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41 views

Physics

Uploaded by

JYOTI YADAV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

An R-C circuit is a circuit containing a resistor and capacitor in series


to a power source. Such circuits Find very important applications in
various areas of science and in basic circuits which act as building
blocks of modern technological devices.

It should be really helpful if we get comfortable with the


terminologies charging and discharging of capacitors.

1. Charging of Capacitor: -

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to


store energy in an electric field. In the hydraulic analogy, charge
carriers lowing through a wire are analogous to water flowing
through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a
pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but
some water can move by stretching the membrane. The analogy
clarifies a few aspects of capacitors:

■ The low of current alters the charge on a capacitor, just as the low
of water changes the position of the membrane. More specifically,
the effect of an electric current is to increase the charge of one plate
of the capacitor, and decrease the charge of the other plate by an
equal amount. This is just like how, when water low moves the
rubber membrane, it increases the amount of water on one side of
the membrane, and decreases the amount of water on the other
side.
The more a capacitor is charged, the larger its voltage drop; i.e., the
more it "pushes back" against the charging current. This is analogous
to the fact that the more a membrane is stretched, the more it
pushes back on the water.

Current can low "through" a capacitor even though no individual


electron can get from one side to the other. This is analogous to the
fact that water can low through the pipe even though no water
molecule can pass through the rubber membrane. Of course, the low
cannot continue the same direction forever: the capacitor will
experience dielectric breakdown, and analogously the membrane
will eventually break.

The capacitance describes how much charge can be stored on one


plate of a capacitor for a given "push" (voltage drop). A very stretchy,
flexible membrane corresponds to a higher capacitance than a stiff
membrane.

A charged-up capacitor is storing potential energy, analogously to a


stretched membrane.

2. Discharging of Capacitor: -
Using hydraulic analogy only we can understand that when the
capacitor is charged the membrane is stretched, but now if you allow
the water to come out slowly and let the membrane relax, then it is
called discharging of capacitor. In other words, when the charge on
each of the plates becomes zero and the potential difference across
its terminals drops to zero. Below is a graphical description of
capacitor as a pipe with a membrane: -

1. relaxed membrane (uncharged)


Materials Required:
1. Breadboard

2. 100µF capacitor

3. 1 ΜΩ resistor

4. Multi-meter

5. 9V battery

6. Wire stripper, connecting wires, battery connector

7. Stopwatch
THEORY

When a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series with a


resistor of resistance R and then connected to a battery of EMF E it
gets charged but since some resistance has been introduced, this
charging process takes some time and hence the potential difference
between the plates of the capacitor varies as an exponential function
of time, i.e.

V ae^xt
The circuit diagram for this experiment is given below: -

Applying KIRCHHOFF'S LAW in the above circuit during charging i.e.


Capacitor is connected to battery

E-Vc-IR = 0…………….. (i)

Vc=Q/C
TOPIC

CHARGING & DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR IN


R-C CIRCUIT
Q=CV and Qo=CVo
Where,

V→ Voltage at time T

Vo→ Maximum voltage

Therefore, from eq. (iii)

CV = CV0 (1-(-1/e^RC))

V = Vo (1-(-1/e^RC)
(*Required expression)

[Note: This is the charging equation only, for discharging equation proceed the
same way but only remove E from Kirchhoff law equation]

Thus, equation for discharging

V = Vo(-1/e^RC)

When RC= t, then equation becomes

V = Vo (e-1), Which on solving gives


V = 0.63Vo

i.e. the voltage on capacitor at time 'TRC becomes 63% of the max voltage,
which means 63% of total charge has been stored in the capacitor. CYCLE

This product of R and Chas been given a new name, i.e. time constant and is
denoted by t, which mean for any capacitor in RC circuit 63% of total charge is
at time constant.

In my experiment I have used a 100µF capacitor and 1 ΜΩ resistor thus, Time


constant = 100 × 10 × 10 = 100 sec
PROCEDURE

➤ Connect all the components in breadboard

➤ Now take multimeter leads and place them in the two terminals

➤ Now take the Battery and its terminal across the terminal of the
capacitor and start the stopwatch. Note the readings at 20sec
intervals and write them down. [NOTE: - Reading the previous
statement could be astonishing as it says that measure voltage at
20sec interval but one could question that current move at very high
speed so how could one measure the changing readings! But believe
me it wasn't an easy task but since the voltage depends on reciprocal
of exponential function and as time passes by the changing readings
will get slowed down and even after infinite time the capacitor could
not be charged up to max voltage. Also, since its time constant is
100sec which is quite practical to measure at and hence this
experiment is very much justified.]. Take 10 readings and if required
the 20sec gap could be increased because as the time passes by the
change in voltage becomes smaller and smaller.

➤ Now let the capacitor be charged up to 460 secs because then it


will become 99.99% charged [since we have a limited time and we
can't wait for infinite time for it to charge completely!]. Now remove
the battery and now attach a wire in place of the battery terminals
and again note the multimeter readings changing and record them.
➤ Plot a graph between voltage and time for charging as well as
discharging.
AIM

To verify that 63% charge is stored in a capacitor in a R-


C circuit at its time constant and 63% charge remains
when capacitor is discharged and hence plot a graph
between voltage and time
CALCULATION
Now since the Graph are very much similar to the graph of charging
and discharging of capacitor.
At t=100s, during charging of capacitor the voltage on capacitor is
5.69 volt as it is observed in the experiment. Now using the charging
formula:
V = 9(1-(e^-t/t))
V=9(1-(-1/e)
V=5.67= 5.69
Which is achieved experimentally as well.

Similarly, during discharging,


V = 9 x e^-1
V = 3.32 = 3.30
Which is achieved experimentally as well.
CONCLUSION
Hence it is verified experimentally that 63% charge is there
on capacitor after time constant during charging and 63%
charge is lost at time constant during discharging.
PRECAUTIONS

• Do all the connection carefully

• Do all the connection neat and tight

• Do not connect Led without resistance

• Keep yourself safe from high voltage

Before doing any experiment please


consult to your subject teacher or lab
assistance
BIBLIOGRAPHY

■ Wikipedia.com

Google search engine

•WWW.YOUTUBE.COM

Physics NCERT book for class XII

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