THE ARMY’S OFFICIAL PROFESSIONAL BULLETIN ON SUSTAINMENT HIP-POCKET GUIDE

SPRING 2024
HUNT OR BE
HUNTED:
Lessons from the
Ukraine Battlefield

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 SPRING 2024 VOLUME 56, ISSUE 2

STAFF
MEMBERS
Michael Griffith
Maj. Gen. Michelle K. Donahue (Chairperson) Editor
Commander, Combined Arms Support Command
Robert DelBane
Lt. Gen. Douglas F. Stitt Assistant Editor
ARMY SUSTAINMENT ONLINE Deputy Chief of Staff, G-1, Department of the Army
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Lt. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle Visual Information Specialist
For current and past Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4, Department of the Army
issues of Army Lt. Gen. Robert M. Collins
Sustainment Professional Principal Military Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of the
Bulletin, go to: Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology

Lt. Gen. Christopher O. Mohan

Deputy Commanding General, Army Materiel Command
www.asu.army.mil/alog This medium is approved for the official dissemination
Lt. Gen. Paul A. Chamberlain of material designed to keep individuals within the

2 24
Military Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Finan- Army knowledgeable of current and emerging devel-
LESSONS FROM THE MODERN EMBRACING MODERNIZATION cial Management and Comptroller opments within their areas of expertise for the purpose
of enhancing their professional development.
BATTLEFIELD Progress and Innovation in Aerial Delivery Lt. Gen. Mary K. Izaguirre
Army Surgeon General
Deliver Ready Combat Formations By Frank Badalucco
By Lt. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle
EX OFFICIO
28
SPRING 2024

LEAPING AHEAD IN PROJECTING

4
Brig. Gen. Clinton K. Murray
ADAPTING TO THE EXPECTED LSCO COMBAT POWER WWW.ASU.ARMY.MIL/ALOG
Commander, Medical Center of Excellence

CONFLICTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY The View From the 267th Theater Movement Brig. Gen. Steven L. Allen
Chief of Ordnance
By Maj. Thaddeus Wilson Control Element
By Lt. Col. Scott Gum Mr. Richard C. Myers Jr.
Interim President, Army Sustainment University

7 TACTICAL SUSTAINMENT Brig. Gen. Beth A. Behn

Unraveling Kyiv’s Urban Battlefield 32 THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL LOGISTICIAN Chief of Transportation

Col. Jin H. Pak

By Lt. Col. Phil Thomas By Command Sgt. Maj. Oscar Llamas
Quartermaster Commandant

10 36
Col. Jason T. Edwards
MUNITIONS FOR UKRAINE THEATER SUSTAINMENT Commander, Army Soldier Support Institute

Observations and Recommendations TRANSFORMATION

By Chief Warrant Officer 4 Michael K. Lima Lessons from the Russia-Ukraine War
By Maj. Gen. Ronald R. Ragin and Maj.
16 INTERMODAL OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT
Christopher G. Ingram
ON THE COVER
OF THE UKRAINIAN FIGHT
By Maj. Gen. Gavin A. Lawrence 40 CHANGING MILITARY MENTALITY VITAL Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustain- PB 700–24–02
VOLUME 56, ISSUE 02
EMAIL: [email protected]
WEBSITE: WWW.ASU.ARMY.MIL/ALOG
TO MODERNIZATION ment Operations is the theme of
the Spring 2024 issue of Army SPRING 2024
20 THE MISSION AND MAINTENANCE
By Adriane Elliot
Sustainment Professional Bulletin.
What Logistics Assistance Representatives On the cover, stevedore drivers load Army Sustainment (ISSN 2153–5973) is a quarterly pro- Disclaimer: Articles express opinions of authors, not
Bradley fighting vehicles, part of the fessional bulletin published by the Army Sustainment Univer- the Department of Defense or any of its agencies, and do not
Mean to You sity, 562 Quarters Road, Fort Gregg-Adams, VA 23801-1705. change or supersede official Army publications. The mascu-
By Sgt. Maj. Shane K. Short U.S. military aid package to Ukraine, line pronoun may refer to either gender.
onto the ARC Integrity, Jan. 25, 2023, Mission: Army Sustainment is the Department of the
Army’s official professional bulletin on sustainment. Its mis-
at the Transportation Core Dock in sion is to publish timely, authoritative information on Army Reprints: Articles may be reprinted with credit to Army
North Charleston, South Carolina. and Defense sustainment plans, programs, policies, opera- Sustainment and the author(s), except when copyright is
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exchange of information and expression of original, creative,
and innovative thought on sustainment functions.

10 16

ii | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | iii
ARMY G-4

vehicle platforms has expanded to 3,000 national stock numbers were

include use in reconnaissance and subsequently retired. The R2E
resupply. Autonomous resupply program allows units to turn in their
enables commanders at echelon excess property without bringing it
to mitigate risk by conducting to -10/-20 standards. This effort
resupply operations from the joint saves valuable time and helps reduce
strategic support area to the point the maintenance workload for agile
of need without putting personnel units. R2E has already shown to
in danger. be effective at several installations
across the Army, with significant
As the Army moves to integrate pull by the team at Army Materiel
unmanned platforms
formations to fight alongside
into Command. The Army will continue
to leverage this great tool to reduce Sustainers
Deliver Ready Combat Formations humans, it must update policies to
are the
the burden in its formations.
reflect the influx of new equipment.
Additionally, it is incumbent on It is an exciting time to be a
the defense industrial base to
incorporate service and maintenance
sustainer in the Army. Sustainers
are the linchpin for the joint force
linchpin for
requirements for these platforms up
front to ensure they can be kept in
and need to be prepared to operate
in any environment. The actions of
the joint
sustainment enterprise, part of the
joint sustainment enterprise, the
providing insight and instruction on
a wide array of American platforms,
the fight. While new systems present
new opportunities for industry, parts
U.S. adversaries around the world
have exposed new capabilities. Army
force and
Army is rising to the challenges
presented by its adversaries. Along
from Javelin missile launchers
to Bradley Fighting Vehicles. In
for existing equipment are equally
necessary for delivering combat-
sustainers must train to standard to
meet these new capabilities. It is need to be
with allies and partners around ready formations. Older platforms
prepared
addition to providing necessary also important that programs and
the world, the Army is already assistance to a partner nation, this cannot and should not be ignored, policies adapt to meet new needs.
employing new techniques to gain also serves as effective testing of as they will remain in formations as I look forward to continuing to
an advantage on the battlefield. One
such area is tele-maintenance, which
the Army’s systems in a contested
environment.
the Army transforms in contact. sustain our Army alongside you! to operate
is a practice that has long existed
but has recently seen a resurgence Another example of emerging
As the Army prepares for large-
scale combat operations, the last
Lt. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle currently serves as
Headquarters, Department of the Army, Dep-
uty Chief of Staff, G-4, and oversees policies
in any
environment.
and procedures used by Army logisticians. A
in popularity since the Russian technology on the battlefield is thing it wants is for its formations graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, she
invasion of Ukraine in 2022. It is the effective utilization of drones. to be overburdened. As the Army has a Master of Science in systems engineer-
ing from the University of Virginia and a Mas-
an effective method of ensuring Like tele-maintenance, drones are continues to deliver combat-ready ter of Science in national resource strategy
the Ukrainian military can operate not a new concept in warfare. The formations, those formations must from the National Defense University. She
is a graduate of the Chemical Officer Basic
and maintain American equipment Ukrainian military has seen great not be burdened by unnecessary or Course, Combined Logistics Officer Advanced
 By Lt. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle
without sending American troops success in destroying vast numbers unfeasible equipment, requirements, Course, United States Army Command and
General Staff College, Kansas, and the Ei-

C
directly to the conflict. One of of Russian vehicles and equipment. and timelines. We have all heard senhower School of National Security and
onflicts around the the units supporting the fight is In the early stages, the drones were horror stories about commanders Resource Strategy, Washington, D.C.
world demonstrate the 405th Army Field Support no different from those purchased with 100-page hand receipts. One
the need to refine Brigade’s Remote Maintenance at local electronics stores, albeit way the Army seeks to avoid those
policies and strategies and Distribution Center-Ukraine, with grenades duct taped to the situations is the Rapid Removal
to prepare for the future fight in which is posted outside of Ukraine, bodies. Despite the rudimentary of Excess (R2E) program. Before
a contested environment. With a in NATO territory, and connected origins of the conflict, the R2E, the Army divested thousands
collective effort from the Army with Ukrainian maintainers, conversation around autonomous of pieces of equipment, and over

2 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 3
CASCOM

Russia-Ukraine war has clearly of what the friendly force will do fire, kinetically engage the enemy,
shown that sustainment units are next. These considerations must be and conduct multiple other tasks.
susceptible to a multitude of enemy incorporated into training, planning, The availability, relative low cost, and
sensors and intelligence disciplines, and operations at all echelons of ease of employment make UASs a
including human intelligence, cyber sustainment. On a transparent capability of choice for 21st-century
intelligence, financial intelligence, battlefield, sustainers at any level military operations. Sustainment
open-source intelligence, and signals could significantly hinder operational leaders and units must understand
intelligence. This new transparent success by inadvertently exposing the friendly and enemy UASs, counter-
battlefield requires a shift in the way friendly plan to the enemy. unmanned aircraft systems, and
the Army trains for and conducts electronic warfare capabilities.
sustainment operations. The Russia-Ukraine war has also UASs will be present in all areas
shown that sustainment nodes and of the future battlefield, and Army
Military sustainment by its assets will be targeted with direct and sustainers must have the capability
nature focuses on friendly forces indirect fires delivered by air, land, to differentiate friendly from enemy
and maintaining the tempo, maritime, cyberspace, space, or special UASs, master all facets of active
endurance, and freedom of action operations forces. To mitigate this, and passive protection from enemy
of the supported force. Historically, sustainment leaders and units must UAS capabilities, and employ UASs
sustainment leaders have focused understand their signature across all to provide responsive and precise
most of their planning and mission domains and employ camouflage and support.
command efforts on how operations deception techniques to reduce their
could most efficiently provide risk of being targeted. Completely On January 3, 2023, Ukrainian
support with little consideration avoiding detection is not realistic forces conducted a rocket artillery
for the signature their operations with the widespread availability of strike that destroyed a building and
 By Maj. Thaddeus Wilson might give to the enemy. Outside sensors, but sustainment units can killed 89 Russian soldiers in the
of planning for defense against minimize the size of support areas, Donetsk region of Ukraine. The
localized direct fire, indirect fire, disperse stockpiles, employ decoys, be Ukrainians found the target through
or enemy special operations forces deliberate with emitting signals, and signals intelligence gained from
attacks, most sustainment planning camouflage vehicles and equipment. unauthorized cellphone use by the

T
has not considered the impact the Integrating signature management, Russian soldiers. This is just one
hroughout history, these requirements, the Army must of individual Soldier discipline; placement or employment of key frequent and rapid survivability example of the unforgiving nature of
advances in civilian and adapt its doctrine, organization, and the importance of adaptive sustainment assets might have on the moves, dispersed operations, and the modern battlefield. In Ukraine,
military technology training, and mindset to build leaders communication. Considering enemy’s ability to anticipate friendly mobility into future institutional and there have been multiple examples
have continuously and formations that can survive, these insights, the Army has begun actions. In both the initial Russian sustainment training will prepare like this in which soldier indiscipline
changed the character of warfare and fight, and win in high-intensity, transforming training to build and invasion of Ukraine and subsequent Army sustainers for the threats has led to targeting with indirect
necessitated constant adaptation of large-scale combat operations in a maintain the capability to deal with combat operations, the movement they will encounter on the future fires. For U.S. Soldiers, individual
military training, doctrine, tactics, and multidomain environment. Among dilemmas posed by the integration and placement of key sustainment battlefield. discipline and unit discipline are
thinking. The most recent example the numerous lessons learned from of new technologies into the future stocks and capabilities have proved critical to the survivability and
of the present character of war is the Russia-Ukraine war, the five battlefield. to be intelligence indicators. One sensing capability that has effectiveness of sustainment units.
the Russia-Ukraine war that began that directly and most profoundly Army sustainment leaders must been employed in many recent This discipline must be generated
on February 24, 2022. Observation impact sustainment on the battlefield Field Manual (FM) 3-0, understand they are always in some conflicts, including the Russia- through tough, realistic training
and analysis of Russian, Ukrainian, are that sustainment assets are an Operations, explains that Army form of contact with the enemy. Ukraine war, is a wide variety of that replicates the conditions and
and allied operations during this war intelligence indicator; the enemy will forces conducting multidomain How sustainment assets are arrayed UASs. UASs of every size and the consequences of the indiscipline
have provided critical insights into target sustainment nodes; the impacts operations must “Account for being and employed not only exposes description have been used by both that Soldiers will face on the next
likely U.S. Army requirements in of the widespread use of unmanned under constant observation and them to enemy targeting but may the Russians and Ukrainians to battlefield. Soldiers must understand
future combat operations. To meet aircraft systems (UASs); the effect all forms of enemy contact.” The provide the enemy with indications collect intelligence, observe indirect that their actions have strategic

4 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 5
 TACTICAL SUSTAINMENT
impacts and may jeopardize success their electromagnetic signature. Document, and the new draft of
up to the strategic level. Communication discipline must be FM 4-0, Sustainment Operations,
integrated into all training. currently in development, all
One key capability that enables incorporate the changing character
sustainment units to conduct More than two years of observing of war. Institutional sustainment
dispersed operations, employ the Russia-Ukraine war has provided training also integrates these lessons
precision sustainment, and mitigate countless insights into the future learned into courses. As the Russia-
the enemy’s ability to find and battlefield. Army sustainers and Ukraine war grinds through its
target sustainment units is adaptive sustainment units must be able to third year, we will continue gathering
communication infrastructure. mitigate their signature, conduct lessons learned and adapt accordingly.
Lessons learned from the Russia- dispersed operations that deceive the
Maj. Thaddeus Wilson currently serves as
Ukraine war have shown that enemy, mitigate the effects of UASs, the executive officer to the U.S. Army Chief of
sustainment units need to be display individual and collective Transportation. He was also an operations of-
ficer (J3) in a joint and combined NATO Corps
dispersed, mobile, responsive, and discipline, and employ effective Headquarters in support of operations in Po-
precise. Those things are only resilient communications. The Army land and the Baltic States. He has also served
with the 75th Ranger Regiment and the 173rd
possible if units can communicate and the joint force have already begun Airborne Brigade Combat Team. He attended
effectively and converge capabilities to operationalize these principles and the Army Command and General Staff College
and has a Master of Business Administration
at the point of need. Sustainment integrate lessons learned from the from the University of Kansas.
units at echelon must have secure and Russia-Ukraine war into training
resilient communications capability. and doctrine. The Joint Concept for
They must carefully plan how and Contested Logistics, the Predictive
when units communicate to manage Logistics Capabilities Development

CALL FOR

SUBMISSIONS Unraveling Kyiv’s Urban Battlefield

 By Lt. Col. Phil Thomas
Army Sustainment is seeking articles on techniques, tactics, and
procedures; emerging trends; lessons learned; and other experiences.

T
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOUND AT: https://asu.army.mil/alog/submissions.html
he battle for Kyiv reinforces the lesson
Future Themes
Fall 24: SUSTAINING AND MAINTAINING THE ARMY’S MODERNIZATION EFFORTS | Due: July 15, 2024
that the sustainer must always account for
Winter 25: PREDICTIVE LOGISTICS: REIMAGINING SUSTAINMENT ON THE 2040 BATTLEFIELD | Due: Oct. 15, 2024 worst-case scenarios, including prolonged
Spring 25: TOPIC COMING SOON | Due: Jan. 15, 2025
operations, increased​​demand for supplies,
Summer 25: TOPIC COMING SOON | Due: April 15, 2025
dispersed formations, and little or no security. The
battle, which occurred from February to April 2022, saw
Russian forces advance from the north, transitioning Kyiv and create a blockade​​. For this discussion, let’s
from rural to urban environments. However, Russia’s assume the U.S., with a similar strategic need to seize a
plan for the battle did not unfold as intended for several city, would approach it by focusing on key terrain while
reasons. One of the most prominent was the expectation emphasizing messaging to mitigate collateral damage.
of encountering little Ukrainian resistance, which would Under these assumptions, the Army can derive the
facilitate a quick victory and uncontested resupply. The following sustainment lessons and considerations for
commonly accepted Russian objective was to surround U.S. forces that can be applied to future urban fights.

6 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 7
 Seizing key terrain takes longer than expected, especially field to protect the planned distribution cycle. This concern This complexity might necessitate streamlining either expeditionary sustainment or theater sustainment
in an urban environment. A brigade combat team can has prompted many Army leaders to explore tactics and C2, potentially removing layers or redefining roles. commands. Consequently, this process enables a surge of
carry three days’ worth of supplies. According to Army techniques, including keeping supplies uploaded and Such measures aim to prevent mission creep, avoiding capabilities, like increased throughput and allocation of
Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-06, Urban Operations, distributing items more quickly, while being conscious of unnecessary redundancy or distribution inefficiencies that combat platforms from reserves.
one should anticipate a “20–30 percent expenditure increase the survivability of the logistics forces. could needlessly risk constrained resources.
in personnel, fuel, ammunition, barrier, or obstacle material” The urban environment and the demands required for a
in an urban environment. Simple math suggests at least four Sustainment units must prioritize their own protection Current maintenance operations are structured to successful battle for a city like Kyiv would not permit such
days’ worth of supply is required. Consequently, the brigade or rely on others to do so. While sustainment units can facilitate repairs as close to the front lines as feasible an extended process. Therefore, corps-level leaders must
combat team either needs additional division sustainment protect themselves to a limited extent, are they designed through maintenance collection points. However, in anticipate needs beforehand. Anticipating and effectively
resources assigned from the outset or must be resupplied or trained to defend adequately against anything beyond urban environments, this approach may not be viable. distributing these requirements necessitates collaborative,
within the first 24 to 48 hours after entering urban terrain. saboteurs (level I) or small tactical units (level II)? The Consequently, vehicles end up being triaged in semi-secure rapid planning between corps and division staffs, especially
resounding answer is no, leaving them increasingly locations for a significantly extended duration, surpassing in an environment where synchronizing operations and
The pace of battle is slow. With additional sustainment exposed as logistical elements approach the front line​​ , what is presently considered ideal. sustainment within the current planning cycle is already
resources and more frequent resupplies, the tempo of the especially in an urban environment. The conflict in Ukraine challenging.
battle naturally decreases, which degrades the element involving Russia has prompted discussions among adjacent The degradation of combat capabilities may accelerate,
of surprise and exposes formations to risks, such as from warfighting functions regarding the necessity for deception, necessitating more frequent and challenging decisions One could argue maneuver commanders may need to
unmanned aerial systems or indirect fire. Striking a balance pre-positioned ammunition, and additional strategies for by maneuver commanders, particularly as they transition plan for tactical pauses or transitions, even in environments
between tempo and protection is crucial for commanders moving commodities across the battlefield. All these factors main effort responsibilities. Division-level and corps- where such pauses are not immediately apparent, solely to
on the ground, and sustainment leaders must be prepared bring field ​​trains closer to the frontlines. Therefore, either level leaders could encounter task organization alterations allow sustainment to maintain pace.
to offer guidance and advice. sustainment leaders need to dedicate more time to training that require hours, if not days, to realign and maintain
for their own self-defense, or maneuver commanders must effectiveness. The Russia-Ukraine war has evolved into a battle of
Battlefield geometry is messy, consequently affecting allocate more forces to avoid further strain on an already attrition, where the ultimate victor will be the one who
logistical reporting. Forces deplete at an alarming rate resource-intensive operation. The demand for patient treatment at forward integrates fires more effectively or mobilizes their military-
and divide into sectors and/or neighborhoods most likely positions and/or the need for evacuation is significant industrial complex more efficiently. As with all wars, it
delineated by supply routes. Units will most likely share The array of sustainment command posts within the and unconventional, necessitating strategic allocation of consists of a series of tactical battles sustained by tactical
supply points for the sake of simplicity. However, due division, including the brigade, requires reconsideration. the division’s limited assets to address these needs. Air planners. The overarching lesson gleaned from this is
to security challenges, it should be anticipated that the Currently, Army divisions serve as the primary units of evacuation within a city might not be feasible due to the that sustainment leaders within the division and corps
accuracy of logistical reporting is less accurate than usual. action, operating sustainment nodes in what is known threat or the terrain. Commanders must ready themselves to must undergo detailed training to adequately address the
Hence, overcommunication and anticipation, achieved by as the close and rear areas per ATP 3-91, Division confront a challenging choice between managing personnel previously outlined lessons. An emphasis on immersing
synchronizing running estimates in all command posts Operations, a configuration better suited for linear warfare losses at the expense of momentum or capitalizing on leaders in an urban training environment like Kyiv may
regardless of warfighting function, become even more but challenging in urban environments. The condensed momentum at the risk of neglecting personnel losses. This be required to adequately provide the exposure required
critical. nature of urban settings potentially exacerbates battlefield presents a tough decision, one that simulations may not to facilitate the tough discussions and ultimately tough
congestion and renders the supply chain more susceptible comprehensively address—the emotional toll on the force decisions between the sustainers and their maneuver
Stability proves to be a friend to sustainment but an to indirect fires or unconventional threats when these nodes in such a battle. colleagues to address the lessons learned from the Russia-
adversary to protection. As the Army moves beyond the are established conventionally. Ukraine war.
conventional support area, the enduring theme of stability Divisions and corps sustainers undergo training to
Lt. Col. Phil Thomas currently serves as the 40th Infantry Division G-4.
from ATP 4-90, Brigade Support Battalion, remains Moreover, the Army emphasizes commanders controlling analyze the critical path, evaluating requirements, available He is a graduate of the Armor Officer Basic Course, Quartermaster Ad-
pertinent: “units must know where the new BSA (brigade their forces from smaller, dispersed command posts, ready resources for transportation, and the necessary measures vanced Course, Support Operations Course, United States Army Com-
mand and General Staff College, Kansas. He has a Master of Business
support area) and resupply points are and when to begin to relocate quickly, introducing added complexity. When to safeguard such movements. Senior leaders may make Administration from the University of Redlands, California.
using them.” Meanwhile, dispersion enhances survivability command nodes intertwine with dynamic battlefield decisions like these once or twice a day. Operationally, this
Feature Photo
but “complicates C2 (command and control) and geometry, roles and responsibilities among echelons may process entails identifying the main effort, formulating Russia bombards telecommunication antennas in Kyiv, Ukraine,
perimeter security.” The Russian forces found themselves become unclear. Sustainment leaders must demonstrate schemes for fires, and other essential inputs. March 1, 2022. (Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine/Creative Com-
mons Attribution 4.0)
in-advertently dispersed, leading to a precarious situation. immense discipline in synchronizing sustainment
Commanders must devise innovative strategies to plan and operations effectively without compromising flexibility and The outcomes involve adjustments in sustainment and
safeguard stability, even if temporarily, across the battle- responsiveness. protection priorities, alongside requests for support from

8 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 9
 T
he ongoing international conflict be-
tween Russia and Ukraine, which began in 2014
with the annexation of Crimea, has brought about
a new reality in warfare. The full-scale invasion
of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 put the conflict front
and center in the minds of the general public. The news and
social media have provided even more insight with details from
the front lines. Updates from front-line leaders and official and
unofficial sources on both sides offer insights not seen at this
scale in previous conflicts. From the onset, social media has
given the Russia-Ukraine war prominence never seen before.
Case in point, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was
offered a chance by the U.S. to evacuate from the capital city
of Kyiv, an offer he turned down in a spectacular statement:
“The fight is here. I need ammunition, not a ride.” Ammunition
Observations and Recommendations is a commodity that has continuously been at the forefront of
 By Chief Warrant Off icer 4 Michael K. Lima
Ukraine’s sustainment operations.

Munitions Industrial Base

As of December 2023, the Department of State said the
U.S. Government has provided approximately $44.2 billion in
military assistance since Russia launched its invasion against
Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022, and has invested in air defense,
fires, ground maneuvers, aircraft and unmanned aerial systems,
maritime, and other capabilities equipment, all categories of
support with heavy munitions assistance. Munitions support has
strained the U.S. munitions industrial base and the European
Union (EU). It takes time for the defense industry to ramp up,
restart, expand, or a combination of all to produce critical items
such as artillery shells or man-portable air-defense systems,
both of which recently have been viewed as a priority for large-
scale combat operations.

One such DOD prime contractor to ramp up production

was Raytheon. The company called upon retired engineers
to teach current employees how to build Stinger missiles.
The surface-to-air weapon system has not been purchased
in decades but is now integral to Ukrainian military defense.
The private company worked to increase production and fill
the initial orders. According to the company’s president, it
would take about 30 months for legacy munitions to come off
the production line due to setting up the factory and training
employees, functions the DOD has taken note of, as stocks
have dwindled and munitions have been issued from a variety
of sources.

10 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 11
 depots, and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset, in the open make another valuable target as propagation
and maintain Army equipment; provide critical munitions provides for additional damage to other munitions and
that may not be cost-effective to commercial industry; and equipment. Both Russian and Ukrainian forces use
supply warfighters across the joint force. Multiyear contract cheap methods of delivery and available munitions to
authorities provided by Congress, which can go up to disrupt formations and munitions storage and bring
five years, have potential savings from 5% up to 15% and a chaotic situation to the enemy. Another form of an
provide prime contractors a predictable funding source, a unmanned system is unmanned ground vehicles with
forecast for given outyears, and an incentive for internal explosive charges, such as anti-tank mines that blow
investment to expand. Such munitions supply has been a near targets. Another is unmanned surface vessels,
challenge in the U.S. and Europe. which attack naval ships. The innovative use of modified
systems to conduct direct attacks on Russian formations
This is why Europe has followed suit with munition is an example that would be used against munitions
reforms such as the Act in Support of Ammunition supplies in a near-peer conflict. Tactics that have already
Production. The regulation facilitates the buildup of appeared on each side find available targets. In future
ammunition production capacity within the EU, allowing conflicts, the tactic would be used in deep and close
the European defense industry to increase support to operations and on sustainment organizations in rear
member states’ armed forces and the war effort in Ukraine. operations, bringing about a new era of warfare and
The European Union Act provides a three-track approach: contested logistics not seen in previous conflicts. The
deliver ground-to-ground and artillery ammunition to Russia-Ukraine war has also seen an unprecedented
Ukraine, jointly procure 155mm ammunition, and support amount of support for Ukraine as European nations fear
the buildup of EU manufacturing capacities. Other they may be next and are more than willing to provide
initiatives include the NATO Multinational Ammunition munitions and military supplies.
Warehousing Initiative, which allows the management of
ammunition stockpiles amongst allies to be effectively Standardization
and collectively controlled. The first opened in March While the U.S. has been leading the effort in security
2022 in Estonia, and another in Belgium opened in 2023. assistance to meet Ukraine’s critical security and defense
The project is pertinent to the eastern part of the alliance needs in its war with Russia, it is not the only country
Ukrainian artillerymen fire an M777 howitzer toward Russian positions on the frontline of eastern Ukraine on Nov. 23, 2022, amid the Russian invasion that supports eight multinational battlegroups stationed that has participated. The primary coordination is done
of Ukraine. (Photo by Anatolii Stepanov) in Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, through the Ukraine Defense Contact Group, a coalition
Romania, and Slovakia. The collectively stored materiel that comprises the 30 member states of NATO and 24
News reports indicate the Pentagon has sent an estimated that involved Iranian illicit trafficking of advanced allows for a flexible warehousing solution for ammunition additional countries that have provided major weapon
300,000 155mm howitzer shell rounds from War Reserve conventional weapons systems and components to support stockpiling instead of having materiel being segregated by systems, mass quantities, and a vast array of munitions.
Stock Allies-Israel, maintained in Israel since the 1980s, to terrorist activities throughout the Middle East, a creative nations or dependent on supply from their own country, Meanwhile, ammunition manufactured to NATO
the Ukrainian military to counter Russia. The Israel-based solution for seized munitions that supports the war effort. permitting munitions to be protected, accounted for, and standards, with available firing data, is designed to be
stockpile, which Israel can access during emergencies, was However, a more strategic solution is required to offset used collectively in the face of multiple threats. interchanged between weapon systems. NATO terms to
sent out of the country to offset the reduced capability of domestic munitions production. understand when discussing munitions standardization
domestic munitions production in the U.S. This is a short- Unmanned Threats and the goal of interchangeability with allies and partners
term stopgap as the DOD plans to increase its monthly Just as the commercial industry has made a strategic Threats are any combination of actors, entities, or include:
production rate for 155mm artillery shells to 100,000 by effort to modernize and increase the efficiency of systems, forces with the capability and intent to harm U.S. forces
2025. Another source of munitions for Ukraine has been the Army’s organic industrial base (OIB) has developed and their interests. Many such tactics are now creative • Standardization.
ammunition seized by U.S. Central Command naval a 15-year OIB modernization implementation plan to and low-cost direct actions by air, land, and sea. One of Within NATO, the process of developing
forces. The U.S. transferred approximately 1.1 million modernize facilities, processes, and the workforce. The plan the most notable tactics from the Russia-Ukraine war concepts, doctrines, procedures, and designs to
7.62mm rounds of ammunition to the Ukrainian armed creates a priority and synchronizes resources on critical is to have unmanned aerial vehicles, known as drones, achieve and maintain the most effective levels of
forces. The legal transfer was part of a more extensive facilities and capabilities to increase capacity to sustain look for targets of opportunity, such as an open hatch, compatibility, interoperability, interchangeability,
investigation of an Iranian weapon smuggling network the Army’s systems. The Army’s OIB includes 23 arsenals, and drop a rigged grenade or mortar. Munitions stored and commonality in the fields of operations,

12 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 13
 administration, and materiel. noted by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition experience interchangeable ammunition in their overwhelming support from free nations worldwide. The
• Compatibility. and Sustainment William A. LaPlante, allies and weapon systems, practicing the procedures and pouring out of munitions has provided the means for
The capability of two or more items or components partners are moving toward not just interoperable but to exchanges while having hands-on experience with committed people to defend themselves. When those
of equipment or material to exist or function in interchangeable munitions with production in numerous firing another nation’s munitions. War should not means began to thin out, they became creative in front
the same system or environment without mutual locations to meet the needs of a new security environment. be the time to try this but to confirm what has been of the world audience through social media. This may be
interference. A new operational environment has been unveiled in the practiced in training. one of the most significant effects of the Russia-Ukraine
• Interoperability. Russia-Ukraine war. The challenge now is determining • Counter-drone technologies on the modern war on the future of war: the ability to create, counter, and
The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide what the operational environment will look like when battlefield, specifically for munitions storage at develop tactics that work on the battlefield, exploiting
services to and accept services from other systems, American forces conduct the fighting. the tactical level. the enemy’s weaknesses. The war has taught many
units, or forces and Technology greatly improves modern air-defense lessons for a fragile munitions industrial base, including
to use the services Recommendations systems and surface-to-air missile systems such as the ability to employ unmanned threats and the need
so exchanged to
enable them to
Both Russian and While making great
strides, a continental
the Army Coyote drone interceptor. The challenges
of facing smaller commercial off-the-shelf drones
to follow standardization to ensure interchangeability.
Munitions will remain the primary lethal effect in the
operate effectively
together.
Ukrainian forces U.S.-based
modernization
munitions
im-
are that they fly at lower altitudes, are hard to detect
and target, and make munitions in open storage a
fight, and the need to sustain munitions for prolonged
conflict will continue to be a national imperative.
• Interchangeability.
Items possessing use cheap methods plementation plan ends
at the port of •
primary target.
Advanced identification technology (AIT) and
Chief Warrant Officer 4 Michael K. Lima currently serves as the train-
ing developer with the Ordnance Training Development Division. He is
similar functional embarkation. Theater- sensing must be used at amass to keep pace with assigned to the Ordnance Corps and Ordnance School under Combined
and physical
characteristics that
of delivery and level munitions have
had minimal change
combat.
Using AIT to offload munitions vessels and firing-
Arms Support Command at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia. He has con-
ducted Training With Industry with a prime missile defense contractor
and was an accountable officer for the Army ammunition supply point

available munitions
at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. He holds a doctorate in busi-
are equal in per- since the brigade combat data sensing on systems for automatic reporting, ness administration from Baker College Center for Graduate Studies.
formance and team modular force technology can provide the data needed for
Feature Photo
capable of ex-
changing one for to disrupt formations transformation,
now catching up with
only
•
decision-making.
Munitions data analytics must be harnessed down
A Ukrainian artilleryman tosses an empty 155mm shell tube as
Ukrainian soldiers fire an M777 howitzer toward Russian positions on
the frontline of eastern Ukraine on Nov. 23, 2022, amid the Russian
the other without a modular ammunition to the tactical level.
and munitions
invasion of Ukraine. (Photo by Anatolii Stepanov)
alteration. transfer point. The Pencil and paper and manual logistical status reports
Army’s business are trends that must be left in the past, used only as
The conjecture is far
from reality when faced
storage and bring a modernization with En-
terprise Business Sys-
a back-up analog means if the Army is to prevail in
the modern information age.
with the actual problem
of unfamiliar munitions. chaotic situation to tems – Convergence
provides a streamlined
• Munition visualization on the battlefield is
imperative for commanders’ decisive action.
Just as most Soldiers munitions business Munition data sustainment and available
conduct training with
U.S. munitions on a
the enemy. process. Still, more has
to be done if the Army
visualization, both virtual and augmented (known
as mixed reality), can provide commanders and
routine basis, being is to prevail in combat their staffs the tools to assist in decisive action
handed a round with unfamiliar markings and packaging and learn from the Russia-Ukraine war. The main during armed conflict. Visualization representation
material in another language would make anyone think advancements required in munitions sustainment are the of munitions operations allows theater-level staff
twice before firing, especially in combat staring at the following: and below to support decision-making between
enemy. Examples of differences include the notable warfighters and the munitions supplies needed to
Spanish-made M107 155mm high-explosive projectiles • Ammunition interchangeability in practice with reach military objectives.
received by Ukraine with its bright yellow paint scheme allies and partners.
and unexpected suppliers like Pakistan with Soviet- Allies and partner armies must demonstrate the Conclusion
type 120mm artillery made by the Pakistan Ordnance feasibility of ammunition interchangeability. Ukraine’s remarkable victory to save its country
Factories. Interoperability is acting together to achieve Deliberate exchange during exercises would from a Russian invasion may be rooted in its people’s
allied strategic, operational, and tactical objectives. As allow tactical-level commanders and Soldiers to determination to remain a sovereign nation and in the

14 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 15
 F
orce projection is the Per Army Doctrine Publication and U.S. Army Europe and Africa
ability to deliver the 4-0, Sustainment, intermodal (USAREUR-AF)—U.S. European
military instrument of operations are the using of modes Command’s ASCC—to facilitate
national power where of transportation to move troops, the rapid movement of IRF troops
and when it’s needed in response supplies, and equipment through via strategic airlift from CONUS
to national security requirements. a network of nodes to deliver air terminals to outside continental
The capacity to project Army forces combat power into an area of U.S. (OCONUS) aerial ports of
and associated combat power operations. According to Army disembarkation (APODs) in Poland,
globally is an essential element of Techniques Publication 4-13, Germany, and Romania. Per Joint
conventional deterrence and one of Army Expeditionary Intermodal Publication 3-36, Joint Air Mobility
the strategic advantages the Army Operations, intermodal operations and Sealift Operations, an aerial port
has as a fighting force. In the weeks ultimately provide flexibility for the is an airfield that has been designated
leading up to and following Feb. combatant commander to deploy, for the sustained air movement of
24, 2022, U.S. capability to project employ, and sustain land forces to personnel and materiel and is an
combat power was once again tested extend operational reach, ensure authorized port for entrance into or
as Russia massed troops on the freedom of action, and prolong departure from the country where it’s
Ukrainian border and subsequently endurance during combat operations. located. Aerial ports provide the most
invaded. This time, the U.S. military expeditious method for rapid force
was required to not only position These operations take into deployment and normally serve as a
forces forward to assure NATO allies consideration theater infrastructure link to land transportation systems in
but also coordinate the delivery of and the availability of multimodal theater.
defense articles to Ukraine rapidly capabilities. Multimodal is the
through Presidential Drawdown movement of cargo and personnel SDDC leveraged its portfolio of
Authority (PDA). To accomplish using two or more transportation commercial arms, ammunition, and
this, the Army, in partnership with methods from point of origin to explosives (AA&E) truck carriers to
U.S. Transportation Command destination. Both air and surface move requested munitions from Joint
(USTRANSCOM) and its Army (truck, rail, and maritime vessel) Munitions Command’s ( JMC’s)
service component command modes of transportation are integral CONUS depots and plants to air
(ASCC), the Military Surface to intermodal operations. Use of terminals for onward movement into
Deployment and Distribution multimodal capabilities reduces theater. Due to the large quantities
Command (SDDC), executed backlog, enabling the speedy delivery of ammunition that needed to be
intermodal operations from of combat power to the point of moved over a relatively short period
continental U.S. (CONUS) to the need. This was certainly necessary of time, SDDC coordinated with
joint area of operations in Europe. at the outset of the Ukrainian crisis the Department of Transportation’s
These intermodal operations as the deployment enterprise was Federal Motor Carrier Safety
contributed significantly to the challenged with simultaneously Administration to garner permission
projection of combat forces to projecting immediate response to extend AA&E driving hours. This
Europe and to the provision of forces (IRFs) and large quantities proved critical to ensuring there
critical combat capability to Ukraine. of ammunition from CONUS was sufficient AA&E truck carrier
They serve to not only set conditions into Europe to support Ukrainian capacity to meet initial surge munition
for future force projection operations requirements. requirements. Once munitions were
in Europe but also for the conduct transported via AA&E truck carriers
of intermodal operations across USTRANSCOM coordinated to designated aerial terminals, JMC,
 By Maj. Gen. Gavin A. Lawrence the globe in support of future with Headquarters, Department of in coordination with SDDC, utilized
contingencies. the Army, Army Forces Command, special assignment airlift mission

16 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 17
 preferred method of transportation security objectives. SDDC to enabling the projection of combat
for large equipment requirements. coordinates directly with the 21st power and sustainment cargo in
TSC’s theater movement cell and support of these deployments.
As the DOD’s single port manager, USAEUR-AF G-4 for SPOD Operations supporting Ukraine
SDDC utilized the CONUS selection. Extensive coordination have provided invaluable reps
597th and 596th Transportation is done with the host nation to and sets on the conduct of these
Brigades (TBs) to conduct marine coordinate provision of security, mobility operations. The Army
terminal operations to facilitate stevedoring, and related marine must continue expanding its global
reception, staging, and loading terminal services to ensure deployment networks, mobility
of unit equipment and PDA equipment can be received, capacity, and global command
material at CONUS seaports of accounted for, and moved onward. and control capability to execute
embarkation (SPOEs). As the In support of Ukraine, USAEUR- intermodal operations in contested
SDDC CONUS units loaded and AF planners have expanded environments if it is to maintain
pitched strategic sealift carrying utilization of ports from Germany the strategic advantage it currently
units and PDA materiel toward the to multiple locations in the Baltics, enjoys in global force projection.
European continent, the 598th TB, North Sea, and Mediterranean. USTRANSCOM and SDDC
as USAEUR-AF’s strategic TB, Port diversification allows SDDC remain focused on mission execution,
facilitated reception, staging, onward to garner increased intelligence on testing, and experimentation so the
movement, and integration (RSOI) port capacity and capability within Army can maintain this advantage.
of equipment and ammunition areas of operation. It also enables
Maj. Gen. Gavin A. Lawrence currently serves
received at European seaports of the TSC and its ASCC to validate as the commanding general of Military Sur-
disembarkation (SPODs). intratheater movement corridors face Deployment and Distribution Command
at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. He previous-
and host nation agreements. This ly served as the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4,
Coordination of RSOI operations ultimately results in accomplishment U.S. Army Forces Command at Fort Liberty,
North Carolina. He is a graduate of the United
An Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter and equipment assigned with the 129th Rescue Wing are loaded onto a C5M Galaxy transport aircraft from
was made through 21st TSC’s of the Three D’s: States Military Academy where he was com-
the 439th Airlift Wing during a cargo deployment processing at Moffett Air National Guard Base, California, Dec. 28, 2023. (Air National Guard photo theater movement center. The missioned as a second lieutenant in the Army
by Master Sgt. Ray Aquino) Quartermaster Corps. He has a Master of Arts
theater movement center and • Demonstrating commitment in national security and strategic studies from
subordinate movement control to allies through the ability to U.S. Naval War College, Rhode Island, and a
Master of Arts in strategic studies from U.S.
(SAAM) requests to move stocks While strategic airlift remains waterways) through ports, providing teams coordinated movement of project combat power where Army War College, Pennsylvania, where he
to OCONUS APODs designated essential to the rapid positioning of for a smooth, seamless flow of unit equipment and PDA materiel and when needed in the theater successfully completed the Advanced Stra-
tegic Arts Program. He has also completed
by USAEUR-AF and the 21st combat power, it is not an efficient equipment and materiel. Roll-on/roll- from SPODs to final destinations of operations. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Theater Sustainment Command means for the transport of armored off (RO/RO) vessels are the primary through a combination of host • Detering adversaries through Seminar XXI program and University of North
Carolina’s Institute for Defense & Business
(TSC) for onward movement. platforms or for large quantities means of sealift for wheeled, track, and nation-contracted assets (rail, truck, forward presence. LOGTECH Executive program.
SAAMs are funded missions that of ammunition. Strategic sealift rotary wing equipment. Container and barge) and military common- • Dilemmas created for ad-
Feature Photo
utilize a combination of Air Force took on a more prominent role as ships are the ideal means of transport user land transportation. versaries due to their inability The 21st Theater Sustainment Command
and commercial contracted strategic U.S. national command authority for sustainment and ammunition. to predict movements through (TSC) supports the first U.S. and Portuguese
mission at the Port of Setubal, Portugal, on
airlift assets to transport high-priority made the decision to increase the There is a sizeable difference in the A by-product of the increased use of multiple SPOD/ Dec. 7, 2023, a collaboration between the
cargo. Utilization of SAAM flights number of armored brigade combat capacity of sealift versus airlift. A large, strategic sealift requirements SPOE and associated lines of 21st TSC, 598th Transportation Brigade, the
Portuguese military and port authority, and
provides the operational flexibility to teams on rotation to Europe along medium-speed RO/RO (LMSR) caused by the situation in Ukraine communication. the U.S. Mission to Portugal. (Photo by Sgt.
pick up and deliver cargo to locations with increasing quantities of heavy vessel, for example, can transport has been the ability to expand port Andrew Jo)
outside recurring channel flights. This platforms and munitions donated to the equivalent of approximately 400 diversification efforts in Europe. The U.S. military is constantly
proved critical as movement planners Ukraine. C-17s’ worth of equipment. Two OCONUS port diversification on the move conducting dynamic
attempted to reduce the time it took LMSR vessels can deploy an entire entails the deliberate selection force deployments around the globe
to move critical munitions from JMC Strategic sealift is linked to inland armored brigade combat team. This of SPODs to meet combatant in support of strategic interests.
depots to APODs. transportation (highway, rail, or is the reason strategic sealift is the command’s overarching theater Intermodal operations remain key

18 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 19
 T
he world is learning able to maintain their equipment assigned to it. If you have an issue
the importance of forward of the line and at the speed with your track, Tank-automotive and
sustainment and of maneuver. However, the pervasive Armaments Command (TACOM)
maintenance as it nature of rapidly fielding equipment has a LAR for that. If you have an
watches Russia attempt to occupy through program executive officers issue with something on the aircraft,
and annex Ukraine. Beleaguered prior to Program of Record adoption Aviation and Missile Command has
Russian formations struggle to led to a large FSR maintenance a LAR for that.
maintain their equipment across tail. While FSR personnel are great
long lines of communication with technicians and close a maintenance Each LCMC complement of
seemingly little to no maintenance and sustainment gap, they are LARs is dependent on what
or sustainment support. The U.S.’s contractors and come with a different Programs of Record are underneath
race to employ and maintain a set of constraints and restraints based that LCMC. So, the LAR team
technological edge in the war on on their performance work statement, complement from TACOM may
terrorism created an accelerated host nation agreements, and be larger than the LAR team
proliferation of technology in equipment supported. Sometimes, complement from Communications-
the operational force. The entire the funding for FSR support comes Electronic Command. Therefore,
spectrum of warfighting equipment from unit funds. it is important to understand your
received attention, not just command, LARs, what LCMC they represent,
control, computers, communications, LARs are different. Although and what they do specifically for
cyber intelligence, surveillance, and they are still civilians, they are the assemblage. Many of the LARs
reconnaissance updates. In this Department of the Army Civilians. have a broad scope of expertise but
push of modernization to control Per Army Regulation (AR) 700-4, are best suited when used for their
the desired centers of gravity, the Logistics Assistance Program, LARs specialty. However, LARs are not
Army also saw an influx of field are part of the Logistics Assistance simply a magic wand to wave at your
support representatives (FSRs) and Program (LAP) and fall under the sustainment and maintenance issues.
a reduction of logistics assistance Army Material Command’s umbrella
representatives (LARs). Soldiers of sustainment and maintenance As AR 700-4 says, the LAR does
began to lose their maintenance and tasks: “The LAP delivers materiel not absolve the commander of
sustainment fidelity as the Army enterprise capabilities that enable logistic readiness but is an asset to
continued to field Non-Program of Army readiness at the tactical aid the commander in recognizing
Record equipment under contract point of need in order to provide trends and providing hands-on
for maintenance and sustainment. commanders with freedom of action, training to close logistics gaps
Combat training center after-action extended operational reach, and related to Programs of Record. The
reviews on sustainment show the prolonged endurance.” This means hands-on training portion of that
U.S. military is in danger of looking LAR personnel can be with you at statement is crucial in receiving the
like the Russians. The Army is now at the speed of maneuver to solve the best support from your LAR and the
a turning point, and the time of the sustainment and maintenance issues LAP in general. Hands-on training
LAR has returned. that occur during combat operations. means whenever a LAR is providing
Your unit’s LAR team is the subject assistance to your formation, the
FSR versus LAR matter expert pool for issues the operator or maintainer for that
As far back as 2016, the Army unit cannot solve on its own. Every equipment must also be there. The
looked to reduce FSR reliance and Program of Record underneath LAR’s goal is to teach Soldiers how
What Logistics Assistance Representatives Mean to You place ownership of maintenance and the four life cycle management to do it on their own. To borrow a
 By Sgt. Maj. Shane K. Short
sustainment back into the hands of commands (LCMCs) of Army popular analogy, they teach the
Soldiers, who must return to being Material Command has LARs Soldiers to fish.

20 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 21
 to ensure there is LAR integration areas. Each Army division in the electronics maintenance. That is
and welcome the LARs as enablers continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, and not the only way to do it, but it is
in your formation. After all, these are Korea have a lead-system technical a way. Secondly, look past any scar
the same personnel that will deploy representative (L-STR) assigned to tissue that may have grown from
with you when the time comes. AR it to help communicate maintenance war on terrorism FSR support and
700-4 explicitly says LARs must be trends and operations to the AFSB embrace the LAR team as part of
deployable, mandatory mobile, and and LCMC. Japan and Europe have your formation. Your LAR team
emergency essential. these personnel also but are assigned is just as important as the enablers
differently because there’s no division in the brigade support battalion.
Lastly, and one of the most headquarters. The AFSB, the L-STR, Third, make sure your maintenance
important parts of getting the most and the LCMC senior command personnel are correctly inputting the
out of the LAP and LAR team, make representative determine priorities data into the equipment status report.
sure your operators and maintainers of work and coverage in terms of Each L-STR has visibility of this
are present. As mentioned before, the mission risk and need. For instance, report. Faults placed against rolling
LAR wants to train themselves out of many LARs from various AFSBs stock as opposed to the equipment
a job. That’s not to say they will stop were called to support Defender end item (such as recording a fault on
helping you; they are enablers. This Pacific in 2021 because critical the JBC-P against the tank instead
is one of the primary distinctions aspects of that exercise needed to of inputting it as a fault against the
between the FSR and the LAR. The have success. individual JBC-P system) are not
FSR is a doer. They maintain the visible. This gives the commander,
equipment in the absence of Soldiers. Each unit has, or should have, a unit maintenance officer, and
The LAR teaches the Soldier how to process for requesting the LAR L-STR a false sense of where certain
do it, creating spheres of maintenance team for support. After all, the Army maintenance levels are.
influence in the formation. So, if the runs on documentation, and AR
LAR is off somewhere else, that 700-4 has a section specifically for Take the lessons learned from
Soldier is now capable of performing documenting LAR support. In many watching the Russians fail at
the maintenance task on their own. units, the request is through staff and sustainment and maintenance and do
technical channels from battalion, not repeat them. The Army has many
How to Find Your LAR Team through brigade, to the L-STR at enabling capabilities that make it the
Lawrence Hill, a Joint Munitions Command Logistics Assistance Representative assigned to the 405th Army Field Support Brigade’s Army Field Support While each LCMC has a division. However, if there is good greatest fighting force on the planet.
Battalion, trains a motor transport operator from the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in Vilseck, Germany, Dec. 7, 2021. (Photo by Cameron Porter) LAR population, the LAP is integration of LAR support in the However, if you do not use these
geographically dispersed and unit, chances are the LAR already enablers, which are already funded, it
managed directly by the Army field helped the commander identify the makes your formation susceptible to
How to Use the LAR Team help maintain those attractive know that what is important to the support brigades (AFSBs) of Army problem and is helping resolve it, and the very same issues the Russians are
To get the most out of the LAP pieces. When was the last time commander gets checked. Sustainment Command. Each Army the documentation for support is a facing.
and the LAR team assigned to your Soldiers turned on the Joint Battle service component command has an formality.
Sgt. Maj. Shane K. Short serves as a Depart-
formation, there are a few things Command-Platform ( JBC-P)? Do The next thing leaders must do for AFSB, managing the LAP for Army ment of Force Management instructor of the
you must do. The first and most Soldiers know the JBC-P must be good LAR relationships is talk to Sustainment Command. AR 700- What This Means to You, the Sergeant Major Academy at Fort Bliss, Texas.
He previously served as the G-3 Sergeant Ma-
important thing you must do is turned on regularly to keep it from them regularly. Do not only call them 4 has a very detailed explanation of Leader jor for Communications and Electronics Com-
setting the conditions and culture being removed from the network? prior to a combat training center where each AFSB is and the area First and foremost, it means leaders mand and as a troop sergeant major, Able
Squadron, Asymmetric Warfare Group. His
within the unit. Does your unit have a Standard operating procedures go a rotation as your formation is preparing the AFSB commander is responsible must take all maintenance seriously. training includes SGM-A Class 69, Operator
good maintenance plan and focus on long way to address issues like this. to railhead equipment. Invite them for. The AFSB and its subordinate Prior to the war on terrorism, and Advisor Training Course Class 29, Sen-
sitive Site Exploitation, and Army Red Team.
maintenance? Often, units focus on Commanders and leaders at all levels to your maintenance meetings and battalions help deconflict and many units had two days set aside He has a Master of Science in instructional
the attractive pieces of their inventory need to understand these nuances have them come to your motor pools. allocate these assets to best enable for maintenance. Monday was for design, development, and evaluation from
Syracuse University, New York.
and ignore the enabling tools that to maintenance because Soldiers Commanders and staff leaders need the operations in their respective rolling stock, and Tuesday was for

22 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 23
 O
ver the past 15 and autonomous airdrop capabilities qualifications, and the operational
years, significant to avoid damage. With guidance status of ADE. The reason why the
advancements in from the Army Airborne Board and aerial delivery community took this
aerial delivery capa- commanders at all levels, the aerial action is that Global Combat Support
bilities have allowed for enhanced delivery community has adapted to System-Army was unable to perform
interoperability and readiness/ new aerial delivery requirements and these tasks, and a different process was
modernization efforts. Before 2005, lessons learned for an ever-evolving needed.
equipment, tactics, techniques, battlefield.
and procedures (TTP) remained By leveraging MAT-APM’s many
unchanged for over 50 years.The TTPs The aerial delivery community must capabilities, data collection, analysis,
mentioned in reference texts were very continue to support Soldiers with and audits will increase throughput
useful in enabling the aerial delivery modern technology changes and work and reduce the need for human
field to provide a strong foundation modernization efforts to increase resources. For example, MAT-APM
for the initial airdrop sustainment commanders’ operational reach and is a great resource and improvement
missions during Operation Iraqi maneuverability. For any systems on how the aerial delivery community
Freedom and Operation Enduring an airborne unit utilizes, the Army collects data on malfunctions and
Progress and Innovation in Aerial Delivery Freedom. During the time of conflict, requires rigorous developmental and mishaps of ADE. The reports contain
 By Frank Badalucco aerial delivery was forced to adapt operational testing and certification multiple data points, capturing all
and modernize. Currently, the Army for airdrop and sling load. Training relevant information on the user,
is still modernizing and striving to be and standards must also be developed maintainer, terrain, and weather
adaptable for large-scale operations, and implemented for parachute conditions. The aerial delivery field
humanitarian support, and NATO riggers, jumpmasters, Air Force is working to improve the process
interoperability support. aircrews, and joint airdrop inspectors. by introducing digital submission
The Army is advancing the capabilities through MAT-APM instead of
Aerial delivery is essential in for aerial delivery by implementing fax, email, or SharePoint. This will
shaping battlefields and giving modernization initiatives such enhance record-keeping and instant
commanders access to resources that as utilizing mobile asset tracker- information gathering for leaders. The
would otherwise be denied when automated parachute management current process is labor-intensive and
operating in a land-locked country (MAT-APM) for tracking and requires years of experience to correctly
like Ukraine. This led to a revision of maintenance, establishing the Aerial review and process submissions, which
Army Techniques Publication 4-48, Delivery Readiness and Safety Team takes time away from leaders and staff.
Aerial Delivery, incorporating force (ADRST) to evaluate and support all Retrieving data for combat developers
design updates to unit structures. aerial delivery units, and integrating can be challenging, and the system is
As individual combat loads and human and computer functions using vulnerable to data loss and is restricted
equipment became heavier and more robotic applications. by local software policies.
sensitive, modernization became
necessary for paratroopers jumping The MAT-APM application is To assist aerial delivery units with
with more weight and at a slower a program designed by the aerial modernization and ensure safety
rate of descent to avoid injuries delivery community to establish and readiness, G-4 has created a
and ensure the paratroopers’ safety. a database to keep track of the new team called the ADRST. This
Advancements on the battlefield, such history, maintenance actions, and team’s mission is to assess and assist
as adversaries’ increasing surface-to-air catalog information of aerial delivery all aerial delivery units every three
capabilities, have also impacted aerial equipment (ADE). It provides a to four years. They assess adherence
delivery operations, pushing the Air system for aerial delivery units to to policy and doctrine across all
Force to request higher drop altitudes monitor personnel certifications, components of aerial delivery units.

24 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 25
 Another modernization effort Command in Natick, Massachusetts, capabilities. This can be achieved
the aerial delivery community is to design an AI robot that can by analyzing data and auditing
undertaking is the integration of interact with humans and perform the aerial delivery community.
human and computer functions rigging duties. This collaborative The collected data is valuable for
through robotic applications. This effort includes private organizations developers improving aerial delivery
effort is to implement artificial and colleges such as Carnegie capabilities. It provides them with
intelligence (AI) applications to Mellon University, Pennsylvania, relevant and up-to-date data points,
augment aerial delivery operations in to help create a technological which can speed up the design and
personnel parachute packing, cargo application to meet aerial delivery’s testing process in the developmental
rigging, and maintenance activities. unique challenges and perform the and operational phases. AI robots
Due to theater aerial delivery associated high-risk operations. can be used in the future to address
companies and corps aerial delivery These cutting-edge efforts shape the human resource constraints
companies being at risk of mission future augmentation of the human and modernization efforts. The
degradation for intratheater-level force to help commanders improve development and implementation
support activities, a need for a viable combat readiness levels and outputs timeline for ADE is quite lengthy,
solution, which can be sustained both both in the garrison and on the future and the development of training
in garrison and combat, is immediate. battlefield. The AI robotic system will programs further compounds it.
The types of operations that face also be able to connect to automated However, the MAT-APM, ADRST,
below-standard effectiveness systems such as MAT-APM to and integration of human and
are parachute packing facility upload real-time data and have total computer functions through robotic
operations, parachute management, asset visibility throughout the aerial applications provide commanders
rigging facility operations, heavy delivery enterprise. This monumental and senior leaders with crucial
drop operations, and ADE repair change to how aerial delivery is information and resources to make
facility operations, which constitute implemented will revolutionize aerial informed decisions at the right time.
problems both in garrison and combat delivery operations to improve speed,
Frank Badalucco is presently the Deputy
environments because personnel volume, and asset visibility from the Director of the Aerial Delivery Readiness
manning strengths cannot support tactical to the industrial enterprise. and Safety Team at the Aerial Delivery and
Field Services Department (ADFSD), Fort
full-scale aerial delivery requirements. The future seems so far away, but Gregg-Adams, Virginia. Previously, he was a
In today’s multidomain operations it is within reach due to push from senior airdrop advisor and an aerial delivery
technical writer for ADFSD. During his tenure
Sgt. 1st Class Jesse Norris, a member of the Aerial Delivery Readiness and Safety Team, conducts a quality assurance and control check on a parachute (MDO), aerial delivery must remain the leaders of both the airborne and as a technical writer, he was responsible for
as part of an assessment for the Airdrop Branch of the Joint Readiness Training Command, Fort Johnson, Louisiana, Jan. 10, 2024. (Photo by Sgt. 1st speedy in providing mission-critical aerial delivery communities. An monitoring and conducting an initial analysis
Class Nicholas Runyan) of aerial delivery malfunctions and incidents.
cargo and key personnel anywhere AI robot that can conduct aerial
in a dispersed era of operation. This delivery rigging would help augment Feature Photo
Sgt. 1st Class Freddie Feliciano, a member
To provide standardized and value- if needed. They share lessons learned and the Army Inspector General strategic aim cannot be fulfilled if the the human force and improve both of the Aerial Delivery Readiness and Safe-
added assessments, the team has across the aerial delivery community School’s basic course. The team also manning portion is not maintained quality and quantity to increase ty Team, explains the process of parachute
packing to team members from Carnegie Mel-
partnered with other units such as the and report all findings to Army G-4. assumes the duties and responsibilities to wartime readiness rates above 90% operations and safety measures of lon University’s Master of Human-Computer
National Guard Airborne and Aerial The team is developing an award for the triannual malfunctions safety or if the effectiveness of the personnel effectiveness and to give commanders Interaction program as part of a parachute
packing demonstration conducted by Staff
Delivery, Safety, Training, Readiness, program for annual aerial delivery unit and analysis review board to identify rigging is not trained appropriately the decisive edge needed to dominate Sgt. Diana Campos, an instructor assigned
Assistance Program; the 1st Special readiness, safety, and unit of excellence units with malfunctions or mishaps with the right amount of experience. the future MDO environment. to the Aerial Delivery and Field Services De-
partment, Fort Gegg-Adams, Virginia, Feb. 9,
Forces Command senior airdrop and is credentialing its members and address them during assessment 2024. (Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Jesse Norris)
advisor; and the Army Reserve through organizations such as Army and assistance visits. Additionally, As a result, the Aerial Delivery Aerial delivery is pivotal in shaping
airdrop office. The team’s goals are Sustainment University’s Data they are working on expanding MAT- and Field Services Department the battlefield and helping the Army
to provide a status of the aerial Analysis and Visualization course, APM’s capabilities to allow units at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, achieve victory. Therefore, it is crucial
delivery capability Army-wide and Army Combat Readiness Center’s to submit malfunction reports and is teaming up with the Army to prioritize safety and readiness
to offer assistance and get-well plans Army Mishap Investigation Course, utilization summaries electronically. Combat Capabilities Development when modernizing aerial delivery

26 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 27
 The View From the 267th Theater Movement
Control Element
 By Lt. Col. Scott Gum

O
n Feb. 24, 2022, the forces of the Russian Exceeding limitations of stove-piped legacy systems, the
Federation crossed the Ukraine border, JMCE accomplishes what has never before been possible.
initiating a special military operation that First and foremost, it rapidly enables integration between
resulted in the first major ground combat European allies/partners and DOD assigned/allocated
operation in Europe in 70 years. In swift response, forces during the planning and execution of operations,
NATO nations, including the U.S., mobilized to support rotations, and exercises in support of military mobility
Ukraine with military materiel and supplies. Since the across the European theater. In addition to achieving this
conflict’s onset, the U.S. has assured its allies by projecting extraordinary new standard of joint operations, it also
combat power across Europe, dedicating over $44.2 leverages digital persistence, enabling consolidation and
billion in military aid under the Presidential Drawdown analysis of DOD and commercial information systems
Authority (PDA), granted in the Foreign Assistance capabilities with LOGFAS, enhancing the functionality
Act of 1961. To coordinate these complex deployments of LOGFAS across NATO nations. Since 2022, the 21st
and logistics movements across nations, the 21st Theater TSC rapidly deployed and tracked 14 brigade combat
Sustainment Command (TSC) has operationalized teams, five division headquarters, two corps headquarters,
theater sustainment to meet the challenge. and countless enablers with near-flawless transparency
in addition to partner aid missions, including 32 Surface
U.S. European Command (USEUCOM) faces the Deployment and Distribution Command vessels of
daunting task of accurately tracking the movement of sustainment and combat power.
Army division-sized forces in addition to the military
sustainment materiel entering and traveling through For the 21st TSC, the PDA mission is clear—transport
European NATO countries. A critical aspect of this and track resources that are critical for Ukrainian victory.
support falls under the 21st TSC’s responsibility. Within Success in this mission relies on meticulous preparation
the 21st TSC, the 267th Theater Movement Control of materiel for shipment, coordination with allies and
Element (TMCE) developed, tested, and implemented partners, and appropriation of funding for the ongoing
an unprecedented method to further enable movement support by the American people backing this crucial
control: the Joint Enterprise Data Interoperability endeavor.
( JEDI) Movement Center – Europe ( JMCE). Developed
in collaboration with industry partner Nexus Life Cycle The safe and secure movement of resources through
Management, the JMCE serves as a crucial interface a multinational environment is imperative, and this is
between the 21st TSC, allied and partner nations, and where the 21st TSC, specifically the TMCE, comes into
NATO, which relies on the Logistics Functional Area play. The importance of solidarity with sovereign nations
Services (LOGFAS) suite of tools. and transit nations cannot be overstated.

28 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 29
 The TMCE, operating under the umbrella of the 21st the European Union (EU), leading to the permanent This mission, rooted in on-the-ground, evolving NATO and the U.S. military face extraordinary
TSC, plays a pivotal role in accounting for a significant authorization of NGTs. A dedicated team member was processes, serves as a proving ground for advancing the challenges in responding to the Russian Federation’s
portion of the support when in the European theater. added in Germany to provide direct ITV support to the Army’s logistics and technological capabilities in Europe. incursion into Ukraine. Amidst these tumultuous
Established as part of the TMCE, the JMCE is vital JMCE, resolving operational demands and advancing The JMCE’s integration of NGTs, JEDI, and LOGFAS times, the U.S. commitment to support Ukraine, under
in identifying frustrated cargo, reducing errors and processes and policies to reduce the risk of additional capabilities into PDA missions not only advances ITV the PDA, necessitates a meticulous and synchronized
delays from diplomatic clearances, and responding to concerns related to the new ITV capabilities. capability but also contributes to the development of logistics effort. The establishment of the JMCE
requests for information from commanders and higher policies, technology, and process advancements being within the 21st TSC emerges as a pivotal element,
headquarters at the tactical level. This innovative element The JMCE’s commitment to continuous improvement assessed by the Army and NATO partners. At present, facilitating an agile approach to coordination, tracking,
ensures the hand-off points, critical to the success of the is evident in its response to these spectrum management the 21st TSC is a catalyst for positive change, pushing and transportation of critical resources. The benefits
mission, are efficiently managed and executed. concerns. Recognizing the challenges posed by forward advancements benefitting both Ukraine support provided by cutting-edge technologies, including NGTs,
employing COTS technologies, the JMCE actively and the entire Army ecosystem operating in Europe. JEDI, and LOGFAS, are seen every day across Europe.
The military-commercial hybrid nature of the JMCE, addressed these concerns and collaborated with relevant Notably, the JMCE’s role extends beyond immediate
developed out of authorities, including Due to the increased need for the U.S.’s support for support for Ukraine, showcasing its impact on global
necessity, facilitated the
rapid adoption of next- This mission, beyond the EU, to secure
commercial approval
Ukraine under the PDA, the use of NGTs and the
implementation of greater ITV through the JEDI
data sharing, technological advancements, and lessons
learned for logistics operations. The new technologies,
generation transponders for NGTs. Since the multinational (MN) logistics (LOG) common operational methods, and capabilities all add velocity, visibility, and
(NGTs), JEDI, and
LOGFAS capabilities
its operational integration of NGTs in
the theater, the JMCE
picture (COP) enhance the ability for successful
USEUCOM theater deployment and sustainment of
flexibility to the Army’s decision-making, increasing its
advantage in future contested logistics environments. The
in a scope never before
attempted. Beyond successes, has has accurately tracked
and reported on 869
U.S. forces in a coordinated and collaborative joint and
multinational environment. Furthermore, they strengthen
continuous improvement ethos of the combined TMCE
and JMCE, its adaptability to overcome challenges, and

yielded a wealth of
tracking, the JMCE has missions between the multinational force readiness capability and posture innovative contributions to NATO’s working groups are
been at the forefront May and December as the conflict continues. groundbreaking with every movement, demonstrating its
of advancing in- of 2023. The industry significance as a catalyst for positive change in advancing
transit visibility (ITV)
capabilities, particularly
lessons learned for team’s dedication to
resolving concerns and
This mission, beyond its operational successes, has yielded
a wealth of lessons learned for logistics operations in the
Army logistics and logistics convergence across Europe.

Lt. Col. Scott Gum serves as the chief of the 267th Theater Movement
with LOGFAS. The
implementation of logistics operations providing direct support
reflects the adaptability
multinational and NATO environment. Acknowledging
the importance of sharing these insights, the JMCE has
Control Element at 21st Theater Sustainment Command on Panzer
Kaserne in Kaiserslautern, Germany. He previously served as the joint
operational logistics planner for U.S. European Command J-4. He has
this ITV capability, and commitment of actively contributed to NATO’s Asset Tracking Working
in the multinational
a Master of Science degree in homeland security from Colorado Tech-
including the integration the JMCE to meet Group and plans to participate in NATO’s Coalition nical University.
of commercial off-the- operational demands Warrior Interoperability exercise and Asset Tracking Feature Photo
shelf (COTS) NGTs,
was a groundbreaking and NATO effectively. Capability Integration Campaign exercise. The Rhine River barge crew loads equipment for the 82nd Airborne
Division deployment to Europe in Antwerp, Belgium, Nov. 23, 2023.
(Photo by Capt. Jake Palmer)

environment.
step forward. The use The JMCE’s work Beyond the direct support for Ukraine, the JMCE’s use
of NGTs presented within the 21st TSC is of LOGFAS enables rapid data sharing not only with
several challenges and not limited to tracking NATO and NATO partners but also globally with non-
lessons learned during the development and operational assets and ensuring timely deliveries. It extends to NATO partners.This global application was demonstrated
employment phases. updating policies, executing new processes, and managing in North Africa during exercise African Lion 23, which
new technologies. Ongoing efforts include testing the showcased the versatility and interoperability of the
Implementing the new systems and methodology use of mission data available in the Transportation JMCE’s capabilities. The data collected can be shared
was not without its challenges. In late July 2023, Coordinator’s Automated Information for Movement with other DOD or partner dashboards or systems using
spectrum management concerns arose, highlighting the System (TC-AIMS), the Army’s transportation the MN LOG COP application programming interfaces,
complexity faced when employing COTS technologies coordination tool, with plans to bridge TC-AIMS to providing commands across DOD the flexibility to use
such as NGTs with LOGFAS. By early August 2023, the LOGFAS to streamline data entry requirements for their preferred tools for viewing or analyzing the data.
JMCE, working in collaboration with industry experts, movement control battalions and movement control The natural next step for the DOD is to extend the proof
validated the commercial approval of NGTs throughout teams. of concept to other theaters of operation.

30 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 31
  By Command Sgt. Maj. Oscar Llamas

32 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 33
 M
ost agree that much of what a The required education exists and is currently delivered • Graduate a senior NCO SLC (with Sustainment enterprise allow for continuous transformation
senior sustainment NCO does is to senior logistics NCOs at the LNCOA. Common Core). through the delivery of combat-ready formations
accomplished through the lens of a • Perform duties in a leadership role successfully for while strengthening the profession of arms. The Army
multifunctional logistician. What Once the educational aspect was established, the 12 to 24 months. is transformational in winning the challenges of an
is a multifunctional logistician? It’s an NCO with experience was codified. The implementation of the • Graduate the Support Operations Course (Phase increasingly complex world.
broad knowledge and experience who is qualified to Personnel Development Skill Identifier (PDSI) of I).
fulfill several functions or roles within the sustainment the multifunctional logistician encourages leaders • Serve as support operations course commodity There are currently logistics NCOs assigned to
warfighting function. within the sustainment manager, S-3/operations noncommissioned officer various organizations performing multifunctional

The multifunctional
This definition was enterprise to seek in charge, or G-4/S-4 successfully for a minimum tasks. A senior multifunctional logistician NCO
determined and to become multi- of 12 months (validated through NCO evaluation possesses broad knowledge and experience and is

logistician reflects the

established early in skilled. The PDSI reports). qualified to fulfill several functions or roles within
2023 by nominative also identifies trained • Complete an associate degree with at least 60 the sustainment warfighting function. The education
command sergeants and experienced accredited college hours. portion of being a multifunctional logistician NCO
major and sergeants
major across the Total
leader development senior logistics NCOs
for multifunctional
• Acquire one credentialing certificate via
ArmyIgnitED.
is delivered through Sustainment Common Core
presented to senior leaders who attend their respective
Army. model in that positions within
organizations. Doing
• Complete one functional course at ASU. SLCs at the LNCOA. However, there has been no
process to certify multifunctional logistics NCOs, so
The NCO corps
currently has NCOs
leader identification so provides a baseline
understanding of
The request for the multifunctional logistician NCO is
currently being actioned by Headquarters, Department
efforts have been focused on codifying the process. The
implementation of the multifunctional logistician NCO
assigned to
organizations
varied
per-
and certification mission planning with-
in each sustainment
of the Army, G-1. Once the PDSI has been approved,
a board will be established, and LOGPRO will decide
PDSI will allow the NCO corps to identify and certify
logistical senior NCOs in performing multifunctional
forming multifunctional
tasks. What did not is a deliberate, warfighting
ction. With
fun-
the
in detail the packet submission. The number of packets
submitted for the PDSI will determine whether boards
duties in multifunctional organizations, becoming
multifunctional logisticians in the process.
exist until now was
a codified process to continuous, implementation
the PDSI, positions
of meet quarterly or monthly.
Command Sgt. Maj. Oscar Llamas currently serves as the command
sergeant major and commandant of the Logistics Noncommissioned

sequential, and
bridge education and are coded as The Army Leader Development Model is woven Officer Academy at Army Sustainment University, Fort Gregg-Adams,
Virginia. He graduated from all levels of the Noncommissioned Officer
experience. multifunctional log- into the fabric of the multifunctional logistician. The Professional Development System, culminating with the Sergeants
istician positions, plac- institutional domain is seen through the educational
progressive process
Major Academy. He holds a master’s degree in psychology. He is also
a graduate of the Senior Enlisted Joint Professional Military Education
In May 2022, a ing the right person in aspect of the Sustainment Common Core received course and the Supervisor Development Course.
directive was issued the right position at by senior leaders attending their respective SLCs at
to incorporate
Sustainment Common
grounded in Army the right time. the LNCOA. The operational domain is seen in the
myriad of multifunctional positions in which senior
Feature Photo
Soldiers assigned to C Company, 87th Division Sustainment Support
Battalion, 3rd Division Sustainment Brigade, unload an M1 Abrams
Core within the Senior
Leaders Courses
Values and the Army In December 2023,
the Logistics Branch
NCOs currently serve. throughout multifunctional
organizations. The self-development domain is grafted
tank from the M1302 trailer, part of the enhanced heavy equipment
transporter system, after hauling the tank back to the 2nd Armored
Brigade Combat Team at Pabrade, Lithuania, Jan. 10, 2024. (Photo by

Chief of Staff’s four

Sgt. 1st Class Jason Hull)
(SLCs) of logistics Proponency Office into a multifunctional logistician through various
NCOs attending (LOGPRO) within functional courses, civilian education, and a multitude
professional
itary education
mil-
at major priorities. ASU submitted a
PDSI requesting the
of certifications and credentialing. The multifunctional
logistician reflects the leader development model
the Logistics Non- establishment of the in that leader identification and certification is a
commissioned Officer Academy (LNCOA) at Army multifunctional logistician NCO. Establishing the deliberate, continuous, sequential, and progressive
Sustainment University (ASU), Fort Gregg-Adams, multifunctional logistician NCO PDSI allows for a process grounded in Army Values and the Army Chief
Virginia. The intent is to provide senior NCOs attending formal program of self-guided professional development. of Staff ’s four major priorities.
their respective SLCs with 58 hours dedicated to The following criteria for a multifunctional logistician
logistics common core. Sustainment Common Core is NCO were submitted for recommendation to the Identifying and certifying multifunctional logistical
the foundation of the multifunctional logistician NCO. permanent PDSI: senior NCOs to meet the demands of the sustainment

34 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 35
 Applying Lessons Learned under fire. While the initial phase RSO in contact should be an
and the Russian Theory of depended on expeditionary logistics, assumption in planning for crisis
Victory the current phase features an active and conflict. Current operations
One of the hazards in applying defense supported by robust internal are regularly conducted under
lessons learned in any conflict is that lines of communication that are more the observation of adversaries.
adversaries may draw different lessons consistent with Russian sustainment Intelligence gathering on RSO
Lessons from the Russia-Ukraine War from the same events. In Operation doctrine and organization. locations, timelines, and capabilities
 By Maj. Gen. Ronald R. Ragin and Desert Storm, the U.S. and its allies sets the conditions for active
Maj. Christopher G. Ingram deployed to a new theater of conflict, At the theater level, Russia is targeting in future crises or conflicts.
built combat power, and defeated one expected to learn from its early Throughout the process, critical

E
of the world’s largest land armies in missteps and develop expeditionary vulnerabilities are exploited for
merging technologies, is established, it is rapidly targeted The proliferation and exponential under 100 hours of ground combat. logistics capabilities to sustain targeting RSO across all domains.
already visible on the and often destroyed in less than 24 growth of emerging technologies are The lesson the U.S. learned was that offensive operations. Likewise, they
battlefields of Ukraine, hours. With drones that can detect, changing the scale, geometry, and it could use its advantage in strategic are expected to continue investing in APS enables forces to be inserted
are rapidly changing the surveil, and target, the kill chain in complexity of warfighting. The lessons mobility to respond to threats capabilities they believe will contest rapidly and prevents adversaries
character of war in ways that require Ukraine demonstrates that as fast as learned in Ukraine are not unique anywhere in the world. The lesson the U.S.’s ability to project power in from exploiting a window of
a transformation in how the Army a supply depot or command post can to Europe. From Russian logistical its adversaries learned was that if response. While there are countless opportunity to gain a fait accompli.
sustains the fight. Autonomous be found, it can be destroyed. The missteps in the 2022 invasion of you let the U.S. establish a coalition tactical lessons to be learned, this In unanticipated crises, APS may
systems, long-range precision future of armed reconnaissance is Ukraine to the attrition warfare that and build up combat power in your article’s focus is on areas of theater represent the bulk of immediately
fires, and hypersonic weapons unmanned, lethal, and expendable, predominates the defensive fight neighborhood, you cannot win. From sustainment transformation that available combat power. The
are reaching deep and targeting and it may be operated by artificial today, these lessons should drive this observation, Russia and China will be critical to countering Russia, balance of APS should include the
command posts, logistics nodes, and intelligence (AI) that follows a transformation of sustainment across invested heavily for three decades in China, or any advanced adversary. sustainment capabilities required
lines of communication. As seen different set of moral norms than the Army, joint, and multinational anti-access/area denial capabilities. for intratheater force projection and
in Ukraine, once a logistics node Soldiers do. forces. Contested power projection distribution.
As demonstrated in Ukraine and provides combatant commanders with
Georgia, Russia’s theory of victory sufficient power projection capability Theater power projection platforms
has been to turn tactical success into and capacity to enable strategic and are critical to strategic mobility and
strategic advantage by exploiting operational reach and supports the the rapid movement and integration
political divisions of democratic freedom of action necessary to create of combat forces. An adversary can
nations and negotiating an end to the multiple dilemmas for our adversaries. attack anywhere, so it is critical
conflict that achieves their objectives. Executing contested power projection to have theater power projection
In contrast, the U.S.’s theory of victory requires rapid power projection; platforms to respond rapidly to any
includes an allied unity of effort, a conducting reception, staging, and potential crises.
theater set for contested logistics, onward movement (RSO) in contact;
multiple dilemmas imposed on the use of Army pre-positioned stocks Adaptive sustainment is the
adversary, and creative options to win (APS); and theater power projection solution to a contested logistics
the close fight. capabilities. environment. Adapting to a
contested logistics environment
The logistics challenges the Rapid power projection requires the requires rapid and predictive
Russians faced in the early stages of ability to project and sustain forward- decision-making, sustainment at
the Ukraine invasion should not be positioned forces rapidly, reliably, and echelon that is purposefully designed
ignored, but it cannot be assumed consistently from multiple points for distributed and responsive
those challenges reflect the current of origin to deployed locations operations, and diverse options for
or future Russian force. Russia throughout the depth and breadth of the transportation of forces and
is learning lessons and adapting the battlefield. materiel. Rigid planning processes,

36 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 37
echelons of sustainment with single bridges, railheads, and tunnels are dominated by persistent surveillance friction. That includes collective from points of origin to the The innovations the Army fails to
points of failure, or single lines of fixed targets for contested logistics. and long-range fires. investment in infrastructure, tactical edge. Our adversaries’ make today will be the adaptations
communication create vulnerabilities Russian forces were overly dependent training, and efforts to streamline theory of victory relies on it is forced to make under fire
the enemy can exploit to delay, on rail transportation and struggled Production at the point of the cross-border mobility process. delaying our military response tomorrow, and the price will be
disrupt, and defeat friendly forces. when they had to transition from rail need improves readiness and Whether in Europe, the Pacific, or to achieve their strategic paid in lives lost. Russia is adapting;
to road for expeditionary logistics in reduces the demand for long lines elsewhere, building partner capacity objectives. China is innovating; Iran is learning;
The ability to hide in plain the offense. Russian reliance on rail of communication. Advanced and improving interoperability will • The contested logistics and the technological evolutions
sight is critical to operating in a for high-volume resupply of artillery manufacturing closer to the point make us stronger together. environment requires an seen today will reshape the future
contested logistics environment. ammunition also created a lucrative of need provides exponential adaptive sustainment network, of conflict. The scale and complexity
The proliferation of drones, with target for contested logistics before advantages in speed and proximity. Interoperability, integration, and which leverages AI to adapt of war are changing rapidly. Is the
over 10,000 a day flying on each the Russians adapted. Advanced manufacturing capa- interchangeability of sustainment faster than the enemy attacks, Army transforming sustainment
side, has made masking, camouflage, bilities exist in the commercial capabilities improve unity of effort a networked sustainment doctrine, infrastructure, equipment,
dispersion, and mobility a Secure prolonged endurance market. The ingenuity of Ukrainians and prolonged endurance in a model, and multimodal and and training fast enough to win the
requirement for survival. Surprise, determines the outcome of major has already demonstrated that future conflict. The Army must train unmanned transportation next fight, wherever it occurs?
or rear area sanctuary, will be wars. The side that produces, additive manufacturing can produce alongside its allies and partners capabilities to sustain the
Maj. Gen. Ronald R. Ragin currently serves
dramatically decreased in future maintains, and regenerates combat parts that are good enough to meet as it pursues modernization. Our force. as the commanding general of 21st Theater
conflicts. Expendable long-range power faster will likely prevail in operational requirements. However, strength is multiplied when we • Victory depends on secure Sustainment Command and as deputy com-
manding general - support of United States
drones above mean that if you can be Ukraine. As the pace of destruction current policies and proprietary combine effects to address common prolonged endurance. All Army Europe and Africa. He previously served
seen, you can be killed, and you can has increased, the complexity of restrictions create hurdles for the use challenges, share costs, and widen the wars become wars of attrition, as deputy commanding general - support of
Security Assistance Group - Ukraine. He
almost always be seen. weapons systems has also increased. of these technologies to sustain U.S. circle of cooperation. Interoperability eventually. The side that holds a Ph.D. in public policy from Walden
Success requires stockpiles of critical forces. enables forces, units, and/or systems creates multiple dilemmas University, Minnesota. He completed the Har-
vard National Security Fellowship program
Data-enabled decision-making munitions and rapid regeneration. to operate together, allowing them for its adversary, sustains the and is an alum of the Harvard John F. Ken-
and AI-enabled predictive Regeneration of combat power to communicate and share common massing of operational effects nedy School of Government, Massachusetts.
sustainment are the nervous systems Pre-positioned and distributed requires distributed maintenance doctrine and procedures, along at critical points over time, Maj. Christopher G. Ingram is an Army strat-
of an adaptive sustainment network. storage of bulk commodities is activities in theater with higher- with each other’s infrastructure and and regenerates combat power egist, currently serving in the Commander’s
Initiative Group of 21st Theater Sustainment
In a major war, the pace and scale required to sustain forces in a level capabilities. The efficiency of bases. While interoperability can faster will win. Command in Germany. He previously served
of attrition will cripple antiquated contested environment at the the current sustainment model is be trained, integration requires the • Collective defense requires as deputy chief of plans and operations at the
National Training Center Operations Group,
decision-making processes. Ach- scale seen in Ukraine. Both sides not sufficient for large-scale combat ability to seamlessly sustain forces, collective sustainment. Allies California, and as the speechwriter to the
ieving decision-advantage over the target fuel and ammunition storage operations. Russia has prioritized regardless of nation, enabled by are the U.S.’s greatest strength. commander of Combined Joint Task Force
Operation Inherent Resolve. As an infantry
adversary requires the ability to facilities. Even semi-fixed locations building maintenance, repair, and interchangeability. While we face active threats officer, he served in South Korea, Iraq, and
collect and process volumes of data are not mobile enough to support a overhaul capability sites to get from adversaries opposed to Afghanistan. He holds a master’s degree in
international affairs from American Univer-
quickly and to provide relevant, dynamic fight and are targeted. combat platforms rapidly back Conclusion: Campaigning the rules-based international sity, Washington, D.C., and serves on the
reliable information to decision- into the fight. Maintaining the to Transform Theater order, we are stronger together. board of the Military Writers Guild.
makers faster than the adversary. AI Resilient and autonomous advantage in prolonged endurance Sustainment Feature Photo
will not replace Soldiers in combat, distribution creates a targeting requires capabilities and authorities As transformational change is Finally, some of the least discussed A French soldier assigned to the 92e regiment
d’infanterie engages an enemy drone during
but Soldiers who know how to use dilemma for an enemy focused on for combat regeneration, including sought to win in contested logistics lessons being learned today are from Saber Junction 23 at the Joint Multinational
AI will defeat those who do not. disrupting logistics. The simplest advanced/additive manufacturing of environments against strategic the sustainment operations the Army Readiness Center at the Hohenfels Training
Area, Germany, Sept. 10, 2023. (Photo by
way to disable a tank is to deny it parts in theater. rivals, theater sustainment requires does every day to transport, integrate, Sgt. Christian Aquino)
Multimodal transportation fuel, and a corps-sized force requires deliberate operations, investments, and repair equipment donated by the
provides options for sustainment two million gallons per day. Relying Collective sustainment enables and experimentation: U.S. and its allies to Ukraine. The
when adversaries attack a preferred in recent decades on contractors collective defense. The U.S. has not Army has an opportunity to leverage
mode. Army watercraft are critical to delivering fuel to forward operating fought a major war alone since 1898. • Russia and China’s anti- these contingency operations
sustaining operations in areas where bases, it cannot be assumed that When considering reinforcement access/area-denial strategy through a campaign mindset to
ground lines of communication are contracted distribution will reach and sustainment, the Army must requires contested power transform how the Army sustains
unavailable or disrupted. Large ports, the tactical edge in an environment find collective solutions and reduce projection across all domains, theater operations in conflict.

38 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 39
 A
s the Army comes out of prolonged The DEAG was activated to support the Armed
conflicts in the Middle East and focuses Forces of Ukraine, which had been deeply entrenched
its attention on Russia and the pacing in post-Soviet mindsets and processes, to become a
threat of China, Army leadership is force capable of NATO integration. It consisted of
working overtime on modernization plans to ensure it highly skilled U.S. Army officers, numbering between
cannot be outranged or outpaced by its adversaries. four and six Soldiers at a time, who advised at the
operational level to revamp doctrine and professional
Whether the threats come from cyberspace or military education.
traditional battlefields like Ukraine, the Army is pursuing
its most significant modernization effort in generations. “There was minimal teaching in the traditional sense
But as the Army mod- of standing in front of a
ernizes, it must also help
its allies and partners
But as the Army classroom,” explained Lt.
Col. Rob Nesbit, former
modernize to maintain the
vital interoperability and modernizes, it detachment commander
for the DEAG. “The
operational effectiveness
that will prove decisive on must also help its reality is that there is far
more advising of senior
tomorrow’s battlefields.
allies and partners Ukrainian leaders which,
in an abstract way, is

modernize to
Part of that partner teaching. Having said
 By Adriane Elliot
modernization assistance that, what we modeled

maintain the vital

includes helping allies to the Ukrainians is
refine operational concepts, effective long- and mid-
not just tactical practices. range planning and

The U.S. Army

interoperability professionalism.”

Security
Command (USASAC)—
Assistance
and operational If that sounds simple,
Nesbit said it’s not. And
headquartered at Redstone
Arsenal, Alabama, with
effectiveness that he should know. Leading
the DEAG until weeks
personnel spread across the
globe—has incorporated will prove decisive before the invasion and
continuing to consult
this modernization sup-
port into its vast arsenal of on tomorrow’s at the start of the war,
Nesbit has spent the

battlefields.
security assistance aid. majority of his life as an
active-duty Army officer
USASAC’s Security (37 years and counting)
Assistance Training Management Organization with multiple combat deployments. He is currently the
(SATMO) supplied Ukraine with a Doctrine Education deputy of G-33 Current Operations for the Army’s
Advisory Group (DEAG), which was headquartered XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Liberty, North Carolina.
in Kyiv from 2016 until three weeks before Russia’s
invasion in February 2022. SATMO provides advanced “Creating a climate for organizational change, altering
and specialized training, professional military education, the way a group has been thinking for generations, is
and tactical-level expertise to allies and partners a much bigger feat than teaching someone to follow
worldwide. orders or execute a task,” he said.

40 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 41
 It’s a complete cultural shift, notoriously difficult “We won’t know the full impact of the DEAG and
even in the best of circumstances, and even more so other international support,” said SATMO’s Ukraine
considering the rigid, top-down style of leadership Foreign Assistance Specialist Pat Macri, “but we’re
that was a remnant of Ukraine’s Soviet roots. This confident that it aided our partner and will continue,
is in sharp contrast to the U.S. military’s mission long after this war has ended, to provide tremendous
command doctrine, which delegates decision-making benefit.”
to subordinates wherever possible, minimizing detailed
control, and empowering lower-level initiative. For more information on USASAC and how its
security assistance missions support U.S. foreign policy,
Despite the challenges, Nesbit began to witness a visit www.army.mil/usasac, or to learn more about The Army’s Official Professional Bulletin on Sustainment
hopeful shift as senior Ukrainian officers, recognizing SATMO, visit www.army.mil/satmo. www.army.mil/armysustainment
the value of standardized planning, began using long-
Adriane Elliot has served as a journalist, editor, and public affairs spe-
range forecasting and preparation that are a hallmark of cialist for the Army for more than 26 years, both on and off active duty
successful organizations. in the U.S., Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Before beginning her
military public affairs career, she served as a freelance reporter and
columnist for the New Bern Sun Journal in New Bern, North Carolina.
The DEAG mission supported the Armed Forces of She served as the director of public affairs for the Army Area Support
Group-Afghanistan during a yearlong deployment in support of Oper-
Ukraine: the National Guard, the National Defense ation Freedom’s Sentinel and the ongoing NATO-led Resolute Support
University, and to a lesser extent the Air Assault and Mission. She is the recipient of multiple military and national civilian
journalism competition awards.
Airborne Forces and the Ukrainian Marine Corps. The
mission was a crucial test of what the future holds for
a strong, independent Ukraine and regional stability
throughout Europe.

“Within the realm of great power competition, the

DEAG was really a component of U.S. and NATO
efforts to counter Russian influence, not just in Ukraine
but throughout Europe,” said Nesbit. “The importance
of the mission rested in its ability to set conditions that
enable the Ukrainian military to serve alongside Euro- www.facebook.com/ArmySustainment
Atlantic partners in the future.”

Col. Dan Miller, former chief of the Office of Defense

Cooperation at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, described
the DEAG’s work as leading edge, most notably its
“development of new, NATO-interoperable doctrine www.linkedin.com/company/armysustainment
and reforms to the professional military education
system. This represents vital first steps to creating the
sustainable and irreversible change needed for Ukraine
to progress on its desired path to NATO membership.”

No one knows how the story will end, but the

www.asu.army.mil/alog
beginning is clear. The world watched in awe as a
much smaller, lesser-equipped Ukrainian military used
extraordinary resolve and overwhelming allied support
to defy the odds against Russia.
Get published. Get connected. Join the conversation.

42 | SPRING 2024 | Army Sustainment [email protected] | Lessons Learned: Ukraine Sustainment Operations | 43
PIN:217573-000