Mathematics HandBook

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

1. RELATION BETWEEN SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF

ANGLES :
D G 2C
= =
90 100 p
180
1 Radian = degree » 57°17'15'' (approximately)
p
p
1 degree = radian » 0.0175 radian
180

2. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

(a) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 or sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q or cos2 q = 1 – sin2 q
(b) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 or sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q or tan2 q = sec2 q - 1
1 1
(c) If secq + tanq = k Þ secq – tanq = Þ 2 sec q = k +
k k
(d) cosec2q – cot2q = 1 or cosec2q = 1 + cot2q or cot2q = cosec2q – 1
1 1
(e) If cosecq + cotq = k Þ cosecq – cotq = Þ 2 cosec q = k +

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k k

3. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT

QUADRANTS :
90°, p/2
II quadrant I quadrant
S A
only sine All + ve
& cosec + ve
180°,p 0°, 360°, 2p
only tan & cot only cos
+ ve & sec + ve

T III quadrant IV quadrant C

270°, 3p/2
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4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :
(a) sin (2np + q) = sin q, cos (2np + q) = cos q, where n Î I
(b) sin (-q) = – sin q cos (–q) = cos q
sin(90° – q) = cosq cos(90° – q) = sinq
sin(90° + q) = cosq cos(90° + q) = –sinq
sin(180° – q) = sinq cos(180° – q) = –cosq
sin(180° + q) = –sinq cos(180° + q) = –cosq
sin(270° – q) = –cosq cos(270° – q) = –sinq
sin(270° + q) = –cosq cos(270° + q) = sinq
Note :
(i) sin np = 0 ; cos np =(–1)n; tan np = 0, where n Î I
p p
(ii) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n; cos(2n+1) =0, where n Î I
2 2
5. IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE :
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
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tan A + tan B
(v) tan (A + B) =
1 - tan A tan B
tan A - tan B
(vi) tan (A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A - 1
(vii) cot (A + B) =
cot B + cot A
cot B cot A + 1
(viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B - cot A
(ix) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B).
(x) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(xi) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(xii) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
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FG C + DIJ cos FG C - DIJ

(xiii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
F C + DIJ sin FG C - DIJ
sin C – sin D = 2 cos GH
2 K H 2 K
(xiv)

cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH

F C + DIJ cos FG C - DIJ
2 K H 2 K
(xv)

cos C – cos D = 2 sin GH

F C + DIJ sin FG D - CIJ
2 K H 2 K
(xvi)

2tan q
(xvii) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q =
1 + tan2 q

1 - tan2 q
(xviii) cos2q = cos2q – sin2q = 2cos2q – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2q =
1 + tan2 q

(xix) 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos2 q or |cos q| = 1 + cos 2q

2

1 - cos 2q
(xx) 1 – cos2q = 2 sin2 q or |sin q| =
2

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1 - cos2q sin2q
(xxi) tan q = =
sin 2q 1 + cos 2q

2tan q
(xxii) tan 2q =
1 - tan2 q

(xxiii) sin 3q = 3 sin q –4 sin3 q.

(xxiv) cos 3q = 4 cos3 q – 3 cosq.

3 tan q - tan 3 q
(xxv) tan 3q =
1 - 3 tan 2 q

(xxvi) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A+B). sin (A–B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.

(xxvii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).
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(xxviii) sin (A + B + C)
= sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB
– sinAsinBsinC
= SsinA cosB cosC – Psin A
= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]
(xxix) cos (A + B + C)
= cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC
– cosA sinB sinC
= Pcos A – Ssin A sin B cos C
= cosA cosB cosC [1 – tanA tanB – tanB tanC – tanC tanA]
(xxx) tan (A + B + C)
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C S1 - S3
= =
1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A 1 - S2
(xxxi) sin a + sin (a+b) + sin (a+2b) +... sin (a + n - 1 b)

RS FG n - 1IJ bUV sinFG nb IJ

= T H 2 K W H 2K
sin a +

F bI
sinG J
H 2K
(xxxii) cos a + cos (a+b) + cos (a + 2b) + .... + cos(a + n - 1b)
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RS FG n - 1IJ bUV sinFG nb IJ

cos a +
= T H 2 K W H 2K
F bI
sinG J
H 2K
6. VALUES OF SOME T-RATIOS FOR ANGLES 18°, 36°, 15°,
22.5°, 67.5° etc.
5 -1 p
(a) sin 18° = = cos 72° = sin
4 10
5+1 p
(b) cos 36° = = sin 54° = cos
4 5
3-1 p
(c) sin 15° = = cos 75° = sin
2 2 12
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3+1 p
(d) cos 15° = = sin 75° = cos
2 2 12

p 3 -1 5p
(e) tan =2- 3 = = cot
12 3 +1 12

5p 3 +1 p
(f) tan =2+ 3 = = cot
12 3 -1 12
3p p
b g
. ° = 2 - 1 = cot 675
(g) tan 225 b g
. ° = cot
8
= tan
8
(h) tanb675
. °g = 2 + 1 = cotb225
. °g

7. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC

EXPRESSIONS :
(a) a cos q + b sin q will always lie in the in terval

[- a 2 + b2 , a 2 + b2 ] , i.e. the maximum and minimum

values are a 2 + b2 , - a 2 + b2 respectively.

(b) Minimum value of a2 tan2 q + b2 cot2 q = 2ab, where a, b > 0
(c) Minimum value of a2cos2q + b2 sec2q (or a2sin2q + b2cosec2q) is

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either 2ab (when |a| > |b|) or a2 + b2 (when |a| < |b|).
8. IMPORTANT RESULTS :
1
(a) sin q sin (60° – q) sin (60° + q) = sin 3q
4
1
(b) cos q. cos(60° – q) cos(60° + q) = cos 3q
4
(c) tan q tan (60° – q) tan (60° + q) = tan 3q
(d) cot q cot (60° – q) cot (60° + q) = cot 3q
3
(e) (i) sin2 q + sin2 (60° + q) + sin2 (60° – q) =
2
3
(ii) cos2 q + cos2 (60° + q) + cos2 (60° – q) =
2
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(f) (i) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C,

then A + B + C = np, n Î I
(ii) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1,
p
then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,n Î I
2
sin(2n q)
(g) cos q cos 2q cos 4q .... cos (2n – 1 q) =
2n sin q
(h) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A
9. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES :
If A + B + C = 180°, then
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(b) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A
(c) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(d) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(e) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(f) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC
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A B C
(g) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(h) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
10. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS :
T-RatioDomain Range Period
sin x R [–1,1] 2p
cos x R [–1,1] 2p
tan x R–{(2n+1)p/2 ; nÎI} R p
cot x R–[np : n Î I] R p
sec x R– {(2n+1) p/2 : n Î I} (–¥,–1] È[1,¥) 2p
cosec x R– {np : n Î I} (–¥,–1] È[1,¥) 2p
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11. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

Y
(a) y = sinx
1

–p /2 p/2 3p /2
X' X
–2p –p o p 2p

–1

Y'

(b) y = cosx Y
1

X' o X
–3 p /2 –p p/2 p 3p /2
–1

Y'

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(c) y = tanx
3p p p 3p
– –
2 2 2 2
X' o p X

Y'

(d) y = cotx Y

3p p p 3p
– –
2 2 2 2
X' –2p –p o p 2p X

Y'

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y=1
(e) y = secx (-2p,1) (0,1) (2p,1)

–5p/2,0 –3p/2,0 –p/2,0 p/2,0 3p /2,0 5p/2,0

X' o X

(–p,–1) (p,–1)
y=–1

Y'

(f) y = cosecx Y

y=1
–

–p,0 p,0
X' O X

y=–1

Y'
12. IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The sum of interior angles of a polygon of n-sides
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= (n – 2) × 180° = (n – 2)p.
(b) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides
(n - 2) (n - 2)
= ´ 180° = p.
n n
(c) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides
= 360° = 2p.