MMP-DEEXE Sapkotaggopal051@gmail.

com
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
EG 2215 EE

For
Diploma in Electrical Engineering
Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Year/Part: II/II

Prepared By: Er. Gopal Sapkota

Asst. Lecture, Department Co-Coordinator
Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic

1|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

2|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Transformer
Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers electrical power from one circuit to
another circuit.The two circuits are electrically isolated from each other, but they are magnetically
linked.It transfers the electrical power from primary circuit to secondary circuit, at different
voltage and current levels keeping the frequency and apparent power of both circuits same.

The major parts of transformer are:

 Tank  Breather  Cooling Fans
 Transformer Core (Yoke and  Explosion Vent  Radiators/Fins
Limbs)
 Conservator Tank  Buchholz Relay
 Windings/Conductor

Tank:
 The main tank is a part of a transformer that serves two purposes:
 Protects the core and the windings from the external environment.
 Serves as a container for oil and support for all other transformer accessories.
 Tank bodies are made by fabricating rolled steel plates into containers.
 They are provided with lifting hooks and cooling tubes.

Transformer Core:

3|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
The core provides a low reluctance path for electromagnetic flux and supports the primary and
secondary windings. It is made by stacking thin sheets of high-grade silicon content steel
lamination which are separated by thin layer of insulating material. The iron losses are minimized
by using high grade core material like silicon steel having very low hysteresis loop area and by
manufacturing the core in the form of laminations.
Horizontal section of core is called yoke and the vertical section of core where windings are
supported is called limb.

Windings
Material used for transformer windings is aluminium and copper. Copper has higher conductivity
and mechanical strength whereas aluminium is lighter and cheaper than copper. For large
transformers, copper windings are normally (to make the size of transformer smaller) used
whereas, in small and medium-sized transformers, aluminium conductors are commonly used.
The coils used are form-wound and are of the cylindrical type. The general form of these coils may
be circular or oval or rectangular. In small size core-type transformers, a simple rectangular core is
used with cylindrical coils which are either circular or rectangular in form. But for large-size core-
type transformers, round coils or circular cylindrical coils are used which are so wound as to fit
over a cruciform core section as shown in Fig

Conservator Tank
The oil conservator tank is located well above the main tank and bushings. It is connected to the
main tank through a pipe. The transformer oil expands and contracts with an increase and decrease
in temperature. The oil conservator provides adequate space for oil expansion. A level indicator is
fitted to the conservator tank to indicate the oil level inside.

4|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Breather
Breather is present in all oil-immersed transformers that have a conservator tank. It is necessary to
keep the oil-free from moisture. As the temperature variations cause the transformer oil to expand
and contact, air flows in and out of the conservator tank. This air should be free from moisture.
Breather serves this purpose.
A breather is attached to the end of the air pipe such that the air enters and exits the conservator
through it. The silica gel present in the breathers removes moisture from the air and delivers
moisture-free air to the conservator.

Explosion Vent
An explosion vent acts as an emergency exit for oil and air gases inside a transformer. It is a
metallic pipe with a diaphragm at one end, held slightly above the conservator tank. Faults
occurring under oil elevate the pressure inside the tank to dangerous levels. Under such
circumstances, the diaphragm ruptures at a relatively low pressure to release the forces from
within the transformer to the atmosphere.

5|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay is a safety device which is generally used in large oil immersed transformers (rated
more than 500 kVA).
 It is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay.
 It is connected in between main tank and conservator tank.
 It is used for the protection of a transformer from the faults occurring inside the transformer,
such as impulse breakdown of the insulating oil, insulation failure of turns
 This relay consists of an oil filled chamber.
 There are two hinged floats, one at the top and other at the bottom in the chamber.
 Each float is accompanied by a mercury switch.
 The mercury switch on the upper float is connected to an alarm circuit and that on the lower
float is connected to an external trip breaker.
 Release cock at the top is used to release the gases after operation and also to refill the chamber
with oil

Working of Buchholz Relay

Case-I for minor faults inside T/F
Heat is produced by the fault currents. The produced heat causes decomposition of transformer oil
and gas bubbles are produced (more than 70% is H2).
These gas bubbles flow in upward direction and get collected in the Buchholz relay.
The collected gas displaces the oil in Buchholz relay and the displacement is equivalent to the
volume of gas collected.
6|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
The displacement of oil causes the upper float to close the upper mercury switch, connected to an
alarm circuit. Amount of gas indicates the severity of the fault occurred. During minor faults the
production of gas is not enough to move the lower float. Hence, during minor faults, the lower
float is unaffected.

Case-II For major faults inside T/F

During major faults, like phase to earth short circuit, the heat generated is high and a large amount
of gas is produced.
This large amount of gas will similarly flow upwards, but its motion is high enough to tilt the
lower float in the Buchholz relay.
In this case, the lower float will cause the lower mercury switch which will trip the transformer
from the supply, i.e. transformer is isolated from the supply

Radiators and Fans

The power lost in the transformer is dissipated in the form of heat. Dry transformers are mostly
natural air-cooled. But in oil-immersed transformers, a variety of cooling methods are followed.
Depending on the kVA rating, power losses, and amount of cooling requirements, radiators and
cooling fans are mounted on the transformer tank.
Different Types of Cooling Methods are:
Air Natural (AN), Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN), Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF), Oil Forced
Air Forced (OFAF), Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF),
7|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Operating Principle
When one of the winding (say a-a’) is excited by ac voltage source ‘V 1’, then the winding will
draw some current (say I 0). If the winding is assumed to be purely inductive with zero resistance,
the current I0 lags the supply V1 by 900 as shown in Fig.below.

Fig: Voltage and current waveform of an ideal transformer Fig: Transformer circuit

8|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

9|Page
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Core Type and Shell Type Transformer

A core type transformer is the one in which the primary and secondary windings encircle the core
of the transformer.

In this type of transformer, the windings are surrounding the core. That is why, they are called
as core type transformer. Both the windings are mounted on separate limbs of the core. There is
only single flux path in the circuit.Also, it is to be noted that two types of windings can also be
there on each limbs – low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV). LV winding is placed near the core
and HV winding is overlapped on the LV winding.

Shell Type Transformer

A shell type transformer is the one in which the core of the transformer encircles the windings. In
this type of transformer, the core is surrounding the primary and secondary windings. That is why,
they are called as shell type transformer.

Both the windings are wound on a central limb of the core. As you can see, there is two flux paths
in the circuit. The central limb carries the whole magnetic flux; and the other two side limbs carry
half of the flux.HV and LV winding mounting is same as in the core type transformers.

10 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer

In a core type transformer, the windings surround the In a shell type transformer, the magnetic core surrounds
core of transformer the windings of the transformer.

The cross section of the core of a core type transformer The cross section of the core of a shell type transformer is
may be square, cruciform two-stepped and three rectangular.
stepped.

A core type transformer consists of two limbs and two A shell type transformer consists of three limbs and two
yokes. yokes.

Core type transformer consists of a single magnetic A shell type transformer consists of two magnetic
circuit. circuits.

A core type transformer has concentric winding (or A shell type transformer has sandwich winding (or
cylindrical winding). interleaved winding or disc winding).

In a core type transformer, the windings are placed on In a shell type transformer, both primary and secondary
two separate limbs. Where, low voltage winding is windings are placed on the central limb.
placed next to the core and the high voltage winding
around the low voltage winding.

Core type transformer requires less iron for core Shell type transformer needs comparatively more iron for
construction. The core loss is more in case of core type core construction. The core losses is comparatively less in
transformer because the total magnetic flux flows a shell type transformer because half of the total flux
through the entire core. flows in the entire core.

Core transformer has more copper loss. The copper loss in a shell type transformer is
comparatively less.

In a core type transformer, the natural cooling is Shell type transformer has poor natural cooling because
relatively more effective due to distributed windings. the core surrounds the windings.

Core type transformer can be easily dismantled for The dismantling of a shell type transformer for
repair and maintenance. maintenance is relatively difficult.

In a 3-phase core type transformer, there is no path for The shell type transformer provides the path for zero
the flow of zero sequence flux as a result it flows sequence current through the lateral lags. Consequently,
through the air gap and causes heating of the tank. there is no problem of tank heating in the shell type
transformer.

The core type transformers are used for high voltage The shell type transformers are preferred for low voltage
and high-power transformers. and low power.

Ideal Transformer
11 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

12 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Real Transformer on No load Condition

13 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Real Transformer on Load Condition

14 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

15 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Parameter of Transformers
1. Winding Resistance

Equivalent Winding Resistance

16 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

2. Leakage Flux and Leakage Reactance

17 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Equivalent leakage Reactance

18 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

19 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Phasor Diagram of Real Loaded Transformer

Approximate equivalent circuit

To get approximate equivalent circuit, shift the load branch containing R o and Xo on left of R1 and
X1. By doing this we are neglecting the voltage drop in primary winding due to I0 . This type of
circuit is called approximate equivalent circuit as shown in circuit below.

Fig: Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side.

20 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Fig: Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

The two resistors R1 and R’2 can be added together and similarly the reactances are also added.
Then the circuit can be simplified as below.

Fig: Approximate equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side.

In the similar way the approximate equivalent circuit referred to secondary side can be obtained.
Question: Draw the approximate equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary
side.
Voltage Regulation of transformer
Voltage regulation in a transformer refers to the ability of the transformer to maintain a relatively
constant output voltage under varying load conditions. It is also defined as the change in secondary
voltage of transformer from no load to full load expressed as the percentage of secondary voltage.
The voltage regulation of a transformer is expressed as a percentage and is calculated using the
following formula:

21 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

For all practical purpose the angle between E2 and V2 is very small and at this condition it can be
neglected. If alpha α is neglected, then
OD=OC+OA+AF+FD
So,

22 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Case-II,For leading power factor
Voltage Regulation of Transformer for Leading Power Factor
Let’s derive the expression of voltage regulation with leading current, say leading power factor of
the load is cosθ2, that means angle between secondary current and voltage is θ2.

Here, from the above diagram,

; and BC=EF
Angle between OC and OD may be very small, so it can be neglected and OD is considered nearly
equal to OC i.e.

E2=OC=OA+AB-BC

23 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Question: What are the major factors that affect the voltage regulation of transformer?
Ans.

We know the voltage regulation of transformer is expressed by the formula as;

Hence, the factors influence the voltage regulation of a transformer are:

Load Power Factor:

The power factor of the connected load affects the voltage regulation. A lagging power factor
(inductive load) tends to worsen voltage regulation compared to a leading power factor (capacitive
load).

Winding Resistance:
The resistance of the transformer windings contributes to voltage drop under load. Higher winding
resistance results in higher voltage drop and, consequently, poorer voltage regulation.

Line and Cable Impedance:

24 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
The impedance of the transmission lines and cables connecting the transformer to the load can
influence voltage drop and, consequently, voltage regulation. High impedance results in greater
voltage drop.

Frequency:
Changes in frequency can affect the reactance of the transformer windings, impacting the overall
impedance and voltage regulation.

Load Variations:
The type and magnitude of the connected load influence voltage regulation. Sudden changes in
load can lead to transient voltage changes.

Testing of Transformer
OC. Testing (Or no load test)
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the shunt branch parameters of the equivalent circuit, iron
loss of the transformer, no-load current and no-load power factor. In this test, the high voltage
winding is kept o pen and the low voltage winding is supplied by rated voltage as shown in figure
below.

Let V1 = Voltmeter reading

I0 = Ammeter reading
W0 = wattmeter reading
The wattmeter reading is equal to the power consumed by the transformer at no-load and it is given
by:
W0= V1 I0 Cos0, Where, Cos0 = no-load power factor.

25 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Now the no-load power factor can be calculated as:

( )
W0 W0
Cos φ0 = and φ 0= Cos-1
V1I0 V 1 I0

Then Iw and I can be calculate as:

Iw = I0 Cos0 and I = I0 Sin0

Then the shunt branch parameters can be calculated as:
V1 V1
R0 = and X 0 =
Iw Iμ

Short Circuit Testing

The purpose of this test is to evaluate the series resistance and reactance of the transformer and
copper loss at full load.
In this test, the low voltage side is short circuited by a thick wire and the high voltage side is
supplied by reduced low voltage of such a value, which is just sufficient to circulate full load
currents at primary and secondary windings. Circuit diagram for short circuit test of a step down
transformer is shown as:

26 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Since the magnitude of applied voltage during the short circuit test is very small and values of R 0
and X0 are very high, the magnitude of I0 and magnetic flux in the core will be very small with
compared to that in case of normal operation and the iron core will not be saturated. Therefore, the
eddy current loss and hysteresis loss during short circuit test will be very small with compared to
copper loss in the series resistance.
Hence, the wattmeter reading during short circuit test will be equal to the copper loss at full load
and it can be assumed that the current I sc drawn by the transformer will not flow through the shunt
branch of the equivalent circuit, it flows through the series resistance and reactance path. Hence,
the equivalent circuit during the short circuit test can be simplified as shown in Fig. below:

Since no current flows through the shunt branch, the shunt branch can be neglected and ;the
equivalent circuit can be simplified as ;

Let Vsc = Voltmeter reading

Isc = Ammeter reading
Wsc = wattmeter reading
Since wattmeter reads the total copper loss of the transformer at full load, it can be written as: W sc
= Isc2 R01 Hence, R01 can be calculated as:
W sc
R01=
I 2sc

The equivalent series impedance Z01 can be calculated as:

V sc
Z 01= Then X 01=√ Z201−R 201
I sc
27 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
Polarity testing of Transformer
Since, the emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer is alternating in nature, the
terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ of transformers shown below becomes positive and negative alternately. The
two terminals ‘a’ and ‘c’ are said to be have same polarity, if they acquire simultaneously positive
or negative polarity because of emf. induced on them.

In case of transformer-1, the terminals ‘a’ and ‘c’ becomes positive simultaneously. Hence,
terminals ‘a’ and ‘c’ are said to have same polarity.
Whereas in case of transformer-2, terminals ‘c’ becomes negative while terminal ‘a’ is positive.
Hence, terminals ‘a’ and ‘c’ are said to have different polarity. Whereas, terminals ‘a’ and ‘d’ are
said to have same polarity. These polarities are marked by dot representation in Fig. above.
Procedure: The winding polarity can be checked by a simple test called as polarity test. In this
test, two windings are connected in series across a voltmeter, other two terminals are short
circuited and one of the winding is excited by a suitable voltage source as shown in Fig. below.

28 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
 If the polarities of windings are as shown in the Fig.2.22, the voltmeter will read V=E1-E2.
 If the voltmeter reads E1+ E2, then it can be concluded that polarity of terminals ‘a’ and ‘c’
are not same.

Losses In Transformer

29 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Efficiency of Transformer

This is full load efficiency with full load secondary current.

But for Fraction of Load
the efficiency can be calculated as follows:

30 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Condition of Maximum Efficiency of Transformer:

31 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Question: Why Transformer is rated in KVA not in KW?

Question: What are the advantages of SC and OC testing of Transformer?

The SC and OC testing of Transformer have the following advantages;

32 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Capacity of Transformer:
Capacity of a transformer is defined as the maximum output in volt-amp (VA) that a transformer
can deliver to the load continuously without producing excessive heating and without exceeding
the specified voltage regulation. It depends upon the cross-sectional area of the windings and
physical dimension of the iron core. The winding with higher cross-sectional area will have less
resistance and higher current carrying capacity and accordingly it can deliver more power to the
load.
The capacity of a transformer is measured in Volt-Amp (VA) or KVA
If S is the capacity of a transformer as marked on its name plate,
Then S = V2 I2(FL) Volt-amp
Where, I2(FL) = Maximum current that the secondary winding can carry continuously without
excessive heating and without exceeding the specified voltage regulation.

If the load is purely resistive with unity power factor, then maximum power (in kW) that the
transformer can deliver to the load is P2 = V2 I2FL× Cos2 = 200 ×50×1 = 10 kW.
On the other hand, if the load is inductive with a power factor of 0.8 lag, then maximum power (in
kW) that the transformer can deliver to the load is P 2 = V2 I2FL× Cos2 = 200 ×50×0.8 = 8 kW. If
the capacity of transformer is expressed in kW instead of kVA, the user will get confused. Hence,
the capacity is expressed in volt-amp rather than in kW.

Let I2 = Current drawn by the load and I1 = Current in primary side

Then the current through the section B-C is equal to (I1-I2)
Here, |I1| < |I2|, Therefore | I1-I2| will be negative.

33 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]
| I1-I2| is going to be used to calculate weight of copper winding used in the section B-C. Weight
could not be negative. Hence, the direction of (I 1-I2) is made reverse in Fig.2.32 to get positive
value of (I2-I1).

Fig.2.32 Auto transformer

Comparison of Weight of copper in auto transformer and ordinary transformer
Weight of copper used in a winding (Length of winding)× [Cross-sectional area of winding]
Or Wt. of Cu  [No of turns × Current ] ; ( because Area of conductor  current)
 Wt. of Cu used in section AB  (N1- N2) ×I1
And Wt. of Cu used in section DC  N2×(I2-I1)
Hence, Total weight of copper used in auto transformer
Wauto  (N1- N2) ×I1 + N2×(I2-I1)
If a two winding transformer were used to perform the same duty as shown in Fig.below, then
weight of copper used in two winding transformer is given by:

Fig. Two winding transformer Fig. Auto winding transformer

34 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Example:

35 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Parallel
Operation of transformer
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, a second transformer may
be connected in parallel with it as shown in Fig. below. It is seen that primary windings are
connected to the supply bus bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus-bars.
If the capacity of a transformer is not enough to supply the power demanded by the load, then a
second transformer can be connected in parallel to fulfill the power demanded by the load.

36 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Conditions to be fulfilled for Parallel Operation of Single Phase Transformers

Followings are the conditions to be satisfied for operating two single phase transformers in
parallel.
1. The primary windings of the both transformer should be suitable for supply system voltage
and frequency.
2. The transformation ratio of both transformers should be same.
3. The transformers should be properly connected with regard to the polarity.
4. The percentage impedance of the both transformers should be equal.
Note:
 The condition (1) is very obvious that the primary winding of both transformers should be
suitable for supply voltage magnitude V1 and Frequency f.
 If the condition (2) is not satisfied, then the magnitude of output voltage of both the
transformers will not be equal. If two secondary windings, with unequal voltage magnitude,
are connected in parallel, then current will circulate within the two sources rather than
supplying current to the load
 The condition (3) is also very essential; otherwise there will be again circulation current
from one transformer to second transformer.
 The condition (4) is essential, otherwise the two transformers will not share the load
according to their capacity. This fact can be understood as follow:

37 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

Load Shared by the transformers in parallel:

For Equal Voltage Ratios:

38 | P a g e
MMP-DEEXE [email protected]

39 | P a g e