EX.

NO:
DATE :
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:

To obtain experimentally the open circuit characteristic of DC shunt generator at rated speed and
hence
i) To deduce the characteristic at two third of rated speed.
ii) To predetermine the shunt field circuit resistance required to build up rated EMF at rated
speed, critical field resistance and critical speed.

APPARATUS USED:

Sl.No Apparatus Ratings

1 DC shunt Generator
2 DC shunt Motor
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC
4 Ammeter (0-1)A MC
5 Rheostats 230Ω/1.7A – 2Nos
50Ω/5A
6 SPST Switch
7 Tachometer

THEORY:

In a DC generator, the expression for the voltage generated in the armature winding on no load can be
ZN P
written as EG = volts
60 A
where
Ф flux per pole in webers which depends on field current
Z number of armature conductors-constant for a given machine
P number of poles
A number of parallel paths
N speed in rpm

Open circuit characteristic is called magnetisation characteristic since it gives the variation of
flux per pole versus field current. At constant speed, EG is directly proportional to the flux per pole and
hence field current until the onset of saturation. So we get open circuit characteristic as a straight line
passing through origin. During saturation, a large change in field current is required to produce even a
small change in generated voltage.

Critical field resistance is the resistance of the shunt field winding beyond which the machine
will fail to excite. Critical field resistance is obtained by drawing a tangential line through origin for the

1
initial portion of the open circuit characteristic curve (Since the armature is open circuited) and finding
its slope.

Critical speed is the speed for which the given value of shunt field resistance represents the critical
field resistance. For self excited generator, there will be some EMF even when the field current is zero
due to residual magnetism.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the motor field rheostat at minimum position, motor armature rheostat at maximum
position, the generator field rheostat at maximum position and SPST open, the DC supply is given
to the motor.
3. The motor armature rheostat is brought to minimum position. Then the motor is brought to rated
speed using the motor field rheostat.
4. With the SPST switch open, the emf due to residual magnetism is noted down.
5. Then SPST switch is closed and the field excitation of the generator is increased in steps with the
help of generator field rheostat and at each step generated emf is noted down. (At least 10 readings
should be noted)
6. The procedure is continued until the built up voltage of generator reaches about 110% of the rated
voltage.
7. The readings are tabulated. Throughout the experiment, the speed must be maintained constant.

DATA OBSERVED:
Rated speed:

Sl.No: Field Current IF Induced EMF at rated speed EG

(A) (V)

2
To Deduce OCC at any other speed

(Let the new speed be two-third of rated speed i.e., N2 = (2/3) Nrated

Sl.No: Induced EMF at rated speed EG1 Deduced EMF EG2

(V)
(V)

GRAPHS DRAWN:

1. OCC at rated speed

2. OCC at two third of rated speed.

3
DATA PROCESSED:

1. A tangent is drawn to the initial linear portion of the OCC passing through the origin taken at
rated speed.
Critical field resistance = slope of the tangent.
2. To obtain the OCC at two-thirds rated speed:
At any given field current, emf induced is proportional to the speed.
EG1 N rated
=
E G2 N2
N2
Therefore EG2 = EG
N rated 1

3. Field circuit resistance required to build up rated emf is calculated from the OCC drawn at rated
speed.
4. Critical speed at the given field current:
Join the point of rated emf on the OCC drawn at rated speed to the origin. This is the field
resistance line to get rated emf at rated speed.
Rcritical N
= rated
R field N critical

R field
Therefore N critical = N rated
Rcritical

RESULT AND INFERENCE:

1. Critical field resistance at rated speed =

2. Field Circuit resistance required to build up rated emf at rated speed =
3. Critical speed at the rated field current =

4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

5
EX.NO:
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:

To obtain the internal and external characteristics of a DC shunt generator by conducting load
test.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. While starting the DC motor, starter handle should be moved from OFF to ON position
slowly and steadily.
2. While measuring armature resistance, the armature of the machine should be stationary.

APPARATUS USED:

Sl.No Apparatus Ratings

1 DC shunt Generator
2 DC shunt Motor
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC
(0-50)V MC
4 Ammeter (0-1)A MC
(0-20)A MC
5 Rheostats 230Ω/1.7A – 2Nos
50Ω/5A
6 Resistive load

THEORY:

If a DC shunt generator, after building up to its rated voltage is loaded, its terminal voltage will
drop. This drop increases as load increases. There are three reasons of voltage drop in DC shunt generator
(i) Armature reaction (ii) armature resistance (iii) Drop in field current due to reduction in terminal
voltage. The different types of load characteristics are

a. Internal or total characteristic (EG VS IA): It gives the relationship between the EMF actually
induced in the armature after allowing for the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction and the
armature current.
b. External or performance characteristic (VT VS IL ): It is drawn between the load voltage taking
into account both the armature reaction and armature resistance and load current. The drop in
voltage is so less that it can be considered as a constant voltage machine.

PROCEDURE:

1. On no load keeping the field rheostat of motor at minimum, armature rheostat of motor at maximum,
the field rheostat of the DC generator at maximum, and DPST switch open, DC supply is given to
the motor.

6
2. The armature rheostat of the DC motor is brought to minimum position. Adjust motor field rheostat
to obtain rated speed.
3. After the motor attains its rated speed, the field rheostat of the DC generator is adjusted so that the
generator terminal voltage is built up to the rated value on no load. No load readings are taken.
4. Load side DPST is closed. Maintaining the speed of the motor-generator set constant at the rated
speed of generator, load on the generator is increased gradually in proper steps from no load to full
load.
5. At each step, the terminal voltage and the load current are noted down. Throughout the experiment,
the speed must be maintained constant at no load value.

To find RA by V-I method:

The armature resistance of the generator is determined by V-I method.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The load is increased in steps and in each step the
corresponding armature current and voltage across the armature are noted down.

DATA OBSERVED AND PROCESSED:

Rated speed = ------rpm

Load Field Armature
Terminal Voltage Induced Voltage
Current Current Current
Sl.No: VT EG
IL IF IA = IL + IF
(V) ( V)
(A) ( A) (A)

To find RA by V-I method:

Sl. No: Voltage across armature Armature current Armature resistance

Va Ia RA = Va/Ia
( V) ( A) ( )

7
TO FIND RA:

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
IA = IL + IF
INDUCED EMF EG = VT + IARA
GRAPHS DRAWN:
1. Internal characteristics: EG VS IA
2. External characteristics: VT VS IL

RESULT AND INFERENCE:

8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TO FIND INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS:

TO FIND Armature Resistance (RA):

9
EX.NO:
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
AIM:

To obtain the external characteristics of a DC compound generator by conducting load test.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially both DPST switches should be kept at in open position
2.Motor field Rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position
3.The rheostat in the Armature circuit of the motor and the rheostat in the field circuit of generator
should be kept in minimum resistance position

APPARATUS USED:

Sl.No Apparatus Ratings

1 DC shunt Generator
2 DC shunt Motor
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC
4 Ammeter (0-1)A MC
(0-30)A MC
5 Rheostats 230Ω/1.7A – 2 Nos
50Ω/5A
6 SPST Switch
DPST Switch
7 Resistive load

THEORY:

In a Compound Wound Generator, there are two sets of the field winding on each pole. One of them is
connected in series having few turns of thick wire, and the other is connected in parallel having many
turns of fine wire with the armature windings.

If the magnetic flux produced by the series winding assists the flux produced by the shunt winding, then
the machine is said to be cumulative compounded. If the series field flux opposes the shunt field flux,
then the machine is called the differentially compounded.

If the shunt field is connected in parallel with the armature alone then the machine is called the short
compound generator. In long shunt compound generator, the shunt field is connected in series with the
armature.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections were made as per the given circuit diagram

2. The positions of switches and rheostat is kept as given in the precautions
3. DPST 1 switch is closed

10
 4. The armature rheostat of motor is brought to the minimum resistance position.
5. The field rheostat of motor is adjusted to obtain rated speed.
6. The position of field rheostat of generator is adjusted to obtain rated voltage
7. The DPST 2 switch across the load is closed
8. By varying the load, load current terminal voltage, and field current are noted
9. After switching off the machine (ie.) DPST 1 switch is open, then the terminals of Y –YY are
interchanged and the process is repeated again to obtain all readings for differential compound if
it is known that the first connection was meant for cumulative compound.

To find RA by V-I method:

The armature resistance of the generator is determined by V-I method.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The load is increased in steps and in each step the
corresponding armature current and voltage across the armature are noted down.

DATA OBSERVED AND PROCESSED:

Rated speed = ------rpm

Cumulative Compound Differential Compound
Load Field Terminal Load Field Terminal
Current Current Voltage Current Current Voltage
Sl.No: Sl.No:
IL IF VT IL IF VT
(A) ( A) (V) (A) ( A) (V)

To find Armature resistance RA by V-I method:

Sl. No: Voltage across armature Armature current Armature resistance

Va Ia RA = Va/Ia
( V) ( A) ( )

11
CALCULATIONS

Using multimeter,

Resistance of series field, 𝑅𝑠𝑒 =…………

𝑉𝑡 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑠𝑒

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑓 )(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

For the same field current

For cumulative For cumulative

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 ) 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

GRAPHS DRAWN:

RESULT AND INFERENCE:

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TO FIND Armature Resistance (RA):

13
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-I 16

EXP.NO: 03
DATE :
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR

AIM: To obtain internal and external characteristics of DC series generator

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Term D .C Shunt Motor D.C Series Generator

Power 5 H.P , 3.7KW 3KW
Voltage 220V 220V
Current 19A 19A
Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
Field current 1A -

FUSE RATING
Motor and Generator side:
125% of rated current of DC Motor
125*19/100=23.75≈ 25 A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name of the Availability

S. No: Range Type Quantity
Apparatus
1 Ammeter (0-20) A Digital 1 On Panel
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V Digital 1 On Panel
3 Rheostats 370/1.7A Wire Wound 1 External
4 Resistive load bank 20A - 1 External
5 RPM meter (0-9999)rpm Digital 1 On Panel
6 Connecting Wires - - As Required External

TEST SETUP:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering MRCET

14
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-I 17

PANEL:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Before starting the motor, Ensure that the field rheostat and Pot meter of Drive Control Unit
are in minimum position and the field rheostat of Generator should be in its maximum position.
Similarly the load resistance connected to the Generator should be in its minimum position (No
load)
3. Observing all the precautions, the motor is started using Drive Control Unit and the speed is
increased until the rated armature voltage (of motor) is reached. At this instant the speed would
be slightly lesser than the rated speed.
4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
5. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted.
6. Now the load on the generator is gradually increased in steps. At each step the speed of the
generator is checked and maintained constant at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat of
the motor. After satisfying this condition on each loading, the terminal voltage (V L) and the
load current (IL) are noted down in the tabular column.
7. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor is brought to minimum
position and MCB is opened.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering MRCET

15
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-I 18

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.
2. No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping.

OBSERVATIONS:

Ra = Ω Rse = Ω R= (Ra+Rse) = Ω

(Ra & Rse are found by using DC multimeter)

Sl.No Terminal Voltage Armature current

(VL) Volts (Ia) or Load current Eg =VL + Ia R (Volts)
(IL)(Amps)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

MODEL GRAPH:
E VsIa
VL, E (Volts)

(Int Char)

V VsIa
(Ext Char)

Residual Voltage

Ia(Amps)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering MRCET

16
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-I 19

FORMULAE:
Eg :VL + Ia (Ra + Rse) (Volts)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
Rse : Series Field Resistance in Ohms

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering MRCET

17
EX.NO:
DATE :
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:

To conduct load test on the DC Shunt Motor and to plot its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS USED:

Sl.No Apparatus Ratings

1 DC shunt Motor
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC
3 Ammeter (0-20)A MC
4 Rheostat 230Ω/1.7A
50Ω/5A

THEORY:

Load Test or Brake Test is the direct method of finding the efficiency of the DC motors of smaller
capacity. To determine directly the efficiency, the motor is loaded directly by means of Brake drum -
spring balance arrangement. The various performance characteristics of the DC Series motor can also be
obtained from the Load Test.
While discussing the DC motor characteristics, the following two relations should be kept in
E
mind. Speed of the DC motor is given by N b where Eb is the back EMF of the motor and is given

by E b = V − I a Ra . The torque of the machine is given by TI a where Ia is armature current and is
the flux of the machine. The flux Ф of the machine is directly proportional to field current which also
depends on the load.
V − I a Ra
From the above discussion, Speed of the DC shunt motor is given by N = K .

For DC shunt motor, the flux Ф is proportional to field current which is almost constant. When
motor is loaded, armature current increases with increase in load. This causing an increase in armature
drop IaRa. Generally, armature resistance Ra is quite small. So IaRa is quite small compared to applied
voltage V. But, this causes small drop in the speed on loading. So, it is a constant speed motor which is
used for constant speed applications such as lathes, belts drive.
The torque of the DC Shunt motor is given by T = KI a
For DC Shunt motor, Flux Ф is constant. So, torque is proportional to the armature current and
we will get a straight line for torque-armature current characteristic passing through origin.
PROCEDURE:

1. On no load keeping the resistance in field rheostat of motor at minimum position, armature
rheostat in maximum position, DC supply is given to the motor.

18
 2. The armature rheostat is brought to minimum position. Adjust field rheostat to obtain rated
speed.
3. On no load, input voltage, current, spring balance readings and speed are noted down.
4. The motor is loaded directly with the help of brake drum loading arrangement.
5. For each load, observe and tabulate the following
a. Current
b. Supply voltage
c. Speed
d. Spring balance readings.
6. The procedure is repeated until the current is 110% of the rated value.

FORMULAE USED:
1. Power Input, Pi = V I Watts
2. Torque, T = ( S1 ~ S 2 )  R  9.81Nm
where R = Radius of the Brake Drum in metres.
2NT
3. Power Output , Po = Watts
60
P
4. Efficiency,  = o  100 %
Pi
where N = Speed of the motor in rpm and T= Torque in Nm
DATA OBSERVED AND PROCESSED:

Radius of the Brake Drum: R = _________ m

Spring Total
Balance Force Power Power Efficiency
Voltage Current Speed Torque
Acting Input Output
V I Reading
Sl. N T Po η
No ( S1~ S2 ) Pi
(V) (A) S1 S2 kg (rpm) (Nm) (%)
(W) (W)
(kg) (kg)

19
MODEL GRAPHS

RESULT AND INFERENCE:

Loading Current (A) Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) Efficiency (%)

(1/4) FL
(1/2) FL
(3/4) FL
FL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

20
EX.NO: SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

DATE:

AIM:
To plot the variation of speed of DC shunt motor for
i) Armature control
ii) Field control.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Apparatus Ratings
1 DC shunt Motor
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC – 2Nos
3 Ammeter (0-2)A MC
230Ω/1.7A – 2 Nos
4 Rheostat
50Ω/5A
5 Tachometer

THEORY:
V − I a Ra
Speed of the DC shunt motor is given by: N = K rpm

Where V is the applied voltage in volts
Ia is armature current in amperes
Ra is armature resistance in ohms
Ф is Flux per pole in webers.
In armature control, armature voltage is varied and in field control, field current is varied. The
speed is nearly proportional to armature voltage if the armature drop is small, while it is inversely
proportional to the flux and hence field current.

PROCEDURE:
1. On no load, keep the armature resistance at maximum and field rheostat resistance at minimum
DC supply is given to the motor.
2. The resistance in armature circuit is brought to minimum position. If the rated speed is not
reached, the resistance in the field rheostat is increased gradually until the motor attains the
rated speed.
Armature control
1. The field current is kept constant at desired value and the armature circuit resistance is
increased gradually to get different speeds below the rated value.
2. Note down the various speeds corresponding to different armature voltages.
3. This procedure is repeated for some other constant value of field excitation.

Field control method:

1. The armature voltage is kept constant at one value and the field resistance is varied gradually to
get different speeds above the rated value.
2. Note down the various speeds corresponding to different field currents.
3. This procedure is repeated for some other constant armature voltage.

21
DATA OBSERVED

Armature Control

Field Current IF1= Field Current IF2=

Sl. Armature Voltage Speed Sl. Armature Voltage Speed
No: Va (V) N (rpm) No: Va (V) N (rpm)

Field Control

Armature Voltage Va1= Armature Voltage Va2=

Sl. Field Current Speed Sl. Field Current Speed
No: IF (A) N (rpm) No: IF (A) N (rpm)

GRAPHS DRAWN:
1. Armature control: VA vs N at constant IF1 and IF2
2. Field control : IF vs N at constant VA1 and VA2

22
RESULT AND INFERENCE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

23