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‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬

Electrical Power system lab

Experiment (2)

Chapter (3)

Loading distribution transformers with different

loads and studying the balance of these
different triple loads

Eng.Zeyad A L - Lababneh

ENG: Zeyad Al-lababneh

 Electrical Substation :
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution
system substations transform Voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or preform
any of several other important functions between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substation at different voltage
level a substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission Voltage and lower distribution voltage or at the interconnection of two
different transmission Voltages. a substations are unattended, relying on (Scada) for
remote Supervision and control.
Substation :
This word comes from the days before become agrid.as central generation stations
the distribution system become larger, smaller generation plants were converted to
distribute Stations receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using
their own generators.

How Dose the overvoltage and under Voltage occur the Power System ?
Over Voltage and undervoltage in power system can accur due to varise factor, and
they can have different causes and consequences. here are some common reasons
for over Voltage and undervoltage in power system.
A) Over voltage :
1) Light load condition :
when the demand for electricity is low and the generation is high the system might
experience over Voltage issues. This can occur during off-peak hours ore times of
low power consumption.
2) Switching Transients :
Rapid Switching operations or Switching off heavy loads can cause transient over
voltage. Sudden change in the power system can create Voltage spikes.
3) faulty Voltage Regulators or Control System :
Malfunctioning voltage regulators or control mechanisms can lead to voltages
exceeding safe operating limits.
4) lightning strikes :
Direct lightning Strikes or nearby strike Can induce high transient voltage in the
system causing over Voltage conditions.
5) Back feed or Islanding :
Distributed energy resources. Such as solar panels or wind turbines can sometimes
lead to back feed issues, especially if the system isn't designed to handle such energy
flows.
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 B) Under voltage :
1) high demand or heavy load conditions:
During peak demand if the load is higher than the supply capacity it can result
in Voltage drops

2) fault or line disturbances :

fault in transmission lines. Sudde load changes, or equipment failures can cause
voltage drops. A short circuit, for instance, can cause. a significant reductio in
voltage.
3) Regulator failures:
Mal functioning Voltage regulators or tap Changer mechanisms can cause the voltage
to drop below acceptable levels.
4) long transmission lines:
Voltage drop can occur long due to line resistance which can lead to transmission
lines Under voltage at the load end.
5) Trans former saturation :
Under certain conditions transformers can get saturated, causing a reduction in
their output Voltage.

Wye Connection(Y) and Delta Connection(Δ)

Wye Connection(Y) : Delta Connection(Δ) :

W= 3 V I W = √3 V I W= 3 VL Iph
W = √3 VL IL

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 Consequences :
-Over Voltage
1- can cause damage to sensitive equipment
2- insulation break down 3) failure of electrical component due to excess stress.
-Under Voltage
1- can lead to flickering lights
2- over heating of motors
3- malfunctioning of equipment
4- reduced efficiency in power delivery.

Quastions:
Q1: How is reactive power and real power controlled in power system?

Reactive power : with Voltage regulator it can outomatically adjust the reactive
power output to maintain constant termina Voltage (AVR).
Real power : The real power system is being controlled by controlling the driving
forque of individual turbines of the system.(Governors)
Governors : Turbine governers are control system that regulate the driving torque
by adjusting the turbine's Speed.
(in other words & the amount of steam controller by Exciter).
Excier : it's generate the current field that causes a rotor to rotate so that it maintains
its values.

P Governor

G (11-25) KV
13.8 KV
Exacter
Va
Turbine Generator Vb S
Vc

Fue AVR
l
Q

Apparent power : it is controlled by the stator terminal...

The power Supplied to the stator is best known as active or real power for it produces
the torque of the motor. Together, the real and reactive power form the total or
apparent power in the system.
‫ زيﺎد عثﻣﺎن اﻟﻠبﺎبنﺔ‬: ‫ﻣهندس‬
 Q2: Where are reactive power and real power used in the power system? reactive
power :
1) control Voltage on generator.
2) on Transmission Line.
3) on synchronis generators.

real power :
1) moving.
2) lighting.
3) heating.

Three-phase transformers with large capacity were used to use all electrical consumers
after converting the integrated voltage to a lower voltage.

I1 = (V1-E) / Z1 i1 = (V3-V2) / Z1
I2 = (V2-E) / Z2 i2 = (V1-V3) / Z2
I3 = (V3-E) / Z3 i3= (V2-V1) / Z3

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 A s there is only three wires :
I1 + I2 +I3 = 0 i1 + i2 +i3 = i

E =

E=

If Y1 = Y2 = Y3 (Balanced Loads)

e=0 i=0
N.B E1 + E2 + E3 = 0 for 3 phase system

If Y1 Y2 ( i.e. imbalanced loads)

e = certain value i= certain value

Unbalanced loads lead to bad results in electrical networks, as the equalization point
voltage rises in the case of connection (Y), but in the case of connection (∆) of the loads,
there is a circulating current within the connection. Therefore, transformers in
distribution networks are usually connected at Delta/star shape, meaning that the
primary coil is in the shape of a delta and the secondary coil is in the shape of a four-
wire star, as in the figure:

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 The fourth wire is connected to the equalization point to connect the star, and the
current passing through it depends on the state of the loads. In the case of balanced
loads (meaning that the loads are equal on all sides), this current is equal to zero, and in
unbalanced cases, it has a value that depends on the amount of unbalance, and the
current passing through is less than The current passing through the line wires, IS, IT,
IR, so the cross-sectional area of the neutral wire is less than the line wires. Our mission
in electrical networks is to...

We make loads balanced whenever possible. In unilateral loads, they must be divided
into three equal loads, each part on one of the three faces whenever possible. While in
three-faceted loads, they are distributed equally on the three faces automatically. When
expanding the electrical network, consideration is also given to calculating the load
balance in the future.
The methods of selecting, installing and connecting transformers depend on the
manner, type and method of connecting the load and its balance.

**The purpose of the experiment:

is to know the effect of the different type and value of the various loads, the different
methods of connecting them, and the extent of their balance on the load currents of the
transformers and on the current and voltage of the equalization point.

*** Three-phase electrical circuits connected in a star shape are balanced, meaning the
loads are equal on all sides, so the common point has a voltage equal to zero. The power
in three-phase alternating current circuits can be calculated according to the following
law:

P=√3 IL .VL .cosφ

This state of equilibrium does not affect the process of electrical energy distribution. We
must make the loads as balanced as possible. In the case of three-faced loads, they are
distributed equally on the three faces, and this condition is known as balance (the loads
are equal on the three faces). The current at the common point is equal to zero.

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 ‫‪**Drawing the circuit:‬‬

‫ﻣهندس ‪ :‬زيﺎد عثﻣﺎن اﻟﻠبﺎبنﺔ‬

 measure :
Resistive load

Vph VL Ir Is It Wr Wt Ws In

Balance

Unbalance

Calculations In P Q

Balance

Unbalance

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 Inductive load

Vph VL VXL VR Ir Is It Wr Ws Wt In Pw Qvar cosΘ

Balance

Unbalance

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 Capacitor load

Vph VL Vc VR Ir Is It Wr Ws Wt In Pw Qw cosΘ

Balance

Unbalance

Questions:

1• Calculate the total power from the single capacities of the balanced and unbalanced loads on the three
phases in the three-phase system?

2• Why is it necessary to connect the neutral line to the ground in case of unbalanced loads?

3• Explain the effect of inductive load on the electrical network? It can be multiple and diverse. There are
several main effects that can be caused by inductive load, list them?

4• When balanced loads are connected in the form of (Star) and (Delta), the voltage distribution differs
between the phases and lines. Explain the differences between them?

5• To increase the transmitted power of the transmission line while keeping the transmission voltage
constant, several procedures can be taken to increase the transmitted power: What is the procedure?

6. If the ground tie point is not connected in the three-phase transformer and there are unbalanced loads,
what is known as the “voltage surge phenomenon” or “grounding effect” can occur. This phenomenon
affects the single loads connected to the transformer. Show this effect?

7• Capacitive load (Reactive Load) refers to the consumption of electrical energy by devices and
equipment that require capacitive current (lagging current relative to voltage), such as electric motors,
fluorescent lamps, and air conditioners. Saudi campaigns affect the electrical network in several ways:
Mention them?

8• The use of compensation capacitors (Power Factor Correction Capacitors) is of great importance in
adjusting the capacitive power in electrical networks. Explain the importance and benefits associated with
these capacitors?

9• The choice of connecting unbalanced loads in the form of curtain or delta depends on the conditions
and requirements of the specific electrical system. Both star binding and delta binding have different
advantages and uses. Compare them?

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‫ﻣهندس ‪ :‬زيﺎد عثﻣﺎن اﻟﻠبﺎبنﺔ‬