REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

B.Sc (AVIATION)
I semester/ I year

LECTURE NOTES
Introduction To Aviation Industry

Mr.SANTHOSH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
 UNIT – 1

History of Aviation Introduction to the Aviation Industry - Types of Aviation -

Airlines, Types of Charters – Low Cost Carrier – Evolution of Aviation – Revolution
– Aviation Organisations – IATA, ICAO , FAA – Freedom of Air – Bi-lateral
Agreement – Conventions – About Airlines & Airports – Aviation Phonetics –
Airlines and Airport Codes

The history of aviation extends for more than two thousand years, from the
earliest forms of aviation such as kites and attempts at tower jumping to
supersonic and hypersonic flight by powered, heavier-than-air jets. Kite flying in
China dates back to several hundred years BC and slowly spread around the
world. It is thought to be the earliest example of man-made flight. Leonardo da
Vinci's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several rational but
unscientific designs, though he did not attempt to construct any of them. The
discovery of hydrogen gas in the 18th century led to the invention of the
hydrogen balloon, at almost exactly the same time that the Montgolfier brothers
rediscovered the hot-air balloon and began manned flights.[1] Various theories in
mechanics by physicists during the same period of time, notably fluid dynamics
and Newton's laws of motion, led to the foundation of modern aerodynamics,
most notably by Sir George Cayley. Balloons, both free-flying and tethered, began
to be used for military purposes from the end of the 18th century, with the
French government establishing Balloon Companies during the Revolution. [2]
Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and
by the early-20th century , advances in engine technology and aerodynamics
made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. The modern Aeroplan
with its characteristic tail was established by 1909 and from then on the history of
the Aeroplan became tied to the development of more and more powerful
engines. The first great ships of the air were the rigid dirigible balloons pioneered
by Ferdinand von Zeppelin, which soon became synonymous with airships and
dominated long-distance flight until the 1930s, when large flying boats became
popular. After World War II, the flying boats were in their turn replaced by land
planes, and the new and immensely powerful jet engine revolutionized both air
travel and military aviation. In the latter part of the 20th century, the advent of
digital electronics produced great advances in flight instrumentation and "fly-by-
wire" systems. The 21st century saw the large-scale use of pilotless drones for
military, civilian and leisure use.
Using a methodical approach and concentrating on the controllability of the
aircraft, the brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1898
to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. The gliders worked, but not
as well as the Wrights had expected based on the experiments and writings of
their predecessors. Their first full-size glider, launched in 1900, had only about
half the lift they anticipated. Their second glider, built the following year,
performed even more poorly. Rather than giving up, the Wrights constructed
their own wind tunnel and created a number of sophisticated devices to measure
lift and drag on the 200 wing designs they tested.[64] As a result, the Wrights
corrected earlier mistakes in calculations regarding drag and lift. Their testing and
calculating produced a third glider with a higher aspect ratio and true threeaxis
control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it performed far
better than the previous models. By using a rigorous system of experimentation,
involving wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and flight testing of full-size prototypes,
the Wrights not only built a working aircraft the following year, the Wright Flyer,
but also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering. The Wrights
appear to be the first to make serious studied attempts to simultaneously solve
the power and control problems. Both problems proved difficult, but they never
lost interest. They solved the control problem by inventing wing warping for roll
control, combined with simultaneous yaw control with a steerable rear rudder.
Almost as an afterthought, they designed and built a low-powered internal
combustion engine. They also designed and carved wooden propellers that were
more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate performance
from their low engine power. Although wing-warping as a means of lateral control
was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the principle of
combining lateral control in combination with a rudder was a key advance in
aircraft control. While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety largely to
+chance, the Wrights' design was greatly influenced by the need to teach
themselves to fly without unreasonable risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes.
This emphasis, as well as low engine power, was the reason for low flying speed
and for taking off in a headwind. Performance, rather than safety, was thE reason
for the rear-heavy design because the canard could not be highly loaded;
anhedral wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with the
low yaw stability.

INDIAN AVIATION
Modern civil Aviation in India traces back to 18 February 1911, when
the first commercial civil aviation flight took off from Allahabad for Naini over a
distance of 6 miles (9.7 km).

FIRST AIRLINE IN INDIA

• Tata Airlines
• The airline was founded by J. R. D. Tata as Tata Airlines in 1932; Tata
himself flew its first single-engine de Havilland Puss Moth, carrying air mail
from Karachi's Drigh Road Aerodrome to Bombay's Juhu aerodrome and
later continuing to Madras (currently Chennai).
Formation of INDIAN AIRLINES
• In 1932 the airlines was called as TATA AIR SERVICES.
• After winning the commercial licence in 1929, JRD founded the airlines in
1932 after he won the contract to carry mails.
• In March 1953, the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act.
India's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines
operating independently at that time – Deccan Airways, Airways
India, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Kalinga Airlines, Indian National
Airways, Air India and Air Services of India – were merged into two
government-owned entities. Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes
and Air India International on international services.
FIRST AIRPORT IN AVIATION
College Park Airport
• College Park Airport (KCGS), in the city of College Park, Maryland, US, is
the world's oldest airport in operation, established in 1909 when Wilbur
Wright arrived at the field to train two military officers in the US Army
FIRST AIRPORT IN INDIA
• It was founded in 1928 as India's first civil aviation airport, In 1932, JRD Tata
landed at the Juhu aerodrome, inaugurating India's first scheduled
commercial mail service. Juhu served as the city's primary airport during
and up to World War II.
What is an Airline?
• An organization that owns and operates many aircrafts, which are used for
carrying passengers and cargo to different places. The world’s first airline
named DELAG established on 16th November, 1909. An airline business can
be of various sizes and the ownership also varies. For example, it can be
 privately owned, jointly owned, or publicly owned. It also can be as small as
a Domestic or as large as an International airline.
• Types of Carriers
• There are two types of airline carriers:
• Low Cost Carrier (LCC)
• Full Service Carrier
AIRPORT OPERATIONS
• Airport Security Operations: They are related to handling all security-
related activities. Airport police and security staff work to avoid any mishap
at the airport.
• Airport Maintenance Operations: They involve fixing or maintaining Airport
infrastructure, facilities, and equipment. It involves renewing or repairing
any part of the infrastructure, and repairing any automatic equipment used
at the airport.
• Airport Public Relations: These operations are about community affairs.
• Commercial Handling and Development Operations: They are related to
managing property licensing, leases, and other issues.
• Aircraft Rescue Operations: They are aircraft/airport accidents related
operations.
• Fire Fighting Operations: They involve handling the accidents taken place
due to fire.
AIRPORT
• An airport is mainly divided into two areas:
• Airside Area
• Landside Area
• Airside Area It is the area beyond landside area inside the airport. It
includes runways, taxiways, and ramps.
• Runway: An area where aircraft takes off and lands. It is made of soft grass,
asphalt, or concrete. It has white markings, which help the pilot during
take-off and landing. It also has lamps on the sides to guide the pilot during
night. The vehicles other than the aircrafts are strictly prohibited to enter
this area of the airport.
• Ramp: Also called Apron, this area is used for parking the aircrafts. It can
be accessed for boarding and alighting the aircraft. The airline staff or
ground duty staff can access this area.
• Taxiway: It is a path on the airport that connects the ramp to the runway
• Landside Area It is the area in the airport terminal and the area towards
city. It has access to the city roads and it contains parking area as well as
public transport area.
• Terminal: It is a part of airport building that where travelers come to board
their flight or arrive from a flight. There are security checking, baggage
checking, amenities, and waiting areas at the terminal.
• Car Parking: This area is outside but adjacent to the terminal where vehicles
can be parked on chargeable basis. Most of the airports around the world
are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies. According to
the Aircraft Rules, 1937, the airports other than government airports are
permitted to be owned by Indian citizens, or Indian companies or
corporations registered and having their principal place of business as India.
In India, some airports are owned by the state governments, private
companies, or even individual citizens.
What is a Charter Flight?
A charter flight is an unscheduled flight that is not part of a regular airline
routing. With a charter flight, you rent the entire aircraft and can determine
departure/arrival locations and times.
There are several types of charter flights.
• Private Charter
• Single Entity
• Affinity
• Public Charter

• Private charter - Also defined as private jet charter or air charter, it's when
an individual rents an entire aircraft (chartering)
• Single Entity - A single entity charter exists when an individual or company
contracts and pays for the operation of an entire airplane (as opposed
to one or two seats, or a group of seats, on an airplane). Individuals
passengers on single entity charters do not pay their own airfare.
• Affinity - Affinity charters are charter flights where all passengers are
members of a specific group or organization and pay for their own airfare
individually
• Public charter - Typically, a public charter exists when a person or company
contracts for the operation of an aircraft to and from a destination and
then advertises and sells seats to members of the public, either directly or
through a travel agent.
L .C .C
• Typically a single service class, with no (or limited) customer loyalty
programmes
• A very high proportion of bookings made through the Internet
• High aircraft utilisation rates, with short turnaround between operations
• Absent non-essential features (reclining seats)
• Online check-in (fewer check-in desks), charge for desk check-in
• Passenger loading via stairs rather than jetways
• Hedge fuel costs (buying fuel in advance when cheaper)
• Carry little extra fuel (reducing aircraft weight )
• Airlines may charge a fee for a pillow or blanket or for carry-on baggage
• Do not have rear pockets, to reduce cleaning and maintenance costs.
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
• IATA
• IATA – International Air Transport Association It was formed in 19th April
1945 with 57 countries. Now it got 290 airlines in 120 countries.
• It was founded in Havana , cuba Headquarters – Montreal , Canada The
main functions of the organization are
SAFETY
• Safety The main priority of the organization is to ensure the safety of
aircraft and the air travelers. IATA has set up panels to devise safety
standards for the air carriers and professionals to ascertain that the rules
are regulations are strictly observed. These efforts by IATA ushered many
improvements in terms of air travel safety and the number of air accidents
has been drastically reduced.
SECURITY
• The airplanes are prone to terrorism and hijack activities. After the
mounting amounts of hijack cases and the September 11 attacks, IATA has
made stringent reforms and made provisions to tighten the security of
airlines. The system works on the basis of passenger differentiation and risk
assessment.
ENVIRONMENT
• Air travel contributes to the air pollution in a big way and it consumes
tonnes of fuel. In wake of this IATA teamed up with aircraft manufacturers
to develop energy efficient, less polluting engines. These efforts were
helpful in improving the fuel efficiency to 1.5 per annum. The carbon
emissions caused by aircraft engines were reduced and the organization is
now aiming for a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050.
 ICAO
• – INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
• Is otherwise called as Chicago convention , formed at 7th December 1944.
India signed this convention on 01 march 1947. Till now 191 countries have
signed this convention .
• Head quarters – Montreal, Canada

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ICAO

• 1. Ensure safe and orderly growth of international aviation throughout the
world .
• 2. Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purpose.
• 3. So ICAO is an industry organization to promote airlines.
• 4. ICAO Is for aviation safety and standardization of procedures .
• 5. It gives the operating practices and procedures covering the technical
field of aviation .
• 6. Ensuring rights of contracting states are fully respected.
• 7. Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable completion.
FAA
• The Federal Aviation Administration is a governmental body of the United
States with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation in that nation as
well as over its surrounding international waters
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States
FREEDOM OF AIR
• The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a
country's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country's
airspace.
• An overflight permit is an authorisation to enter the sovereign airspace
(12 nm limit) of a given country, overfly, and exit it. The issuing of an
overflight permit confirms that there is no political or security objection to
your airline, aircraft, or country of origin/ destination, and that there are no
outstanding navigation fees due to the ATC authority. Under the Chicago
Convention on International Civil Aviation all contracting states permit
overflight by other states, but for most national aviation authorities, prior
approval is required in the form of an overflight permit.

BILATERAL AGREEMENT
Bilateral agreements are air service agreements between two countries
which provide different degrees of freedom of air, which are a set of
commercial aviation rights granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter
another country's airspace.

CONVENTIONS
• THE CHICAGO CONVENTION – ICAO FORMATION
• THE TOKYO CONVENTION – powers of the pilot in command
• THE HAGUE CONVENTION – anti hijack
• MONTREAL CONVENTION – anti sabotage (parked aircraft)
• THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL – unlawful acts at airports
• CONVENTION ON THE MARKING OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES – To ditect the
ability of plastic explosives .

Alphabet Phonetic
A- ALFA
B - BRAVO
C - CHARLIE
D - DELTA
E- ECHO
F - FOXTROT
G - GOLF
H - HOTEL
I - INDIA
J- JULIET
K - KILO
L - LIMA
M - MIKE
N - NOVEMBER
O - OSCAR
P - PAPA
Q - QUEBEC
R - ROMEO
S - SIERRA
T - TANGO
U - UNIFORM
V - VICTOR
W - WHISKY
X - X-RAY
Y - YANKEE
Z – ZULU

Airlines and Airport Codes

Mumbai Chattrapathi Shivaji International Airport [ Code BOM ]
Bangalore Bengaluru International Airport [ Code BLR ]
 New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport [ Code DEL ]
Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport [ Code HYD ]
Chennai Meenambarkkam International Airport [ Code MAA ]
Kolkata Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport [ Code CCU ]
Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport [ Code AMD ]
Dabolim Goa International Airport [ Code GOI ]
Pune Pune Airport [ Code PNQ ]
Guwahati Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport [ Code GAU ]
Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport [ Code LKO ]
Jaipur Jaipur International Airport [ Code JAI ]
Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik International Airport [ Code BBI ]
Patna Jaya Prakash Narayan Airport [ Code PAT ]
AIRLINE CODES
AIR ASIA – I5
AIR INDIA - AI
AIR INDIA EXPRESS – IX
GO AIR- G8
SPICEJET – SG
INDIGO – 6E
VISTARA - UK
REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

B.Sc (AVIATION) SEMESTER

1st year / 1st semester

LECTURE NOTES
Introduction to Aviation Industry

PREPARED BY ,
MRS VINODHA- LECTURER
REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
 UNIT -2

Introduction to the Indian Aviation Industry

Indian Aviation Industry is one of the fastest growing airline industries in the world. Tata Sons Ltd.,
the first Indian airline, started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras three years
later without any backing from the Indian government.

During the period of independence, 9 air transport companies were carrying both air
cargo and passengers in the Indian Territory. In 1948, the Indian Government and Air India
set up a joint sector company, Air India International to further strengthen the Aviation
Industry of India. As part of nationalization in 1953 of Indian Airlines (IA) brought the
domestic civil aviation sector under the purview of Indian Government. Later till the mid
1990’s government-owned airlines dominated Indian aviation industry. When the
government adopted the Open-sky policy in 1990 and other liberalization policies the
Indian Aviation Indian made underwent a rapid and dramatic transformation.

By the year 2000 several private airlines have entered into the aviation business in
succession and many more were about to enter into the arena. Indian aviation industry
today is dominated by private airlines and low-cost carriers like Deccan Airlines, GoAir,
and SpiceJet, etc. And Indian Airlines, the giant of Indian air travel industry, gradually lost
its market share to these private airlines. According to the report of CAPA, these budget
carriers are likely to double their market share by 2010 — one of the highest in the world.

Air India
The history of Air India is the History of Indian Aviation. It is one of the oldest and the
largest airline of India. Air-India was founded by J.R.D. Tata in July 1912 as Tata Airlines.
Founded as a small, private, domestic carrier in 1932, Air-India is now owned by
government. It operates only on International routes and has negligible presence in the
domestic traffic.

Indian Airlines
Indian and Air India were born with nationalization of Air Transport in 1953 by way of Air
Corporation Act, 1953. Indian Airlines emerged as a merger of 8 domestic carriers. It caters
mainly to domestic routes and in some nearest nations.

The two national carriers have enjoyed sole monopoly in the air transport segment over
a long period of time as private carriers were debarred from entering the segment under
the Air Corporation Act, 1953. The private players like Jet, Sahara and others were made
to enter the segment only after the New Economic Policy, 1991 came into existence.
Another major turning point has come in the history of the Air Industry when Air India
was granted permission from the GOI (Government of India) to merge with Indian Airlines,
the two national carriers of India. This Mega Merger marked the first marriage in the
Indian skies which was followed by other mergers. The name of the new airline remained
Air India, since it is known worldwide.

Jet Airways
In May 1974 Jet air (Private) Limited was founded. In 1991, as part of the ongoing
diversification programme of his business activities, Naresh Goyal (founder of Jet Airways)
took advantage of the opening of the Indian economy and the enunciation of the Open
Skies Policy by the GOI, to set up the company for the operation of scheduled air services
on domestic sectors in India. It started its International Operations in the year 2004 and
carries more than 7 million passengers per annum. In May 2007, Jet Airways took 100%
stake in Air Sahara. Jet Airways shut down its operations temporarily on 17th April of
2019

Air Sahara
Like Jet, Sahara also began its operations in the year 1993 after the domestic Air Market
was opened by the GOI in 1990’s. It is owned by the diversified Sahara India Parivar group.
Now Air Sahara is being taken over by Jet Airways and it is being renamed as “Jet Lite”.
Jet has intensions of converting Air Sahara in sync with LCC model to reach every segment
of air travelers.

Air Deccan
India’s first budget carrier arrived in the Air Industry in the year 2003. It is headed by
Captain Gopinath, Air Deccan redefined the accessibility to the Indian Skies with new
model and concept in the aviation sector. It injected competitive spirits into the system
and gave common man wings by reducing airfares which matched the first Class Railway
Fares. The third wedding in skies was marked when Vijay Mallya of Kingfisher Airlines
picked up 26 % stake in Air Deccan.

Air Deccan is the Nano of the Airline sector; what Tata – Nano plans to do to the
automobile industry (converting two wheelers into four wheelers) Air Deccan has done to
Aviation industry (shifting people from rail travel to travel by air). Presently, there is a new
segment of travelers; the leisure customers. Yet another segment is introduced and that
is the first time travelers.

Air Deccan introduced the concept of dynamic pricing which means selling at a higher
price during high season (tourist season) and selling cheap during the off-seasons.
Therefore, everyday the price would change depending upon the kind of competition and
also the load factor. Also it introduced various schemes and programmers

Kingfisher

The King Fisher initiated its operations in May, 2005. It is a major Indian luxury airline operating
an extensive network to 34 destinations, with plans for regional and long-haul international
services. Kingfisher Airlines, through one of its holding company UB holdings Ltd has acquired
26% stake in the budget airline Air Deccan. The airline had shut down its operations when on 20
October 2012

GoAir
GoAir is an Indian low-cost airline based in Mumbai. It was established in June 2004, the
airline started its operations in October 2005 with a fleet of 20 leased Airbus A320 aircraft.

Indigo
IndiGo Airlines commenced its operations in 2006 and went on to swiftly establish itself
as one of the premier budget airlines in the country. IndiGo Airways soon added IndiGo
flights and destinations to its network. The unimpeachable services and timely
performances of IndiGo flights added to the popularity of the airline.

SpiceJet
SpiceJet, a rebirth of ModiLuft marked its entry in service by offering fares priced at Rs.99
for the first 99 days since its inception in 2005. The carrier is giving tough competition to
Railways.
 Ministry of civil aviation

Located at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan at the Safdarjung Airport in New Delhi, the Ministry of
Civil Aviation is responsible for formulation of national policies and programmes for the
development and regulation of the Civil Aviation sector in the country. It is responsible
for the administration of the Aircraft Act, 1934, Aircraft Rules, 1937 and various other
legislations pertaining to the aviation sector in the country. This Ministry exercises
administrative control over attached and autonomous organizations like the
Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security and Indira Gandhi
Rashtriya Udan Academy and affiliated Public Sector Undertakings like National
Aviation Company of India Limited, Airports Authority of India and Pawan Hans
Helicopters Limited.

So the minister of civil aviation is honorable Shri Hardeep s puri .

The Secretary, an IAS officer, is administrative the head of the Ministry and is assisted by one
Additional Secretary & Financial Adviser, three Joint Secretaries, seven officers of the level of
Director / Deputy Secretary / Financial Controller and ten officers of the level of Under Secretary.

The Ministry has under its purview the following organisations:

Directorates
• Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
Attached offices
• Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)
• Commission of Railway Safety
•
o The commission is the rail safety authority in India, as directed by the 1989 Railways Act. The
agency investigates rail accidents.
• Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB)
Autonomous bodies
• Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy (IGRUA)
PSUs and Joint Ventures
• Airports Authority of India
• Air India
• Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited

So other civil aviation for different countries

FAA – Federal aviation administration -US

KCAA- Kenya civil aviation authority

CAAS – civil aviation authority of Singapore

IAA – Irish aviation authority

DGCA

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation
primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services
to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and
airworthiness standards. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International
Civil Aviation Organisation.

The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of
India.

1. Registration of civil aircraft

2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of certificates
of airworthiness to such aircraft

3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers and flight engineers, and
conducting examinations and checks for that purpose.

4. Certification of aerodromes.

5. Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of other operational personnel such as
flight dispatchers and cabin crew.
6. Granting of Air Operator’s Certificates to Indian carriers and regulation of air transport services
operating to/from/within/over India by Indian and foreign operators, including clearance of scheduled
and non-scheduled flights of such operators.

7. Conducting investigation into incidents and serious incidents involving aircraft upto 2250 kg AUW and
taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation
Management Programmes.

8. Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft Rules and the Civil Aviation Requirements for
complying with the amendments to ICAO Annexes, and initiating proposals for amendment to any other
Act or for passing a new Act in order to give effect to an international Convention or amendment to an
existing Convention.

9. Coordination of ICAO matters with all agencies and sending replies to State Letters, and taking all
necessary action arising out of the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) of ICAO.

10. Approval of institutes engaged in flying training including simulator training, AME training, air traffic
services training or any other training related with aviation, with a view to ensuring a high quality of
training.

11. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair, design and manufacturing organizations and their
continued oversight.

12. To act as a nodal agency for implementing Annex 9 provisions in India and for coordinating matters
relating to facilitation at Indian airports including holding meetings of the National Facilitation Committee;

DGCA Regional Offices 1. Regional Offices (Delhi/ Mumbai/ Kolkata/ Chennai/ Bengaluru)

CISF
CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY FORCE
It was set up under an Act of the Parliament of India on 10 March 1969 with a strength of 2,800. CISF
was subsequently made an armed force of India by another Act of Parliament passed on 15 June
1983. Its current active strength is 148,371 personnel. In April 2017, the government raised the
sanctioned strength from 145,000 to 180,000 personnel. Among its duties are guarding sensitive
governmental buildings, the Delhi Metro, and providing airport security.
The CISF is governed by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, it is headquarters are at New Delhi.
The CISF provides security cover to 300 industrial units, government infrastructure projects and
facilities and establishments located all over India. Industrial sectors like atomic power plants, space
installations, mines, oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering, steel plants, barrages,
fertiliser units, airports and hydroelectric/thermal power plants owned and controlled by Central Public
Sector Undertakings (PSUs), and currency note presses producing Indian currency are protected by
CISF. It thereby covers installations all over India straddling a variety of terrain and climatic conditions.
CISF also provides consultancy services to private industries as well as other organisations within the
Indian government. The scope of CISF's consulting practice includes security consulting and fire
protection consulting.
The CISF plays a major role in Disaster Management. The CISF has a 'Fire Wing' which helps during
fire accidents in Industries where the CISF is on guard.
The CISF is headed by an Indian Police Service officer with the rank of Director-General, assisted by
an IPS officer in the rank of Addl. Director-General. The force is divided into seven Sectors (Airport,
North, North-East, East, West, South and Training), and also has a Fire Service Wing.
The Airport Sector is commanded by an IPS officer in the rank of Addl. Director-General, assisted by
an Inspector-General. The Airport Sector is divided into a number of Field Formation Units, one for
each airport. Units at major international airports are commanded by a Deputy Inspector-General or
Commandant; units at smaller airports by a Deputy or Assistant Commandant. The other six Sectors
are each commanded by an Inspector-General, who is assisted by a Deputy Inspector-General.

The CISF is in charge of airport security at all commercial airports in India. Airport security, in the past,
was under the control of airport police (under the relevant state government). However, following the
hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999, the topic of handing over security of the airports to the
CISF was first proposed. While this proposal lay low for the next two years, the central government
decided to respond to the security threat faced by all major nations of the world after the 2001 terrorist
attacks happened in the United States (11 September 2001) and decided to adopt the suggestion.
The Jaipur Airport was the first airport that came under the CISF's control on 3 February 2000.
Following this, the majority of the commercial airports in India were brought under its purview. As of
now CISF is protecting a total of 64 international and domestic airports in the country.

BCAS

History

The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was initially set up as a

Cell in the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in
January 1978 on the recommendation of the Pande
Committee constituted in the wake of the hijacking of the
Indian Airlines flight on 10th September , 1976. The role of
the Cell was to coordinate, monitor, inspect and train
personnel in Civil Aviation Security matters. The BCAS was
reorganized into an independent department on 1st April ,
1987 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation as a sequel to the
Kanishka Tragedy in June 1985. The main responsibility of
BCAS are lay down standards and measures in respect of
 security of civil flights at International and domestic airports
in India.

Functions

• Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance with Annex 17 to Chicago

Convention of ICAO for airport operators, airlines operators, and their security
agencies responsible for implementing AVSEC measures.

• Monitoring the implementation of security rules and regulations and carrying out
survey of security needs.

• Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained
and possess all competencies required to perform their duties.

• Planning and coordination of Aviation security matters.

Conducting -

• Surprise/Dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security

staff.

• Mock exercise to test efficacy of Contingency Plans and operational preparedness

of the various agencies.
Organization
BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by an officer of
the rank of Director General of Police and is designated as Director General, Bureau of Civil
Aviation Security.

Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security is the appropriate authority for
implementation of Annexure-17 to Chicago convention of International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO).

Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation is responsible for the development,

implementation and maintenance of the National Civil Aviation Security
Programme(NCASP).

BCAS Head quarters is located at "A" Wing, I-III floor, Janpath Bhavan, Janpath, New Delhi-
110001. It has got 20 Regional Offices located all over India. The Regional Office is headed
by an officer of the rank of Regional Director.

FUTURE OF INDIAN CIVIL AVAITION

BIRD HAZARD CONTROL

New techniques are being developed and tested to control the bird hazard. For example, it was
discovered that laser beams repel birds. This technology is non-lethal for birds. However more
experience is required to determine whether all species respond to this method and whether
birds get habituated to this type of scare tactic.

TERMINAL:

NEW SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY:

Security has been a primary goal of air transportation industry. Biometric technology is still in an
embryonic stage. This application could be extended to immigration and customs functions, for
frequent flyers enrolled in such programme. Iris recognition tests are underway to that effect at
several international airports. An IATA sponsored initiative called S-Travel (secure travel) is
underway. It incorporated digital certificates for registered passengers.

LUGGAGE AND FREIGHT PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY:

Efficient processing of checked luggage and freight is an important element of customer

satisfaction. To that effect, speed accuracy and reliability of processing are essential. Emerging
technology using electronic tags and sensors, would allow real time tracking of every piece of
luggage and freight, providing immediate feedback to customer enquiries.
This technology would also enhance the accuracy of luggage dispatch at large airports where high
volume of luggage must be dispatched to multiple flights.

CUSTOMER SERVICE TECHNOLOGY:

Wireless and wearable information technology will change the way airports and their customers
do business. Advancement in digital technology would enhance customer satisfaction by means
of easiest communication.

LANDSIDE:

An equivalent level of service improvement in the landside are must follow the above airside and
terminal technological improvements. Airports will provide new surface access vehicles such as
high-speed dedicated trains or monorail linking selected points to their terminal building.

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REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

B.Sc (AVIATION) SEMESTER

1 st year / 1 st semester

LECTURE NOTES
Introduction to Aviation Industry

REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

 UNIT -3

Commercial aviation Terminology

Absolute Altitude — The vertical distance between the aircraft and ground level.
Aileron — The movable, hinged flight control surfaces that are used in pairs with opposite motions to
control the roll of an aircraft.
Altimeter — An instrument that measures an object's altitude above a fixed surface.

Approach — The phase of flight when the pilot intends to land on the runway. There are different types
of approaches, depending on whether the pilot is flying VFR or IFR.
Apron — The paved area at an airport where aircraft park, fuel, load, and unload.
ATC (Air Traffic Control) — A ground-based service that ensures safety of air traffic by directing
aircraft in the area during take-off, landing, and while flying in the designated airspace.

Cargo — Goods carried on an aircraft.

Charter — The business of renting all seats on an aircraft rather than a commercial flight where
seats are sold individually.

Clearance — The authorization provided by air traffic control for aircraft to proceed with a
particular action in controlled airspace, which is designed to prevent aircraft collisions.
Climb — The act of increasing aircraft altitude, typically to a designated level.
CofA — Certificate of Airworthiness
Crosswind — Wind that is blowing perpendicular to the aircraft course.
Descent — The act of decreasing aircraft altitude, typically to a designated level.

Distress — An internationally-recognized signal for danger and need for immediate assistance.

Drag — A parallel and opposing force to an aircraft's motion through the air.

Elevator Horizontal surfaces that control aircraft pitch and are typically hinged to the stabilizer.

ETA — Estimated Time of Arrival — The time you will arrive at a destination, based on
the local time.
ETD — Estimated Time of Departure The time you plan to depart.
Ferry Flight — A flight intended to return an aircraft to base; deliver a new aircraft from the
manufacturer to the purchaser; move an an-craft from one operations base to another; or moving an
aircraft for the purpose of maintenance.
Final Approach — A flight path running in the direction of the runway intended for landing that ends
with a landing.

Flaps — Flaps are a kind of high-lift device used to increase the lift of an aircraft wing at a given
airspeed. Flat devices, typically located on the edges of an aircraft wing, that control lift at specific
speeds.
Flight Deck — An area at the front of airplane where the pilot and aircraft controls are situated — in
other words, the cockpit.

Fuselage — The central portion of an aircraft, which is intended to house the flight crew, passengers,
and cargo.
Go-Around — A go-around occurs when the pilot abandons a landing and goes around the flight pattern
before attempting to land.

Gross Weight — The aircraft weight including people, cargo, fuel, etc.
Hangar — A building made to hold aircraft for storing, maintenance, assembly, etc.
Hypoxia — A condition caused by low levels of oxygen that can lead to dizziness, disorientation,
etc, posing extreme danger to pilots operating aircraft at high altitudes.

Narrow-Body Aircraft — A smaller type of aircraft that has a single-aisle inside. It can carry 4
to 300 passengers.
Aisle -An aisle is a long narrow gap that people can walk along between rows of seats in a public
building such as a church or between rows of shelves in a supermarket.
Wide-body aircraft - also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide
enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. The typical
fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft).

Overshoot — Landing air craft beyond the runway.

Rudder — An aircraft surface used to control the yaw movement.
Squawk — A four-digit code given to an aircraft by ATC to allow for simple identification or
called as discrete transponder code

Tarmac — The paved area at an airport where aircraft park, fuel, load, and unload.

Threshold — The area of a runway, designated with particular markings, indicating the beginning
of a runway.

Throttle — A device that controls the amount of power outputted by the engine.
Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)

A device that records the sounds audible in the cockpit, as well as all radio transmissions made and by
the aircraft, and all intercom and public address announcements made in the aircraft. It generally is a
continuous loop recorder that retains the sounds of the last 30 minutes.

Direct Flight

A flight with one or more intermediate stops, but no change of aircraft.

Flight Data Recorder (FDR)

Records pertinent technical information about a flight. An FDR will record information about
the performance of various aircraft systems, as well as the aircraft speed, altitude, heading and
other flight parameters. Like a cockpit voice recorder (CVR), a flight data recorder is designed
to withstand the forces of a crash so that its information may be used to reconstruct the
circumstances leading up to the accident (in some cases, a digital flight data recorder, or
DFDR).

Simulator

A ground-based device used to train pilots which simulates flight scenarios, including emergency
situations.

SSR CODES (special service requirements)

WCHR Wheelchair assistance required; passenger can walk short distance up or down
stairs.

WCHS Wheelchair assistance required; passenger can walk short distance, but not up or down
stairs.

WCHC
Wheelchair required; passenger cannot walk any distance and will require the aisle chair to board.
 WCOB On-board aisle wheelchair requested (for use during flight).

WCMP Passenger is traveling with a manual wheelchair.

WCBD Passenger is traveling with a dry cell battery-powered wheelchair.

WCBW Passenger is traveling with a wet cell battery-powered wheelchair.

BLND Passenger is blind or has reduced vision.

DEAF Passenger is deaf or hard of hearing.
DPNA
Disabled Passenger with Intellectual or Developmental Disability Needing
Assistance
ESAN Passenger is traveling with an emotional support animal.
EXST Passenger requires an extra scat due to body size.

MAAS
Meet-and-assist. Used by some airlines to identify passengers with intellectual
disabilities.

MEDA Medical case. Used by some airlines to identify passengers needing oxygen.
Passenger will require oxygen.

PETC Passenger is traveling with a pet in cabin.

PNUT Passenger is allergic to peanut dust.

PPOC Passenger is traveling with a portable oxygen concentrator.

STCR Passenger is traveling on a stretcher.
SVAN Passenger is traveling with a service animal

BBML baby meal

CBBG cabin baggage
CHML - child meal
 DBML — diabetic meal
FPML — fruit platter
GFML — gluten free meal
LFML — low fat meal
SPML — special meal
UMNR — unaccompanied minor
VGML — vegetarian meal
NVML — non vegetarian
meal
VJML — vegetarian jain
meal
INF - infant

MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVATIONS

A/C Aircraft

ACAS Airborne Collision and Avoidance System

ACK Acknowledge

ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring

System

AGL above Ground Level

A/I Anti-ice

ALT Altitude

ALTN Alternate

AOA Angle-of-Attack

AOM Aircraft Operating Manual

A/P Autopilot

APRT Airport
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
 BRT Brightness

CAT Clear Air Turbulence

CAT I- Facility providing operation down to 200 feet decision height and runway visual range not
less than 2600 feet.

CAT Il Facility providing operation down to 100 feet decision height and runway visual
range not less than 1200 feet.

CAT Il a Facility providing operation with no decision height limit to and along the surface
of the runway with external visual reference during final phase of landing and with a runway
visual range not less than 700 feet.

CG Centre of Gravity

CLR Clear

COM Cockpit Operating Manual

CRZ Cruise

DEL Delete

DEP Departure

DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder

DIR Direct

EST Estimated

ETA Estimated Time of

Arrival

FA Final Approach

FIR Flight Information Region

 FL Flight Level

FLT Flight

FO First officer

G Go-Around

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GPS Global Positioning System

GS Ground Speed

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

 REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

B.Sc (AVIATION) SEMESTER

1 st year / 1 st semester

LECTURE NOTES
Introduction to Aviation Industry

REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

UNIT - 4

Airport planning Operational area and Terminal planning,

design, and Operation
AIRPORT OPERATIONS
INDIAN SCENARIO OF AIRPORT MANAGEMENT

Air Traffic: The Airport Authority of India (AAI) manages total 125 Airports in the country,
which include 11 International Airports, 94 domestic airports and 28 civil enclaves. Top 5
airports in the country handle 70% of the passenger traffic of which Delhi and Mumbai
together alone account for 50%. Passenger and cargo traffic has growth at an average of
about 9% over the last 10 years.

Growth: Estimated domestic passenger segment growth is at 17% per annum. Anticipated
growth for International passenger segment is 9% while the growth for International Cargo is
likely to grow at a healthy rate of 14%.

Privatization: Privatization of International Airports is in offing through Joint Venture

route. Three Greenfield airports are getting developed at Kochi, Hyderabad and Bangalore
with major shareholding of private sector. Few selected non-metro airports are likely to be
privatized.100% foreign equity has also been allowed in construction and maintenance of
airports with selective approval from Foreign Investment Promotion Board.
LIST OF OPERATIONAL AIRLINES IN INDIA

Global Scenario
To evaluate the airport industry business performance, demand and supply factors are
essential. The demand for air traffic is growing drastically due to the growth in the world
economy. There are about 17000 airports operating globally and providing air traffic services.
These airports handle approximately 3.7 billion passengers per annum, the traffic of major
airports is concentrated in three regions (North America, European and Asia Pacific) . The
airports in these regions contribute 92.0 per cent of the total air traffic. Let us see the t
“Global Airport Traffic Performance” for the last five years (2000-01 to 2004-05), which
was revealed by the “Voice of Airports” Council International (ACI) below;
The demand for air transport in Asian region is raising much faster than any other
regions in the world, due to the rapid economic growth in terms of (national income, per
capita income and standard of living), industrial expansions, Foreign Investments Inflow
(FII),Technological innovations, friendly government economic policies and the expansion of
international tourism. To meet the growth of demand in air traversal a number of new an
expansion projects on airports have been launched at several locations In Asia. In the last four
years (1996-2000), three international airports – Hong Kong, Kula Lumpur and Seoul in the
region have opened with individual handling capacity of 30 million passengers per annum,
Mainland China, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam are also actively
planning for expansion and constructing or modernizing the airport terminals to meet the
growing demand of air travel in the region. Asian region passenger traffic is projected to
touch 800 million by 2012 from 517 million in 2003-40. Favorable optimistic economic
growth in Asia indicates that there will be a highest market potential for artifice growth as
compared to other regions, the major Asian market for air traffic demand will be china,
Japan, Thailand, Singapore. India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam in the coming decade as
for cased by Boeing, A according to ACI traffic report, the 10 largest airports in Asian region
handled approximately 425-450 million passengers (International and Domestic)
Japan (Haneda and Narita), China’s (Hong Kong ), Thailand (Bangkok) and
Singapore Change all together handled 180 million international passengers and rank on the
top 30 international airports in the world. There are other 50 major airports in Asia, which
are also expected to handle 500 million passengers by 2015.

GSD
REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

B.Sc (AVIATION) SEMESTER

1 st year / 1 st semester

LECTURE NOTES

Introduction to Aviation Industry

Mrs. VINODHA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

REMO INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

UNIT – 5
 AVIATION ORGANIZATION

1) ICAO – INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

• Is otherwise called as Chicago convention, formed at 7th December 1944. 52 countries signed
the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

India signed this convention on 01 march 1947. Till now 191 countries have

Signed this convention.

• Headquarters – Montreal, Canada

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ICAO

• 1. Ensure safe and orderly growth of international aviation throughout the world.

• 2. Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purpose.

• 3. So ICAO is an industry organization to promote airlines.

• 4. ICAO Is for aviation safety and standardization of procedures.

• 5. It gives the operating practices and procedures covering the technical Field of aviation.

• 6. Ensuring rights of contracting states are fully respected.

• 7. Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable completion.

ANNEXES OF ICAO

Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing

Annex 2 - Rules of the Air

Annex 3 - Meteorological Services

Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts

Annex 5 - Units of Measurement

Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft

Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft

Annex 9 - Facilitation

Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications

Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services

Annex 12 - Search and Rescue

Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

Annex 14 - Aerodromes

Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services

Annex 16 - Environmental Protection

Annex 17 – Security

Annex 18 - The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air

Annex 19 - Safety Management

2) FAA

• The Federal Aviation Administration is a governmental body of the United States with powers
to regulate all aspects of civil aviation in that nation as well as over its surrounding international
waters

• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States

3) IATA

• IATA – International Air Transport Association It was formed in 19th April 1945 with 57
countries. Now it got 290 airlines in 120 countries.

• It was founded in Havana, Cuba Headquarters – Montreal, Canada The

Main functions of the organization are

SAFETY

• Safety The main priority of the organization is to ensure the safety of Aircraft and the air
travelers. IATA has set up panels to devise safety Standards for the air carriers and professionals
to ascertain that the rules Are regulations are strictly observed. These efforts by IATA ushered
many Improvements in terms of air travel safety and the number of air accidents has been
drastically reduced.

SECURITY

• The airplanes are prone to terrorism and hijack activities. After the mounting amounts of hijack
cases and the September 11 attacks, IATA has made stringent reforms and made provisions to
tighten the security of airlines. The system works on the basis of passenger differentiation and
risk assessment.

ENVIRONMENT

• Air travel contributes to the air pollution in a big way and it consumes Tons of fuel. In wake of
this IATA teamed up with aircraft manufacturers to develop energy efficient, less polluting
engines. These efforts were Helpful in improving the fuel efficiency to 1.5 per annum. The
carbon Emissions caused by aircraft engines were reduced and the organization is Now aiming
for a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050.

GLOBAL, SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ENVIRONMENT

1) Noise pollution

Noise is not just annoyance. It damages health, it detracts significantly from the quality of life, it
stops local residents enjoying their gardens or simply enjoying peace and quiet, it damages
wildlife, it damages the learning ability of schoolchildren and it costs a great deal of money
through the costs of noise mitigation and noise abatement. Aircraft noise is a serious concern
around all airports and under flight paths notwithstanding the adoption of quieter aircraft and
engine technology. Aircraft noise is a controversial matter. It is frequently asserted by the
aviation industry that the number of people exposed to noise problems, the so-called noise
footprint, is shrinking rapidly. This is disputed by local residents and has been shown at the
Heathrow Terminal 5 inquiry to be based on unreliable and outdated data (HACAN News,
December 1997). Almost every aspect of aircraft noise is the subject of disagreement. The
selection of a particular measure of noise can influence the extent to which noise is recognized as
a problem. Measures that average values over long time periods can show low relatively levels of
noise and measures that emphasize peak events can show serious noise problems. More
discussion on measurement problems and selection can be found in the technical appendix
together with an illustration of typical noise levels from different activities and the levels above
which most people experience communication difficulties, sleep disturbance or discomfort.

Effects of noise on humans

The World Health Organization 1993 document, "Community Noise" (WHO, 1993) reviews the
International scientific evidence on the effects of noise. These include:
· Hearing impairment
· Pain
· Perceived noisiness and annoyance
· Interference with communication and speech perception
· Sleep disturbance
· Psychophysiological reactions during sleep (including effects on heart rate, finger pulse,
Respiration)
· Stress
· Cardiovascular effects
· Effects on physical health (including nausea, headache, irritability, instability,
argumentativeness, reduction in sexual drive, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, abnormal
somnolence and loss of appetite)
· Mental disorders
· Task performance and productivity
· Deficits in reading acquisition among children
· Effects on social behavior (e.g. willingness to help others)

2) AIR POLLUTION

Projected growth of pollution

The most important pollutants in terms of their impact on the atmosphere are NOx (nitric oxide)
and CO2 (carbon di oxide). The total quantities of these emissions (globally) have been predicted
in a number of different scenarios for the years 2015 and 2050 and this information is reproduced
and discussed in more detail in the technical appendix.

The base line for these predictions is 1992 with CO2 from aviation in the range 408 -565 million
tones and NOx in the range 1.67-1.96 million tones

All the forecasts point to large increases in the global inventory of pollutants from aviation: the
Percentage change for CO2 in the period 1992-2050 is 588% or an increase by a factor of 5.88.
The equivalent NOx increase for the same period is 411% or an increase by factor of 4.11.

Impacts of Emissions

Aircraft emit their exhaust gas pollutants directly in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere. These emissions interact in these sensitive parts of the atmosphere and are
responsible for changes in ozone and methane concentration thus forming contrails .The specific
impact on the atmosphere of aviation emissions has been the subject of several major research
projects by NASA, the European Commission and the German Ministry of Research. The recent
IPCC "Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere" compiled the available evidence
and brought more light to the topic. The concept of radiative forcing (expressed in watts per
square meter - W/m2) is used in the IPCC report to compare the effects of different pollutants
and different scenarios. Radiative forcing is a measure of the contribution of aircraft emissions to
climate change.

The most important aviation -derived factors influencing the atmosphere are:
• carbon dioxide
• ozone (enhanced by NOx levels)
• methane (CH4)
• water vapor
• contrails
• sulphates

MAJOR PLAYERS IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY

The aviation industry encompasses almost all aspects of air travel and the activities that help to
facilitate it. This means it includes the entire airline industry, aircraft manufacturing, research
companies, military aviation.
3 Large Aircraft Manufacturing Companies Within the Aviation Industry:
• Boeing : Boeing is generally classed as the second-largest airline manufacturer, as well as
being one of the largest defense contractors in the world. of its best-known commercial
aero plane models include the Boeing 737, the Boeing 747 and the Boeing 777
• Airbus: Airbus is a large European aircraft manufacturing company, which produces
aircraft for both the civilian and military aviation markets. It is currently the world’s
largest airline manufacturer
• Lockheed martin : Lockheed Martin is recognized as the world’s largest defense. some of
its best-known aero planes have included the F-16 Fighting Falcon and the F-35
Lightning II.

7 Largest Airline Companies in the World:

1. AMERICAN AIRLINES
2. DELTA
3. UNITED
4. EMIRATES
5. SOUTHWEST
6. CHINA SOUTHERN AIRLINES
7. RYANAIR

7 Largest Airline Companies in the India:

 MARKET POTENTIAL OF INDIAN AIRLINES

In December 2019, AAI announced its plans to set up India first three water aerodromes in
Andaman & Nicobar.

In January 2020, Indigo became first Indian carrier to have an aircraft fleet size of 250 planes
and became the first airline to operate 1,500 flights per day.

As of December 2019, France-based Saran Group planned an investment of US$ 150 million
in new aircraft engine maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) unit in India to cater to its airline
customers.
 In November 2019, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved the acquisition of
shareholdings in Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL) by Adani Properties Private
Limited (APPL).

AAI plans to invest Rs 25,000 crore (US$ 3.58 billion) in next the five years to augment
facilities and infrastructure at airports.

UK group to invest Rs 950 crore (US$ 135.9 million) in Turbo Aviation new airline TruStar.

AAI plans to develop Guwahati as an inter-regional hub and Agartala, Imphal and Dibrugarh
as intra-regional hubs.

Indian aircraft manufacture, repair and overhaul (MRO) service providers are exempted
completely from customs and countervailing duties.

Government Initiatives

Some major initiatives undertaken by the Government are:

In April 2020, the Government introduced ‘Lifeline Udan’ flights to transport essential
medical cargo to remote parts of the country to support India’s war against COVID-19. Under
this scheme, 465 flights were operated by Air India, Alliance Air, IAF and private carriers as of
May 05, 2020.

Under Union Budget 2020-21, Government introduced Krishi Udan scheme on both domestic
and international routes to help farmers in transporting agricultural products and improve the
product value.

As per Union Budget 2019-20, the Government will promote aircraft financing and leasing
activities to make India's aviation market self- reliant.

In February 2019, the Government of India sanctioned the development of a new Greenfield
airport in Hirasar, Gujarat, with an estimated investment of Rs 1,405 crore (US$ 194.73 million).

As of January 2019, the Government of India has been working on a blueprint to promote
domestic manufacturing of aircrafts and aircraft financing within the country.

In January 2019, Government organized the Global Aviation Summit in Mumbai, which
witnessed participation of over 1,200 delegates from 83 countries.

In January 2019, Government of India released its National Air Cargo Policy Outline 2019,
which envisaged making Indian air cargo and logistics the most efficient, seamless and cost and
time effective globally by the end of next decade.

Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) has been launched.

 CURRENT CHALLENGES IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY

CHALLENGES FACED BY AIRLINE INDUSTRY

1. Slowing down of global economy

2. Uncertainty of fuel price

3. More advancement in technology

4. Slow pace of liberalization

Problems of aviation sector

the rupee depreciation is hitting carriers hard. About 25-30% of their costs, excluding fuel, are
dollar denominated—from aircraft lease rents and maintenance costs to ground handling and
parking charges abroad.

Aviation turbine fuel (ATF) prices constitute about 40% of costs for an Indian carrier and are
taxed higher here than anywhere else in the world. The Centre charges 14% excise duty on ATF.
The states pile on their own sales tax that can go as high as 29%.

the intense competition among domestic carriers, the need to capture a slice of the ever
expanding market and passenger price sensitivity makes the airlines difficult to raise ticket
prices.

The new civil aviation policy (NCAP) 2016’s regional connectivity scheme doesn’t help.
The ticket price caps it imposes under the scheme, the fact that the viability gap funding will last
only for three years and various operational issues such as the lack of slots for connecting flights
at major airports are a hindrance.

Rules such as route dispersal guidelines (RDG) that mandate airlines to fly a certain
percentage of flights in smaller, unprofitable air routes is archaic in nature.

The projected growth in capacity, because of plane orders, will lead to a 14% shortfall in
commander pilots, a part of which will have to be fulfilled by more expensive expatriates,
leading to a rise in the wage bill, the second biggest cost chunk after fuel.
 COMPETITION IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY

Basically the competition in the airline industry is between the different airlines and their
policies

There are 4 factors which affect the aviation industry:

1) Political factors: Globally, most countries have strict regulations for the aviation
industry, due to the dangers associated with flying that can end in deaths, accidents, and
permanent. Numerous policies have been created to protect passengers that utilize the
aviation industry. ICAO, IATA. Moreover, insecurity and war factors create high-
security threats which lead to a reduction in flight activity

2) Economical factors: Running an airline is a high investment job. high operational costs.
airlines have witnessed increasing labor demands of employees and an increase in
potential bankruptcies. Act as an oligopoly.

3) Technological factors: airline passengers now have a preference to approach ticketing

and check-in services by the use of cell phones or laptop devices instead of waiting in a
long line at the. In addition, the aviation industry has utilized the social platforms that are
available to attract more business activity from consumers. Furthermore, technology has
created lighter aircrafts producing speed and fuel economy.

4) Environmental factors: The factors associated with the environmental aspects of the
aviation industry are fuel and climate. Fuel is vital in the airline industry and airlines are
expected to invest additional funds into environmentally friendly and fuel effective
aircraft Moreover, climate changes impact the aviation industry. Carbon emission.

COMPETITION:

In the competition of airlines more the pax more the income for airline. Whoever gets more
income wins the competition to attract the pax the airline follows many tricks. Many routes. The
airline adapts to a process called APEX advance purchase excursion fare.

Airline profits:

• The main manufacturers are Boeing and Airbus .so the airline buy aircraft in huge
quantity to get discounts.

• LCC Pax prefer cheap tickets so the lcc airlines compete with other airlines and try to
give cheap tickets and customer service.
• FSC pax prefer comfort and luxury so fsc airline compete to give good flight experience,
the ticket price doesn't matter.

• The airlines follow fuel hedging. In this competition to attract more pax the airline has to
land busy airports but the landing and parking fee is high compared to small airports. So
the airline has to decide wisely on it. If they have enough number of pax to earn revenue,
they will land in busy airport.

• Usually during night time, the a\c is parked in small airport to reduce parking fees.

Benefits:

• Passengers: when there is a competition between each airline the pax will have more
options to choose, discounts and benefits.

• Airlines: more the competition b/t airlines more number of pax are attracted towards the
airline.