Angles and Their

Measurement
Lecture
Overview of Lessons
1. Concept of Length of an Arc
2. Unit Circle
The Concept of Length of Arc
2 2
• The graph of the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 is the
unit circle having its center at the origin and
𝑦
radius 1. 0, 1

−1, 0
𝑥
1, 0

0, −1
The Concept of Length of Arc
3

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2
3
2 2 1 1
1
1, 0 3 1, 0 1, 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑂 𝑂 -3 𝑂
-1
-1
-2 -2 -1
-2
-3
𝑎 𝑏 -3 𝑐
The Concept of Length of Arc
• Let 𝒰 be the unit circle. There is a one-to-one
correspondence between the lengths of all arcs
of 𝒰, starting at the initial point 1, 0 , and the
elements of the set ℛ of real numbers.
• The positive side of the real number line is
“wrapped around” 𝒰 in a counterclockwise
sense while the negative side is “wrapped
around” 𝒰 in a clockwise sense.
The Concept of Length of Arc
• An arc with initial point at 1, 0 and with
terminal point in a counterclockwise direction
from 1, 0 has an arc length of a positive
number.
• An arc with initial point at 1, 0 and with
terminal point in a clockwise direction from
1, 0 has an arc length of a negative number.
The Concept of Length of Arc
• The circumference of 𝒰 is 2𝜋.
• The distance one-half of the way around 𝒰 is 𝜋.
1
• The distance one-fourth of the way is 𝜋.
2
1
• The distance one-eight of the way is 𝜋.
4
• And so on.
The Concept of Length of Arc
𝑦
1
2 𝜋 1
𝜋 2 𝜋
3 3 3 1
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
5 1
𝜋 𝜋
6 6

𝜋 𝑥
1, 0
7
𝜋 11
6 𝜋
5 6
𝜋 7
4 𝜋
4 5 4
𝜋 3 𝜋
3 𝜋 3
2
The Concept of Length of Arc
𝑦
3
4 − 𝜋 5
− 𝜋 2 − 𝜋
5 3 3 7
− 𝜋 − 𝜋
4 4
7 11
− 𝜋 − 𝜋
6 6
1, 0
−𝜋 𝑥
5
− 𝜋 1
6 − 𝜋
3 6
− 𝜋 1
4 − 𝜋
2 1 4
− 𝜋 1 − 𝜋
3 − 𝜋 3
2
The Concept of Length of Arc
• The length of arc of 𝒰 is given in terms of 𝜋.
• However, the approximate value of 𝜋 is 3.14.
1 3
• Thus, 𝜋 ≈ 1.57, 𝜋 ≈ 4.71, 2𝜋 ≈ 6.28,
2 2
3 1
•− 𝜋 ≈ −2.36, − 𝜋 ≈ −1.05, …
4 3
Example 1
• Show by a figure the location on 𝒰 of the
terminal point of the arc having initial point at
1, 0 and having the given arc length; also state
the quadrant in which the terminal point lies.
1
a) 𝜋 c) 2
12
5
b) − 𝜋 d) −0.79
8
Solution to Example 1a)
1 1
• Because 0 < 𝜋 < 𝜋, the terminal point is in
12 2
the first quadrant. 𝑦

1
𝜋
12
𝑥
1, 0
Solution to Example 1b)
5 1
• Because −𝜋 < − 𝜋 < − 𝜋, the terminal point
8 2
is in the third quadrant. 𝑦

1, 0
𝑥

5
− 𝜋
8
Solution to Example 1c)
• Because 1.57 < 2 < 3.14, the terminal point is
in the second quadrant.
𝑦

𝑥
1, 0
Solution to Example 1d)
• Because −1.57 < −0.79 < 0, the terminal point
is in the fourth quadrant.
𝑦

1, 0
𝑥

−0.79
The Concept of Length of Arc
• If the length of an arc from 1, 0 is more than
2𝜋 or less than −2𝜋, the wrapped part of the
number line will traverse more than the
circumference of 𝒰.
11
• Thus, the terminal point of the arc of length 𝜋
11 53
is in the fourth quadrant since 𝜋 = 2𝜋 + 𝜋
3 5 3 3
and 𝜋 < 𝜋 < 2𝜋.
2 3
Definition of Terms
• An angle is the union of two rays called the
sides, having a common end point called the
vertex.
• An angle having its vertex at the origin and
having one side, called the initial side, lying on
the positive side of the 𝑥 axis is said to be in
standard position.
Definition of Terms
• Any angle is congruent to some angle in
standard position.
• The figure shows an angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 in standard
position with 𝑂𝐴 as the initial side. 𝑦

• The other side, 𝑂𝐵, is called the B

terminal side. O 𝑥
A
Definition of Terms
• The angle is positive if 𝑂𝐴 is rotated in a
counterclockwise direction to 𝑂𝐵 and negative if
it is rotated in a clockwise direction.
• If the terminal side lies on an axis, 𝑦

the angle is said to be quadrantal.

B

O A 𝑥
Definition of Terms
• Greek letters are often used to represent angles, and
the direction of rotation is indicated by an arc with
an arrow at its end point.
• In the figure, 𝛼 is positive and its
𝑦
terminal side lies in the first
quadrant, 𝛽 is negative and 𝛾
𝛼
lies in the second quadrant,
O 𝑥
and 𝛾 is positive and quadrantal. 𝛽
The Radian Measure of an Angle
• Consider an angle 𝜃 in standard position, and let
its terminal side intersect the unit circle 𝒰 at 𝑃,
the terminal point of the arc of length 𝑡
measured along 𝒰 from the point 1, 0 . 𝑦
𝑡
• There is a one-to-one correspondence 𝑃 𝜃
1, 0
between the set of real numbers 𝑂 𝑥
and all angles 𝜃 in standard position.
The Radian Measure of an Angle
• The number 𝑡 corresponding to the angle 𝜃 is a
measure of the size of the angle.
• When 𝑡 is positive, the angle has a
𝑦
counterclockwise rotation, and when 𝑡 is 𝑡
negative, the rotation is clockwise. 𝑃 𝜃
1, 0
• The measurement of the angle for 𝑂 𝑥

which 𝑡 = 1 is called a radian.

Definition
• If an angle has its vertex at the center of the unit
circle 𝒰 and intercepts on 𝒰 an arc of length 1,
the angle has a measurement of 1 radian.
• If the measurement of an angle 𝜃 is 𝑡
𝑦

radians, we write 𝑚𝑅 𝜃 = 𝑡. 𝑡=1

1, 0
• The equality is read as “the radian 𝑂 𝑥

measure of angle 𝜃 is 𝑡.” 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

Definition
• One complete revolution of the terminal side
from the initial side in the counterclockwise
direction generates an angle of radian measure
2𝜋. 𝑦

• More than one complete revolution in the

counterclockwise direction generates 1, 0
an angle of radian measure 𝑂 2𝜋 𝑥

greater than 2𝜋.

Definition
• Coterminal angles are those in standard
position that have the same terminal side.
• In the figure, 𝛼 and 𝛽 are coterminal angles.𝑦
𝛼
𝛽 1, 0
𝑂 𝑥
Example 2
• Find the radian measure of the smallest positive
angle that is coterminal with the angle having
the given radian measure.
2
a) − 𝜋
3
11
b) 𝜋
4
c) 7.15
Solution to Example 2
2 4
a) 2𝜋 − 𝜋 = 𝜋
3 3
11 3
b) 𝜋 − 2𝜋 = 𝜋
4 4
c) 7.15 − 6.28 = 0.87
Definition
• A central angle of a circle is one whose vertex is
at the center of the circle.
• The figure shows a circle of radius 𝑟 and a
𝑦
central angle 𝜃. The angle intercepts on the
circle an arc of length 𝑠. 𝑡
𝑠
𝜃 𝑟, 0
𝑥
𝑂 1, 0
Derivation of Arc Length Formula
• The ratio of the arc lengths 𝑡 and 𝑠 is equal to
the ratio of the radii of the two circles.
𝑡 1
• Thus = and 𝑟𝑡 = 𝑠.
𝑠 𝑟 𝑦

𝑠
𝑡
𝜃 𝑟, 0
𝑥
𝑂 1, 0
Theorem 1
• If 𝑟 is the radius of a circle and 𝑡 is the radian
measure of a central angle that intercepts on the
circle an arc of length 𝑠. Then 𝑠 = 𝑟𝑡.
• If 𝑟 = 3 and 𝑡 = 2, then 𝑠 = 6. 𝑦

• This means that on a circle of radius 𝑠

3 units, a central angle of 2 𝜃
𝑡
𝑟, 0
𝑥
radians intercepts on the circle 𝑂 1, 0

an arc of length 6 units.

Definition
• A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an
arc of the circle and the sides of a central angle.
𝐵
𝑠
𝑡
𝐴
𝑟
𝑂
Derivation of Sector Formula
• The ratio of the area of the sector to the area of
the circle is equal to the ratio of the length of the
intercepted arc to the circumference of the
𝐵
circle. 𝑠
𝑡
𝐾 𝑠 1 𝐴
• Thus = and 𝐾 = 𝑟𝑠. 𝑂
𝑟

𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑟 2
1 2
• Replacing 𝑠 by 𝑟𝑡, we have 𝐾 = 𝑟 𝑡.
2
Example 3
• A circle of radius 6 inches has a sector whose
1
central angle has radian measure 𝜋. Find the
3
arc length and the area of the sector.
Solution to Example 3
1
• Given 𝑟 = 6 and 𝑡 = 𝜋.
3
1
• 𝑠 = 𝑟𝑡 = 6 𝜋 = 2𝜋
3
• Thus the arc length is 2𝜋 inches.
1 2 1 2 1
•𝐾 = 𝑟 𝑡 = 6 𝜋 = 6𝜋
2 2 3
• Hence the area of the sector is 6𝜋 square inches.
Definition
• If a circle has a central angle subtended by an arc
1
whose length is of the circumference of the
360
circle, the angle is said to have degree measure
1.
• An angle formed by one complete revolution, so
that the terminal side coincides with the initial
side, has degree measure of 360 and radian
measure of 2𝜋.
Correspondence
• 180° corresponds to 𝜋 radians
𝜋
• 1° corresponds to radian
180
180
• 1 radian corresponds to
𝜋
𝜋 9
• 162° ~ 162 ∙ radians ~ 𝜋 radians
180 10
5𝜋 5𝜋 180°
• radians ~ ∙ ~ 75°
12 12 𝜋
Example 4
• Find the degree measure to the nearest
hundredth of a degree for the angle having the
given radian measure (let 𝜋 = 3.1416).
𝑅 5
a) 𝑚 𝛼 = 𝜋
7
b) 𝑚𝑅 𝛽 = 0.3826
The D-M-S Format
• 60 minutes is equivalent to 1 degree
• 60 seconds is equivalent to 1 minute
• 3600 seconds is equivalent to 1 degree
′ 14 46 °
• Thus 26°14 46" = 26 + +
60 3600
°
• = 26 + 0.233 + 0.013 = 26.25°
Example 5
• Find the distance on the surface of the earth
from a point having latitude 38.40° N to the
closest point on the equator. Assume that the
earth is a sphere of radius 3960 miles.
Solution to Example 5
𝜋
• 38.40° ~ 38.40 ≈ 0.6702
180
• Thus 𝑠 = 𝑟𝑡
• = 3960 0.6702
• = 2654
• Therefore the distance is 2654 miles.
Exercises A
• Show by a figure the location on 𝒰 of the
terminal point of the arc having initial point at
1, 0 and having the given arc length; also state
the quadrant in which the terminal point lies.
1 17
1) 𝜋 3) 1.23 5) 𝜋
7 6
3 8
2) 𝜋 4) −5 6) − 𝜋
4 7
Exercises B
• Find the radian measure of the smallest positive
angle that is coterminal with the angle having the
given radian measure and draw a sketch showing
both angles.
3 7
1) − 𝜋 4) − 𝜋 7) −4.25
4 3
19
2) 𝜋 5) 7.28 8) −11
6
7
3) 𝜋 6) 9 9) 10
2
Exercises C
• Find the equivalent radian measurement for the
angle having the given degree measurement.
1) 60° 6) 450° 11) −48°
2) 135° 7) −75° 12) 2°
3) 210° 8) 100° 13) 135°
4) −150° 9) 15° 14) 210°
5) 20° 10) 540° 15) −150°
Exercises D
• Find the equivalent degree measurement for the
angle having the given radian measurement.
1 1 1
1) 𝜋 5) 7) 𝜋
4 2 6
2
2) 𝜋 6) −2 8) −5𝜋
3
11
3) 𝜋 7) 4.78 9) −2.75
6
1
4) − 𝜋 8) 0.23 10) 5.66
2
Exercises E
• Convert the angle measurement to a form using
decimals to the nearest hundredth of a degree
and then find the equivalent radian
measurement.
1) 35°22′ 12“
′
2) 102°31 27“
′
3) 68°53 48"
Exercises F
• Find the degree measurement of the smallest
positive angle that is coterminal with the angle
having the given degree measurement.
1) −45° 5) 382.56°
2) 510° 6) −118.24°
3) −540° 7) −253.85°
4) −120° 8) −302.36°
Exercises G
• Find (a) the arc length and (b) the area of the sector
of the circle having the radius and central angle 𝛼.
𝑅 2
1) Radius is 9 inches; 𝑚 𝛼 = 𝜋
3
𝑅 1
2) Radius is 8 centimeters; 𝑚 𝛼 = 𝜋
4
3) Radius is 6 centimeters; 𝑚° 𝛼 = 135
°
4) Radius is 12 inches; 𝑚 𝛼 = 120
Exercises H
• Solve the following problems. Assume the radius of the
earth is 3960 miles.
1) A point 𝑃 on the surface of the earth is 1500 miles
north of the point on the equator closest to it. Find
the latitude of the point 𝑃 in degree measurement.
2) Two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the surface of the earth are on
the same circle, which is a meridian having center at
𝐶, where 𝐶 is the center of the earth. If 𝐴 has latitude
10°𝑁 and 𝐵 has latitude 4.6°𝑆, what is the distance
between 𝐴 and 𝐵?
Exercises H
3) An automobile tire has diameter of 36 inches.
How many revolution will the wheel make as the
automobile travels 1 mile (5280 feet).
4) If the hour hand of a clock has a length of 4
inches, how far does its tip travel in 1 hour and 20
minutes?
5) A pulley having a diameter of 36 cm is turned by a
belt that moves at the rate of 5 m/sec. How many
revolutions does the pulley make per second?