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Conic Sections Notes by KRK

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Khi Ntenwi
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31 views4 pages

Conic Sections Notes by KRK

Uploaded by

Khi Ntenwi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Conic Sections: Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas and Hyperbolas

Ellipses: The set of all points (on a plane) whose distances from 2 fixed points (in the plane)
have a constant sum. The two fixed points are called the foci.
𝑏 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑐 𝑃1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑎
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 b>a 𝑐 2 = 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
𝑎>𝑏 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐 𝑏
𝑃1 𝐹1 + 𝑃1 𝐹2 = 𝑘 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 2𝑎 𝑐

Example: Find the foci of the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4 and sketch the graph.
𝑥−2 2 (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥2 𝑦2 What about + =1
Soln: First get into the form + =1 𝑐2 = 4 − 1 4 1
22 12
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 3 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 3
1
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: − 3, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 3, 0) 1
3 2 2− 3 2+ 3
− 3
2
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: 2 − 3, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 + 3, 0)
Parabolas: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 A set of all points (in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point F (focus) and a fixed
line (called the directrix).
𝑦
𝑦−𝑝 2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 𝑝 2

(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑝2


𝑦−𝑝 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦𝑝
𝑝 1 2 1
∴𝑦= 𝑥 ∴𝑎=
𝑦 = −𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 4𝑝 4𝑝
directrix
Given “a”, you can determine
𝑦 2𝑥 2 the p, then the focus and the
𝑥2 directrix.

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2
Hyperbolas: The set of all points ( in a plane) whose difference of the two fixed points (foci) are a constant.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦
− =1 Example: Sketch the graph of 36𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 = 900
𝑎2 𝑏2 Soln: 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) − =1 𝑐 2 = 25 + 36
𝑃1 𝐹1 − 𝑃1 𝐹2 = 𝑘 52 62
𝑃1 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 61
𝑎 + 𝑐 − (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2𝑎 𝐹1 − 𝑎 𝑎 𝐹2 𝑥 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: − 61, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 61, 0)
𝑦
❑ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
❑ Symmetry
𝑏
❑ Asymptotes 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥 (if centre at the origin)
𝑦
− 61 − 5 5 61

𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 Asymptotes: 𝑥 → ∞ 𝑦 →?
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 𝑦2 6
= ⇒ 𝑦=± 𝑥
25 36 5
You do! What happens for (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 − 1)2
− =1
52 62

Yes, its just the previous graph shifted to the right by 2 and up by 1.
𝑦
𝑐 2 = 25 + 36 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 61

𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: 2 − 61, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 + 61, 0)


(2, 1)
6
𝑦 − 1 = ± (𝑥 − 2) which is
5
6 7 6 17
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 5 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
5 5

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