Chapter 6

IoT Application Design

M2M is a system that allows machines to communicate with each other and with humans. It is
an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) that allows for easier and more direct access to
the data and functionality of connected devices. M2M is a standardized technology for
managing and sharing the data and functionality of connected devices. It is used in
applications such as metering, automation, tracking and tracing, healthcare, and many others.

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is the exchange of information between

machines. M2M is a network of physical objects capable of capturing information about their
state, communicating that information over a network without requiring human interference,
and using that information to control their operational behavior. The most prevalent form of
M2M communication is data exchange between objects in a utility metering context, such as
smart electric meters in homes and businesses.

What is the Primary Purpose of M2M?

The primary purpose of Machine to Machine communications is to enable machine-to-
machine (M2M) interaction, which has been proposed as a specialized application of the
Internet of Things (IoT). M2M communications allow for smart objects to communicate with
each other without the intervention of humans. For example, smart meters are independent
devices that measure electrical power consumption in real-time and communicate it
wirelessly to the electric utility. A system of smart meters can provide the utility company
with near-instantaneous information about power demands for a large area.

M2M communications is a rapidly developing technology, and it is expected to have a wide

range of both immediate and long-term impacts on all areas of life. M2M communications are
especially promising in the area of industry where there is an increasing demand for a more
efficient, less expensive, and faster technology. It is anticipated that the use of M2M
communications will decrease cost, time, and energy consumption. It can also increase safety,
reliability, and quality.

Key Difference: IoT Vs M2M

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and
others embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which
enables these things to connect and exchange data, creating opportunities for more immediate
integration between the physical world and computer-based systems. With regard to M2M
(machine to machine) communication, there are several differences. The M2M
communications are used to connect machines to machines within the same cellular network.
The IoT is used to connect machines to machines across different cellular networks.

Differences Between IoT and M2M

Basis IoT M2M
Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine
 Basis IoT M2M
Communicates directly between
Communication IoT sensors automation
machines
The connection is via using various
Connection Point to Point Connection
communication types
Communication technology
Communication
HTTP, Ftp, Telnet, etc are used techniques and traditional protocols
protocols
are used.
Objects are responsible for decision Observation of some degree of
Intelligence
making intelligence
Hardware and Software based
Technology Hardware-based technology
technology
Devices can be connected through
Data Delivery Depending on the Internet protocol
mobile or other networks
Internet Active Internet connection is Devices do not rely on an internet
Connection required connection
Many users can connect at a time Communicate with a single machine
Scope
over the Internet at a time
B2C(Business to Customers) and Only B2B(Business to Business) is
Business Type
B2B(Business to Business) used
Open API support IoT supports open API Integrations M2M does not support open API
Data is shared with applications that
Data is shared with the
Data Sharing tend to improve the end-user
communication parties themselves.
experience

https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/difference-between-iot-and-m2m/

THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE BUILDING AN IOT PROTOTYPE

If you’re ready with your idea and want to work on your IoT prototype, here are some things
that you should keep in mind-

1. Get the toughest problem out of the way first. It’s very important to start with the
riskiest assumption when prototyping your IoT product. This will force you to make
major product decisions early in the stage rather than months into the development
cycle when you would’ve spent your time and resources developing a product that
doesn’t fulfill your requirement.
2. Second, decide on which technologies you’re going to use in developing the IoT
Solution. This may include a lot of research and some hits and trials. You might even
run into some dead ends but by the end, you’ll be sure which technologies and
communication protocols are best suited for your IoT product.
3. Once that is out of the way, it’s time to start building and finding solutions for the
hiccups encountered in the process.
Full Stack IoT Product Development consists of various stages and is a long journey till
Product Development.

The first step is PoC in which the development team finds out the viability of the solution
required and what challenges could possibly come on the way to Product Development. This is
usually done within a few days of the start of the project. This provides a rapid analysis of the
required IoT solution.

After PoC, a prototype is created with hardware and software elements. A prototype is
something that can be handed over to the client for demonstration. It basically shows the
system simulation and helps in finding out the usability of the product. It generally takes
weeks of time.

When the usability of the product is checked, it is time to find out the market demand for the
product. A basic version of the solution is launched, which helps in getting user feedback at
the preliminary level. This takes at least a few months to get an IoT solution at this level.
Now it is the time to end the development journey and launch the final product.

Although IoT Solution involves various stages, prototyping is one such stage. Even IoT
prototyping consists of different versions and is upgraded at levels.

APPEARANCE MODEL in IoT prototype

An appearance model is a physical mock-up, first, it is a series of drawings that explore the
number of configurations for the product. Then a 3D structure is printed which helps in
forecasting the look of the end product. The dimensions are not frozen at this stage but are
kept in mind as a target size. The appearance model is used to demonstrate the size, color,
control locations, actuator location, etc., and to give the investor a visual idea of the product.

IOT PROOF OF CONCEPT

To evaluate the performance of a subsystem or technical component for feasibility Proof of
concept (PoC) prototypes are used. It is the quickest way to evaluate the viability of the user
interface. The main purpose is to prove if your theory actually works in practice or not. PoC is
40%-80% stable and should be done within a few months. This is done on the development
boards and modules, connecting everything with jumping wires. This is also one of the ways to
do Rapid Prototyping.

Alpha Phase in iot Prototyping

The Alpha prototype is the initial attempt made to design the prototype according to the
requirements listed in the Product Requirements Specification (PRS). It is also the first
attempt at making it look and work as close as possible to the final product. The iterative
process used for building this prototype can provide guidance for the upcoming stages of
development. The Alpha Development is more expensive as compared to the previous stages
and requires more time as well. The Alpha stage is important to understand the limitations of
the product so that you can take time to refine them.
Beta phase in Iot prototyping
Design refinements found in the Alpha stage are incorporated in the Beta stage. Software is
refined and is prepared for final testing and initial release. The documentation is updated
accordingly. Test plans and verification tools are made and the prototypes are ready for
preliminary validation testing, and safety and performance testing in compliance with the
PRS. Beta prototypes overcome any deficiencies in meeting the standards.

Pilot production of an Iot project

Refinements from the Beta stage are incorporated into the design and implemented in the
pilot production phase. The design is submitted to the manufacturing team and units are
produced for summative usability testing and clinical trials. After that, some units are released
onto the market. The design and production process are relatively stable.

Matured Product
The matured product takes into account the refinements that are to be made from user
feedback and production monitoring. This stage has a high yield, the design and assembly
process are stable and cost-saving methods are incorporated.
https://psiborg.in/what-is-iot-prototyping-and-why-it-is-required/

Prototyping for m2m – not available

The concept of Home Automation aims to bring the control of operating your every day
home electrical appliances to the tip of your finger, thus giving user affordable lighting
solutions, better energy conservation with optimum use of energy. Apart from just lighting
solutions, the concept also further extends to have a overall control over your home security
as well as build a centralised home entertainment system and much more. The Internet of
Things (or commonly referred to as IoT) based Home Automation system, as the name
suggests aims to control all the devices of your smart home through internet protocols or
cloud based computing.

The IoT based Home Automation system offer a lot of flexibility over the wired systems s it
comes with various advantages like ease-of-use, ease-of-installation, avoid complexity of
running through wires or loose electrical connections, easy fault detection and triggering and
above and all it even offers easy mobility.

Thus IoT based Home Automation system consist of a servers and sensors. These servers are
remote servers located on Internet which help you to manage and process the data without
the need of personalised computers. The internet based servers can be configured to control
and monitor multiple sensors installed at the desired location.

Let us understand in detail the working of different smart devices which together constitute
the Home Automation system.
Controller: The Brain of Your System
The main controller or the hub is the most essential part of your Home Automation system
irrespective of whether you connect single or multiple sensors in your home. The main
controller or the hub is also referred to as gateway and is connected to your home router
through the Ethernet cable. All the IoT based sensors transmits or receive commands through
the centralised hub. The hub in turn receives the input or communicates the output to cloud
network located over the internet.

Due to this kind of architecture, it is possible to communicate with the centralised hub even
from remote and distant locations through your smartphone. All you need is just a reliable
internet connection at the hub location and the data package to your smartphone that helps
you connect to the cloud network.

Most of the smart home controllers available in the market from several manufacturers cater
to all three widely used protocols of wireless communication for Home Automation: ZigBee,
Z-Wave and Wi-Fi.
Smart Devices: The Sensory Organs of Your Home

The IoT based home automation consist of several smart devices for different applications of
lighting, security, home entertainment etc. All these devices are integrated over a common
network established by gateway and connected in a mesh network. This means that it gives
users the flexibility to operate one sensor based followed by the action of the other. For e.g.
you can schedule to trigger the living room lights as soon as the door/windows sensor of your
main door triggers after 7pm in the evening.

Thus all the sensors within a common network can perform cross-talk via the main controller
unit. As shown in the figure, some of the smart sensors in home automation acts as sensor
hubs. These are basically the signal repeaters of signal bouncers which that are located in the
midway between the hub installation location and the sensors that are at a distant location.
For such long distances, these sensor hubs play an important role to allow easy transmission
of signals to sensors that are far away from the main controller but in closer proximity to the
sensor hub. The commonly used sensor hubs in IoT based Home Automation system are
Smart Plugs.
Wireless Connectivity: How the Internal Communication Occurs

Most of the IoT based Home Automation systems available today work on three widely used
wireless communication protocols : Wi-Fi, ZigBee and Z-Wave

The ZigBee and the Z-Wave controllers are assigned a network ID which is distributed over
other sensors in the network. The communication amongst devices take place in a mesh
topology where there is no fixed path for the signals transmitted from the controller to the
sensors and vice versa. Depending on the availability of the shortest path the signal from the
controller will travel to the target sensors either directly or through signal hops. If any
intermediate sensor in the pathway is busy or occupied the signal will trace another path
within the mesh network to reach the final destination. Note that sensors with different
Network IDs cannot communicate with each other over common channel.
Wi-Fi: Please explain this section.

Connected with the Cloud: Access Everything on the Go

The Cloud-based-Networking system involves storage and maintenance of data over the
Internet location. This gives users the flexibility to have access to the data from any location
on the planet.

As a result of this, in IoT based Home Automation systems users over the cloud network can
send commands to the hub even from a distant or remote location. The hub will further send
the signal for the intended sensors to trigger and perform the user-requested action. Once the
action is performed, the hub will update the status of the action taken to the cloud network
and in this way users can control and monitor every aspect of their smart homes.

Events and Notifications: Get Notified Instantly

Real-time monitoring and notifications is one of the key features of IoT based Home
Automation systems. Since the hub is connected over the cloud network through the Internet,
you can schedule various events as per your routine activities or daily schedules. The cloud
network can receive and store all the user inputs and transfer them to the hub as per the
scheduled events.

Once the hub transfer the desired signals to the target sensor and the desired action takes
places, it will quickly upload the new status over the cloud notifying user instantaneously. For
e.g. the motion sensor will instantaneously notify the user wither through emails, SMS, calls or
App notifications when it detects any unwanted motion or intrusion. After receiving such
notification, the user can quickly turn on the IP based home security smart camera can check
the status of your home even from remote location.
https://smartify.in/knowledgebase/iot-based-home-automation-system/

Overview :

 Home automation is constructing automation for a domestic, mentioned as a sensible

home or smart house. In the IoT home automation ecosystem, you can control your
devices like light, fan, TV, etc.
 A domestic automation system can monitor and/or manage home attributes adore
lighting, climate, enjoyment systems, and appliances. It is very helpful to control your
home devices.
 It’s going to in addition incorporates domestic security such as access management and
alarm systems. Once it coupled with the internet, domestic gadgets are a very
important constituent of the Internet of Things.
 A domestic automation system usually connects controlled devices to a central hub or
gateway.
  The program for control of the system makes use of both wall-mounted terminals,
tablet or desktop computers, a smartphone application, or an online interface that may
even be approachable off-site through the Internet.
 Smart Home automation refers to the use of technology to control and automate
various functions in a home, such as lighting, heating, air conditioning, and security. In
the context of IoT (Internet
of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communications, home automation
systems can be controlled and monitored remotely through a network connection.
 One of the key benefits of IoT-enabled home automation is the ability to control and
monitor a wide range of devices and systems from a single, centralized location, such as
a smartphone or tablet. This can include everything from lighting and temperature
control to security cameras and alarm systems.
 Another advantage of IoT-enabled home automation is the ability to remotely monitor
and control devices, even when away from home. This can be useful for controlling
energy consumption and ensuring the safety and security of the home.
 IoT-enabled home automation systems typically involve the use of smart devices, such
as thermostats, light bulbs, and security cameras, that can be controlled and monitored
through a centralized hub or app. These smart devices can communicate with each
other and with the centralized hub using wireless protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave,
and Bluetooth.
 In addition, IoT-enabled home automation systems can integrate with other smart
home technologies, such as voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home, to provide
additional functionality and convenience.
 Overall, IoT-enabled home automation can provide many benefits to homeowners,
including increased convenience, energy efficiency, and security. However, it is
important to ensure the security of these systems, as they may be vulnerable to hacking
and other cyber threats.

Components :
Here, you will see the smart home components like smart lighting, smart appliances, intrusion
detection, smoke/gas detector, etc. So, let’s discuss it.

Component-1 :
Smart Lighting –

 Smart lighting for home helps in saving energy by adapting the life to the ambient
condition and switching on/off or dimming the light when needed.
 Smart lighting solutions for homes achieve energy saving by sensing the human
movements and their environments and controlling the lights accordingly.

Component-2 :
Smart Appliances –
  Smart appliances with the management are here and also provide status information to
the users remotely.
 Smart washer/dryer can be controlled remotely and notify when the washing and
drying are complete.
 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the item store and send updates to the users
when an item is low on stock.

Component-3 :
Intrusion Detection –

 Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors to detect intrusion
and raise alerts.
 Alert can we inform of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
 Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image shoot or short video
clips.

Component-4 :
Smoke/gas detectors –

 Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically
an early sign of Fire.
 It uses optical detection, ionization for Air sampling techniques to detect smoke.
 Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG, etc.
 It can raise alerts in the human voice describing where the problem is.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iot-home-automation/

Smart parking system using IoT has smartphones and other sensors added into an
interconnected system to determine parking space or level and provide real-time feedback. It
is accomplished by using cameras, counters on the doors or gates of parking lots, sensors
embedded in the paved area of individual parking lots, among other locations, depending on
the deployment.

Solutions using IoT-based parking

IoT-based smart parking system transmits available and occupied parking spaces via a
web/mobile application.

Each parking space has an IoT gadget, which includes sensors and microcontrollers. The user
gets real-time updates on the availability of all parking spaces and, therefore, an option to
choose the best one. This solution alone initiates a chain-reaction of benefits, from lesser
traffic congestion to reduced fuel efficiency, in urban areas where parking is often painstaking.
A basic flowchart for the whole process of smart parking IoT looks like this:
Architecture of Smart Parking System
It consists of the following components:

 Parking Sensors
The role of the parking sensors is to track space in the parking lot. Ultrasonic sensors are used
to detect the presence of vehicles.

 Processing Unit

The processor-on-a-chip acts as a central point between the sensors and the cloud platforms,
relaying data to and from.

 Mobile Application
It is a visual interface for end-users to interact with the smart parking system.

 The Cloud
The cloud serves as a repository for all records related to parking spaces and end-users who
have access to the system.

The deployment of smart parking systems is expected to increase thanks to the rising issue of
parking and reducing costs of implementing a smart parking system.

Another innovation is using visual image processing to capture a vehicle license number to
identify it with the help of Optical Character Recognition technology. It then automatically
opens the gate in the parking lot, and the system directs the driver to the appropriate parking
lot.
The future looks very promising for smart parking systems. The technologies behind this
solution are IoT, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and augmented reality. By using these
new approaches, smart parking will increase the efficiency of parking systems.

Applications of Smart Parking Systems using IoT

Smart cities offer better use of space, less traffic, clean air, and more efficient public services,
increasing the quality of life. In addition, smart cities provide many jobs and economic
opportunities, and strong social connections.
Smart parking IoT project will help in:

 The seamless flowing of traffic

Public transport routes can be adjusted in real-time according to need, and smart traffic lights
systems can improve congestion.

 Energy efficiency can be improved

One can easily track down the power consumption & energy consumption by monitoring in
real-time.

 Cities can be made safer

Cities can use technology to improve residents’ safety and improve response times with the
widespread use of Wi-Fi communications and IoT technology.

 Encouragement of greater citizen engagement

Citizens can respond to daily problems enabling neighbors to connect and share resources to
improve communities and neighborhoods.

How IoT can be used in parking management

The rapid demand for parking spaces stems from two major trends – urbanization and car
ownership. In a short period, the IoT-based parking management system has positively
impacted all stakeholders involved in the process.

For instance, drivers can plan trips and commutes keeping slot occupancy in mind.
Enforcement agencies can detect and evaluate the gravity of parking rules violations in
seconds.

Parking facility managers can optimize the use of the personnel and the available space.
Adding to that thought, IoT can be used in parking management in the following ways:

 Create “smart” parking meters that accept payments via credit card or smartphone and
provide real-time information on space availability.
 Extend the operating time of an autonomous parking system by consuming less power
with the help of LoRaWAN® networking standard.
 Send real-time data from IoT sensors to a cloud server and share it with users to
provide them with the details of free-parking spaces.
  Determine the number and position of vacant parking spaces precisely using IoT
sensors.
 Reduce congestion and improve traffic flow by using sensors to monitor parking space
availability and direct drivers to available spaces.
 IoT gateway and the LPWAN protocol help connect IoT devices and sensors in sizable
parking lots.
 The parking management company can use a cloud-based IoT dashboard. It uses
gathered sensor data to mine intelligible insights that are visually appealing and
provides a clear picture of the parking facility.
 Optimize parking operations and improve security by tracking vehicles entering and
exiting a parking facility.
 Mobile applications can display parking data to drivers and send alerts in case of a
security breach.
 Monitor environmental conditions in parking garages, such as air quality and
temperature, to ensure the safety of occupants.

IoT-based sensing devices commonly used for smart parking systems include:
 Ultrasonic sensors measure the distance of a target object by eliminating ultrasonic
sound waves and convert the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
 Electromagnetic field detection is helpful to detect metals as they pick up minute
changes in the magnetic field.
 Infrared sensors can detect motion and gauge temperature changes in the immediate
surroundings.

Technical challenges

1. Correctness of information
A key challenge is ensuring correct information is displayed to the users on the application at
all times. Inaccuracy or delays in receiving the data may result in drivers traveling to different
places than the designated parking spots - causing much mayhem and confusion on the roads.

2. Availability of standard IoT tools

The service providers use technological platforms like the P&E PARC and PUCRS to manage
the parking process which is so extensive. These include computer clients, servers, wireless
and wired telecommunications systems, hardware sensors, dynamic messaging systems,
traffic management devices, and application interfaces.

The biggest obstacle to lowering the price and complexity of IoT smart parking is making it
possible for all these devices from hundreds of different vendors to speak with one another
and connect to a single platform.

Another problem with installing a smart parking management system is requiring numerous
sensors to be online to obtain data for a single booking window. You must have a variety of
routers, which looks to be a challenge.
However, because of the mesh connection, all the sensors are internally connected and can
function independently, even when not online. As a result, only one sensor is linked to the
internet and transmits data to all other sensors. Since other routers do not require an internet
connection, it performs well. Still, it is not the most reliable solution.

3. Lack of talent in the smart technology space

Automated parking management systems will require professionals who are familiar with IoT
and can provide immediate troubleshooting. Deploying such intricate smart solutions requires
the finest advice for carrying out the projects correctly.
Awareness and acceptance

It is an enormous undertaking to transform a culture that has existed for many centuries.
Parking has always been a current business involving direct financial exchange. The
incorporation of technology represents a cultural shift that will take some time.

High cost of implementation

The capital investment required to install smart parking infrastructure can be very high. For
example, a single parking space can cost upwards of $1,000 to equip with the necessary
sensors and IoT devices. When you multiply that by the number of parking spaces in a given
facility, the costs can become prohibitive.
https://www.intuz.com/blog/iot-in-smart-parking-management-benefits-challenges

What is an IoT based weather monitoring system?

It is a system that involves in acquiring weather and environment data using advanced
electronic sensors and sending them to a web server via internet for real time weather
monitoring and storage of data for future analysis and study.
Why we need an IoT based weather monitoring system?

1. Ease of monitoring your local weather conditions in real time from anywhere in the
world.
2. For storing weather and environment data for short and long term for studying
weather pattern changes and to understand how human induced climate change
affected your local weather.
3. Easy deployment of the setup for monitoring local atmospheric conditions and
microclimates for weather forecasting and prediction.
Types of sensors involved in weather monitoring:

We can find wide spectrum of electronic sensors involved in weather monitoring system
depending on the kind of application.
Farmers need to know the temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, rain fall etc. to
enhance their crop production and the following type of sensors are utilized to obtain the
data:

 Temperature sensor.
 Humidity / hygrometer sensor.
 Soil moisture sensor.
 Rain sensor etc.

For an airplane pilot he/she needs to know wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure,
precipitation, visibility etc. before they takeoff and they use the following sensors:

 Barometric sensor – for measuring atmospheric pressure.

 Anemometer – for measuring wind speed.
 Rain sensor.
 Visibility sensor – for measuring visibility during snow, rain, storm etc.

In conclusion, the sensors used for monitoring weather depends on the type application we
going to deploy for.

We are going to develop the weather monitoring system using the above illustrated blocks.
The brain of the project is an Arduino board and the surrounding blocks are digital and analog
sensors for acquiring local weather and environment data.

A generic ESP8266 is used for interfacing the circuit setup with internet via 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi
band. The ESP8266 sends the sensor data to a cloud server where the data gets updated in
real time and also gets stored for future analysis. We are utilizing a 16 x 2 LCD display to
showcase the sensor data, so that we can observe real-time data locally.
The above circuit consists of the following modules:

 5V / 3.3V Power supply regulator.

 Arduino Uno.
 16 x 2 display with I2C adapter module.
 DHT11 temperature & humidity sensor.
 MQ-135 sensor air quality sensor.
 BMP180 – Barometric sensor.
 Light depend resistor (LDR).
 Generic ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
https://electronics-project-hub.com/iot-based-weather-monitoring-system-using-arduino/

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The IoT-based air pollution monitoring system is created using sensors and microcontrollers
that gathers all the relevant data regarding air quality. Users can access all the related
information in real-time. This sensor-based technology benefits occupants in a number of
ways:
1. Effective air monitoring

Installing advanced sensors in the required locations of a building helps in detecting the
presence of particulate matter or pollutants in the air. They work automatically and send
notifications on smartphones at once. Based on the gathered information, facility managers
can analyze the situation, monitor the air quality, and act accordingly.

With an IoT-based air quality monitoring system, they will never miss out on anything and
keep the surroundings fresh all the time.
2. Detection of toxic gases

The presence of toxic gases in an environment can lead to disastrous consequences and
severely impact the health of the occupants. IoT-powered air quality monitoring system is an
advanced technology that detects these toxic gases within the premises quickly. All thanks to
its advanced sensor devices and gateway connectivity!

Building owners get complete control over the IoT solution that allows them to take
appropriate actions against the discrepancies happening because of air quality. In this way, the
chances of gas explosions, fire hazards, and other naturally occurring calamities are
automatically reduced. What’s the plus point? Facilities can also reduce operational costs and
ensure preventive maintenance of assets.
3. Temperature and humidity measurement
Temperature monitoring in a building plays a vital role in stabilizing indoor air quality. It helps
authorities to maintain an ideal room temperature and proper ambiance under certain
environmental conditions. The IoT-powered solution gives rise to this technology.

With temperature and humidity monitoring, facilities can maintain a favorable environment in
a building. This technology is specifically useful in the mining industries where maintaining an
appropriate level of oxygen is necessary. The air quality monitoring system keeps employees
safe in mining industries by detecting the decreasing oxygen levels and allowing them to
evacuate the premises as soon as possible.
4. Ensures better environmental conditions

The quality of life depends on the quality of air. Remote monitoring IoT systems ensure better
air quality, reduce cost, increase coverage, and provide more flexibility to occupants. It results
in better environmental conditions for humans to reside in.
5. Better human health

IoT-powered solutions are capable enough to monitor the presence of pollutants that reduces
the chances of any health issues by maintaining a moderate ambiance or as required. It even
provides better services to its customers and helps in the formation of a smart building.

Facilities can create a positive impact on human health by eliminating unwanted air pollutants
and particulate matter with the application of this advanced technology.

6. Meet air quality standards

The air quality index provides the building managers with timely and easy-to-understand
information on local air quality. It also gives insights into air pollution levels used by EPA and
other agencies.

IoT-based air quality monitoring systems help in determining if an area is meeting the air
quality standards devised by CPCB, WHO, or not.
https://www.zenatix.com/6-benefits-of-iot-based-ambient-air-quality-monitoring-system/
The air pollution monitoring device developed in this project is based Arduino UNO. The
Arduino board connects with ThingSpeak platform using ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module. As the cities
usually have Wi-Fi hotspots at most of the places, so the device can be easily installed near any
hotspot for its operation. The ThingSpeak is a popular IOT platform which is easy to use and
program. The sensor used for monitoring the air pollution is MQ-135 gas sensor. The sensor
data is also displayed on a character LCD interfaced in the monitoring IOT device.
The sensing of data and sending it to the ThingSpeak server using Wi-Fi module is managed
by the Arduino Sketch. The Arduino sketch is written, compiled and loaded to the Arduino
board using Arduino IDE

How the circuit works –

The device developed in this project can be installed near any Wi-Fi hotspot in a populated
urban area. As the device is powered, the Arduino board loads the required libraries, flashes
some initial messages on the LCD screen and start sensing data from the MQ-135 sensor. The
sensitivity curve of the sensor for different combustible gases is already mentioned above. The
sensor can be calibrated so that its analog output voltage is proportional to the concentration
of polluting gases in PPM. The analog voltage sensed at the pin A0 of the Arduino is converted
to a digital value by using the in-built ADC channel of the Arduino. The Arduino board has 10-
bit ADC channels, so the digitized value ranges from 0 to 1023. The digitized value can be
assumed proportional to the concentration of gases in PPM. The read value is first displayed
on LCD screen and passed to the ESP8266 module wrapped in proper string through virtual
serial function. The Wi-Fi module is configured to connect with the ThingSpeak IOT platform.
ThingSpeak is an IOT analytics platform service that allows to aggregate, visualize and analyze
live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant visualizations of data posted by
the IOT devices to ThingSpeak server. With the ability to execute MATLAB code in ThingSpeak
one can perform online analysis and processing of the data as it comes in.
https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino-based-air-quality-monitoring-iot-project/

Arduino
compares
the signal and triggers the SIM800L in case of fire incidents. Through AT commands, SIM800L
communicates with thingspeak server.

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/iot-based-forest-fire-detection-using-
arduino-and-gsm-module

Most of the farmers use large portions of farming land and it becomes very difficult to reach
and track each corner of large lands. Sometime there is a possibility of uneven water
sprinkles. This result in the bad quality crops which further leads to financial losses. In this
scenario the Smart Irrigation System using Latest IoT technology is helpful and leads to ease
of farming.

The Smart irrigation System has wide scope to automate the complete irrigation system.
Here we are building a IoT based Irrigation System using ESP8266 NodeMCU Module and
DHT11 Sensor. It will not only automatically irrigate the water based on the moisture level in
the soil but also send the Data to ThingSpeak Server to keep track of the land condition. The
System will consist a water pump which will be used to sprinkle water on the land depending
upon the land environmental condition such as Moisture, Temperature and Humidity.

Before starting, it is important to note that the different crops require different Soil Moisture,
Temperature and Humidity Condition. So in this tutorial we are using such a crop which will
require a soil moisture of about 50-55%. So when the soil loses its moisture to less than 50%
then Motor pump will turn on automatically to sprinkle the water and it will continue to
sprinkle the water until the moisture goes upto 55% and after that the pump will be turned
off. The sensor data will be sent to ThingSpeak Server in defined interval of time so that it can
be monitored from anywhere in the world.
Components Required
 NodeMCU ESP8266
 Soil Moisture Sensor Module
 Water Pump Module
 Relay Module
 DHT11
 Connecting Wires

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/iot-based-smart-irrigation-system-using-
esp8266-and-soil-moisture-sensor

13Fig.4 depicts the general schematic for the proposed system. The library will have QR
scanners for verification of the users and borrowing/returning. The QR code of each user’s
phone helps in easy retrieval of information. The entire hardware setup is connected to the
local area network in the library. The shelf monitors use radio frequency identification and
have LCD display to show the exact position of books and help the users locate them easily as
these are inter-connected with library software. Internet of things will allow easy accessibility
to library shelves which have rack controlling device consisting of monitors and sensors. The
database has separate tables for each of the Rack Monitors. This will help solve the problem of
misplacing of books. The alarms are placed at the exit so that if any user takes any material
without borrowing, it will notify the staff. The library’s OPAC will be given access only after
authentication. The OPAC has different categories so that the user, once connected to
theinternet, will be able to search the book and the will be able to check the shelf number and
place through the details displayed on phone. Library automation will help to enhance the
usage of latest technologies by staff as well as students. To reduce the cost, instead of
purchasing an entire software system, IoT is applied for automation. Along with this, the
Moodlesoftware of the institution is also linked to the library sharing the common network.
Due to this any student can access the library computers which will guide him to resources
through OPAC, and he/she can borrow or return the books and submit assignment while
sitting in the library itself. Further, an enhanced book recommendation system is deployed
into the library because of which, the students can get recognized and useful material
suggestions on their devices. The inclusion of cloud for data storage and management will
allow easy handling of records and modifications as the users can update their profiles as and
when required and it will bequickly reflected to the librarian, thus avoiding written requests
to staff members. This system consists of both software and hardware implementation. The
hardware design and setup is in process.

The entire operation of the system is as follows:

1.Each member of the library must have QR enabled smartphone to access the books of the
library.

2.This authenticates both the user ID through his smartphone and also his finger print
through a biometric finger print reader.

3.There is a QR reader placed at the entrance of the library where the user places his QR
enabled phone over it which gives the user’s information to the library database.

4.If the user ID and the fingerprint match, the user is granted permission to the library’s local
area network (LAN) whereby the user can access the library’s OPAC (online public access
catalog).

5.Authentication of the user’s device is done by using user credentials like username,
password and device IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number.

6.The shelves/racks are fitted with a rack monitoring device connected to the local area
network(LAN), so as soon as the user enters the input, the server checks whether the
requested book is available or not.

7.If available, the rack details are displaced on the device, else suggestions are given related to
topic/author. When a book is placed in a rack, the rack monitor reads the information about
the book through the bar tag embedded in the book.

8.Once it reads the book’s information, it updates details about the book in the library’s
database.

9.The sentimental analysis of machine learning gets the review and updates the database in
the same manner. Same is the case if the book is removed from the rack. LPS (Library Program
Service) sends location details to the user about the current location of the user and the rack
position in the library.

10.After the book is found, it is issued after checking for the eligibility of the user to issue
books.

11.QR scanners are present at the entrance and exit of the library. If an unissued book is taken
out an alarm is raised.

12.The return procedure of the books is that the user keeps the book inthe return box which
has a QR reader and thus the book is automatically removed from his list of borrowed book.

13.The fines and dues are automatically calculated and the payment can be paid from the
smartphone itself.
This method will allow to reduce the burden on the librarian to write down the details of issue
and return of books every time a user visits. Also, due to the easy display of details on the
device, the user does not have to keep in mind the due date, the number of books issued, etc.
Every visitor can easily check the availability of resources without searching them on shelves,
hence, time is saved efficiently. Hence, the limitations of a traditional manual system can be
solved using automation in libraries.

IIoT is the Industrial Internet of Things. This is a network of smart devices with their
computing capabilities, connected to industry-level data collection, monitoring, exchange, and
analysis systems. The main focus of IIoT is on industrial applications such as manufacturing,
power plants, agriculture, oil, and gas.

Industrial Internet of Things is a part or can be said to be a subset of Internet of Things, i.e.
IIoT under IoT mainly focused on industrial applications. Smart devices play an important role
in IIoT, helping to communicate important information in a better way and analyze and
capture data in real-time. Using IIoT, business decisions can be made more quickly and
accurately. IIoT also helps companies grow by understanding business processes in a better
way and making them more efficient.

https://terralogic.com/iot-and-how-iiot-became-so-important/

Top 5 industrial IoT use cases

Predictive maintenance
Predictive maintenance is the ability of a machine to self-detect when maintenance is
necessary. Before now, organizations relied on periodic in-person services to maintain their
equipment, but the emergence of IIoT has opened up new possibilities.

With IIoT solutions, organizations can incorporate wireless IoT sensor data to detect and alert
workers of pending maintenance issues. This solution ensures that machines are well taken
care of as at when due and boosts machine uptime.

Remote monitoring and control

Remote quality monitoring and control help companies to keep their machines in optimal
conditions in hard-to-reach locations. Besides providing regular updates on the mechanical
status or quality of out-of-reach machines, IIoT also takes things further by offering the ability
to remotely activate equipment, change their setting, and stop their processes as quality
control measures.
For instance, IoT sensors can detect leakage in water pumps and pollutants in water by
alerting and activating shutdown processes regardless of the location in real-time. In addition,
pharmaceutical companies can deploy IIoT to monitor and control their chemical processing
plants remotely.

Energy optimization
IIoT can be applied in optimizing energy consumption in heavy industrial machines and other
devices that require a lot of energy to run. With this, it becomes easier for companies to adjust
their energy needs automatically during peak production and lower the energy needed when
production is less, thereby minimizing energy waste.

In other words, the energy optimization capacity of IIoT ensures that expenses made on
energy consumption in the industrial sector are commensurate with the production level
recorded.

Asset tracking
Asset tracking allows companies to track and monitor their critical assets with AI-enabled
sensors. Modern supply chain-related businesses rely heavily on asset-tracking solutions to
maintain inventory levels, optimize logistics and ensure their critical assets’ safety.

Fleet management in vehicles and ships are notable areas where IIoT is in use. In maritime
shipping, for instance, companies can use sensors to track individual cargo containers at sea.
Some of these containers maintain a certain degree of temperature, and smart temperature
sensor technologies help to ensure that the temperature of each cargo does not go off the
approved level.

Smart metering
Before now, power companies, water supply and gas stations relied on traditional meters to
measure the total consumption of these natural resources. However, IoT-powered smart
meters help these sectors measure energy, water and gas consumption while simultaneously
recording when and how these resources were consumed.

With smart meter technology, power companies can detect consumer usage and adjust prices
accordingly without studying consumption rates manually. Smart metering also provides
visibility for power consumption down to the meter, enabling power stations to manage
demand loads and optimize energy distributions better.

https://www.techrepublic.com/article/industrial-iot-use-cases/

Generally, IoT focuses on consumer convenience. whereas IIoT focuses on return on

investment (ROI) so that businesses benefit the most from implementing IIoT. If IoT and IIoT
are compared with respect to complexity , cost and requirements , following points can be
made. They are described below.
Cost
Basically IoT and IIoT depend on hardware such as sensors, internet connections and
embedded systems.

But IoT is less expensive than IIoT, because the precision required by the IoT devices are less
than IIoT devices.

IIoT uses more sophisticated devices for more precision, Because IIoT operates in critical
areas of business such as manufacturing, machinery monitoring etc..

Complexity
IIoT applications are more advanced than IoT applications. as technological advancements
increase, so does the complexity.
Thus IIoT applications are more complex than IoT applications.

Requirements
IoT end requirement is the consumer convenience and IIoT end requirement is the ROI or
return on investment.

IoT focuses on managing home appliances which increase consumer convenience by saving
resources such as electricity.

IIoT focuses on critical systems such as health care, aerospace, factory machinery automation
and connecting machines and people together along with data analytics.
IIoT wants the uptime to be higher and downtime of business operations to be lesser.

Differences
The major differences between IIoT and IoT are as follows −

IIOT IOT
It is described as the physical devices like mobiles, Pc’s, home
It is described as using the
appliances and many more electronic devices that are embedded
internet of things in
with sensors, software’s and other technologies to transmit the
industrial applications and
data and to communicate among the devices through the
sectors.
Internet.
Examples: amazon
Examples: air conditioners, sensors, smart watches, mobile
warehouse, smart robotics,
phones etc
Air bus etc.
IIoT deals with large scale
IoT deals with small scale network
networks
Offers remote on site
Offers easy off site programming
programming
To protect the data it
IoT requires identity and privacy
requires robust security
Long life cycle Short product life cycle
High reliable Less reliable
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-differences-between-iiot-and-iot

Internet of Behavior (IoB) :

Basically IoB is a process where an user data is analyzed in terms of behavioral psychology.
With the result of the analysis it informs new approaches to designing a new service or
product and how to market the end product in companies. So, the important point is collecting
each digital activity data of user and finally to use this information to influence behavior.
Features of IoB :

As companies are for customers and customers are the point to whom the companies focuses
and plans it’s mission and vision. So, IoB can become a powerful new marketing and sales tool
for business and organization all around in upcoming times. It helps in gaining a deep
understanding for the customers which add a growth to the business.

Moreover implementing the emerging technologies innovations such as machine learning

algorithm, IoB can capture, analyze, understand and respond accordingly to all the behavior in
a way that allows tracking and interpreting the behavior of people.
Advantage of IoB :

 Analyzes customer buying habits across the platform.

 Studies the previously unobtainable data about how customers interact with devices
and products .
 Gains deeper insights into customers interests and their buying experience .
 Quickly resolves issues to close sales and keep customers satisfied.
 Also helps in enhancing the security of public places and other internet things
Disadvantages of IoB :

 Data abundance and insight will be challenging to manage and secure an it will leads to
great cybercrime.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/overview-of-internet-of-behavior-iob/

Different applications of IoB

Due to IoB’s ability to generate insights for individuals, it can be used in many applications
that provide very specific and personalized support to users. A few of them are discussed
below.
a. Digital Marketing and Advertising/ Social Media
Based on customer interactions with specific products, marketing agencies and organizations
can personalize advertisements so that every individual sees what piques their interests
the most. For example, if a sensor or a device understands that a person spends more time at
the gym, then he would get advertisements about brands that sell protein supplements, gym
trainers, equipment, etc. If a person focussed on training a specific muscle all the time, the
wearable could essentially advise him to shift his focus and train other body parts as well.
Noticed how Google or YouTube advertises products you had searched for within the last hour
or discussed with your friends? Yup, connected devices making use of IoB.
b. Healthcare

A large number of the world’s population currently suffer from chronic illnesses. Healthcare
providers can monitor their patients’ behavior in real-time. From understanding how to react
to certain medications to keep a tab on their regimens, physicians can now do everything with
the help of Internet of behaviors. What’s more, these devices can be trained to give out insights
based on user activities so that the healthcare providers can easily form diagnoses.
c. Government/Policymaking

The government can use the data generated by IoB devices to track the activities of persons of
interest and avoid mishaps from taking place. The government can also undertake surveys to
understand what the citizens are collectively interested in and track behavioral patterns of
large groups to maintain law and order. Of course, there is an element of over-regulation but a
committee to monitor such activities could also be set up to uphold the privacy of citizens.
d. Insurance

In sectors like vehicle insurance, the insurance companies could monitor the activities of
drivers using IoB to gauge their roles in accidents so that insurance companies can correctly
identify whose fault the mishap was. These devices could also play a role in preventing
driving under influence or even identify medical emergencies.

These are only a few of the areas where IoB’s use has been prevalent. Other areas include
defense, facial recognition, geolocation-based activity reminders, and predictions, finance
management, efficiency and productivity, cutting costs, and industrial automation among
others.

https://tcglobal.com/what-is-internet-of-behaviours/