Department of Master of Computer Applications

Mathematical Foundation For Computer Science

EL

FRACTAL GEOMETRY

Student Name ( USN ) :-

Neha Kumari -RVCE23MCA046 Under the Guidance :-
Poornima Rs – RVCE23MCA036
Preeti Sahani –RVCE23MCA044
Satish V Motammanavar
Shraddha Pattar–RVCE23MCA080
 FRACTAL
GEOMETRY
● Introduction to Fractal Geometry
● Fractal Dimensions
● Mendelbrot set and Julia set in fractal geometry
● Real time applications of fractal geometry
Fractal Geometry :
It is is a branch of mathematics that deals with shapes that exhibit self-similarity at different scales.
These shapes, called fractals, often have complex and irregular structures, yet they possess recurring
patterns when examined closely. The study of fractals originated from the work of several
mathematicians, but it was Benoit Mandelbrot who popularized the concept and coined the term
"fractal" in the 1970s.
What Is Self-Similarity in Fractals?

Self-Similarity: Fractal geometry deals with objects that exhibit self-similarity, meaning they contain
smaller components that resemble the overall structure. This property allows fractals to have irregular
shapes with complex and detailed patterns at various scales. In contrast, Euclidean geometry typically
deals with objects that have smooth and regular shapes, without self-similarity.
Its Relation With Computer Science:

Fractal geometry has numerous applications in computer science:

Computer Graphics: Fractals are extensively used in computer graphics to generate realistic natural
scenes, terrain landscapes, and textures. Fractal algorithms, such as the famous Mandelbrot set and
Julia set, are used to create visually stunning images of intricate and complex shapes.

Image Compression: Fractal compression techniques exploit the self-similarity properties of images
to achieve high compression ratios while preserving image quality. Fractal image compression works
by encoding a small portion of an image (called an "image block") as a mathematical representation
of a larger part of the image. This representation is then iteratively refined to match the original image
closely. Fractal compression has been used in applications where bandwidth or storage capacity is
limited, such as satellite image transmission and medical imaging.
Networks and Graphs: Fractal concepts are applied to the analysis and modeling of complex
networks, such as social networks, biological networks, and computer networks. Fractal-based models
help understand the structure, dynamics, and robustness of these networks.

Algorithm Design: Fractal concepts inspire the design of algorithms in computer science,
particularly in the optimization of recursive procedures and the development of efficient data
structures. Fractal-based algorithms are used in diverse applications, including optimization
problems, pattern recognition, and machine learning.

Fractal-based Modeling: Fractal geometry is employed in computer simulations and modeling to

represent complex natural phenomena more accurately. Fractal models help simulate realistic
behaviors of natural systems, such as fluid dynamics, weather patterns, and biological growth
processes.

Random Number Generation: Fractals are used in generating pseudo-random numbers with
properties that resemble those found in nature. These random number generators are useful in various
applications, including simulations, cryptography, and games.
 Fractal Dimension
It is a measure of the complexity or roughness of a fractal pattern
Traditional geometric shapes have integer dimensions (like 1 for a line, 2 for a square, or 3 for a cube), but fractals can
have non-integer dimensions.
It measures how space is filled by repeating patterns at different scales.

Methods to calculate the dimension are:

• Box Counting Method

• Hausdorff Dimension
• Correlation Dimension
• Information Dimension
• Lyapunov Dimension
• Mass-radius Dimension
 Methods To Calculate Fractal Dimension
The box counting method : It is a technique used to estimate the fractal dimension of a complex shape or pattern. It
tries to measure how "bumpy" or "wiggly" an object is, but instead of using rulers or measuring tapes, we use imaginary
boxes..

Fractal Dimension D=

N= No of boxes to cover the pattern

R=Inverse of the box size

Example: If we have a drawing of a tree and we want to calculate its fractal dimension .First we will draw square box of
big size over that picture and gradually we will make the size of box smaller . We will observe that when we are using
the smaller size of square then more number of boxes are needed to cover the shape. The relation between the size of
boxes and and the total no of boxes will gives us the fractal dimesion of that image
Hausdorff Dimension : The Hausdorff dimension measures the local size of a
space taking into account the distance between points, the metric.

Example :. If we have a image of Costline and we want to know its fractal

dimension . First we will use a big ruler, we'll get a certain length for the
coastline. But if we use a smaller ruler, we'll get a longer length because we're
measuring all the little twists and turns more closely.
The Hausdorff dimension measures how the length of the coastline changes as
we use smaller and smaller rulers. This tells us how "wiggly" the coastline is,
which is related to its fractal dimension

In addition to fractals, the Hausdorff dimension finds applications in various

fields, including physics, biology, and computer science, where irregular or self-
similar structures are encountered.
 The correlation dimension : It is (denoted by ν) is a measure of the dimensionality of the space occupied by a set of
random points
Example: If we have a piece of paper with a bunch of dots on it. For each dot we count how many other dots are close to
it within a certain distance. Then if we repeat this for different distances. If we plot the number of dots against the distance
on a graph, we might notice a pattern. The slope of the line we get from this graph helps us to find the correlation
dimension, which tells us how the dots are spread out in space.
 MENDELBROT SET
The Mandelbrot set is one of the most famous and visually striking fractal objects in mathematics. Introduced by
Benoît Mandelbrot in the 1970s, it holds profound significance in the field of fractal geometry and beyond.

DEFINATION:
The Mandelbrot set is defined within the complex plane, which consists of all complex
numbers of the form 𝑐=𝑎+𝑏𝑖 where 𝑎 and b are real numbers and 𝑖i is the imaginary unit (𝑖2=−1i 2
=−1).The Mandelbrot set is defined as the set of complex numbers 𝑐c for which the sequence
𝑧𝑛+1=𝑧𝑛2+𝑐z n+1 =zn2+c remains bounded as 𝑛n approaches infinity, starting with 𝑧0=0z 0 =0.In
simpler terms, for each complex number 𝑐c, iterate the function 𝑓𝑐(𝑧)=𝑧2+𝑐f c (z)=z 2 +c and see if
the resulting sequence of values remains bounded. If it does, 𝑐c is part of the Mandelbrot set.
 IMPORTANCE IN FRACTAL GEOMETRY

● The Mandelbrot set is a cornerstone of fractal geometry, showcasing the infinite complexity and
self-similarity inherent in fractal objects.
● It provides a concrete example of a fractal that exhibits intricate and infinitely detailed patterns
at all levels of magnification.
● The Mandelbrot set serves as a gateway to understanding other fractal objects and their
properties, inspiring further research and exploration in fractal geometry.
 JULIA SET
Julia sets are fascinating fractal objects closely related to the Mandelbrot set, and they play a
significant role in complex dynamics.

DEFINATION:
Like the Mandelbrot set, Julia sets are defined within the complex plane. Each point in
the complex plane corresponds to a complex number 𝑐c. The Julia set associated with a particular
complex number 𝑐c is defined as the boundary of the set of points that do not escape to infinity
under iteration of the function 𝑓(𝑧)=𝑧2+𝑐f(z)=z 2 +c.
 GENERATION OF JULIA SET

● To generate a Julia set, we start with a complex number 𝑐c and iterate the function
𝑓(𝑧)=𝑧2+𝑐f(z)=z 2 +c for each point 𝑧z in the complex plane.
● Similar to the Mandelbrot set, we typically set an iteration limit or a threshold to
determine whether a point escapes to infinity.
● Points that do not escape within the specified iteration limit are considered part of the
Julia set associated with the chosen 𝑐c.By coloring the points based on the number of
iterations it takes for them to escape, we can visualize the Julia set.
 RV College of
Engineering®

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 Real-Life Applications of Fractals
● In Natural Phenomena and Geological Formations
● In Medical Imaging and Biomedical Analysis
● In Computer Graphics and Visual Effects
● In Financial Markets and Econophysics
● In Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition
● In Art, etc.
1. In Natural Phenomena and Geological Formations
Fractals of different dimensions can also model different structures in nature, especially those with
self-similarity at different scales. Consequently, fractal geometry has been useful in studying many
natural phenomena and geological formations. Coastlines might look smooth from a distance due to
their small variation in the sea level, but up close we see jagged nooks and bays of different size
scales – the fractal analysis gives us insight into understanding the complex structures of nature.

2. In Medical Imaging and Biomedical Analysis

Fractals are used as a research tool in medical imaging, which includes the use of MRI and CT
scans. In the past decade, Fractal analysis has been applied to much more complex biological
structures by studying the branching patterns of neurons, providing vital clues to their structure and
function.
3. In Computer Graphics and Visual Effects
Fractals are widely used in the computer graphics and visual effects. It is used to created
textures and landscapes of video games, movies and virtual environments looks extremely
realistic. Fractal algorithm is widely used in creating realistic natural scenery such as
terrain of the games, clouds, and trees which looks like real life.

4. In Financial Markets and Econophysics

We can use fractal geometry to analyse the financial markets by using econophysics to
model the irregular, complex patterns in stock prices and interest rates, as well as other
financial instrument prices. We can use Fractal analyses to the forecast the market trends
and to the evaluate market patterns.
5. In Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition
They are used by artificial intelligence and pattern recognition for analysis and
classification of big data. The Fractal-based algorithms can be used in image processing,
speech recognition or machine learning to the extract meaningful patterns from the noisy
data.

6. In Art
Artists use fractal geometry as a foundation for creating visually captivating artworks.
They employ mathematical algorithms to generate complex fractal patterns, which are
then incorporated into paintings, digital art, sculptures, and other forms of visual
expression.
Conclusion
Fractals provides a powerful framework for modeling, analyzing,
and creating complex patterns and structures across various
domains, making them valuable tools in science, technology,
engineering, mathematics, and the arts.