1

History of health care and nursing

Bakhtawar

College of Nursing female sukkur

Affiliated with Shaheed Mohtarma Banazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana

Fundamental of Nursing 1

Muhammad Baqir Baloch

23 June 2024
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE AND NURSING

Introduction
Summary of ancient cultures {Egypt (3000BC).
The records of fitness care and nursing is a wealthy and complicated tapestry that spans
centuries and cultures From the rudimentary practices of historical civilizations to the
sophisticated, technology- pushed strategies of today, fitness care and nursing have advanced
dramatically .Understanding the records of those fields now no longer best offers perception
into how present day practices got here to be however additionally highlights the continuing
demanding situations and achievements in offering care to populations worldwide This project
objectives to discover the pivotal moments, influential figures, and key tendencies within side
the records of fitness care and nursing The records of healthcare and nursing is a wealthy and
charming story that spans hundreds of years, with roots in historical civilizations and cultures
From the early restoration temples of Greece and Rome to the present day hospitals and
healthcare structures of today, the evolution of healthcare has been formed through advances in
science, technology, and our knowledge of the human body Nursing, as a profession, has its
very own particular records this is deeply intertwined with the improvement of health care From
the early spiritual orders that furnished care to the unwell and poor, to the pioneering paintings
of Florence Nightingale and her successors, nursing has advanced right into a relatively
reputable and vital element of present day healthcare Some key milestones within side the
records of healthcare and nursing include:- Ancient civilizations: Early restoration temples and
clinical colleges in Greece, Rome, and Egypt- Medieval period: Monasteries and convents
furnished care to the unwell and poor- 18th and nineteenth centuries: Emergence of present day
hospitals and the improvement of nursing as a profession- Late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries: Florence Nightingale's paintings within side the Crimean War and the established
order of the primary expert nursing colleges- twentieth century: Advances in clinical
technology, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare structures
. Ancient Egyptians used willow leaves and bark to treat various inflammatory disorders, reduce
fever, and alleviate birth pains. Recent research has shown that these parts of the willow tree
contain salicylic acid. In addition to this, Egyptian doctors were skilled in treating wounds by
stitching them up, repairing broken bones, and amputating infected limbs. They would dress
incisions with a mixture of raw meat, linen, and honey-soaked swabs. Healing statues,
representing noble men from the Delta regions, were also used for healing purposes, with
mythical texts inscribed on them. Treatment methods varied based on the cause of illness, with
drugs used for obvious causes like trauma, and magic, amulets, and invocations to gods used for
internal disorders.
IRAN ( Persian) :
In recent decades, Iran's healthcare system has undergone significant changes, but it
currently faces challenges within the nursing sector. This review article provides an overview of
the opportunities and obstacles within the Iranian nursing system, based on recent literature. A
comprehensive search of English and Persian-language literature from 1999 to 2009 was
conducted. The main challenges identified include nursing shortages, job dissatisfaction, low
social status of nurses, disconnect between theory and practice, lack of community-based nursing
care, inadequate student recruitment system, and deficiencies in nursing education programs. The
authors emphasize the importance of media, political, and public support in improving the
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perception of nursing in society, boosting motivation among Iranian nurses, and enhancing the
overall welfare of nurses, ultimately leading to higher quality care and increased patient
satisfaction. Persians were a group of Iranian tribes. Their religion at the time was Zoaras
Tronums founder of this was “Prophet Zoraster”.6The Parsees in India are discendants of the
Persians. They believed in “evil spirit theory of disease”. Their holy book is called Avesta. This
describes ceremonial rules of laws for birth and death. After a persons death body was fastened
to the roof of a special high tower called “Tower of silence”. The birds picked the flesh, bones,
dropped to the pit below the tower.
Ancient Roman:
Romans copied much from Greeks (system of medicine). Many physicians were Greek
slave, who did not believe in Roman superstition. The early hospitals in Roman were built for
soldiers and slaves, old women and men of good character did the nursing. In the ruins of
Poempeis. Many instruments, similar to our modern surgical, scapel, forceps speculum were
found.
2 Site of Health Care in Ancient Cultures:
Ancient Greek
The early Greeks held that medicine had a divine origin and that it was represented by a variety
of gods, including Apollo, the sun god and god of medicine. Hygenia is the goddess of health
while Asklepios is the god of healing. There are temples dedicated to these gods. In addition to
coming to worship the god, people also come here to receive medical care for illnesses or
diseases. Incubation was used when the patient was unwell.
Special diets, massages, baths, and "Inunciation" (applying medication topically) were among
the medical remedies.
Unclean individuals, such as newly delivered women and terminally ill patients, were not
permitted entry or stay at the shrine. For their patients, special structures were constructed in
1070 AD. They were recognized as the original "hospitals in Europe."
Our findings imply that health care provision in ancient Greece was primarily offered promoting
both physical and mental health, as the Greeks had long understood that a "healthy mind in a
healthy body" was the key to human well-being. As a result, health care and psychological
support aimed to approach the psychosomatic entity and not only the symptoms of diseases.
Whether the illness originated in the body or the soul, mental and physical therapy were given
together. Ultimately, Hippocrates laid the groundwork for modern medicine by creating
terminology, definitions, procedures, and classification systems that are still used today. These
are the gold standards for illness diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Hippotocrates :

The term "Father of Medicine" applied to Hippocrates. He took a long time to study the
symptoms so that he could impart the knowledge that illness is not the result of bad spirits.
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However, it was because Nan disregarded the natural laws.The foundation of scientific medicine
was the recognition that illness prevention rested on following the laws of nature. Hippocrate
created methods for obtaining histories and performing physical examinations. He emphasized
eating a healthy food and maintaining clean, fresh air. He provided advice on cold sponging for
fever and heat applications. Mouthwash and fluid for kidney problems. He emphasized
responsibility for those who depend on us and commitment to one's career. The "Hippocratic
OATH," which is being taught in medical schools, expresses this.
3. Islam and Nursing (The First Muslim Nurse, Concept of Nursing in Islam) :

According to Islamic philosophers, humans are made up of two constructs: bodies and souls,
which are corporeal and immaterial. This fact suggests that nursing and patient care can take into
account both material and immaterial structures, according to Islamic scholars. According to this
perspective, developing a person's soul element will be made possible by focusing on their
material side. In addition, Islamic philosophy holds that a person's noble dimension is comprised
of an immaterial concept known as spirit, or divine soul, in addition to their material dimension.
This construction has an inclination toward God and a divine character. Considering that humans
are spirits of God, attending to their spiritual needs is therefore a sacred task.
According to Islamic scholars, Humans are made up of several components that, when
combined, become a more potent and greater organism known as a united composite, with a
body and a soul that merge and integrate into the global system to make a whole. Islam maintains
that humans are one cohesive entity made up of both a body and a soul. This indicates that
nursing and patient care are understood in Islamic philosophy to involve both material and
immaterial structures and to be performed in an integrated way. That is to say, in addition to
taking into account bodily needs, treating patients also involves taking into account other factors
and how they affect one another. Islamic belief holds that the spirit and body are closely related,
and that a lack of one in one will cause the other to be lacking. In other words, the spirit,
intelligence, and thought cannot develop and progress in a proper way if the body is weak and
unhealthy .According to Islamic scholars, a human being is born with ability and abilities
inherent in its immaterial (soul) architecture. These allow the person to develop and flourish in
the sub-dimensions of cognition and perception, emotions, social interactions, and spirituality.
This fact demonstrates that nursing and patient care are predicated not only on the oneness of
material and immaterial structures, but also on the consideration of all sub-dimensions of both
materials and immaterials. Drawing from the scientific findings and the characteristics outlined
in religion teachings for humans, a Muslim In their interactions with patients, nurses who
practice holistic nursing take into account the following concepts and acknowledge that they are
caring for a creature that possesses the characteristics listed below:
Humans are gifted with the greatest moral standards and are meant to mature into the role
of God's vicegerent on Earth. All living things are under his power since he has dominion over
nature, Earth, and the heavens. He has the ability to perform actions that are not consistent with
wisdom material cause, or causal things in this world.If the nurse adopts this viewpoint, she will
be a fine example of Soureh Ma'ede verse 32 of the Quran, which states, "Anyone who saves
one's life is recognized as the person who preserves
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human life in its entirety. The idea that humans are everlasting beings is another aspect of their
nature in Islamic philosophy. The creator of the world has purpose for creating humans, and they
are not unimportant to him. According to this perspective, humans are creatures connected to
God in that He directs them toward the ultimate goal for which they were formed and evolved.
It is evident from the Holy Quran that a person's personality is more complex than their physical
makeup. Consequently, human beings do not die with their bodies; rather, their entire identity is
reliant on an afterlife that endures beyond death. Thus, a devoted nurse who is conscious of this
characteristic
Rufaidah bint Sa'ad, :

Rufaidah bint Sa'ad, often referred to as Rufaida Al-Aslamia or Rufayda al-Aslamiyyah, was the
first licensed nurse in Islamic history. She was born in 620 (est.) and lived during the reign of
Muhammad.[2] She was one of the first residents of Medina to join Islam; she was a member of
the Bani Aslam tribe.[3] Rufaidah's father was a doctor, and she frequently helped him out. Her
father taught her the basics of medicine.[3] She escorted a team of volunteer nurses to the
battlefield to tend to the sick and injured during the period when Muhammad's early adherents
were fighting. Following the establishment of the Muslim state in Medina, she received
authorization from Muhammad to erect a tent outside the the mosque to treat the ill and to train
more Muslim women and girls as nurses.[2][4] Rufaidah is described as a woman possessing the
qualities of an ideal nurse: compassionate, empathetic, a good leader and a great teacher. She is
said to have provided health education to the community, helped the disadvantaged (like orphans
and the disabled), advocated for preventative care, and even to have drafted the world’s first
code of nursing ethics .[2][3]o

4 )The founder of Nursing (Florence Nightingale) :

It is the birthdate of a remarkable woman, May 12. This editorial is written in her honor. The
originator of contemporary professional nursing, Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 into an
English family in Florence, Italy; hence, the city bears her name. Florence's father taught her
language, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and other things that would eventually have an
impact on her work Since she was little, Florence has loved God and the Bible. She claims that
on February 7, 1837, while out for a stroll in a garden, she heard God's voice calling her to a
particular objective Florence made the decision to work in the hospital in 1844. Her parents,
however, were against this notion. In the mid-1900s, nursing was not a respectable profession in
England . She traveled to Germany and France in July 1850 to assist in hospitals as a volunteer
She later went back to London in 1853 to take a managerial position at the Institute of the Sick
Women . A new chapter in the life of Florence began a year later when something unexpected
occurred .Crimean War: The Crimean War commenced in 1854 when Britain, France, and
Turkey declared war on Russia. Russia was vanquished in September at one of the Alma battles,
but England had a lot of casualties .There was a lack of medical facilities and high mortality in
British military camps. Sydney Herbert, the minister of war, was a friend of Florence; so, she
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE AND NURSING

took the advantage In 1854, Florence traveled to a British military barracks on the outskirts of
Constantinople (Istanbul) with 38 nurses. Florence saw that the conditions for health in these
camps were appalling. Soldiers with injuries were left on the ground, and the few physicians
working in a filthy setting were struggling mightily to tend to the patients with menial resources .
Florence recorded the hospital's death rate using her mathematical skills. According to statistics,
infectious and communicable diseases claimed the lives of 600 troops out of every thousand
wounded. The Florence interventions were easy to implement. She made an effort to keep
everything tidy. She gave out fruits, clean water, and medical supplies. The mortality rate
dropped from 60% to 42% and finally to 2.2% as a result of our study. For warriors, Florence
was similar to a mother. Every night, she would take the lamp and visit the patients' camp. Her
outstanding effort caught England's attention. Additionally, she made advantage of her celebrity
to win over Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston. Florence
requested authorization to conduct an official investigation within the framework of the military
hospitals. After the proposal was approved, the Royal Institute of Research on Military Health
was founded. She was a brilliant scientist and philanthropist. Nightingale's invention of a unique
pie chart made her a well-known statistician as well. Florence in 1860 established nightingale
nursing school as the first nursing school in the world . With the establishment of this school, she
changed nursing to a respectful profession. During her final years, Florence Nightingale suffered
from an illness that she contracted while serving in Crimea . She produced a number of books
and reports, the majority pertaining to nursing. Among these is "notes on nursing," which was
the first book in nursing education and was released in 1860. She emphasized the value of
developing relationships of trust with patients . According to Nightingale, a nurse's presence with
a client is essential to conducting business in a professional manner. Florence Nightingale has
verified the importance of empathy with patients and creating a shared experience in the pursuit
of health, which leads us to the provision of aesthetically pleasing nursing care. In an
investigation that is phenomenological, Radmehr et al. released in the current issue of Nursing
and Midwifery Studies stated that some aesthetic aspects of nursing include understanding
beyond words, making the patient feel good, and fostering a sense of unity by viewing the patient
and the nurse as one entity; it also demonstrated how Iranian nurses adhere to the nursing
philosophy established by Florence Nightingale. The first attempts at providing relief from
wartime hardship were the Florence services. She passed away on August 13, 1910, at the age of
90.

5 Historical Perspective (Pioneers of Nursing, Bc to till date development in Nursing ) :

In ancient times, much of the practice of medicine in India, Egypt, Assyria, and Greece was
inextricably mingled with religious practices. In the Fourth century B.C. the Greek physician
Hippocrates laid the foundation of rational medicine. Even at that time we find no mention of
skilled nursing by specially trained attendants. Treatment was carried out by the physician or his
pupil The women of the home or the slaves were in charge of the patient's general nursing care
and helpers. It is important to remember that, throughout history, women have historically been
responsible for the majority of the nursing care provided to the sick. In the past, midwives were
often mentioned, and the profession was typically passed down through families through
inheritance. The seventeenth century saw the invention of the "man midwife" and the
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obstetrician. Margaret Clarke (1979) From the beginning of the Christian era, the religious order
of nursing nuns was established. Christ's teachings placed a great emphasis on the need for the
powerful to carry the burdens of the weak and on serving the most lowly living thing as "service
to God." The Deaconesas order established the first formal visiting service. Serving as a nurse
was one of their Christian responsibilities. During the Middle Ages, the Church served as the
primary intellectual and social hub for all of Christiandom's nations. Religious orders were
tasked with providing care for anybody in need, regardless of their age, illness, or financial
situation. The female Abbess had ultimate authority over the monasteries, which were made up
of residences for monks and nuns. From the beginning of the Christian era, the religious order of
nursing nuns was established. Christ's teachings placed a great emphasis on the need for the
powerful to carry the burdens of the weak and on serving the most lowly living thing as "service
to God." The Deaconesas order established the first formal visiting service. Serving as a nurse
was one of their Christian responsibilities. During the Middle Ages, the Church served as the
primary intellectual and social hub for all of Christiandom's nations. Religious orders were
tasked with providing care for anybody in need, regardless of their age, illness, or financial
situation. The female Abbess had ultimate authority over the monasteries, which were made up
of residences for monks and nuns. The military orders were established in the twelfth century,
during the Crusades. The most illustrious and influential was the Knights Hospitallers of St. John
of Jerusalem order. Every Christian nation had a "league" or branch of this order. They initially
established and ran hospitals in Jerusalem, then Rhodes and Malta. "Serving brothers" provided
the nursing, but there was also a subsidiary woman's order whose members worked in
Jerusalem's hospitals but not in any other order hospital.
The Augustinian Sisters was the most significant nursing order in France throughout the 17th
century. These sisters were expected to perform household chores like laundry in addition to
nursing. In addition, they had to fulfill their religious obligations, and priests, not doctors,
oversaw their workday. But because they lacked specific training in nursing care, these Charity
sisters were not as effective nurses. It was a French priest named St. Vincent who showed
interest in setting up the sisters' education and giving them instructions to obey the doctors
without question and help out wherever assistance was required. From the disestablishment of
the Monasteries orders by Henry VIII until the reforms of the 19th C, England had no nursing
orders comparable with Augustinian sisters or the sisters of charity. The existing charitable
foundations had to start their institutions with such women as they were able to hire. The status
of nurses was hardly as good as that of a domestic servant. However, due to the great advances in
medicine, surgery, and all scientific knowledge, there was an awakening of public conscience,
and the more advanced physicians advocated the training of educated women for real nursing
service. The pre-Nightingale period of nursing reforms was marked by the attempts of a German
pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederca, who gave training to a succession of young
women of good character and up bringing to be deaconesses whose duties included nursing in
hospitals, homes and in home management, the care of young children, and religious visiting.
Indeed, it was an attempt to give an organized training to the nursing sisters. St. Johns House was
established in 1845 as a nursing training school under ecclesiastical decree. An Anglican
clergyman served as the community's head. The doctors at King's College Hospital gave the
nurses guidance in addition to providing them with hands-on experience. Subsequently, this
directive oversaw all nursing in that hospital until the establishment of a lay training program in
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1885. The renowned Florence Nightingale started her studies there in 1851. This remarkable
woman paved the way for modern nursing, a field that remains as vibrant as ever. The definition
of "nursing" and the profession it is associated with were initially proposed by Florence
Nightingale, who Furthermore during a period when modern culture denigrated nursing. The
modern practice of nursing is still based on the changes she brought about in the treatment of the
sick. She supported the opening of schools and the hiring of staff to continue providing care for
the ill and suffering. Her incredible efforts in caring for the ill, wounded, crippled, and suffering
during the Crimean War (1854) are what the world knows her for. Florence Nightingale,
affectionately referred to as the "Lady with a Lamp," was the pioneer of modern nursing. She
established a fully functional nursing training school at London's St. Thomas Hospital. If
England provided the foundation for contemporary nursing, the USA provided guidance. Due to
the demands of the American Civil War, nursing's significance was recognized in 1861. Early
schools were modeled after the London-based Florence Nightingale School since it was believed
that formal training was essential for nurses. In addition, the student nurses handled the
responsibilities of a social worker, trained attendant, cook, dietitian, and maid. The two world
wars and nursing's major developmental phases happened to coincide, as they have in the past.
People became aware of the value of the nursing profession and the requirement that professional
nurses have specialized training. The nursing profession advanced significantly following
Florence Nightingale. Various kinds of medical specialists, such as district nurse, midwives, and
health visitors have been recognized and statutory registrations came into practice. There were
also opportunities for nursing in the army, navy and there were chances to work abroad in the
colonies. Mental nursing, industrial nursing and even private nursing have appeared and became
an attraction not only to young women but also to married women and men. During the post-war
period nursing witnessed many changes and development towards attaining a professional status.
Many of the ‘housekeeping’ tasks once performed by nurses were taken away to leave them free
to use their nursing skills. More men were encouraged to join the service. Requirement of
registration, recruitment and training enhanced its future development as a profession. In India,
the first school to train women in nursing care was started in 1854 in a lying-in Hospital at
Chennai (formerly known as Madras). The training in General Nursing was actually started in
July 1871 in the General Hospital, Chennai. The candidates who have got training in General
Nursing were to undergo midwifery training in the lying-in Hospitals. The J. J. group of
Hospitals‘ training school at Mumbai was the first Government School to train native girls in
1886. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, a number of hospital-based training schools
were established, mainly in the then presidencies of Madras and Bombay as well as in Bangalore
and in Punjab, Delhi, United Provinces and Mysore. From 1875 onwards, a number of Dufferin
Hospitals were started for women and children in the country with the support of the countess of
Dufferin Fund. In 1885, the “National Association for supplying Medical Aid by Women to the
Women of India” was established. This Association continued to work for provision of Medical
Education and Nursing Education for Women in India. Accordingly, training schools for Indian
women were started in various Dufferin Hospitals like Cama Hospital, Mumbai, Lady Lyall
Hospital, Agra, Victoria Caste and Gosha Hospital, Chennai, Victoria Zenona Hospital, Delhi
and Lady Aitchison Hospital at Lahore
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6 Nursing in Mogual period :

The Mughal dynasty, which controlled the Indian subcontinent from the sixteenth to the
nineteenth centuries, is renowned for its substantial contributions to a wide range of fields and
rich cultural legacy. The Mughals were renowned for their sophisticated concepts and avant-
garde methods, which had a significant influence on conventional nursing at the time. During the
Mughal era, nursing was a vital component of the healthcare system and was crucial to people's
health. The Mughal Empire possessed an advanced healthcare system that covered a wide range
of medical and nursing specialties. In those days, women, often known as "Dais" or midwives,
handled the majority of nursing duties. These skilled nurses were in charge of providing women
with assistance and care during their pregnancies, labors, and postpartum periods. They were
well-versed in the use of herbal remedies and other conventional pain relief techniques during
labor and delivery.During the Mughal era, nurses not only assisted with childbirth but also
treated the ill and injured during battles. They were skilled in healing wounds, giving herbal
remedies, and consoling ill and injured individuals. To guarantee that their patients received the
finest treatment possible, these nurses collaborated closely with doctors and other medical
professionals. During the Mughal era, nursing was practiced outside of hospitals and other
healthcare facilities. In addition, nurses provided care to patients in their homes when they were
unable to leave their houses or visit hospitals in the cities. For people who lived in isolated
locations or during times of conflict, when access to medical facilities was restricted, this home-
based care was especially crucial. Additionally, the Mughal Empire placed a high value on
cleanliness and sanitation. In order to stop the spread of illnesses, tight protocols had to be
followed, and nurses were expected to maintain a high standard of cleanliness. In order to
provide prompt care to individuals in need, they were also trained in emergency response and
first aid protocols. The education and training of nurses were not as developed during the
Mughal era in India as they are now. Nonetheless, throughout this time, some customs and
behaviors helped women strengthen their nursing abilities. Throughout the Mughal era, women
were required to be familiar with the fundamentals of nursing care and healthcare delivery
because it was seen as one of their household responsibilities. Their mothers and grandmothers
would teach them different home cures and techniques. Some women were lucky enough to
receive formal training in healthcare practices from renowned physicians known as "Hakims," in
addition to receiving informal education at home. The Mughal rulers were renowned for their
support of the arts and wise sayings, particularly Akbar the Great. Consequently, they founded
"Dar-ul-Shifa," which are akin to hospitals, as well as educational institutions where women
could get health and nursing care education. These schools offered instruction in subjects like
herbal medicine, midwifery, hygiene, and fundamental medical knowledge. Similarly, affluent
households often hired nurses to care for ailing and aging family members in their homes.
Despite being conventional nurses, these women were expected to learn from experienced
practitioners and undergo on-the-job training. It was anticipated that they would gain hands-on
expertise in wound care, medication administration, and patient comfort. The Mughals placed
great emphasis on the health and well-being of their people; as a result, they established a
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE AND NURSING

comprehensive healthcare system. The Mughal physicians were greatly experienced and
knowledgeable, regarding a rich tradition of medical knowledge from both India and Persia.One
of the crucial healthcare practices in the Mughal times was the use of herbal medicine. Mughal
doctors were knowledgeable with the therapeutic qualities of a variety of plants and herbs, which
they frequently used to treat a broad range of ailments. Common ailments including fever,
digestive problems, and skin diseases were treated with herbal remedies, which were often made
as decoctions or powders. The Mughal doctors used surgery in addition to using natural
medicines. Their knowledge of anatomy and physiology allowed them to undertake numerous
procedures for a variety of conditions, including as fractures and hernias. The Mughal surgeons
employed techniques like cauterization and suturing, and they were adept with tools like
scalpels, forceps, and needles. Preventive healthcare practices were another area of focus for the
Mughals. They stressed how important it is to maintain certain cleanliness and hygiene in order
to stave off illnesses.
Conclusion :
Throughout its long history, healthcare and nursing have been shaped by human
ingenuity, compassion, and the quest for better patient outcomes. From ancient healers to modern
healthcare teams, the dedication and expertise of healthcare professionals have transformed the
face of medicine. As healthcare continues to evolve, the legacy of the past informs the present,
guiding us towards a future where high-quality, patient-centered care is accessible to all.

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