whole population) is needed;
✓ In some studies, such as surveys by personal
interviews, the costs of obtaining the
sample can be high if the units are
geographically widely scattered;
✓ The standard errors of estimators can be
high.
• Stratified random sampling
✓ Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups) and a
random sample is taken from each subgroup. Stratified sampling divides the universe into
several sub-groups of population that are individually more homogeneous than the total
population (the sub-populations differences are called strata) and items will be selected
from each stratum to generate a sample. In this case, each of the stratum will be more
homogeneous with the population, more precise estimate will be generated from each for
stratum.
✓ Subgroups might be based on company size, gender or occupation (to name but a few).
Stratified sampling is often used where there is a great deal of variation within a
population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately represented.
• Cluster (or Area) sampling
✓ When the total area of the research is too large, a better way for the researcher is to divide
the area into smaller parts and then select randomly from the smaller units. Cluster
sampling is where the whole population is divided into clusters or groups. Subsequently, a
random sample is taken from these clusters, all of which are used in the final sample
(Wilson, 2010). Cluster sampling is advantageous for those researchers whose subjects are
fragmented over large geographical areas as it saves time and money (Davis, 2005).
✓ The stages to cluster sampling can be summarized as follows:
▪ Choose cluster grouping for sampling frame, such as type of company or geographical region
▪ Number each of the clusters
▪ Select sample using random sampling
• Systematic sampling
✓ Systematic sampling is where every nth case after a random start is selected. Thus, in
systematic sampling only the first unit is selected randomly and the remaining units of the
sample are to be selected by a fixed period. It is not like a random sample in real sense.
✓ For example, if surveying a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be selected
from your sample.
✓ The advantage of this sampling technique is its simplicity. The execution of the method is
very easy, less in cost and convenient to use in case of a larger population.
• Multi-stage sampling
✓ Multi-stage sampling is a process of moving from a broad to a
narrow sample, using a step by step process (Ackoff, 1953). It is
a complex form of Cluster Sampling. If, for example, a Indian
publisher of an automobile magazine were to conduct a survey,
it could simply take a random sample of automobile owners
within the entire Indian population. Obviously, this is both
expensive and time consuming.
✓ A cheaper alternative would be to use multi-stage sampling. In
essence, this would involve dividing India into a number of
geographical regions. Subsequently, some of these regions are
chosen at random, and then subdivisions are made, perhaps
based on local authority areas. Next, some of these are again
chosen at random and then divided into smaller areas, such as
towns or cities. The main purpose of multi-stage sampling is to
select samples which are concentrated in a few geographical
regions. Once again, this saves time and money.
Thank you…

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