ቁጥር

ቀን 14/08/2016

የሰው መግደል ወንጀል ምርመራ ዳሬክቶሬት

ለትራፊክ አደጋ ምርመራ ዲቪዥን ሓላፊ

አ/አ

ጉዳዩ፦ስለካሜራ ቅጂ መልስ መስጠትን ይመለከታል

ከላይ በርዕሱ ለመግለፅ እንደተሞከረው በቀን 11/08/2016 በተፃፈው ደብደቤ ገልፃችሁ

ከሶስት ቁጥር ማዞሪያ እሰከ ጦርሓይሎች አደባባይ ድረስ በተከሰተው ክሰተት አጋጣሚ
በጠቅላይ መምሪያው ዙሪያ ለክትትል የተገጠሙት የክትትል ካሜራዎች በዕለቱ የአብደትና
ሌሎች የማሰተካከያ ስራዎችን እዮሰራን በመሆኑ የተፈጠረውን ሁኔታ የሜሳይ ስላልሆነ
ውጤቱን ማቅረብ የማይቻል መሆኑን በአክብሮት እናሳውቃለን፡፡

SIGNAL ENCODING

Unit Structure
8.0 Objectives

8.1 Introduction to Signal Encoding

8.2 Synchronization

8.3 Digital Data to Digital Signal

8.3.1 Line EnCoding

8.3.2 Classification of Line Coding Schemes

8.3.2.A Unipolar - NRZ

8.3.2.B Polar-NRZ, NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Biphase

8.3.2.C Bipolar - AMI, Pseudoternary

8.3.2.D Multilevel - mBnL, 4D-PAMS

8.3.2.E MultiTransision- MLT-

8.3.3 Block Coding

8.4 (Analog data to analog signal conversion)

8.4.1. Modulation

8.4.2 Types of Modulation

8.4.2.1 Analog Modulation types

8.4.2.1.1 AM

8.4.2.1.2 FM

8.4.2.1.3 PM

8.4.2.2 Digital Modulation Types(Digital to Analog

signal conversion)

8.4.2.2.1 ASK

8.4.2.2.2 FSK
8.4.2.2.3 PSK

8.4.2.2.4 QAM

8.4.2.3 Analog to Digtal conversion using modulation)

8.4.2.3.1 PAM

8.4.2.3.2 PCM

8.4.2.3.3 PWM

8.5 Review Questions

8.6 References & Further Reading

ቀን 18/10/16

የተበላሹ ንብረት ማሳወቅን ይመለከታል

ከላይ ለመጥቀስ እንደተሞከረው በህዋዌ ድርጅት በኩል ለሴኩሪቲ መከታተያ የሚሆን

የሰው፤የዕቃና ሌሎችንም ማቴሪያሎች የሚፈትሽ በምድር ሃይል ግቢ መገጠሙ
 ይታወቃል ሆኖም የተወሰኑት ንብረቶች በብልሽት ምክንያት የማይሰሩ ስለሆነ
አይነታቸውናን ብልሽታቸውን በሰንጠረዥ ለማሳወቅ እንወዳለን፤ስለሆነም ድርጅቱ
የውል ግዜው እያለቀ ስለሆነ ከመጠናቀቁ በፊት ንብረቶቹ ጥገና ተደርጎላቸው
ወደስራ እንድገቡና አገልግሎት እንድሰጡ እንድደረግ እንጠይቃለን፡፡

ተ/ቁ የዕቃው አይነት ብዛት የብልሽት አይነት ማብራሪያ

1 Walkthrough metal detecter 01 Power house module የተቃጠለ

2 Baggaje scanner x-ray 02 -power generator

-Data buss የተበላና የተበጣጠሰ
-Software coraption
3 Computer screen moniter 01 ፓወር አለመድረስ
4 System unit 01 ፓወር አለመድረስ
5 Ups 07 ባትሪ ቻርጅ የማይሰራ(online)
6 Spliter 02 በፓወር የተቃጠለ

የአካላዊ ደህንነት ድንገተኛ ክስተት ቡድን

ሌ/ኮ

ወንዳለ ካሳ

Why Backup and Recovery Is Critical for Your Organization

Adam Marget

Backup and Recovery Business Continuity

Much has already been written about data and its significance in the current
digital economy. Data remains one of the most valuable assets for a business
today since losing it can render irreversible damage in terms of productivity,
revenue, reputation, and customer loyalty and satisfaction. That’s why keeping
it protected and consistently available has become the core goal of every
business. After all, it will be naive to rely on chance and wait until a
considerable data loss occurs to take protective measures.

This holds especially true in the new business landscape, where an

organization’s data footprint rapidly expands from on-site data centers to hybrid
and multicloud environments. While the cloud provides a compelling alternative
to traditional on-premises architecture by enhancing collaboration, productivity
and scalability, the risk of losing data in the cloud must not be overlooked.
Diverse factors can result in cloud data loss, whether it be natural disasters,
malicious external threats or slight human errors. According to the 2022 Thales
Cloud Security Study, 45% of surveyed organizations experienced a data breach
involving data in the cloud.

This is where a robust data backup and recovery plan can come in to save the
day. It can help you create strong copies of your business information, which
can be recovered in the event of data loss. A solid backup and recovery plan can
help you survive, or even thrive, in the face of such unexpected events.

What is backup and recovery?

Backup and recovery is the process of duplicating and storing information in a

secure place so that it can be later restored to use in operations. Techopedia
defines backup and recovery as the “process of backing up data in case of a loss
and setting up systems that allow that data recovery due to data loss.” Data
backup is the safest way to ensure your information still exists elsewhere in the
event of data loss. You can swiftly restore your business-critical data and return
to business as usual.
What is the purpose of backup and recovery?

It is imperative to acknowledge that any server can crash, anyone can make
errors and a cyberattack can occur at any time. The primary goal of backup and
recovery is to protect data, such as files, folders and databases, from such
threats and ensure data restoration. In the case of a primary data failure due to
hardware/software failure, data corruption, external threats or accidental
deletion, backup copies will allow the restoration of the data from an earlier
point in time to aid the business in recovering from the unexpected event.

How does backup and recovery work?

The primary objective of backup and recovery is to protect the integrity of

business-critical data and restore operations swiftly in the event of data loss. An
organization’s scalability, data security and physical distance (required between
the production infrastructure and backup) requirements determine how the
backup is performed, how often it is done, where it is stored and how long it
should be retained.

An organization can opt for different backup and recovery models in its
infrastructure strategy. For instance, you can back up your on-premises and
cloud data in either on-premises data centers or the cloud. Similarly, to
minimize the amount of data lost between two backups, backup jobs may
leverage different strategies (i.e., incremental forever) to take backups and
synthesize backup copies more consistently. Backup data specifications, roles
and responsibilities, and schedule and frequency should also be determined for
an effective backup and recovery plan.

What is the difference between backup and recovery?

The main difference between the backup and recovery functions is that the
backup process duplicates and securely protects your production data so you
can use it later when you need it. Meanwhile, recovery is the process that helps
you retrieve and restore that backed-up data to your production systems in the
event of data loss so that you can avoid business downtime.

Reliable backup and swift recovery processes together ensure business reliance
and form a pivotal part of a robust business continuity and disaster recovery
(BCDR) plan.

What should a backup and recovery plan include?

A backup and recovery plan is essentially an outlined framework for

implementing backup and recovery within an organization. While there is no
predefined and universal template for it, there are several things to consider
while devising one. A comprehensive backup and recovery plan will encompass
everything related to data backup and recovery, including the identification of
data that must be backed up, the hardware, operating systems and software
components included in the process, the types of backups involved, the
automation of backup and recovery tools, the retention and rotation strategies,
and so on.

Roles and responsibilities

Crafting a backup and recovery strategy doesn’t end once you’ve established a
method for taking backups. Backup and recovery management involves a whole
range of functions, like planning and testing responses to different types of data
losses, configuring the environment for backup and recovery, setting up a
schedule for backup, complete monitoring of the environment, troubleshooting
issues and restoring data when the need arises. Clear roles and responsibilities
must be assigned to ensure the corresponding team intervenes appropriately.

Backup data

You should back up any data that you have to protect. All the necessary data for
your server workloads, like documents, configuration files, media files,
operating systems and registry files, must be backed up to ensure they stay
available in the event of data loss or downtime.

Backup schedule

Having a definite and regular schedule for backing up your data is essential.
Ideally, the frequency between your backups shouldn’t exceed the time you are
willing to spend on any rework due to the lost data. If you back up your data
only once a year, you will lose all the data between those backups in the case of
an outage. The best practice is thus to back up the data at regular intervals.

Also, it would be best to consider the impact running backups will have on
production workloads. It is better to create a schedule that doesn’t risk
interfering with your business hours, such as running regular backups outside
working hours.

Backup technique

At its core, backups can be classified into three groups depending on the storage
medium.

Hardware: The traditional way of backing up data is by setting up your own

data centers, where you store data in the servers you control. In this case, you
are in charge of access and privacy to the data center and can manage the server
hardware accordingly. However, this approach’s downside is that your
hardware’s capacity limits you. Every time you need to increase the storage and
the workload it can handle, you will have to upgrade your servers. Without a
strategy to create redundant backup copies, if any damage happens to these
servers, you risk losing all your data.

Software: Backup software is also a type of local backup that will help you
copy your files, folders, applications and operating system on external
hardware. While the software is sometimes integrated with the hardware, it can
also run separately. Tape was the most commonly used hardware in such
backups until the emergence of disk-based hardware in the early 2000s. While
software-based backup solutions are scalable, they rely upon the flexibility and
scalability of the local hardware. Associated servers, storage devices and
storage media (i.e., removable HDDs) must be managed and maintained by the
organization in the long run.

Cloud: Cloud backup, also called online backup, backs up your data and sends
it over a proprietary or public network to a remote server. Cloud-based backup
has been soaring in popularity recently thanks to its flexibility and scalability.
Unlike the on-site backup options, cloud backup does not have the hefty data
center footprint and maintenance costs. These services are available over the
WAN and can often be accessed from anywhere remotely. However, cloud
backups can face security and latency issues if not appropriately managed.
Nevertheless, cloud backup has become an indispensable part of the backup and
recovery strategies of modern organizations.

Backup type

You can dictate the strategy by which you create backups by utilizing one or
several of the following backup methods:

Full: The full backup takes a complete copy of all the data on a particular host
or a set of hosts. Full backup creates a backup for all information you wish to
secure, including files and folders, hard drives/in-use disk regions, operating
systems, system metadata, application data and more. The more recently a full
backup has been executed, the easier it gets to restore data during a data loss
event. However, since everything is backed up in one go, it takes longer to back
up data than the other backups.
Differential: In this case, not all the data is copied except for the altered,
created or updated information since the last full backup. Simply put, after an
initial full backup, subsequent differential backups are performed to back up all
the changes that have happened to the data since then. While differential backup
is much faster and takes less space than full backups, too many differential
backups being performed between full backups risk differential backups
growing larger in size than the original full backup.

Incremental: The incremental backup only stores data that has changed since
the last backup, whether full, differential or incremental. The major advantage
of incremental backup is that it takes the least time to complete and uses storage
space effectively. However, data restoration can be time-consuming if the chain
of incremental backups isn’t efficiently managed since data must be compiled
together from various backups.

Backup storage

Backed-up data can either be stored on-premises or in the cloud, depending on

the type of backup leveraged. Keeping on-premises and in the cloud both have
pros and cons, meaning organizations have to make an informed choice
regarding which one to opt for. Notably, more and more enterprises have started
using both the on-premises and cloud storage together for optimum results.

Backup procedures

Organizations must ensure a successful procedure for backup is implemented

and duly followed by the concerned teams. With a predetermined purpose and
scope, the set of backup procedures should cater to the complete range of
backup functions, including the creation of backup copies, their storage in
multiple sites and regular testing of the backup environment.

Recovery objectives

For an efficient backup and recovery strategy, an organization must first define
its two critical recovery objectives: recovery point objective and recovery time
objective.

Recovery point objective (RPO): The RPO defines the maximum amount of
data an organization can stand to lose following a data breach or outage. Let’s
say the last available data backup for a business following a data loss is from 20
hours ago. If the RPO for the business is 24 hours, then the data loss is still
tolerable according to the organization’s business continuity plan.

Recovery time objective (RTO): The RTO defines the maximum period an
organization sets before it restores normal operations in the case of a data loss
or outage. In other words, RTO is an organization’s time to recover after being
notified of a business disruption.

Recovery type

There are different types of recovery for different types of data. Let’s have a
look at a few of them.

File/Folder/Object recovery: It involves granular recoveries of files, folders or

objects. This process is best suited when you have to quickly restore one or
several specific data sets from backup volumes.
Image recovery: Image-based backups protect physical server assets at the disk
volume level, capturing data from the in-use regions of the disk or volume,
independent of individual file read-writes. Images may be used to restore the
image, such as a Windows server, to the original host or a different host (which
may be a virtual machine).

Virtual machine disk recovery: This process restores all data and applications
on a virtual machine, such as a VMware VMDK, to the original VM host or an
alternate host.

Bare metal recovery (BMR): This process enables users to restore data from
file- or image-level backups to a physical server or virtual machine target. BMR
enables the recovery of backups onto dissimilar hardware.

Instant recovery: This process enables rapid recovery of virtual machines (i.e.,
VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V) by utilizing the backup appliance as a
temporary datastore. This enables the appliance to quickly inject data into a
mounted share rather than rebuilding it on the target datastore. Once the VM is
booted, the location of the virtual disk is migrated off the appliance as a passive
background operation.

Replicas: This process creates a standby copy of an asset, such as a VM stored

in an alternate location or on an alternate host. The replica is updated with every
backup. The replica may be turned on and connected to the production network
for immediate use when required.

Recovery procedures

Recovery procedures are established to reliably and swiftly restore the data
backups. Recovery procedures have to dictate the whole process, from
determining the date and time of lost data to evaluating the integrity of restored
data.
Testing and review process

Testing and review are critical to the complete BCDR plan. The testing and
review process assesses the effectiveness of an organization’s backup and
recovery procedures and its ability to restore data when needed. Insufficient
testing and review leave the business vulnerable to data loss and downtime.

Why is data backup and recovery important?

Backup and recovery have a critical role in an organization’s BCDR strategy.

Having a reliable backup and restore plan helps businesses recover business-
critical information swiftly in case of an unfortunate event. Since any delay in
recovering this crucial data could drastically impact the business, a solid backup
and recovery plan is essential for an organization’s survival.

Notably, today, it’s not a matter of “if” but rather “when?” a data breach would
occur. According to Statista, the annual share of ransomware attacks
experienced by organizations worldwide has been on the rise since 2018,
peaking at a whopping 71% in 2022. Amid such an ever-burgeoning threat
landscape, a robust data backup and recovery strategy will keep your business
afloat, no matter what data threats you encounter.

What are the benefits of backup and recovery?

There are many reasons why an organization must invest in its data backup and
recovery strategy.
Data security and integrity: Data is essentially the lifeblood of organizations
today and protecting it will invariably help a business survive — and even
thrive — in the new normal. It helps you secure your data from a wide range of
data threats and aids you in staying compliant with the various industry
standards and regulations.

Business continuity: Backup and recovery is a key pillar in the business

continuity strategy of an organization. Having business-critical data readily
available in the event of a data loss will help your organization do away with
downtime. It will help your business to return to normalcy as quickly as
possible.

Reputation management: Having a reliable backup and recovery plan is also

crucial for the overall success of your business. Losing your customer data to a
cyberattack can drastically affect your business reputation and make you lose
out to the competition. A solid backup and recovery plan could make or break
your brand reputation.

Compliance maintenance: Beyond ensuring your data is available for recovery,

backup and recovery also help in complying with security audits and industry
regulations. It will prevent your organization from straying into the out-of-
compliance zone, helping you avoid the hefty penalties and legal fines
associated with it.

Peace of mind: What’s more compelling than the peace of mind a reliable
backup and recovery strategy offers you? Knowing that your business-critical
data is safe and secure from the reach of bad guys will help you maintain IT
peace of mind all the time, enabling you to focus on other important business-
oriented tasks.
Backup and recovery with Unitrends

With the ongoing transition to a hybrid work culture and the increasing advent
of remote and cloud workloads, cloud backup has become a priority for
organizations. Its flexibility, cost-effectiveness and ease to use makes it an ideal
choice for enterprises, especially when the organizational data footprint is
expanding rapidly. However, don’t put all your eggs (i.e., backups) in one
basket. What if your internet connectivity fails when you try to access an online
backup? Since the cloud relies on internet connectivity, it will drastically affect
your RTO. That’s why it is advisable to leverage the combination of online and
on-site backups. When they are combined, you get an unprecedented level of
accessibility and security.

Unitrends provides you with a one-stop shop for all your backup and recovery
needs, both on-site and online, enabling you to comprehensively protect your
data wherever it resides.

Notably, Unitrends’ portfolio of backup appliances, pre-configured with

hardware, software and networking, are turn-key devices that will make your
data protection effortless. Leaning on cutting-edge technology, they automate
manual tasks, eliminate management hassles, and deliver faster and more
efficient data protection. Their automated regulatory compliance allows you to
meet your RTO, RPO and retention requirements in one easy step.

Sized from 2TB to 120TB, you can get a Unitrends backup appliance that fits
your needs and budget. As your business grows, you can easily scale up, out or
to the cloud. Get started now and learn more about the powerful capabilities of
Unitrends’ enterprise backup and continuity solutions.