Chlorine disinfection and byproducts

Chlorine + Water  Hypochlorous Acid +


Hydrochloric Acid
Cl2 + H2O  HOCl + H+ Cl-
Sodium Hypochlorite + Water  Sodium
Hydroxide + Hypochlorous Acid + Hypochlorite- +
Hydrogen

2NaOCl + 2H2O  2NaOH + HOCl + OCl- + H+

Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + 2HOCl

 Distribution ofand
Distribution of HOCl HOCL
OCl- inand
WaterOCL-
100 0
90 10
80 20
70 30
60 40
50 50
40 60
30 70
20 80
10 90
0 100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
HOCl and OCl- differ in disinfection ability. HOCl has a greater
disinfection potential than OCl- . A higher pH level will result in a
greater percent of OCl- .
2
 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Chemistry
Sodium Chlorite + Chlorine  Sodium Chloride + Chlorine
Dioxide

2NaClO2 + Cl2  2NaCl + 2ClO2

Chlorine dioxide + Water  Chlorate Ion + Chlorite Ion +
Hydrogen Ion

2ClO2 + H2O  ClO3-+ ClO2-+2H+

In waters with a pH above 8.5, chlorine dioxide is more effective
than other forms of chlorine as a disinfectant. It is also used to
preclude the generation of trihalomethanes that could be generated
when the wastewater is treated with chlorine.
 Disinfection byproducts

• Formed by the reaction of disinfectants with natural

organic matter

Concern over possible human health risk:

• Epidemiologic studies: risk of bladder cancer; some

cause cancer in laboratory animals
• Recent concerns about possible reproductive &
developmental
 Advanced Treatment
•Nitrogen removal
•Ammonia (NH3) → nitrite (NO2-)→ nitrate (NO3-)

NH2COHN2 + H2O + 7H+ 3NH4+ + CO2

Nitrification
The biological conversion of ammonia/ammonium to nitrate is
called Nitrification.

Denitrification
The biological reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2)
by bacteria is called Denitrification
Adsorption

• Adsorption is the most used method in physicochemical

wastewater treatment, which can mix the wastewater and
the porous material powder or granules, such as activated
carbon and clay

Membrane separation process

• Membrane separation process is the method that uses

the membrane’s micropores to filter and makes use of
membrane’s selective permeability to separate certain
substances in wastewater.
• is a new separation technology, with high separation
efficiency, low energy consumption, easy operation, no
pollution and so on. However, this technology is still not
large-scale promoted

• it has the limitation of requiring special equipment

High energy physical process

• is a new wastewater treatment technology. When the high

energy particle beam bombard aqueous solution, the water
molecules would come up with excitation and ionization,
produce ions, excited molecules.
• Those products would interact with each other before
spreading to the surrounding medium.

.
• It would produce highly reactive HO radicals and H
atoms, which would react with organic matter to degrade it.

Photochemical oxidation

• has many advantages of the mild reaction conditions

(ambient temperature and pressure), powerful oxidation
ability and fast speed

• light decomposition, photoactivate oxidation,

photocatalysis oxidation.
Common methods for eliminating or reducing gaseous
pollutants include:

 destroying pollutants by thermal or catalytic combustion,

such as by use of a high temperature incinerator, or a
catalytic combustion reactor

 changing pollutants to less harmful forms through chemical

reactions, such as converting nitrogen oxides (NOx) to
nitrogen and water through the addition of ammonia to the
flue gas with a selective catalytic reactor

 collecting pollutants using air pollution control systems

before they reach the atmosphere.
 What is Particulate Matter?
Particulate matter (PM)
describes a wide variety of
airborne material. PM
pollution consists of materials
(including dust, smoke, and
soot), that are directly emitted
into the air or result from the
Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/
module3/distribu/distribu.htm transformation of gaseous
pollutants.
Particles come from natural sources (e.g., volcanic
eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil
fuels, incinerating wastes, and smelting metals.
Sources of PM and PM Precursors

Mobile Sources Stationary Sources

(vehicles) (power plants, factories)
VOCs, NO2, PM NO2, SO2, PM

Area Sources Natural Sources

(drycleaners, gas stations) (forest fires, volcanoes)
VOCs PM
 Particulate Matter: Size Matters
Size is important to the
behavior of PM in the
atmosphere and human body
and determines the entry and
absorption potential for
particles in the lungs.

Image: PM2.5. By D. Hershey. From New York

State Department of Environmental Conservation.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dar/baqs/micro
/two.html

Particles larger than 10 mm are trapped in the

nose and throat and never reach the lungs.
Therefore, particles 10 mm in diameter or less are of most
concern for their effects on human health.

Particles between 5 and 10 mm are removed by physical

processes in the throat.

Smaller particles are breathed into the deepest portions of

the lungs.
 What Adverse Health Effects
Have Been Linked to PM?
• Premature death
• Lung cancer
• Development of chronic lung disease
• Heart attacks
• Pre-term birth
• Low birth weight
The most commonly used devices for controlling
particulate emissions include:

• electrostatic precipitators (wet and dry types),

• fabric filters (also called bag houses),
• wet scrubbers, and
• cyclones (or multiclones).

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

ESPs are relatively large, low velocity dust collection devices

Transformers are used to develop extremely high voltage

drops between charging electrodes and collecting plates.
The electrical field produced in the gas stream as it passes
through the high voltage discharge introduces a charge on the
particles, which is then attracted to the collecting plates.
 Scrubbing

Scrubbing is a physical process whereby particulates, vapors,

and gases are controlled by either passing a gas stream
through a liquid solution or spraying a liquid into a gas stream.

Water is the most commonly used absorbent liquid. As the gas

stream contacts the liquid the liquid absorbs the pollutants
CYCLONES

Dust-laden gas is whirled rapidly inside

a collector shaped like a cylinder (or
cyclone).

The swirling motion creates centrifugal

forces that cause the particles to be
thrown against the walls of the cylinder
and drop into a hopper below.

The gas left in the middle of the cylinder

after the dust particles have been
removed moves upward and exits the
cylinder
INCINERATORS

Incineration involves the high efficiency combustion of certain

solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes.

The reactions may be self-sustaining based on the

combustibility of the waste, or may require the addition of
auxiliary fuels, such as natural gas or propane.
1. Describe the basic steps involved in the treatment of
water for drinking purposes.
What are the characteristics of industrial waste water?
2. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of the
following disinfection methods.

i.Chlorine ii.UV light iii. Ozone

4.What are the 5 physical components of activated sludge
process?
5. What are the additional benefits of the coagulation
process?
6. Explain why sulphide-containing effluent from tannery
waste separate and keep at a high pH until the sulphide is
treated.
Explain how you would treat the following in tannery
waste.
Sulphides
8.Briefly explain the following
i. Fenton oxidation ii. Membrane separation process
Membrane separation process

• Membrane separation process is the method that uses

the membrane’s micropores to filter and makes use of
membrane’s selective permeability to separate certain
substances in wastewater.
Briefly explain the common methods for eliminating or
reducing gaseous pollutants in air.
What are the major differences between waste
water released by textile dyeing industry and
domestic waste water?

(i) What is the main purpose of using a coagulant in waste

water treatment?
(ii) What are the characteristics of an efficient coagulant?
(iii) What are the additional benefits of using a coagulant in
waste water treatment

(iV) Briefly discuss the importance of BOD and COD values

of waste water when selecting an efficient treatment
technique.
(b) Assume that you are working as a chemist in a tanning
processing industry located in the Southern province. You have been
asked to prepare a proposal for treatment of tannery effluents

(i) Briefly explain how you would test quality of tannery

wastewater.

(ii) Suggest a suitable experiment to determine the optimum

coagulation conditions for the above wastewater sample.

(iii) State five major steps you will propose under the above
treatment process.

(iv) Explain how you would minimize bad odour due to the
presence of H2S gas. Give related chemical equations when
necessary.
(a) Briefly describe the following regulations related to water quality
(i) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
(ii) Environmental Protection License (EPL)
(b) You have been asked to prepare a treatment plan to produce potable water from river
water in your area.
(i) What are the basic steps you would include in your treatment plan?
(ii) Explain how you would remove Fe2+ and Mn2+ present in river water.
(iii) Design an experiment to remove suspended solids present in river water assuming
you are going to produce 5000 L of potable water.
(c) If a textile industry discharges wastewater without any treatment, it will have a
serious impact on the environment.
(i) Compare the characteristics of domestic and textile wastewater.
(ii) Briefly discuss the impact of untreated textile waste on the environment.
(iii) Propose a suitable treatment plan for textile waste.