HIGHER AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

OFFICIAL UNIVERSITY OF MBUJIMAYI

Av. Kalonji, n° 27, Q/Kansele, C/Muya, Mbujimayi, Kasaï-Oriental
E-mail : [email protected]
Telephone/WhatsApp : +243 853 886 663
www.uom.cd
Democratic Republic of Congo

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

ENGLISH COURSE

GROUP TASK

PARTS OF THE LETTER AND INTERNATIONAL

TRADE

By :
Team n° 1
Directed by :
Boniface TSHIAMALA
professor
Degree : Second degree in economics

Academic year 2021-2022

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INTRODUCTION 5. The Body of the Letter ;

6. The Complementary Close or Closing ;
To complete the obligation imposed on any student in the 7. The Signature.
second graduate economics and management sciences to
present a scientific work at the end of each course, we 1. The Letter Head or Sender’s Address
were asked within the framework of the English course to The sender's address usually is included in letterhead. If
carry out a scientific work based in particular on : you are not using letterhead, include the sender's address
- Parts of the letter and ; at the top of the letter one line above the date. Do not write
- International trade. the sender's name or title, as it is included in the letter's
This is how we have taken this opportunity with all closing. Include only the street address, city, and zip code.
quintessence to solidify the learned theories into a
professional practice. 2. The Date
The date line is used to indicate the date the letter was
Our work is subdivided into two parts. The first part talks written. However, if your letter is completed over a number
about «the parts of the letter» and the second is about of days, use the date it was finished in the date line. When
«international trade.» writing to companies within the United States, use the
American date format. (The United States-based
convention for formatting a date places the month before
PARTS OF THE LETTER the day. For example: October 11, 2022.) Write out the
month, day and year two inches from the top of the page.
The components of English letters are divided into two (2) Depending which format you are using for your letter,
categories: either left justify the date or tab to the center point and type
- The main parts or components and ; the date.
- The additional parts.
3. The Inside Address
A. THE MAIN PARTS The inside address is the recipient's address. It is always
An English letter has seven main parts, which are : best to write to a specific individual at the firm to which you
1. The letter head or Sender's Address ; are writing. If you do not have the person's name, do some
2. The Date ; research by calling the company or speaking with
3. The Inside Address ; employees from the company. Include a personal title such
4. The Salutation ; as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Follow a woman's preference in
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being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. If you are unsure of business letter, be careful to remember that conciseness is
a woman's preference in being addressed, use Ms. If there very important. In the first paragraph, consider a friendly
is a possibility that the person to whom you are writing is a opening and then a statement of the main point. The next
Dr. or has some other title, use that title. Usually, people paragraph should begin justifying the importance of the
will not mind being addressed by a higher title than they main point. In the next few paragraphs, continue
actually possess. To write the address, use the U.S. Post justification with background information and supporting
Office Format. For international addresses, type the name details. The closing paragraph should restate the purpose
of the country in all-capital letters on the last line. The of the letter and, in some cases, request some type of
inside address begins one line below the sender's address action.
or one inch below the date. It should be left justified, no
matter which format you are using. 6. The Complementary Close or Closing
The closing begins at the same vertical point as your date
4. The Salutation and one line after the last body paragraph. Capitalize the
Use the same name as the inside address, including the first word only (for example: Thank you) and leave four
personal title. If you know the person and typically address lines between the closing and the sender's name for a
them by their first name, it is acceptable to use only the signature. If a colon follows the salutation, a comma
first name in the salutation (for example: Dear Lucy:). In all should follow the closing; otherwise, there is no
other cases, however, use the personal title and last/family punctuation after the closing.
name followed by a colon. Leave one line blank after the
salutation. 7. The Signature
If you don't know a reader's gender, use a nonsexist Signature literally means the signature of the writer but it
salutation, such as their job title followed by the receiver's also means a sign seal, printed by, prepared by or
name. It is also acceptable to use the full name in a authorized by the writer.
salutation if you cannot determine gender. For example,
you might write Dear Chris Harmon: if you were unsure of B. THE ADDITIONAL PARTS
Chris's gender. An English letter has four additional parts, which are :
1. The Reference Number or Reference Line
5. The Body of the Letter 2. The Enclosure
For block and modified block formats, single space and left 3. The Object ore subject matter
justify each paragraph within the body of the letter. Leave 4. The Attention Line
a blank line between each paragraph. When writing a
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The subject matter helps the recipient understand what the

1. The Reference Number or Reference Line letter is about.
A reference line refers to information requested by the
recipient, and may include specific project, invoice, or 4. The Attention Line
identification number. It begins with Attention of, Attention or Attn., ends wit a
A reference number will help you relate the letter to a colon and is placed flush with the left margin. It indicates
specific matter and will help you file the letter the intend recipient within the organization when the letter
appropriately. If the recipient of the letter has already is addressed to the organization or to the intend recipient’s
provided you with their reference number then you should superior.
always quote this number when corresponding.
Punctuation
2. The Enclosure Punctuation after the salutation and closing : use a colon
If you have enclosed any documents along with the letter, (:) after the salutation (never a comma) and a comma (,)
such as a resume, you indicate this simply by typing after the closing. In some circumstances, you may also
Enclosures one line below the closing. As an option, you use a less common format, known as open punctuation.
may list the name of each document you are including in For this style, punctuation is excluded after the salutation
the envelope. For instance, if you have included many and the closing.
documents and need to ensure that the recipient is aware
of each document, it may be a good idea to list the names.

3. The Object or subject matter LAYOUT

A subject line specifying the topic of the letter, if included,
comes between the salutation and the body of the letter.
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Reference number INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Heading 1. DEFINITION
Inside International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and
Date services across international borders or territories, which
could involve the activities of the government and
address individual. It’s also defined as the purchase and sale of
goods and services by companies in different countries. In
Salutation, most countries, such trade represents a significant share
Subject matter of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade
has been present throughout much of history, its
line
economic, social, and political importance has been on the
rise in recent centuries. It is the presupposition of
……………………………………………………… international trade that a sufficient level of geopolitical
…………………………………………………………… peace and stability are prevailing in order to allow for the
…………………………………………………………… peaceful exchange of trade and commerce to take place
between nations.
………………… The body of the 2. IMPORTANCE
letter………………………………………………………
…………………………………… The importance of international trade was recognized early
…………………………………………………………… on by political economists such as Adam Smith and David
…………………………………………………………… Ricardo. International trade was key to the rise of the
…………………………………………………………… global economy. In the global economy, supply and
demand—and thus prices—both impact and are impacted
……………
by global events.
……………………………………..Concluding
line………………………………………… International trade allows countries to expand their
Compli markets and access goods and services that otherwise
mentary close………… may not have been available domestically. As a result of
Signatur international trade, the market is more competitive. This
e…………………….
Title……
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ultimately results in more competitive pricing and brings a costs due to border delays and costs associated with
cheaper product home to the consumer. country differences such as language, the legal system or
culture.
Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an Another difference between domestic and international
increase in the cost of labor. This could increase the trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor
manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company are typically more mobile within a country than across
countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to
that is based in Malaysia, which would then result in an
trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to
increase in the price charged for a pair of sneakers that an
trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade
American consumer might purchase at their local mall. in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in
factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of
Trading globally gives consumers and countries the production, a country can import goods that make
opportunity to be exposed to new markets and products. intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody
Almost every kind of product can be found on the it. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the
international market : food, clothes, spare parts, oil, United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese
jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are labor, the United States imports goods that were produced
also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that
transportation. international trade was increased when a country hosted a
Industrialization, advanced technology, including network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened
transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, when the immigrants became assimilated into their new
and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the country.
international trade system. Increasing international trade is 4. INTERNATIONAL TRADE : BRANCH OF
crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without ECONOMICS
international trade, nations would be limited to the goods International trade is also a branch of economics, which,
and services produced within their own borders. together with international finance, forms the larger branch
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND called international economics. Trading is a value-added
INTERNATIONAL TRADE function : it is the economic process by which a product
International trade is, in principle, not different from finds its market, in which specific risks are to be borne by
domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of the trader.
parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally
regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The 5. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
main difference is that international trade is typically more A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and
costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border
a product that is bought from the global market is an
typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time
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import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a Official University of Mbujimayi (2022), English
country's current account in the balance of payments. Correspondance [course syllabus], Available from The
Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their Professor (Ciamala Boniface)’s computer.
resources. For example, labor, technology, or capital, www.toppr.com
more efficiently. Different countries are endowed with www.corporatefinanceinstitute.com
different assets and natural resources : land, labor, capital, www.econlib.org
technology, etc. This allows some countries to produce the www.effective-business-letters.com
same good more efficiently; in other words, more quickly www.nonprofitcopywriter.com
and at a lower cost. Therefore, they may sell it more www.investopedia.com
cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently
produce an item, it can obtain it by trading with another
country that can. This is known as specialization in
international trade.

CONCLUSION
To conclude, we must know that a letter has 7 main parts
and 4 additional parts. Whether it is a cover letter for a job,
or the bank sending a reminder or a college acceptance
letter, letters are still an important mode of communication.
This is why it is important that we know the intricacies of
letter writing.

About International trade, Economic theory indicates that

International Trade raises the standard of living. A
comparison between the performance of open and closed
economies confirms that the benefits of trade in practice are
significant. So we have to do it if we want a positive
development of our beloved country.

REFERENCES
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