CHAPTER 1 Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple Sensitive data that are transferred over the Internet, such as credit card numbers and passwords, have to be encrypted. and In 1978, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shai Leonard Adleman publicly described the RSA algorithm, which is the basis for public key cryptography. RSA provides a ‘method to ensure the secure encryption of data that even the most advanced computers will take years to crack. It makes use ofa complicated theorem involving a type of numbers called prime numbers. Prime numbers can be said to be the building blocks of all whole numbers greater than 1. Every whole number greater than 1 is either a prime or a unique product of primes! This has various applications in both ‘mathematics and the real world. In this chapter, we are going to explore how whole numbers can be broken down into its building blocks, Learning Outcomes ‘What will we learn in this chapter? + What prime and composite numbers are « How to find the square root of a perfect square and the cube root of a perfect cube «+ Why highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM) have useful applications in real life >‘Albert ha a vanguard sheet with a length of 64 em and a breadth of 48 cm. big as possible, without any leftover vanguard sheet. (Whats the length of each square? (ii) How many squares can he cut altogether? In this chapter, we are going to learn about prime numbers, the highest common factor (HCF) and the lowest common multiple (LCM), which can help us solve these kinds of problems. Tale nelle) A. Whole numbers and factors (Recap) Let us recap on what we know about whole numbers and factors. What are the missing numbers below? Examples of whole numbers are 0, 1, 2,/ 4, /_ 4 6;..» Even numbers are whole numbers that are divisible by 2, ¢.g. 0, 2,4, {5 8,(_» 12, 14, (Odd numbers are whole numbers that are not divisible by 2, e.g. 1, 3,5, {). 9, 11, (1), 15, 17, ‘Can you find the factors of 18? 18 =1x18 =2x/ =(x6 “Therefore, the factors of 18 are 1, 2, (1), 6,|_) and 18. Is 18 divisible by each ofits factors? ‘Arnumber nis divisible by another number p if there is ‘no remainder when nis divided byp. B. Classifying whole numbers Whole numbers can be divided (or classified) into two groups: even numbers and odd numbers. Another way to classify whole numbers is to group them by the number of factors they have. 2 ‘CHAPTER maw Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest CClassifying whole numbers 1. Find the factors of the numbers in Table 1.1. Lis divisible by 1 only 1 n 2=1x2 1,2 12 1 2 3 13 4 4=1x4=2x2 12,4 4 5 15 6 16 7 “7 8 18 18=1x 18=2x9=3x6 1,2,3,6,918 9 19 10 20 Table 1.1 2. Classify the numbers in Table 1.1 into 3 groups. Group A contains a number with exactly ! factor: Group B contains numbers with exactly 2 different factors: SSS Group C contains numbers with more than 2 different factor 3. Is O divisible by 1, 2, 3,4, ete.? How many factors does 0 have? C. Prime numbers and composite numbers pce eels lalieenctcall sae In the above Investigation, the number in Group A does not have a name, “The numbers in Group B are known as prime numbers (or primes). ‘The numbers in Group Care called composite numbers, Composite numbers are composed (or made up) of the product of at least two primes, eg. 6 = 2x 3 and 18=2x3x3. ee 1. Explain why 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite. 2. Yi Hao says that ifa whole number is not prime, then it must be composite. Do you agree? Explain your answer. CHAPTER 3 Pum, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common MultipleIn Table 1.1 in the Investigation on An easier way t on page 3 we identified prime numbers by finding al the fctors ofthe mun es, 10 sieve out prime numbers less than or equal to 100 is called the Sieve of Eratosthenes, Sieve of Eratosthenes ‘We will sieve out the prime numbers in Fig. 1.1 by circling those which are prime and crossing Out thoge yh. are not. Follow the instructions below. h @ ) Foss out 1. ircle 2. Cross out all the other multiples of 2 (because they are not primes: (©) The next number that is not crossed out, ic. 3, is a prime. Circle 3. Cross out all the other multiples of 3. (4) The next number that is not crossed out, ie. 5, isa prime. Circle 5. Cross out all the other multiples of 5. (€) Continue doing this until all the numbers have either been circled or crossed out. why?) $e Seg ge BS 6. UL Nee oD, 0 18 2 ad A 8 A 18 ae 21 8298 2 a8 28 SY SSR 38 98852 a8 88 410420 43 44 45 647 B49 Sl. 52. 53-54 55 56 BF SBD 61 62 63) Of «65 «6667 BD NOW MEO BT B79 0 8]: 82 88 OA 85 86 87 BB BO 3386868 ‘The ability to code or writea 91 92 93 9495 9 ‘asa ler beppaas MS baal ea lie skill. Although tis beyond Fig. Ll the scope ofthis textbook o teach you how to code ifyou 5 have some experienc with 2. Answer the following questions. coding, do try the coding tks (a) What is the smallest prime number? In this textbook. Her’ on. (b) What is the largest prime number less than or equal to 100? ‘Write a program to generate (©) How many prime numbers are less than or equal to 100? Pad ve eames c (@) Is every odd number a prime number? Explain. chveraies pod econo (©) Isevery even number a composite number? Explain. to learn, refer to Invitation to (f) For a prime number greater than 5, what can the last digit be? Explain. ‘Code (Part 1) on page 177. i CHAPIN wen e4 Primes Highest Conan Factor aed Howet Come’ |Product of prime numbers Can the product of two prime numbers be (a) an odd number? (b) aneven number? (©) aprime number? Explain your reasoning or give a counterexample. D. Trial division ‘To test whether a number is prime or composite, we have to learn a new concept called square root. For example, 5 x 5 = 25. We say that the square of 5, or 5 squared, is 25. If we do the reverse, we get 25 = 5. We say that the square root of 25 is 5. ‘What is the value of J9 and of V16 ? ‘What about \/47 ? Its value will not be a whole number. Why? Use a calculator to evaluate 47 by pressing ne key. Did you get 6.9 (to 1 d.p.)? ‘To find out whether a number is prime or composite, we check if it is divisible by all the prime numbers less than or equal to its square root. Why? ‘This method is called trial division. Worked Example 1 shows how we can test whether a number is prime or composite. Test for prime number i 69 (to 1 dp.) means the answer 6 correct to one decimal are Explain whether each of the following numbers is prime or composite. Saas (a) 387 (b) 997 “Solution (a) Since 387 is divisible by 3, then 387 is a composite number. (b) 997 = 31.6 (to 1 dp.) so the largest prime number less than or equal to 997 is 31. Since 997 is not divisible by any of the prime numbers 2, 3,5, 7, My 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 and 31, then 997 is a prime number. Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple (@) A number is composite if itisdivisible by any prime factor. (The Divisibility ‘Test for 3 can be very helpful to check whether a big number is divisible by 3: ‘A number is divisible by 3 if and only ifthe sum of the digits ofthe number is divisible by 3) (b) A number is prime ifit is not divisible by al the prime numbers less than or ‘equal tothe square root of the number. ‘CHAPTER 5:Ee 4 and 1607 prime or composite? 2 ibe ata apa a thief. The policeman 2. In this game, a policeman is chasing om can only sep ones with prime numbers. Shade the umber tae correct tiles to trace the path that he takes to catch the thief. such as Sand, te a) are 93 | 121 | 236 ‘Cousin primesare | a) | PP Sestrcre sucha other pairs of cous in pi +r (© Sexy primes arpring | 6L eae that differ | 2 ealbecahit ag | roar piney Prime 0 149 | primes. 7 —j—}+—| wr | st | 83 | 2 | nm | 37 6 dots can be arranged in a rectangular array in two different ways (see Fig. 1.2). eoo eococeoe ese Lby-6 2-by-3 Fig. 1.2 1. Arrange each of the following numbers of dots in a rectangular array in as many different ways as possible. How many different ways are there for each number of dots? (i) 4dots (ii) 8dots (iii) 12 dots (iv) Sdots_ (wv) 7dots (vi) 1 dot 2, Other than by guess and check, is there a faster method to do Question 1? 3. What do you notice about the numbers of dots that have only one arrangement? Why is this so? 4, What do you notice about the numbers of dots that have more than one arrangement? Why is this so? Problem involving prime number Ifpand q are whole numbers such that p x q = 13, find the value of p + q. Explain your answer Nac) ee yyy ‘Solution Since 13 is a prime number, then 1 and 13 are its only Tedoes not mater whethe? two factors. (org) is 1 or 13 because we O08 4qa1+13=14 want tofind the value of? 18 GREENE arp and gare whote numbers such tap xqus 1, find rere value of p+ q. Explain your answer, indthe Uae ye 2. Ifmisa whole number such that x(n +28) isa prime “NS rime nmi ‘number, find the prime number. Explain your answer. with reversed dig ~ hE carmen ; oe i Pies High Common Fanarand LowestE. Interesting facts and real-life applications of prime numbers ee Interesting facts about prime numbers 1. (i) Howmany prime numbers are there? (ii) Search the Internet for ‘First 1 Million Primes’. What is the 1 000 000" prime number? 2. (i) Since there are infinitely many primes, there is no largest prime number. However, the largest known prime number (at the time of printing) was found by Patrick Laroche on 7 Dec 2018 and it contains 24 862 048 digits. If one newspaper page can contain 30 000 digits, how many newspaper pages are needed to print this prime number? (ii) The size of the text file containing this prime (pure text only) is 25 MB. Search ‘Largest Known Prime’ on the Internet, What is its last digit? (ii) The largest known prime is the 51 known Mersenne prime and has a formula. Search the Internet for “Mersenne primes’ and learn about Mersenne numbers and primes. For many centuries, mathematicians studied prime numbers in a branch of mathematics called Number Theory out of interest. There were no real-life applications of prime numbers until the invention of computers when there ‘was a need to encrypt sensitive data transmitted over the Internet. As explained in the Chapter Opener, RSA public-key cryptography makes use of a complicated theorem involving prime numbers to encode data securely. Ifthe prime numbers chosen are large, it will take even the most sophisticated computers many years to crack the code. What would have happened if mathematicians had not studied prime numbers out of interest? F. Index notation ‘We have learnt that cm is the unit for area and cm’ is the unit for volume. ‘The area of a square with length 5 cm is 5 cm x 5 em =25 em’. 5x 5 can also be written as 5, which is read as‘5 squared’. ‘The volume of a cube with length 5 cm is 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm = 125 cm’. 5x 5x5 = 5°, which is read as ‘5 cubed’. What about 5 x 5 x 5 x 5? We can write 5 x 5 x 5 x 5.as 5%, which is read as‘S to the power of 4, where called the base and 4 is called the index (plural: indices) = 5*is called the index notation of 5 x 5 x 5x5. Notations Write 3 x 3 x 3 x 3x3 x3 x3 x 3 in index notation: eee as af resent the operation of How is the index notation useful? ‘neki brie anole ‘manner. This ensures that we do not have to write a whole string For example, instead of writing that the speed of light is about 300 000 000 m/s, ‘we can write this more concisely as 3 x 10" m/s. of numbers and multiplication signs, or so many zeros YPrime factorisation ee Consider a composite number, ¢.g. 18. = Pa It can be expressed as a product of prime factors as shown: ln 4 it x3x3 whole im = =2x3 fc lter pine number! i is called the abide me ttt “The process of expressing 18 as a product of its prime factors is calle rotate re there sony a prime factorisation of 18. {the order of the prin, eas Do not confuse the prime factorisation of 18 with finding the factors of 18: does not matter nother words, prime 18=1 x 18=2x9=3%6. are the building Boekg ; ‘numbers greater than Notice that the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18, which are not necessarily rime factors. Finding prime factorisation of number Find the prime factorisation of 60, leaving your answer in index notation. Rn eae) 3 “Solution Method 1: 60, + Inpractice, us aca divide Oby 2 obama 15 and write: 2, @=2% aK S + Then, divide 30 by 20 btin 15,and write 6 =242x + Then, divide 15 by 3 to cbtin 5,and write 60=2% 2435 Finally, check that vide 60 by the smallest prime factor and continue the process 2*2X3 xSisequlto6@ until we obtain 1. start with smallest —> 2 0 primefactor "2 | 30-=— divide 60 by 5 2toget 30 5 5 1 divide until we obtain 1 we x2x3x5, Px 3x5 gras i 1. Find the prime factorisation of 126, leaving your answer in index notation. 2. Express 792 as a product of its prime factors, Fear 3. (Express 2021 asa product ofits prime factors. — Gi) Given that a and b are whole numbers such that ais less than band a x b=202h write down all the possible pairs (a 6). ‘ CHAPTER (©) 26163 (a) 196000 (CHAPTER 9 Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common MultipleEEE imbers such that Given that x and y are whole mu lene than yand x xy = 2022, write down all the Devi uses 504 one-centimetre cubes to cuboid. The perimeter of the top of the. 20 cm. Each side of the cuboid is longer dare is pone pr (5 7- Find a possible height of the cuboid, 2. Ali wants to use 210 ‘one-centimetre cubes to make «cuboid such that each ofits sides is longer than em. There are 6 possible cuboids that he can ‘make. Find the dimensions of any 3 of them. Square roots and cube roots A. Squares and square roots In Section 1.1, we learnt that 5° = 5 x 5 = 25; we say that the square of 5, or 5 squared, is 25, The reverse is J25 = 5; we say that the square root of 25 is 5. Copy and complete the following: + Since 0° = 0 x 0 =0, then YO = YOx0 =0. « Since # = 11 = {9 then Vi = VT = (NB. «+ Since 2? = (NB x (GB = (NB, then /4 = JG ~ GD - GR «Since 3° = (U0) « (Q) - (ND. then J = V3 0, 1, 4and 9 are squares of whole numbers, and they are called perfect squares (or square numbers). What are the next three consecutive perfect squares? All perfect squares can be written as n?, where the square root 1 is a whole number. Worked Example 5 shows how we can find the square root ofa perfect square using prime factorisation. Finding square root using prime factorisation Panes} eo Find 324 using prime factorisation. i) “Solution 4 Method 1: 324 =2x2x3x3x3x3 =(2x3x3)x (2x33) =Qx3x37 + NBM =2%3%3 5125x5=25 ean 5 B ‘square root JB = 5eS=5 “This diagram i useful for illustrating an inverse santa 449 00 carn ighest Common Factor and Lo mi coneMethod 2: 324=2x2x3%3X3x3 2x3 o V30 = VP =2x3 18 1, Find V784 using j 2. Given that the prime factorisation of 7056 is 2! x 3? x 7, find ¥7056 without using a calculator. cn B. Cubes and cube roots = 5x 5x5 = 125; we say that the cube of 5, or 5 cubed, is 125. If we do the reverse, we get {125 = 5; we say that the cube root of 125 is 5. What is the value of /27 and of Y64 ? Copy and complete the following: x0x0=0,then YO = {0x0x0 =0. sthen Yi = xix = « Since 2° = (UB x (Bx then 48 = (x Gl < = x Dx - tnen {GP = Gaax 0, 1, 8and 27 are cubes of whole numbers, and they are called perfect cubes (or cube numbers). What are the next three consecutive perfect cubes? All perfect cubes can be writen as n, where the cube root mis a whole number. Worked Example 6 shows how we can find the cube root ofa perfect cube using prime factorisation. + Since 0" + Since I? = 1x 1x + Since 3° Finding cube root using prime factorisation Find 4/216 using prime factorisation. "Solution 2_| 216 Method 1: 2 | 108 216 =2x2x2x3x3x3 ae (2 3) x (2x3) x (2x3) 3. | 7 aay era o. YN6 =2%3 zea " 44 “The square ofthe sum of the digits ofa two-digit number, x, is equal to the number obtained when its digits are reversed. Find x. Notations “The superscript "represents the cube of a number and the symbol /~ represents the cube root of a number. “The diagram below represents the inverse relationship between ‘cube’ and ‘cube root’ Ba 5x5 x50 125 a ae é 15 ‘ube Foot MBS = S"S%S=5 “This diagram is useful for illustrating an inverse relationship. J - ‘a number to be a perfect ‘cube, the index of each prime factor must be a multiple of 3 Why? Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Comanon Multiple cuserney yy ftMethod 2: 216 = 2.x 2x2x3x3K3 =Px¥ 2 UI = 2x? =2x3 6 Find Y27H using prime factoris ‘The sm of he ees of ~ . 273; fl digits ofa two-digit number EEE 2 Given that the prime factorization ofs261is?x7find dete fstvord nk c Find y. peers {9261 without using a calculator. no) Problem involving perfect square and perfect cube Manoel (i) Use prime factors to explain why 6 x 24 is a perfect square. Srl Gi) kisa non-zero whole number. Given that 6 x 24 x kis a perfect cube, write down 7 the smallest value of k. ; (ii) p and q are both prime numbers. Find the values of p and q s0 that 624%; isa perfect cube. “Solution (i) 6x24 = (2x3) x (2x3) 8 x 3? “Alternative solution for(i) Since the index of each prime factor of 6 x 24 is even, 6x24 =(2x3)x (2x3) then 6 x 24 isa perfect square. Berea (ii) 6x 24x k= 2x PKK 2: 6 x 2A isa perfect square For k to be the smallest, k = 2? x 3 so that 2x 3? x k= 2! x 3 x (2? x 3) = 2x Vis , 91s pettect gabe, For 6 x24 x ktobea erect smallest value of k = 2* x 3 = 12 a hs nics of a oP factor must be a multiple of xox P ili) 6x24x— = (ii) a pand q must contain a factor of 2 or 3. Since p and q are prime numbers, then one of them must be 2 and the other 3 (cannot be a multiple of 2 or 3). For ex2ixt oben a 7 toa PB nacak cube, the index ofeach prime p= Bandq=2s0that 23!xE = 253 ¢ 2x? aaa is a perfect cube. ‘ CHAPTER I sroee ji 1. (Use prime factor to explain why 1513564 perfect square. Goldbach’s Conjecture states (ii)_kisa non-zero whole number. Given that 15 x 135 x k {hat every even number greater ; than canbe exprewed is a perfect cube, write down the smallest value of. jhe susuftwo tenes For (iii) p and q are both prime cab Find the values of ample. 452+ 2.6=.3 +3 and qs0 that 15x135%2, Conjecture hasbeen proven to and qs0 that 15%135%2 isa perfect cube, eae ibe eee 03» 10” by Olea Siva 2. (i) Express 2016 as the product of its prime factors. Beatie 200 se Gi) Given that 2216 4p, where m and n are whole Sine m numbers and 7 is as large as possible, find the value of mand of n. il) Find the smallest whole number h such that 2016 ig a cube number. C. Mental estimation of square roots and cube roots OO ‘What are the values of /50 and Y63? Since 50 = 2 x 5? is not a perfect square (why?), V50 is not a whole number. Similarly, since 63 = 3? x 7 is not a perfect cube (why?), {63 is not a whole number. So we cannot use the prime factorisation method to find /50 and ¢/63. In Worked Example 8, we will learn how to estimate the values of numbers such as 50 and Y63 mentally. Estimating square root and cube root Worked ‘ears Without using a calculator, estimate the value of 8 (a) V50, &) VB. "Solution (a) V50 = V49=7 (b) ¥63 ~ Yea = (a) Find the perfect square closest to 50, which is 49. Notice that we write Ea EAS §— Without using a calculator, estimate the value of fa 9, aa babi nr ae Ass iD. 50 = JS .30-V50 =7, CBE ns hats ) Vis (b) Find the perfect cube closest Pee ad 1063, which is 64, Fins Highest Common Factor ond Lowest Common Multiple cnrnn ygood e squares, square roots, cubes and cube root s D. Using calculator to evaluat ator are used to find the square, square root, cube and cube root of. “The following function keys on a calcul number. root key + i > Some calculators also have the cube root ww ‘When the evaluation involves a fraction, we can use the fraction ke eB For others, the cube root function can be found by pressing Using calculator to evaluate square, square root, cube and cube root Milla + /50 Example waluate &*¥°0 , jeaving your answer correct to 4 decimal Use calculator to evaluate "E> 1g yo places, » “Solution Method 1: Sequence of calculator keys GOeeeceuceueuBseetmcaoncen 8 +450 _ 92096 104 dp) ==. | For Method 1 ifyou donot ‘want to Key in the Sst pict brackets, you must press ‘Method 2: before pressing @. Why? Sequence of calculator keys: BSOeeqEeEb5b000eG0enNmEBnCe 8 +V50 Poyes = 02096 (t04 dp) eel 1 Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, leaving your answer correct 0 4 decimal places where necessary, eee (a) 23°+V05-7" Pe EEL eG 2013 eerie 2. The area of a square poster is 987 cm’, Find the perimeter of the poster, leaving you" answer correct to 1 decimal place, 3. Nadia has 2020 one-centi i ne Nal 'e-centimetre cubes. She makes the largest cube possible using 2020 cubes. How many cubes does she have left over? : a 4 14 ‘CHAPTER 1 . i Teme Primes, Highest Common Factor and1, In Worked Example 5, what is something new that I have learnt about perfect squares? 2, In Worked Example 6, what is something new that I have learnt about perfect cubes? 3. What have I learnt in this section that Iam still unclear off Exercise fis | Find each of the following using prime factorisation. (a) i764 (b) 576 (©) 2916 @) 3136 Given the prime factorisation of each of the following numbers, find its square root without using a calculator. (a) 9801 = 3*x 12? (b) 35721 =3°x7 (0) 24336=2'x 3? x 13° (€) 518.400 = 2" x 3° 5* Find each of the following using prime factorisation. (a) 93375 (o) 1728 (©) 5832 (a) {8000 Given the prime factorisation of each of the following numbers, find its cube root without using acalculator. (a) 21952=2°x 7? (b) 46 656 = 2° x 3° (©) 287496 =2°x 3x1 (d) 1728 000=2°x 3x5? Without using a calculator, estimate the value of each of the following. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, leaving your answer correct to 4 decimal places where necessary. Ses 555 +5 (a) 7° -V361+21" (b) Sane (ya +4913 Find the smallest non-zero whole number which ‘can be multiplied by 112 to give () square number, (ii) a cube number. ‘A textbook is opened at random. Without using a calculator, find the pages the textbook is opened to, given that the product of the facing numbers is 420. Hint: 400 is a perfect square. ‘The area of a square photo frame is 250 cm?. Find the perimeter of the photo frame, leaving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. ‘The volume of a box in the shape of a cube is 2197 cm’. Find the area of one side of the box. GIP Raju has 2020 one-centimetre square tiles. He makes the largest square possible using some of the 2020 square tiles. How many square tiles does he have left over? Use prime factors to explain why 6 x 54 is a perfect square. (ii)_kisanon-zero whole number. Given that 6 x 54x kis a perfect cube, write down the smallest value of k. (iii) p and q are both prime numbers. Find the values of p and q so that oxsaxh isa perfect cube. (a) J66 (o) 80 (©) y218 @ 730 Primes Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Maltiple GHAFTERY 5Exercise im Qo _ xpress 4704 asthe product of its prime factors. (4) Given that 204 «oF, where m and m are m whole numbers and 1 is as large as possible, find the value of m and of 7. (it) Find the smallest whole number cp that ma isa cube number. Highest common factor and lowest common multiple A. Highest common factor (HCF) In primary school, we have learnt about factors and common factors, €g. 18=1%18 30=1%30 x9 =2x15 =3x10 =5x6. x6, Factors of 18: % 18 Factors of 30: 5 10, 15, 30 «©. the common factors of 18 and 30 are 1, 2,3 and 6. (Of all the common factors of 18 and 30, the highest is 6. ‘We say that the highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 30 is 6. == agin This method of finding the HF of two or more non-zero whole numbers is called the 8n430s 1 In fat host Hating method perc a ‘What is the HCF of 504 and 588? isalways 1 504 has 24 factors while 588 has 18 factors. Altogether, 504 and 588 have 12 common factors, ‘The listing method to find the HCF of 504 and 588 is tedious because it involves many factors and common factors We will now learn more efficient methods to find the HCF of two or more numbers. Fj Finding HCF of two numbers eae) : ‘ eal Find the highest common factor of 18 and 30. GLoyy “Solution ‘Method 1: Prime factorisation ‘common prime factors common prime factor x3 oe wee ; i 30edabcls fe 5 common factors ie, choose 3 with the 2 x 3-—— smaller index eon Comoro ort ae Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lo" OFMethod 2: Ladder method comm prime factor 18, 30 + divide 18 and 30 by 2to get 9 and 15 9, 15 + divide 9 and 15 by 3 to get 3 and 5 3, 5 + stop dividing when there are Y 10 CO 10 e fa Her of weadaneats no common prime factors AGUA §— 1, Find the highest common factor of 56 and 84 using een both methods. Further Question sosests 2, Using the prime factorisation method, find the largest 2, ‘The largest whole number Clean whole number that is a factor of both 112 and 140. te oa 3. The numbers 504 and 588, written as the products of their and 140, prime factors, are 504 = 2° x 3? x 7 and 588 = 2? x 3.x 7", Hence, explain why 84 is the greatest whole number that will divide both 504 and 588 exactly. Finding HCE of three numbers pened Find the HCF of 40, 60 and 100. Sees hypy “Solution Method 1: Prime factorisation ‘common factors are 2? and 5, i.e. choose each of the common common prime factors prime factors with the smallest index tt ' or HCF of 40, 60and100=2x2 x5 =20 Method 2: Ladder method 2] | 40, 60, 100 «divide 40, 60 and 100 by 2 to get 20, common] — 30and 50 prime <*|2] | 20, 30, 50 «—divide 20, 30 and 50 by 2 to get 10, 15 factors \ ae a 5 10, 15, 25 «—divide 10, 15 and 25 by 5 to get 2,3 rs ———— and 5 2, 3, 5 «stop dividing when there are no common prime factors HCE of 40, 60 and 100 = 2x25 =20 Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple HAPTER 7=r i7;°;~&~» | Ea nd the HCF of 90, 135 and 270. — | Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If itis true, explain your reasoning. Ifitis false, give a counterexample. (@) If6 isa factor of a number, then 2 and 3 are also factors ofthat number | () If 2and 3 are factors ofa number, then 2 x 3 = 6s also a factor of that number | (6) f2 and 4 are factors ofa number, then 2% 4 = 8s also a factor of that number. (d) Iffis a factor of n, then ~ is also a factor of n. (©) If his the HCP of p and g, then both p and q are divisible by h. B. Lowest common multiple (LCM) In primary school, we have learnt about multiples and common multiples, eg. Multiples of: 4, 8 16, 20, (24,28, 32, (36, 40, Multiples of 6: 6, 18, 30, 2, ou «the common multiples of 4 and 6 are 12, 24, 36, How many common multiples of 4 and 6 are there? ‘What is the highest common multiple of 4 and 6 “The highest common multiple of any two or more non-tem fall the common multiples of 4 and 6, the lowest is 12. whole numbers is aways undefined, ‘We say that the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 4 and 6 is 12. ‘This method of finding the LCM of two or more non-zero whole numbers is called the listing method. ‘What is the LCM of 504 and 540? ‘The LCM is the 15® multiple of 504 and the 14* multiple of 540. It would be very tedious to ist the first 15 multiples of 504 and the first 14 multiples of $40 to find the LCM. ‘We will now learn more efficent methods to find the LCM of two or more numbers, L yg curt ai Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest ComsatFinding LCM ‘The product of 4 and 6, i. 24, is a common multiple of 4 and 6. However, using the listing method, we found that, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12. ‘We see that the LCM of 4 and 6 cannot be found by taking the product of all the prime factors in the prime factorisation of 4 and 6, i.e, LOM # (2 x 2) x (2x 3). So why is the LCM equal to 12 (= 2x 2 3)? Since the LCM of 4 and 6 is a multiple of 4 and a multiple of 6, we get: 4xh=6xk xh=BxBlxk xx h =Bix k xi) Both sides of the equation contain a prime factor i (highlighted in green). But the left-hand side (LHS) of the equation contains another prime factor 2\(highlighted in blue), which the right-hand side (RHS) of the equation does not have. So k =[2 (since we want k to be the smallest). Now, the RHS of the equation contains a prime factor (highlighted in purple), which the LHS does not have. So h =B{(since we want h to be the smallest). 2 LCM of 4 and 6 =2x2x8 From the above explanation, we derive the prime factorisation method of finding the LCM of 4 and 6 as shown below: common prime factor: choose the common factor (ie. 2) take only one with the higher index (why?) - 6-123 noe 2x3 ‘The ladder method for finding the LCM of 4 and 6 is as follows: common prime —>| 6 < divide 4 and 6 by 2 to get 2.and 3 factor |<— stop dividing when there are no common prime factors LCM of 4 and 6 = =12 = 12 remaining factors Frm igct Common Fad and Lovet Common Maple uri yg ibers inding LCM of two numbe Meise! ed helowest common multiple of 30 and 36. ean may “Solution Method 1: Prime factorisation choose each of the common prime fy (ie. 2 and 3) with the higher index a the remaining factor (ie, 5) tors nd common prime factors LCM of 30 and 36 = 2x2x3x3x5 = 180 ‘Method 2: Ladder method a 30, 36-<— divide 30 and 36 by 2 to get 15 and 18 prime 15, 18 divide 15 and 18 by 3 to get 5 and 6 factors je 5 6]<- stop di no common prime factors ing when there are Find the lowest common multiple of 24 and 90 using both methods. ‘The numbers 120 and 126, written as the products of their prime factors, anne are 120 = 2° x 3 x 5 and 126 = 2x 3" x 7, Hence, find the smallest non-zero whole rae number that is divisible by both 120 and 126, Finding LCM of three numbers Find the LCM of 12, 18 and 56, 13 Bel ‘Method 1: Prime factorisation Worked fee choose each of the common prime factors (i.e. 2 and 3) with the highest index and the remaining factor (i.e. 7) common prime factors or Ginn i 20 ine Highest Coma Faso a aweMethod 2: Ladder method these 3 numbers have no start with the smallest common prime factors, but 6 and common prime factor —p 28 have a common prime factor 3 3isa.common prime —> factor of 3 and 9, so we divide 3 and 9 by 3 [+ stop dividing when there are no common prime factors between any two numbers LCM of 12, 18 and 56 =2x2x3x3x 14 =504 remaining factors Find the LCM of, 30nd 108 Further Ex Multiples Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false Ifit is true, explain your reasoning. Ifit is false, give a counterexample (a) 16 is a multiple of a number, then 12 is also a multiple of that number. (b) If 12 is a multiple of a number, then 6 is also a multiple of that number. (©) If 18 isa multiple of a number, then 18 is divisible by that number. (d) If mis a multiple of n, then * is a whole number. (6) If lis the LCM of p and q, then lis divisible by both p and q. Finding factors of number A number has exactly 8 factors, two of which are 6 and 27. List all the factors of the number. Meine Example 14 Be 6 7 x3 List the factors ofthe LOM of 7 6 and 27 to seeif there are 8 4 factors. Since there ae factors, LCM of 6 and 27 x3 then the number is the LCM of =54 Gand 27. ereer Ir there are ess than 8 factors, * try to multiply the LCM by 2x27 4 prime number to sei the =3x18 resulta exactly 8 factors (sce uo Practte Now 14 Question 2). Sometimes, it is possible | - the number is 54 and its factors are 1, 2, 3,6, 9, 18,27 and 54. bain more thas one answer (Gee Exercise 1C Question 2. Primes: Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple ournnr 97 i27 and 45, List all the factors of factors, two of whic ‘A number has exactly 8 the number. 2. Anumber has exactly 8 factors number. «, two of which are 4 and 20. List all the factors of the | | | | | Finding number given another number and their ou WEES. Find the smallest value of n such that the LCM of n and 6 is 24. ee "Solution common prime factor: Tht arene qution ug rine fcorinion take only one ‘se il appl ‘method | There is at mos one , n-2}x2*2 Prime factor between nana | ‘The fest factor2 for nlite eer ere % 3 common with the factor fr g, | tot Wedo not ui factor inaeve LCM = 2x2x3 LCM =24=2 x2x2x3 ‘want 1 10 be the smallest. i ee ‘The other two factors(2and2) wms2x2x2=8 must be the factors of n, 1. Find the smallest value of n such that the LCM of n and 15 is 45. 2. The LCM of 9, 12 and k is 252. If k is odd, find all the possible values of k. Finding numbers given their HCF and LOM ‘The highest common factor of two numbers is 56. ‘The lowest common multiple of these two numbers is 2520. 4 [cfp Both numbers are greater than 56. Find the two numbers. Na] ea *Solution Weill use Pélya's Problem Solving Model to guide us in solving this problem. Stage I: Understand the problem in ato uestion because the two numbers are not given but their HCF and LCM et cue also given to be greater than theit HF, so neither of them can be equsl!© | | } | ‘ CHAPTER |Stage 2: Think of a plan Since the HCF is a factor of each of the two numbers, then both numbers must contain the HCF asa factor as shown: Let the two numbers be a and b, HCF= 56 = LCM = 2520 = 28817) x Since the LCM contains three more factors (i factors into a and b such that: + the HCF is stilll2"%7 (i.e. we cannot ‘give’ one to a and the other to b, or else the HCF will become 2°%7 x3); + both a and bare greater than the HCF (ie. we cannot ‘give’ all the remaining factors to only a or b; since we ‘give’ to one of them, we have to givelS to the other number). 3 and), we have to distribute these Stage 3: Carry out the plan HCE = 56 =2°x7 LOM = 2520 = 2° x 38x 5x7 = (2x7) x 3X5 Let the two numbers be a and b. It does not matter whether we ‘give Htoaortob. ©. the two numbers are 2° x 7 x 3? = 504 and 2° x 7 x 5 = 280. Stage 4: Look back How can we check that the answer is correct? Method 1: Find the HCF and LCM of 280 and 504, Method 2: Use the fact that the product of the two numbers a and b, is equal to the product of their HCF and =. LCM, ax b= HCE x LCM (why?). othe equaltoHCF x LGM,” ‘Check: 280 x 504 = 141 120 See Challenge Yourself HCF x LCM = 56 x 2520 = 141 120 ae cg ‘The lowest common multiple of these two numbers is 4410. eae s Both numbers are greater than their highest common factor. Find the two numbers. 2. The numbers 240 and 252, written as the products of their prime factors, are 240 = 2 x 3 x Sand 252 = 2? x 3’ x 7. Find (i) the smallest non-zero whole number n for which 240n is a multiple of 252, (ii) the smallest non-zero whole number m for which 240 ig a factor of 252. Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple cusere93Pees em C. Real-life applications of HCF and LCM Petal A {We have learnt how prime numbers can help us find the HCF and LCM of two or more numbers. In this sectgg will solve some real-life problems involving HCF and LCM. Real-life problem involving LCM ‘The lights on thre lightships flash at regular intervals, The first light flashes every 1g the second every 30 seconds and the third every 40 seconds. The three lights flash to, is, Behera 10.00 p.m. At what time will they next flash together? “Solution 18=2x3 30=2%3x5 40=2°x5 ©. LCM of 18, 30 and 40 = 2? 3° x 5 = 360 360 second: minutes ~. the three lights will next flash together at 10.06 p.m. 1. Three bells toll at regular intervals of 15 minutes, 16 minutes and 36 minutes | fo respectively. Ifthey toll together at 2.00 p.m., what time will they next Eee loch Q ei 2 ‘ing has three pieces of rope measuring 140 cm, 168 cm and 210 cm. She wishes to.cut the three pieces of rope equally into smaller pieces without any leftover rope. (What isthe greatest possible length of each of the smaller pieces of rope? (i) How many smaller pieces of rope can she cut altogether? Introduct ry Problem Revisited Now that you have learnt about HCF and LCM, solve the Introductory Problem and discuss your solution with your classmates, ee 1. What do I already know about common factors a HCF and LCM are? 2. When faced with a real-life problem involvi oes “ing HCF or LCM, how do I tell whether to use HCE or LCM tind {oa eam Pins gia Goma Faorralioweremen |Exercise ey @ Find the highest common factor of each of the following sets of numbers. (@) 12and30 (b) 13. and 91 (©) 126 and 240 (d) 180 and 450 (©) Mand 31 () 64and 81 Find the largest whole number that is a factor of both 156 and 168. Find the highest common factor of each of the following sets of numbers. (@) 15,60 and 75 (©) 336,392 and 504 (©) 7,17 and 23 (b) 360, 540, 882 (@)_ 77,91 and 143, (8 252, 588 and 840 Explain why 48 is the largest whole number that is a factor of 288, 336 and 480. Find the lowest common multiple of each of the following sets of numbers. (a) 45 and 60 (©) S4and 240 (e) 27 and 32 (b) 42 and 462 (@) 1and19 (78 and 352 Explain why 1040 is the smallest non-zero whole number that is divisible by both 80 and 104, Find the lowest common multiple of each of the following sets of numbers. (a) 12,18 and 81 (© 3,7and 11 (©) 26,52 and 104 (b) 63,80 and 102 (a) 25,27 and 32 (f) 91, 143 and 169 @ Find the smatiest non-zero whole number that is divisible by 315, 378 and 392. ‘Anumber has exactly 8 factors, two of which are 10 and 125. List all the factors of the number. ‘A number has exactly 12 factors, two of which are 40 and 100. List all the factors of the number. @ Find the smallest value of k such that the LCM of kand 6 is 60. (GB) The numbers 792 and 990, written asthe products | of their prime factors, are 792=2x3?x and | | 990 = 2x 3?x 5 x 11. Hence, explain why 198 is the greatest whole number that will divide both 792 and 990 exactly. G3) The numbers 1080, 1188 and 1815, written as the products of their prime factors, are 1080 = 2° x 3° x 5, 1188 = 2? x 3? x 11 and 1815 = 3x 5 x 112, Hence, find the greatest ‘whole number that will divide 1080, 1188 and 1815 exactly. ‘The numbers 176 and 342, written as the products of their prime factors, are 176 = 2' x 11 and 342 = 2x 3° x 19, Hence, find the smallest non-zero whole number that is divisible by both 176 and 342. GS) ‘The numbers 1120, 1276 and 1450, written as the products of their prime factors, are 1120 = 2° 5 x 7, 1276 = 2? x 11x 29 and 1450 = 2 x 5* x 29. Hence, find the smallest non-zero whole number that is divisible by 1120, 1276 and 1450. 6) A number has exactly 8 factors, two of which are 4 and 26, List all the factors ofthe number, GP) The LOM of n, 28 and 49 is 588. I'm is odd, find all the possible values of n. (8) The highest common factor of two numbers is 175. The lowest common multiple ofthese two numbers is 12.600, Both numbers are greater than their highest common factor. Find the two numbers 49) (Express 1050 as the product ofits prime factors. (ii) Find two numbers, both greater than 40, that have highest common factor of 21 and a lowest common multiple of 1050. Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple CHAPTER | 25}Cae | j 4 Exercise EQ (26) shufen needs to pack 171 pens, 63 pencils and ind two numbers that each have exactly 16 | j | tw fag se lentical i jich are 8 and 12. ctor, 27 erasers equally into identical gift bags. Find ‘0 of which are 8 and (i) the largest number of gift bags that can be packed, (ii) the number of each item in a gift bag. ‘The LCM of m, 49 and 63 is 882. Find 6 possi, values of m. (GA) sweets are sold in packs of 120 while mini ‘The numbers 528 and 540, written a the roduc chocolate bars are sold in packs of 18. of their prime factors, are 528 = 2% 3x 11 ang Siti bought the same number of sweets as. mini 540 = 2? x 3° x 5. Hence, find | chocolate bars. (i) the smallest non-zero whole numberh for ij | | Find the least number of packs of sweets that she which 528h is a multiple of $40, |) could have bought. (ii). the smallest whole number k for which 228 | iH a factor of 540, eS) | (2) Two race cars, Car X and Car Y, are at the starting | os: Potton kan trac st the sate tte, Gar ‘The numbers 630 and 1248, written as the products i and Car ¥ make one lap every 60 s and every 80s oftheir prime factors, are 630 =2x3?x3x7and | respectively. 1248 = 2 x 3 x 13, Find (How long, in seconds, will it take for both cars dia acer a aes esis Le tobe back at the starting point at the same time? ‘which 6307 is a multiple of 1248, (ii) How long, in minutes, will it take for the faster ss ey 1248 car to be 5 laps ahead of the slower car? (ii) the smallest whole number m for which > is a factor of 630. (23) Kumar wishes to cut the biggest possible squares fipuh d rectangular sheet of paper without say A class has between 30 to 40 students. Each boyin ‘fiver paper, Tbe ahect of peper hes a lsgth of the class brings 15 chocolate bars for a class party. 65 em and a breadth of S0.em, ‘The chocolate bars are shared equally among the () Whats the length of each square? 20 girls ofthe class and their form teacher. There (ii) How many squares can he cut altogether? are no leftovers. | (i) How many students are there in the class? (ii) How many chocolate bars does their form teacher receive? 26 ar Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Commra | In this chapter, we learnt about prime numbers, the building blocks of whole numbers greater than 1. We also learnt that whole numbers greater than 1 can be classified into two categories: prime numbers and composite numbers. Here are a few important lessons you must remember as we move forward: 1, Definitions in mathematics are important because they allow us to specify the properties of mathematical objects, such as prime numbers. We must learn to understand and apply them as we examine new mathematical objects. 2. Index notations help us write the prime factorisation of a number more concisely. Notations are important because they help us represent mathematical objects and their operations or relationships in a more concise and precise manner. 3. We can use the prime factorisation of two or more numbers to find their highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM). There are many useful applications of primes, HCF and LCM, both in mathematics and in the real world. INIA Ab 1. A prime number is a whole number that has exactly 2 different factors, 1 and itself. Examples of prime numbers are 2 and 7. + Give two other examples. 2. (a) A composite number is a whole number that has more than 2 different factors. Examples of composite numbers are 6 and 15. + Give two other examples. (b) The process of expressing a composite number as a product of its prime factors is known as prime factorisation, eg. 18 = 2 x 3x3 (or 2x3) + Give another example of prime factorisation. 3. Whole numbers can be classified into three groups as shown below. Fill in the blanks. Whole numbers (0, 1,2, Neither prime nor Prime numbers Composite numbers composite has exactly 2 different factors _-has more than 2 different factors (and) (2,3,5,7, 11,...). (4,6, 8,9, 10, ...). 4. A perfect square (or square number) is a whole number whose square root is also a whole number. ‘An example of a perfect square is 25 because 25 = 5°, or Y25 = 5. + Give two other examples of perfect squares and find their square roots. > , 00 aa. oa--9)- W fichier eeee ee © 3. 6. ‘The highest common factor (HCP) of two or more numbers is the perfect cube (or cube number) isa whole number ‘An example of a perfect cube is 125 because 125 = 5° 0" + Give two other ex: numbers, eg. the HCE of 18 and 30 is 6. + Give another example. ‘The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two or more nu the numbers, e.g. the LCM of 12, 18 and 56 is 504. + Give another example. Think of a real-life problem that you can use the HCF or number whose ids = 5. amples of perfect cubes andl find th ec cea cube root is also a whole number, cir cube roots. largest factor that is common to all the bers is the smallest multiple that is common to al the LCM to help you solve. Ee 1 Explain whether each of the following numbers is 6. prime or composite, (a) 753 (b) 7: Find each of the following using prime factorisation, (a) ins () Vive Estimate the value of each of the following. % @) Ve () 55 ‘The numbers 840 and 8316, written as the products of their prime factors, are 84 x 3x 5x7 and 8316 = 2° x 3x7 x 11. Hence, find (the greatest whole number that will divide g both 840 and 8316 exactly, : (Gi) the smallest non-zero whole number that is divisible by both 840 and 8316. ‘The LCM of 6, 12 and nis 660. Find all the possible values of n. Naudia needs to arrange 108 stalks of roses, 81 stalks oflilies and 54 stalks of orchids into identical baskets so that each type of flower is equally distributed among the baskets, Find @ the largest number of baskets that can be arranged, the number of each type of flower in a basket ALS5A5 p.m,, Joyce, Bernard and Weiming are at the starting point of a 1-km circular path. Joyce takes 15 minutes to walk 1 round, Bernard needs 360 seconds to run 1 round and ‘Weiming cycles 2 rounds in 6 minutes. Find the time when all three of them will next meet at the starting point. Vani and Li Ting work in different companies Vani has a day off every fourth day while Li Ting a day off every sixth day, Vani’s last day off was °™ 29 April while Li Ting’s was on 1 May. ; (Note: There are 30 days in April and 31 daysin M** (When will they next have the same day of? (i) Subsequently, how often will they have th same day off? Highest Common Factor and Lowest ™™ES TE ES 9. The numbers 504 and 810, written as the products 10, (i) _ Use prime factors to explain why 15 x 375 isa of their prime factors, are 504 = 2° x 3° x 7 and perfect square. 810 = 2x3" 5. Find (ii)_kisa non-zero whole number. Given that (i) the smallest non-zero whole number n for 15 x 375 x kis a perfect cube, write down the which 504n is a multiple of 810, smallest value of k. (ii). the smallest whole number m for which 2 (iii) p and q are both prime numbers. Find the m is a factor of 810. values of p and q so that sxa75e isa perfect cube. Hints for Challenge Yourself are provided on page 206. 1. Anew school has 1000 students, and 1000 closed lockers numbered 1 to 1000. The first student opens all the 1000 lockers. ‘The second student closes all lockers with numbers that are multiples of 2 ‘The third student ‘reverses’ all lockers with numbers that are multiples of 3 — he closes the locker if it is open, and opens the locker ifit is closed. ‘The fourth student reverses all lockers with numbers that are multiples of 4, and so forth until all the 1000 students reverse the relevant lockers. Which lockers will be left open in the end? Guiding questions (based on Pélya’s Problem Solving Model) Stage 1: Understand the problem (a) What do you understand by the term ‘reverses’ the locker? Stage 2: Think of a plan (b) Can you simplify the problem for, say, 10 lockers? Stage 3: Carry out the plan (©) What do you notice about the locker numbers that are let open in the end? Is there a pattern? (d) How do you know that the pattern will be true for 1000 lockers? Stage 4: Look back (©) How can you check if your answer is correct? 2. The figure shows a shape made up of three identical squares. Divide it into four identical parts. rims Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple curren 994, 8. 9% “The figure shows the face ofa clock with the numbers 1 to 12. a o (0) Which ar the six adjacent numbers such that the sum of every Pair adjacent numbers for these six numbers is a prime number? Gi). Rearrange the other six numbers so that the sum of every pair of adjacent any ways are there to do this? numbers is a prime number. How m: ‘The diagonal of a 6-by-4 rectangle passes through 8 squares as shown in the figure. 4 a formula for the number of squares passed through by a diagonal of a m-by-n rectangle. Find the HCF and LCM of 120 and 126. ii) Show that the product of the HCF and LCM of 120 and 126 is equal to the product of 120 and 126, By looking at their prime factorisation, explain why this is so. (iii) Can you generalise the result in part (ii) for any two numbers? Explain your answer. (iv)_Can you generalise the result in part (ii) for any three numbers? Explain your answer. (i) _ Find the least number of cuts required to cut 12 identical sausages so that they can be shared equally among 18 people. (Note: Each cut made to a sausage is considered one cut.) (Gi) Find the least number of cuts, in terms of m and n, required to cut m identical sausages so that they can be shared equally among m people. Yi Hao thinks of seven different non-zero whole numbers that are relatively prime to one another, ie. the highest common factor of any two of them is 1. What is the least possible sum of these seven numbers? Find the largest number of composite numbers less than 2020 that are relatively prime to one another. A fast food restaurant sells nuggets in boxes of three different t types: small, medi A small box contains 6 nuggets, a medium box 9 nuggets and a large box 2 Se 0 nuggets. Albert wants to buy exactly 41 nuggets. How many boxes ofeach type should he buy? Cheryl wants to buy exactly 22 nuggets. Is it posible to do so? Explain . ) What is the least number of nuggets, n, such that itis ; nuggets, exactly n + 2 nuggets, and so forth? Explain, Possible to buy exactly n nuggets, exactly +! ERY we So