PUBLIC SPEAKING

Public speaking is the act of performing a speech to a live audience. It is a skill which is learnt
through constant practice. It is commonly understood as formal, face to face speaking of a single
person to a group of listeners.

Three steps for the preparation of a formal speech

• Planning: facilitates the speaker to prepare and deliver the speech effectively. It depends
on the occasion, audience and purpose
• Writing: collects the required material, creates an outline, prepares the first draft and
edits the same
• Delivery: Speaker presents the same and fluency plays a vital role in the delivery of an
effective speech

Methods of Delivery

1. Memorizing: some speakers memorize the entire text of the speech and deliver it.
Memory plays a crucial role in this method.
2. Reading out from the Manuscript: Here the speaker reads out the written manuscript of
the speech. It can become monotonous and boring.
3. Extempore: Most effective method. Speaker carries few notes and explains each point.
This method sounds convincing and natural.
4. Power Point method: Speaker methods slides, and explains them orally. Best known ways
of delivering a speech. It provides flexibility to the speaker.
5. Impromptu: Impromptu means ‘without advance preparation’. The speaker needs to
speak without any preparation. It is delivered at the spur of the moment.

Strategies for Effective Delivery

• Catchy beginning
• Correct pronunciation
• Proper voice modulation
• Use of positive body language
• Use of illustrations
• Use of wit and humor
• Emphatic ending

To make the speech effective, the speaker should:

• Research the topic thoroughly

• Keep audience centered approach
• Use simple words and language
• Articulate clearly
• Grab the attention of the audience with a powerful opening
• Assess the needs and priorities of a potential audience
• Control performance anxiety
• Create attractive PowerPoint slides with the right amount of detail
• Draft an evaluation form that attendees are likely to complete
• Handing out copies of slides in advance to minimize note-taking demands on the
audience
• Maintain eye contact with the audience and provide an energetic, animated physical
presence
• Memorize enough content so that the speech does not come off as a reading of notes
• Modulate vocal tone to emphasize important points and avoid monotonous presentation
• Organize a logical flow to a speech
• Prepare examples that are relevant to the experience of the expected audience
• Provide compelling evidence to support themes
• Rehearse the presentation and revising rough spots
• Restate critical points at the end of a speech to cement key concepts
• Review feedback and modify the approach for talks in the future
• Summarize the topics to be covered at the beginning to provide context for attendees
• Tell stories to illustrate points
• Plan the speech in advance to make sure it meets the allotted time
• Use humor to enliven a talk
A. Some Important Roles in Public Speaking

1. Moderator

It refers to a presbyterian minister presiding over a church court

One who presides an assembly, meeting or discussion

A moderator in a seminar must have adequate knowledge on the
subject matter.

A moderator must know very well the arrangement of the seminar.

A moderator must be able to lead the discussion effectively and
efficiently (not talking too much or too little but the talk must create a
friendly atmosphere)

A moderator must know the background of the audience and the
presenter in order to be able to choose the most appropriate way to
bridge communication between the audience and the presenter.

What a moderator should do:

No Function Phrases/Utterances
1 Greeting the audience Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Hi,
Hello
2 Addressing the audience Distinguished guests
Ladies and gentlemen
Dear brothers and sisters
Everyone/everybody
3 Welcoming the audience and Welcome to the parallel session of the
telling the audience the title of presentation of our colleague
the session Mr/Dr/Prof __________
4 Opening the presentation It’s a pleasure for me to be here
today.
It’s an honour for me to be here today.
I’m glad to be here today.
5 Thanking the audience Thank you for being with us
6 Introducing oneself briefly and I’m ______________
 appropriately My name’s ___________
7 Introducing the presenter or We are having a pleasure of having
reading his or her CV ______________ with us here.
8 Introducing the topic being __________ would like to talk about a
discussed briefly and topic which might be a topic of interest
accurately to you all
9 Giving the floor to the Everyone please welcome
presenter ______________
__________, the floor is yours
10 Thanking the presenter for Thank you __________
the presentation
11 Inviting the audience to ask Now I’d like to invite you all to ask
questions, give comments or questions, give comments or
suggestions suggestion. Please raise your hand,
tell us your name and your institution
12 Giving the floor back to the ____________ please take the floor
presenter again to give responses to the
audience
13 Ending the session This is the end of
14 Concluding the discussion The conclusion of the presentation is
that
15 Thanking the presenter • Let us show our appreciation
by giving him/her a big
applause
• Shall we give him an applause
please.
16 Thanking the audience Thank you to the audience for the
participation
17 Closing the session This is the end of the presentation.
Thank you and have a nice day.

2. Presenter

One who presents a paper in a seminar or workshop

A presenter must have sufficient knowledge of topic s/he presents

A presenter must organize his ideas well so that the audience can
follow her/ him easily

S/he sometimes needs to provide media to support the written paper
What a presenter should do:

No Functions Phrases/Utterances
1 Greeting the audience Assalamualaikum Wr Wb (Peace be
with you all)
Good morning
Good afternoon
Hello
Hi
2 Addressing the audience Ladies and gentlemen
Dear brothers and sisters
Everyone/Everybody
3 Opening the presentation It’s my greatest pleasure to be here
today.
It is also a particular pleasure to meet
with our audience.
4 Starting The title of my presentation is ….
I’d like to talk today about ….
My topic today is ….
5 Planning I have divided my talk into ….
The first point of my talk is ….
My second point is ….
6 Opening the main section I’d like to start by suggesting that ….
7 Moving to a new point Let me now turn to ….
I’d like to turn now to the issue of ….
8 Postponing I’ll be returning to this point later
9 Referring back Getting back to the question of ….
10 Highlighting The important thing about … is ….
The thing to remember is ….
11 Indicating Okay,
Right,
Good,
Well,
12 Summarizing Let me try to conclude our discussion
then
The main points that have been made
are ….
13 Closing I’ll finish here, Thank you
And let me finish here, thank you
3. Master of Ceremonies (MC)

A person who superintends the forms to be observed on various social
occasions, e.g. public banquet, party, seminar, workshop.

S/he must know exactly who are invited to the occasions: the special
guests and the audience.

S/he lets the invited know the rundown of the programs.

S/he must know the formality of the occasions and therefore adjusts
what language style to be used and what atmosphere should be
created.

What a master of ceremony should do:

No Functions Phrases/Utterances
1 Greeting the audience Good morning
Good afternoon
Assalamualaikum Wr Wb (Peace be
with you all)
2 Addressing the audience His Majesty Sri Sultan HB X,
The Minister of National Education,
Prof. Bambang Sudibyo, to His Honor,
Prof. Sugeng Mardiyono, Ph.D, the
Rector of Yogyakarta State University,
The Honorable Dean of Faculty of
Languages and Arts,
Distinguished Guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Dear brothers and sisters
3 Welcoming It’s my greatest pleasure to welcome
you to …
It is a particular pleasure to welcome
you to ….
Welcome to ….
4 Reading the Agenda Before starting the program, let me read
the agenda.
Before we run our today’s activity, allow
me read the items of our program.
5 Items in an agenda 1. Report from Chairman of the
 Committee
2. Welcoming address by …
3. Speech by … followed by the
opening of the seminar/ workshop/
training
4. Token presentation
5. Presentations
6. Closing
6 Inviting the speaker Ladies and gentlemen, to start our
program let hear the report from the
Committee presented by Chairman of
the Committee. Mr. … the floor is yours.
The next is a speech from …. Ladies
and gentlemen, please give a warm
welcome to …
7 Token presentation Thank you Your Excellency, but before
you return to your seat, on behalf of the
Committee, we’d like to present a small
token of appreciation for your presence
in this opening ceremony. We request
Mr. … to present the token.
8 Closing Well, ladies and gentlemen, we come to
the end of the opening ceremony.
Thank you very much for you
participation and we really hope that
you will have an interesting and
inspiring seminar.

B. Closing
The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch us
sometime. When it does, we want to be ready. However, even if we never
give any speech in our life, we still have much to gain from studying public
speaking. Hopefully, this training is invaluable for every type of
communication.