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com Longitude
190 200
Latitude 330 15’ 30’ 45’
A B A B 1st Letter
15’
C
AD C
BD Indicates
30’ big block
Notice the dark contour lines Spot hight A B A B 2nd Letter
(every 5th contour line) 788 m above
45’
C
CD C
DD Indicates
Scale = RATIO SCALE,
Called INDEX CONTOURS. sea level 340 small block
Meaning every
1mm on the map = 50 00 in real life They indicate round 100-values
LONGITUDE CALCULATE AREA
We always do LxB
Longitude 2nd EXTRACT FROM WORCESTER 3319 CB = (L x scale) X (B x scale)
=(20mm x 50 000) X (12mm x 50 000)
LATITUDE =1 000 000mm x 600 000mm
We always start 1 000 000( convert mm to km’s)
with latitude = 1km x 0,6 km
Indicates = 0,6km2
Magnetic Declination 1’ 0r 60”
Calculate Mag. Declination to the year 2020 Drainage basins of river, in close
proximity. The reason why more than one
2020- 1970 = 50 years exist is because of watersheds (Separating
Mean annual change is 2’ eastward/year them).
50 years X 2’ = 100’

230 42’W Calculate Distance

- 100’E ( 100” = 10 40’) 24 mm on map
220 02’ W 24 x 50 000
(We subtract the 100’, as the annual = 1 200 000mm/ 1 000 000 for km’s
change is going east- or/ 1 000 for m’s
Therefore making the angle smaller) = 1,2km or 1 200m

A spur Dam wall indicates that water is flowing

from the North east and the damming up
ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS from the direction where it flows, stopping
Indicating farming it from flowing out of the dam.
Notice flat topography-
absence of contour lines TRANSPORT ROUTES
1. Secondary roads
2. Other roads
3. Multiple track railway
4. Railway station
Perennial river RIVER CHARACTERISTICS SIGNS OF IRRIGATION
Solid blue line The river shows signs of being in it’s 1. Pump- underground water
They provide accessibility to the
Permanent river Name of river lower course. 2. Voor- Canal- transporting water
Town for services and delivery of
1. Braided steams 3. Reservoir
Non-perennial produce to the markets.
2. Marshes and swamps 4. Storage dams
Broken blue line 3. Meandering
A seasonal river 4. Lack of contour lines- flat gradient Usually used by commercial farmers.
Commercial farmers produce a surplus
Windbreak: Trees planted in a row to
to be sold on the markets to generate
protect crops or sometimes to stop
an income and ensure food security.
erosion
 Take note of East London’s shape
It cannot follow the roughly circular patterns of most cities. As it has physical restrictions, i.e. the ocean.
The Buffalo river furthermore divides the city into north and south. Creating transport restrictions.

CBD
Transport routes converge here,
making it highly accessible.
Major services found here. High Socio-
economic
Residential area,
overlooking the
ocean and large
plots of land

Lower Socio-
Beach, Aquarium
economic
and caravan park
Residential area,
Indicating tourism
small plots of land,
close to industries.
Coastal Rocks
Indicating
Sewage disposal works rugged coastline
Usually found in
rural-urban fringe, Lighthouse
due to smells and Needed to
air pollution regulate shipping

Harbour
Lends itself to
imports and
exports.
Boost the areas
Airport Industrial area economy , as well
Always on level land. Close to major roads and railway lines for easy transport as the secondary
No contour lines Golf Course of bulk material. Plots are much bigger in size compared activities.
Away from residential Form of recreation, to residential areas. Also close to the harbour, (Mercedes exports
Areas due to noise pollution found on outskirts of for easy imports and exports. It also indicates that the locally build C-class
city due to extensive main economic activity for the area might be industries. from this harbour
land usage (secondary activities) to right hand drive
countries.)
HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES ON INTERPRETING CONTOUR LINES AS WELL AS BOUNDARIES VISIBLE ON MAPS Alexander Bay
Most western point of South Africa
Gariep Dam
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Relative flat topography of International boundary
Notice the two areas of concentrated contour Notice that this time the boundary
Interior of South Africa
lines, either side of the dam wall. is on the northern shore,
result in dams that
This allowed the engineers to construct a thus the whole river belongs to SA
stretches over vast areas,
relatively short dam wall, that can store
increasing high evaporation River features show characteristics
many millions of mega litres of water
from these dams of the lower course on Flat terrain Namibia
Meandering
Gariep
Braided steams
Dam Gariep dam ensures water Deposition of silt in its own course
supply to places as far as River mouth
the Eastern Cape via Total lack of contour lines
pipelines and tunnels Note 5m spot height

Beit Bridge
Most northern South African
Provincial boundary Generation of hydro electricity border crossing
In this case the
middle of the river Zimbabwe International boundary
was used as the border We use the middle of the
river as the border,
Punto da Ouro Both countries have
Means point of gold access to river
South Africa
Most eastern point
of South Africa Limpopo river
South Africa
Wetland Notice many contour
Protection areas. Lines creating the
Vey eco-sensitive & Alluvial diamond diggings
Steep eastern
acts as natural purifiers Escarpment. It also
for polluted water gives rise to orographic
rain , when moisture
Low lying topography laden air is forced to
creates lagoons. National Highway rise up the escarpment
Also causes swamps The N1 runs from Beit Bridge
To Cape Town Slopes to steep for normal
agricultural activities,
therefore area and rainfall
used for forestry
God’s Window
Tourist attraction
in Mpumalanga
Find the spot height .284 found in Grid C-5 using the alpha-numerical method
Step 1 C is in the left hand margin and symbolises latitude (Always do latitude first)
Step 2 5 indicates longitude and is found in the top margin
Where the two columns intersect, is where we find the grid C-5
Only look in that grid for the spot height.

Calculate gradient from spot height .415

to spot height 1 003
Notice how the road follows
the contour lines. Gradient = VI HE
This makes the road less steep.
Railway lines do the same. VI= 1 003 – 415 = 588m
HE = 36mm x map scale 1:50 000
1 000 (convert mm’s to m’s
The rows of trees form
HE= 36 X 50 000 = 1 800m
a windbreak. Protecting
Huguenot Tunnel 1 000
Crops from strong winds
Built to make the trip
to Cape Town faster G= VI
HE
= 588
1 800
/588 = 1
/588= 3,06

and safer. A lot of deaths happened

on the Du Toit’s Kloof Pass. Single lane Therefore Gradient = 1:3 ( we round off)
And not suited for heavy trucks. This is a very steep gradient, we will not be
able to walk up this slope

Light house

Cape Agulhas
Southern most point of Africa and
therefore South Africa.
This where the Indian ocean(east)
and the Atlantic Ocean (west) meet
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River valley
VS
Vertical Exaggeration = HS

= 1
2 000
1
50 000
= 1 X 50 000
2000 1
VS = 10mm = 20m
10 mm = 20 000mm = 50 000 VE = 25 times
= 1: 2000 2000

Spot height 1540m

&
Trigonometrical
beacon. Indicating 1520m
specific height
1500m

1500m
1540m
1540m
1500m
1520m

1520m
Cultivated land
Windmill and Storage dam and
Storage dam indicate
irrigation non-perennial streams
indicate seasonal rainfall