Psychological Testing and Assessment Testing -accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, -Measure typical behavior

e typical behavior (traits, temperaments, and

interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and dispositions)
-used to refer to everything from the administration specially designed apparatuses and measurement
of a test to the interpretation of test scores procedures -Measure traits of an individual

-one of the essential elements in psychology Psychological Testing -Structured: objective; provides a self-report
statement (Yes or No, True or False, MC)
1905- Alfred Binet and a colleague published a test -the process of measuring psychology-related
designed to help place Paris schoolchildren in variables by means of devices or procedures designed -Projective: kailangan may mastery; provides an
appropriate classes to obtain a sample of behavior -measure of behavior ambiguous test stimulus and response requirements
are unclear (e.g. draw a person)
World War II Basic Concepts about Psychological Tests Item
Difference Between Testing and Assessment
- the military would depend even more on -specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly;
psychological tests to screen recruits for service ito yung mga nakalagay sa tests Objectives

- Following the war, more and more tests purporting -can be scored or evaluated Testing: to obtain some gauge, usually numerical in
to measure an ever-widening array of psychological nature, with regard to an ability or attribute
variables were developed and used Psychological Test
Assessment: to answer a referral question, solve a
- There were tests to measure not only intelligence -measure characteristics of human beings that pertain problem, or arrive at a decision through the use of
but also personality, brain functioning, performance to behavior tools of evaluation (may main goal) Process Testing:
at work, and many other aspects of psychological and may be individual or group in nature Assessment:
social functioning the U.S. Office of Strategic  overt behavior -observable typically individualized; focuses on how an
Services (OSS), a predecessor to today's Central  covert behavior -covered behavior individual processes rather than simply the results of
Intelligence Agency (CIA), used a variety of that processing
Types of Tests
procedures and measurement tools - psychological
tests among them - in selecting military personnel for Role of Evaluator
1.Individual Tests
highly specialized positions involving espionage, Testing: one tester may be substituted for another
intelligence gathering, and the like -can be given to only one person at a time
tester without appreciably affecting the evaluation
Assessment 2.Group Tests
Assessment: The assessor is key to the process of
-acknowledges that tests are only one type of tool -administered to more than one person at a time selecting tests and/or other tools of evaluation as well
used by professional assessors (along with other as in drawing conclusions from the entire evaluation
a. Ability Tests
tools, such as the interview) Skill of Evaluator
-Measure skills in terms of speed, accuracy, or both
-the value of a test, or of any other tool of assessment, Testing: requires technician-like skills in terms of
is intimately linked to the knowledge, skill, and -Achievement: measures previous learning administering and scoring a test as well as in
experience of the assessor interpreting a test result
-Aptitude: measures potential for acquiring a specific
Psychological Assessment and Psychological Testing skill (e.g. Entrance exams) Assessment: requires an educated selection of tools
Psychological Assessment of evaluation, skill in evaluation, and thoughtful
-Intelligence: measures potential to solve problems
-gathering and integration of psychology (IQ, rational thinking, mathematical and numerical organization and integration of data
thinking, reasoning) Outcome
-related data for the purpose of making a
psychological evaluation b. Personality Tests
Testing: yields a test score or series of test scores -Scoring is the process of assigning such evaluative -acting an improvised or partially improvised part in
codes or statements to performance on tests, tasks, a simulated situation -a tool of assessment wherein
Assessment: entails a logical problem-solving interviews, or other behavior samples assessees are directed to act as if they were in a
approach that brings to bear many sources of data particular situation
designed to shed light on a referral question -One type of score is the cut score- a reference point,
(pinagsama-samang results ng mga ginawang usually numerical, derived by judgment and used to 7.Computers as Tools
process) divide a set of data into two or more classifications
-Computers can serve as test administrators (online or
The Tools of Psychological Assessment  Psychometric Soundness (technical quality) off) and as highly efficient test scorers. Within
seconds they can derive not only test scores but
1.Test -Psychometrics-the science of psychological patterns of test scores
measurement
-a measuring device or procedure used to predict and -Computer Assisted Psychological Assessment
understand an individual -how consistently and how accurately a psychological (CAPA): assisted typically refers to the assistance
test measures what it purports to measure computers provide to the test user, not the test taker
-hindi mine-measure ang buong pagkatao, sample of
behavior lang 2.Interview -Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT):adaptive is a
-prefaced with a modifier, it refers to a device or -as a tool of psychological assessment, it typically reference to the computer's ability to tailor the test to
procedure designed to measure a variable related to involves more than talk the test taker's ability or test-taking pattern
that modifier Who are the Parties?
-a method of gathering information through direct
-Example: Medical Test: refers to a device or communication involving reciprocal exchange 1.The Test Developer - gumawa ng test
procedure designed to measure some variable related
to the practice of medicine 3.Portfolio 2.Test User -gumagamit at naga-administer ng test

-Psychological Tests: refers to a device or procedure -Work products - whether retained on paper, canvas, 3.Test Taker - client
designed to measure variables related to psychology film, video, audio, or some other medium
(for example, intelligence, personality, aptitude, The Process of Assessment
4.Case History Data
interests, attitudes, or values) How are Assessments Conducted?
-records, transcripts, and other accounts in written,
✓Format pictorial, or other form that preserve archival *Materials needed might include a stopwatch, a
information, official and informal accounts, and other supply of pencils, and a sufficient number of test
-the form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of
data and items relevant to an assessee protocols (protocoltypically refers to the form or
test items as well as to related considerations such as
sheet or booklet on which responses are entered)
time limits -may include fi les or excerpts from files maintained
at institutions and agencies such as schools, hospitals, - During test administration, and especially in one-
-the form in which a test is administered:
employers, religious institutions, and criminal justice on- one or small-group testing, rapport between the
computerized, pencil-and-paper, or other form
agencies examiner and the examinee can be critically
✓Tests differ in: important (rapport - working relationship between the
5.Behavioral Observation examiner and the examinee; can sometimes be
 Administration -monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual achieved with a few words of small talk when
or electronic means while recording quantitative examiner and examinee are introduced)
-One-to-one basis or groups
and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
✓Referral
 Scoring and Interpretation Procedures
6.Role-play Tests
✓Consider Referral - selection of tools
✓Administration of Tests loneliness, sources of satisfaction, personal values, promoted and protected, mental health conditions are
quality of living conditions, and quality of friendships treated and prevented, timely, affordable, high
✓Interpretation -gagamitin ang psychological and other social support quality, and culturally-appropriate mental health case
statistics is made available to the public; mental health service
-the assessment of older adults is more likely to are free from coercion and accountable to the service
✓Evaluate -pagsasama-samahin ang interview, include screening for cognitive decline and dementia users, and persons affected by mental health
behavioral observation, etc. than the assessment of younger adults conditions are able to exercise the full range of
✓Recommendations/Interventions human rights, and participate fully in society and at
➢Business and military settings
work free from stigmatization and discrimination
In What Types of Settings Are Assessments
-various tools of assessment are used in sundry ways,
Conducted, and Why? Objectives
perhaps most notably in decision making about the
➢Educational Settings careers of personnel -(a) Strengthen effective leadership and governance
for mental health by, among others, formulating,
-tests administered in the classroom ➢Governmental and organizational credentialing
developing, and implementing national policies,
-As mandated by law, tests are administered early in -Before they are legally entitled to practice medicine, strategies, programs, and regulations relating to
school life to help identify children who may have physicians must pass an examination -Board exams mental health
special needs ➢Academic research settings -(b) Develop and establish a comprehensive,
-In addition to school ability tests, another type of test -entails measurement of some kind, and any integrated effective and efficient national mental
commonly given in schools is an achievement test- academician who ever hopes to publish research health care system responsive to the psychiatric
which evaluates accomplishment or the degree of should ideally have a sound knowledge of neurologic, and psychosocial needs of the Filipino
learning that has taken place measurement principles and tools of assessment people

-(c) Protect the rights and freedoms of persons with

➢Clinical settings Legal Bases Relative to Psychology in The
Philippines psychiatric, neurologic, and psychosocial needs,
-tools are used to help screen for or diagnose Filipino people;
behavior problems RA No. 11036 -"Mental Health Act"
-(d) Strengthen information systems, evidence and
-may be intelligence tests, personality tests, -enacted on June 21, 2018 research for mental health
neuropsychological tests, or other specialized
-An Act Establishing a National Mental Health Policy -(e) Integrated mental health care in the basic health
instruments, depending on the presenting or
for the Purpose of Enhancing the Delivery of services
suspected problem area
Integrated Mental Health Services, Promoting and
Protecting the Rights of Persons Utilizing -(f) Integrate strategies promoting mental health in
➢Counseling settings
Psychosocial Health Services, Appropriating Funds educational institutions, the workplace, and in
-the ultimate objective of many such assessments is Therefor and Other Purposes communities
the improvement of the assessee in terms of RA No. 10029 - "Philippine Psychology Act of 2009"
adjustment, productivity, or some related variable Declaration of Policy

-The state affirms the basic right of all Filipinos to Article II, Section 2. Statement of Policy
➢Geriatric settings
mental health as well as the fundamental rights of -The State recognizes that psychologists have an
-Quality of life of an old individual people who require mental health services. important role in nation-building and development. It
- The state commits itself to promoting the well-being also acknowledges the diverse specializations of
-what is typically assessed in quality-of-life
of people by ensuring that, mental health is valued, psychologists and the diverse functions specific to the
evaluations are variables related to perceived stress,
varied specializations. It particular, it recognizes the
significance of the psychological services that variety of tools, including individual tests, projective -Testing was instituted as a means of selecting who,
practicing psychologists provide to diverse types of tests, clinical interview and other psychological of many applicants, would obtain government jobs -
clients, but also recognizes the need to protect the assessment tools for the purpose of assessing diverse Had a relatively sophisticated civil service testing
public by preventing inexperienced or untrained psychological functions including cognitive abilities, program more than 4000 years ago (DuBois, 1970,
individuals from offering psychological services. aptitudes, personality characteristics. attitudes, 1972).
Hence, it shall nurture competent, upright and values, interests, emotions and motivations, among
assiduous psychologists whose standards of practice others, in support of psychological counseling -Han Dynasty(206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.), the use of test
and service shall be excellent and globally psychotherapy and other psychological interventions, batteries was quite common. These early tests related
competitive through the administration of inviolable, and (3) psychological programs: development to such diverse topics as civil law, military affairs,
effective and credible licensure examinations and the planning implementation monitoring and evaluation agriculture, revenue, and geography.
imposition and promotion of regulatory measures, of psychological treatment for individuals and/or -Ming Dynasty(1368-1644 C.E.). A national
programs and activities that enhance their groups. multistage testing program involved local and
professional growth and well-being regional testing centers equipped with special testing
c. "Psychologist" means a natural person who is duly
Section 3. Definition of Terms registered and holds a valid certificate of registration booths.
and a valid professional identification card as
-As used in this Act, the following terms shall have ➢Individual Differences
professional psychologist, issued by the Professional
the following meanings: Regulatory Board of Psychology and the Professional -the most basic concept underlying psychological and
a."Psychology" is the scientific study of human Regulation Commission pursuant to this Act for the educational testing pertains to individual differences;
behavior. It involves the application of scientific purpose of delivering the different psychological one of the main reasons kung bakit may
methods to inquire into the biological, cognitive, services defined in this Act psychological testing
affective, developmental, personality, social, cultural d. "Psychometrician" means a natural person who The Origin of Species (1859) of Charles Darwin
and individual difference dimensions of human holds a valid certificate of registration and a valid
behavior. professional identification card as psychometrician -an important step toward understanding individual
issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of differences
b."Practice of Psychology" consists of the delivery of
psychological services that involve application of Psychology and the Professional Regulation -Darwin also writes of natural selection and the
psychological principles and procedures for the Commission pursuant to this Act. As such, he/she survival of the fittest of the species. These ideas may
purpose of describing understanding, predicting and shall be authorized to do any of the following: have greatly influenced Freud, whose psychoanalytic
influencing the behavior of individuals or groups in Provided, That such shall at all times be conducted theory of personality emphasized the importance of
order to assist in the attainment of optimal human under the supervision of a licensed professional instinctual sexual and aggressive urges.
growth and functioning The delivery of psychological psychologist (1) administering and scoring of
services includes, but is not limited to: (1) objective personality tests structured personality tests, Francis Galton
psychological interventions: psychological excluding projective tests and other higher level
forms of psychological tests (2) interpreting results of -half-cousin of Darwin who began applying Darwin's
counseling psychotherapy, psychosocial support, theories to the study of human beings
coaching, psychological debriefing group processes the same and preparing a written report on these
and all other psychological interventions that involve results, and (3) conducting preparatory intake -From heredity in peas, Galton's interest turned to
the application of psychological principles to improve interviews of clients for psychological invention heredity in humans and various ways of measuring
psychological functioning of individuals, families, session aspects of people and their abilities
groups and organizations (2) psychological Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations
assessment gathering and integration of psychology- -concentrated on demonstrating that individual
related data for the purpose of making a History of Psychological Testing differences exist in human sensory and motor
psychological evaluation, accomplished through a functioning, such as reaction time, visual acuity, and
➢Early Antecedents CHINA physical strength -publishes Hereditary Genius,
which was noteworthy both for (a) its claim that J.E Herbart -headed a committee of distinguished psychologists
genius is inherited, and (b) its pioneering use of the who soon developed two structured group tests of
statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call - mathematical models of the mind human abilities: the Army Alpha(reading ability) and
correlation (product- moment correlation technique) E.H Weber the Army Beta(measured the intelligence of illiterate
adults)
✓1884 - attempted to demonstrate the existence of
psychological threshold, the minimum stimulus Achievement Tests
-Galton displayed his Anthropometric Laboratory,
necessary to activate a sensory system -In contrast to essay tests, standardized achievement
where for a few pence you could be measured on
variables G.T Fechner tests provide multiple-choice questions that are
standardized on a large sample to produce norms
➢Experimental Psychology and Measurement - devised the law that the strength of a sensation against which the results of new examinees can be
grows as the logarithm of the stimulus intensity compared
-Experimental Psychology is the second major
foundation of testing can be found in experimental ➢Evolution of Intelligence and Standardized Tests The Measurement of Personality (Personality Tests)
psychology and early attempts to unlock the The Measurement of Intelligence Traits
mysteries of human consciousness through the
scientific method Binet-Simon Scale -relatively enduring dispositions (tendencies to act,
think, or feel in a certain manner in any given
Wilhelm Wundt -1905 - Binet and collaborator Theodore Simon circumstance) that distinguish one individual from
published a 30-item "measuring scale of intelligence" another
-Established the first psychology laboratory in designed to help identify mentally retarded Paris
University of Leipzig, Germany - Assessment was schoolchildren – Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
also an important activity at the first experimental
psychology laboratory 1908 - Binet-Simon Scale also determined a child's -Robert S. Woodworth
mental age
-Wundt focused on how people were similar, not  Tasked to develop a measure of adjustment
different -1916 - Lewis M. Terman of Stanford University and emotional stability that could be
revision administered quickly and efficiently to
-relies heavily on a tool of assessment called groups of recruits.
introspection- wherein subjects verbally try to David Weschler
faithfully describe their conscious experience of a -an early structured personality test that assumed that
-For Wechsler, intelligence was "the aggregate or a test response can be taken at face value
stimulus
global capacity of the individual to act purposefully,
James McKeen Cattell to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his -was developed during World War I and was
environment"- published in final form just after the war
-A U.S psychologist who coined the term mental
testin an 1890 publication Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, the test was *Projective Test- an individual is assumed to
subsequently revised and renamed the Wechsler Adult "project" onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her
-one of Wundt's students at Leipzig Intelligence Scale (WAIS) own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation
-he formed the Psychological Corporation with the World War I The Rorschach Inkblot Test
goal of "useful applications of psychology" (1921)
-Military recruitment and large-scale group testing -a highly controversial projective test that provided
Psyche Cattell an ambiguous stimulus (an inkblot) and asked the
Robert Yerkes subject what it might be
-created the measure of infant intelligence called the
Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale (CIIS)
-a series of inkblots developed by the Swiss Culture may be defined as "the socially transmitted Why We Need Statistics
psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a
particular population, community, or group of -Statistical methods serve two important purposes in
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) people" the quest for scientific understanding.

-a projective test that provided ambiguous pictures Culture-specific Tests - tests designed for use with 1.Statistics are used for purposes of description.
and asked subjects to make up a story people from one culture but not from another 2.We can use statistics to make inferences, which are
-by Henry Murray and Christina Morganin 1935. Legal and Ethical Considerations logical deductions about events that cannot be
observed directly
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Laws - rules that individuals must obey for the good
(MMPI) of the society as a whole - or rules thought to be for Descriptive Statistics

-a structured personality test that made no the good of society as a whole (body of rules) -methods used to provide a concise description of a
assumptions about the meaning of a test response. Ethics - a body of principles of right, proper, or good collection of quantitative information
Such meaning was to be determined by empirical conduct
research. Inferential Statistics
Code of Professional Ethics- recognized and accepted -methods used to make inferences from observations
Factor analysis by members of a profession of a small group of people known as a sample to a
-a method of finding the minimum number of -defines the standard of care expected of members of larger group of individuals known as a population
dimensions (characteristics, attributes), called factors, that profession (standard of care- the level at which
to account for a large number of variables. Scales of Measurement Scales of measurement
the average, reasonable, and prudent professional
J. R Guilford would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services -the act of assigning numbers or symbols to
under the same or similar conditions) characteristics of things (people, events, whatever)
- made the first serious attempt to use factor analytic according to rules
techniques in the development of a structured Testing People with Disabilities
personality test. -One may define measurement as the application of
-Challenges: rules for assigning numbers to objects
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 1.transforming the test into a form that can be taken Properties of Scales
-a structured personality test developed according to by the test taker
the same principles as the MMPI. Magnitude (ex: tall, taller, tallest)
2.transforming the responses of the test taker so that
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) they are scorable Equal intervals (may scales)

-a structured personality test based on the statistical 3.meaningfully interpreting the test data Absolute 0 (wala ng kasunod)
procedure of factor analysis; R. B. Cattell The Rights of Test Takers Types of Scales
➢The Current Environment 1.The right of Informed Consent 1.Nominal Scales -categorize or name objects
-Beginning in the 1980s and through the present, 2.The right to be informed of test findings 2.Ordinal Scales -order/ranking of objects
several major branches of applied psychology
emerged and flourished: neuropsychology, health 3.The right to privacy and confidentiality 3.Interval Scales -walang absolute 0
psychology, forensic psychology, and child
4.The right to the least stigmatizing label 4.Ratio Scales -may presence ng 3 properties
psychology
Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing
Culture and Assessment
Frequency Distributions

-distribution of scores -summarizes the scores for a

group of individuals

-frequency distribution -displays scores on a variable

or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was
obtained

-With a frequency distribution, one defines all the

possible scores and determines how many people
obtained each of those scores