Title Page

ENHANCING SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT

1
Contents

Title Page..........................................................................................................................................i

Author’s Declaration.......................................................................................................................ii

Contents..........................................................................................................................................iii

List of Figures.................................................................................................................................vi

List of Tables.................................................................................................................................vii

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................viii

1.0 Introduction and Background....................................................................................................1

1.1Chapter Introduction...............................................................................................................1

1.2 Study Background..................................................................................................................1

1.3Justification of the Study........................................................................................................5

1.4Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................6

1.5Review Question, Aim and Objectives...................................................................................7

2.0 Methodology..............................................................................................................................9

2.1Chapter Introduction...............................................................................................................9

2.2 Review Design..................................................................................................................9

2.3Strategy and Philosophy.......................................................................................................10

2.4 Review Scope................................................................................................................11

2.5Methodological Focus...........................................................................................................12

2.6 Time Horizon................................................................................................................13

2
 2.7 Search Strategy................................................................................................................13

2.8 Sampling Strategy................................................................................................................15

2.9Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria...........................................................................................16

2.10Analytical Techniques.........................................................................................................19

2.11 Review Limitations.........................................................................................................22

2.12Ethical Considerations........................................................................................................22

2.13 Chapter Conclusion.........................................................................................................23

3.0 Literature Search Summary.....................................................................................................25

3.1. Chapter Introduction.........................................................................................................25

3.2. Search Results.........................................................................................................25

3.3Sources included in the review.............................................................................................27

3.4Chapter Conclusion...............................................................................................................47

4.0 Review findings and discussion...............................................................................................49

4.1. Chapter Introduction...........................................................................................................49

4.2. Sample Overview.........................................................................................................50

4.3Findings and discussion........................................................................................................53

4.3.1 Theme One: Adaptability of Strategies and Frameworks.............................................53

4.3.2 Theme Two: Comparative Analysis of Social Work Management Practices................55

4.3.3 Theme Three: Development of a Comprehensive Framework for Enhancement........58

4.4Discussion Summary............................................................................................................61

3
 4.5. Review Limitations.............................................................................................................67

4.6Chapter conclusion................................................................................................................68

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations..........................................................................................69

5.1Chapter introduction.............................................................................................................69

5.2 Study Summary................................................................................................................69

5.3 Findings Summary................................................................................................................71

5.4 Recommendations................................................................................................................72

5.5 Suggestions for Future Research.........................................................................................73

5.6 Chapter Conclusion.........................................................................................................73

References......................................................................................................................................75

APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................81

APPENDIX II: (Search strategy topics also used in the study).....................................................85

4
List of Figures

Figure 1: Word count for all node (extracted from Nvivo 12 analysis software)..........................52

Figure 2: Word count for theme 1 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software).....................................55

Figure 3: Word count for theme 2 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software).....................................57

Figure 4: Word count for theme 3 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software).....................................60

5
List of Tables

Table 1: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria......................................................................................17

Table 2: Search Summary..............................................................................................................26

Table 3: Sources to be taken forward.............................................................................................28

Table 4: Assigned Nodes and Themes...........................................................................................50

6
1.0 Introduction and Background

1.1 Chapter Introduction

This first chapter provides an introduction into the present research, beginning with an in depth

background into the study. The chapter proceeds to explicitly state the justification for the study,

stating the specific problem to be addressed within the study. Also, the particular research

question is stated alongside the aim and objectives of the study.

1.2 Study Background

The need for effective and context-specific social work management in Nigeria is critical, yet

social work as a profession faces limitations in recognition and integration into multidisciplinary

teams compared to more established frameworks in countries like the UK and USA (Amadasun

& Gray, 2022). This dissertation explores social work management practices across these

different national contexts, with the aim of drawing comparative lessons and frameworks that

can be adapted to enhance social work education, professional development, service delivery,

and legitimacy in the Nigerian context (Iwuagwu, Lai, Ngwu, & Kalu, 2022). The COVID-19

pandemic highlights disparities in how social workers are involved in crisis response across

different regions, underscoring gaps in Nigeria that this study seeks to address through actionable

insights (Iwuagwu et al., 2022). Ultimately, enhancing social work management and capacity in

Nigeria is essential to improve practitioner skills and the profession's responsiveness and

effectiveness in addressing pressing societal needs in a digitally connected world.

Social work is a practice-based profession that aims to support and enhance the wellbeing of

individuals, families, groups, and communities through a range of interventions and services

(IFSW, 2022). At its core, the profession seeks to promote social change and justice, social

cohesion, empowerment and liberation of people, with a focus on principles of human rights,

7
collective responsibility and respect for diversity (BASW, 2022). Social workers engage with

clients and systems across multiple levels providing psychosocial support, crisis management,

case work, group work, policy practice, research, social welfare administration, and advocacy

(Reisch, 2022). The profession emphasizes the importance of building relationships, promoting

social integration, and challenging structural barriers to human development and potential. Social

workers operate in diverse settings including child protection, healthcare, mental health, schools,

correctional services, disability services, aged care, and community development (AASW, 2022).

Training involves undertaking a professional degree focused on theories of social work, social

sciences, humanities, skills development, ethics, critical reflection, policy analysis, and field

education placements (CSWE, 2022).

Social work management practices have evolved significantly across the globe, with varying

emphases on structural organization, strategic implementation, and innovative approaches to

meet the diverse needs of communities. In the UK, social work has been integral to mental health

service delivery, where significant role erosion has led to uncertainty within the profession about

its fit within modern mental health services. The "Social Work for Better Mental Health"

initiative, adopted into national policy in England, outlines five key mental health roles for social

workers, aiming to combat this uncertainty and clarify the distinctive contribution of social work

within health and social care settings (Tucker & Webber, 2020).

The structural and functional space of social management practices in social work within the UK

reflects a dynamic interaction between cognitive-interpretive, value-motivational, procedural-

organizational, communicative, and activity-organizational dimensions. These dimensions create

a comprehensive structural and functional space in the management system of social work,

implemented across macro, meso, and micro levels of practice. This multifaceted approach to

8
social work management ensures a holistic and adaptable service delivery that can respond

effectively to the complexities of contemporary societal challenges (Popovych & Novak, 2023).

In contrast, the USA has seen social work management practices that emphasize the integration

of evidence-based approaches and client-centered care within diverse service delivery contexts.

Feedback Informed Treatment (FIT), developed in the early 2000s, exemplifies this approach by

utilizing validated measures to evaluate client wellbeing and the effectiveness of interventions

throughout the course of treatment. This formal, structured approach underscores the importance

of continuous feedback and adaptation in social work practice, ensuring that client needs and

outcomes remain central to service delivery (Gomory, 2021).

Moreover, the role of social workers in policy practice within the USA highlights the profession's

commitment to social justice and advocacy for marginalized individuals. Social workers leverage

their practice experience to advocate effectively for policy changes that address the holistic

environmental factors impacting their clients. This active engagement in policy practice not only

amplifies the social work profession's influence on societal level changes but also underscores

the profession's dedication to upholding human rights and promoting social justice (Saxena &

Chandrapal, 2021).

In Nigeria, scholars have highlighted the need to enhance social work education, practice, and

management to improve services and outcomes (Amadasun & Gray, 2022). The profession, still

emerging in the country, grapples with issues of professional identity, legitimacy, and relevance

amidst Nigeria's multifaceted social problems. A study by Amadasun (2020) reveals that while

many Nigerians are unfamiliar with the term "social work," they recognize the roles and potential

contributions of social workers in addressing the nation's social development challenges. This

9
points to an underlying recognition of the profession's value, despite a lack of widespread formal

acknowledgment.

Social work education in Nigeria, a critical foundation for the profession's development, faces

challenges in terms of quality and local relevance. Amadasun and Gray (2022) emphasize the

importance of contextually relevant social work education that connects with local communities

and addresses the nation's unique social issues. The digital era further underscores the need for

social work education to evolve, ensuring that social workers are equipped with the skills

necessary to address contemporary societal challenges effectively.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations in the involvement of social workers in

Nigeria's health sector, particularly in public health crises. Agwu (2023) critiques the minimal

role of social workers in the pandemic response, suggesting a need for a more pronounced

presence of the profession in health care settings. This situation underscores a broader issue of

social work's marginalization in sectors where it could significantly contribute, such as health,

education, and social welfare.

Strategic efforts to elevate the profession's status in Nigeria, as discussed by Gray and Amadasun

(2022), include a focus on registration and regulation, relevance, recognition, and research.

These strategies aim to establish a stronger professional identity for social work in Nigeria,

ensuring its contributions are recognized and valued across various sectors.

However, the path to professionalization and greater relevance is fraught with challenges.

Educators and practitioners must navigate a landscape where indigenous knowledge and

practices are often overshadowed by Western paradigms, as highlighted by Chukwu, Levy, and

Agbawodikeizu (2022). The integration of local content into social work education remains a

10
critical area for development, ensuring that the profession remains aligned with Nigeria's cultural

and social context.

Therefore, there is a need to understand effective frameworks from established social work

systems like the UK and USA and adapting relevant lessons to the Nigerian context. This study

provides a unique comparative analysis to identify best practices from the UK and USA that can

enhance social work management in Nigeria. Examining training approaches, policy

frameworks, coordination mechanisms, and multidisciplinary integration can help address

recognized gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a case example to analyze crisis response

roles. Ultimately, this dissertation aims to support the strengthening of social work in Nigeria to

improve practitioner capacity and effectiveness in addressing complex social needs.

1.3 Justification of the Study

Nigeria's unique socio-cultural context presents complex challenges and opportunities for social

work management which necessitate locally-adapted, evidence-based practices (Ezeudu &

Chukwudubem, 2023). Persistent social issues stemming from poverty, health crises, and

injustices across the country's diverse ethnic and linguistic landscape are exacerbated by

urbanization and inequities (Nnama-Okechukwu et al., 2022). This underscores the critical need

for culturally-attuned social work management to effectively address complex welfare needs

(Amadasun & Gray, 2022). However, the profession in Nigeria faces recognition and identity

issues, with gaps between potential impact and actual service delivery, highlighting the need for

indigenous knowledge integration (Chukwu, Levy & Agbawodikeizu, 2022).

Robust social work education, frameworks and interdisciplinary strategies in the UK and USA

offer promising lessons for enhancement in Nigeria (Amadasun, 2020; Agwu, 2023). However,

transplantation without critical evaluation and alignment to Nigeria's socio-cultural realities

11
would be inadequate (Ekoh & Agbawodikeizu, 2022). Adaptation of best practices must consider

ethical norms, resource constraints and local relevance (Adisa et al., 2020).

Potential impacts of enhanced social work management are profound. More effective, responsive

services could transform social work education, foster skilled practitioners, improve welfare

outcomes and strengthen management of complex social issues (Chukwu, Levy &

Agbawodikeizu, 2022). This requires developing supportive policies and frameworks alongside

embedding indigenous knowledge into social work training and practice (Amadasun & Gray,

2022). Ultimately, this promises a profession better equipped to address Nigeria's distinct social

work needs.

1.4 Statement of the Problem

The landscape of social work management in Nigeria is marked by a notable disconnect between

the potential contributions of the profession to addressing the country's multifaceted social

challenges and the actual recognition and integration of these professionals in critical sectors.

Despite the evident need for robust social work interventions in areas such as health, education,

and social welfare, the profession struggles with issues of legitimacy, professional identity, and

relevance within the Nigerian context (Amadasun, 2020; Agwu, 2023). This gap not only

undermines the effectiveness of social services but also limits the potential for social work to

contribute to national development and individual well-being.

The COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed the underutilization of social workers in Nigeria,

particularly in public health responses where their expertise in managing psychosocial aspects

could have been invaluable. Studies highlight the minimal role social workers played in the

pandemic response, pointing to a broader issue of their marginalization in sectors where they

could significantly contribute (Agwu, 2023). This lack of involvement is not only a missed

12
opportunity for holistic crisis management but also reflects the limited understanding and

appreciation of the social work profession's scope and potential impact within Nigerian society.

Moreover, the education and training of social workers in Nigeria face challenges in terms of

delivering contextually relevant and quality education that aligns with local needs and practices.

Despite the recognition of social workers' roles and the value they add to communities, the

educational framework often lacks the incorporation of indigenous knowledge and practices,

which is crucial for the profession's socio-cultural relevance and effectiveness (Amadasun &

Gray, 2022; Chukwu, Levy, & Agbawodikeizu, 2022). This educational gap not only hinders the

professional development of social workers but also impacts their ability to provide services that

are culturally sensitive and aligned with the local context.

1.5 Review Question, Aim and Objectives

The central question guiding this research is: "How can the social work management practices

from the UK and USA be adapted to enhance social work management in Nigeria?"

The aim of this study is to explore and analyse the social work management practices in the UK

and USA to identify applicable lessons for Nigeria. Specific objectives are:

1. To systematically compare and contrast the social work management practices in the UK and

USA with those currently in place in Nigeria, identifying key differences, strengths, and

areas for improvement.

2. To pinpoint specific strategies, frameworks, and practices from the UK and USA that are

potentially adaptable to the Nigerian context, taking into consideration Nigeria's unique

social, cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics.

13
3. To develop a comprehensive framework that integrates the identified adaptable strategies

and practices into Nigeria's social work management systems, aimed at enhancing the

profession's impact on national development and individual well-being.

4. To evaluate the current state of social work education and training in Nigeria and

recommend enhancements based on the best practices observed in the UK and USA,

ensuring the future generation of Nigerian social workers is well-equipped to meet the

demands of the profession.

5. To provide actionable recommendations for policy and practice changes within the Nigerian

social work sector, aimed at institutionalizing the adapted frameworks and strategies for

sustainable development and professional growth.

14
2.0 Methodology

2.1 Chapter Introduction

The methodology used in the dissertation is described in this chapter. The research design is

expounded, including the strategy; philosophical outlook; methodological focus; and time

horizon. Procedures for collecting and analyzing data are also explained in this chapter, with

specific attention given to source selection, analysis tools and techniques. It also deals with the

weaknesses of the study, as well as ethical problems.

2.2 Review Design

The primary research question for this dissertation is: "How can the managerial and corporate

strategies in social work across Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States be compared

and contrasted to enhance social work practices?" This question necessitates a comprehensive

understanding of various managerial and policy-driven aspects of social work in these distinct

geopolitical contexts. A systematic literature review and analysis is the most suitable approach

for this inquiry, as it allows for an extensive compilation and examination of existing literature,

offering a broad yet detailed perspective on the subject (Gough, Oliver, & Thomas, 2017).

The systematic literature review method is particularly apt for this research due to its structured,

transparent, and replicable nature. This approach enables the identification, evaluation, and

synthesis of relevant research findings from a range of sources, providing a robust foundation for

comparative analysis (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006). By systematically collating and analyzing

literature on social work management practices in these countries, the study aims to uncover

underlying patterns, similarities, and differences that can inform and enhance social work

practices. This methodology is not only conducive to addressing the research question effectively

but also ensures that the findings are grounded in a comprehensive and critical review of existing

15
scholarly work, thereby contributing to the existing body of knowledge with rigor and depth

(Booth, Sutton, & Papaioannou, 2016).

2.3 Strategy and Philosophy

This research takes a pragmatist stance, emphasizing a practical, problem-solving methodology.

The pragmatist approach to social work research is intimately connected with a practical,

problem-solving methodology. Therefore, it is well suited to research into aspects of social work

management across different countries such as the UK, USA and Nigeria. This thinking is based

on the notion that concepts and theories are meaningful only insofar as they can be applied to

practical problems (Morgan, 2014).

Pragmatism as a research philosophy is rooted in the belief that reality is not a singular, fixed

entity, but rather is interpreted through human experiences and actions. Pragmatists argue that the

value of any theory lies in its practical application and its ability to solve real-world problems

(Morgan, 2007). This philosophy supports flexibility in research methods, advocating for the use

of whichever methods are most practical and useful in answering the research question.

Pragmatism often supports mixed methods research, combining both qualitative and quantitative

approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon (Feilzer, 2010).

On the other hand, the interpretivist framework posits that reality is subjective and can only be

understood through the lens of the individuals experiencing it. Interpretivism focuses on

understanding the meaning of human experiences and social phenomena, often through

qualitative methods like interviews, observations, and thematic analysis (Schwandt, 2000). This

approach is rooted in the belief that researchers must interpret the subjective meanings and

complex realities of their subjects.

16
The integration of pragmatism and interpretivism in this study presents a unique methodological

blend. While pragmatism’s flexibility and focus on practical application align well with the

study’s objective to enhance social work practices, interpretivism’s emphasis on understanding

human experiences and subjective meanings can enrich the analysis of social work management

strategies across different cultural contexts.

However, this blend also poses a challenge. Pragmatism's openness to multiple methods and its

problem-solving orientation might clash with interpretivism's deep dive into subjective

experiences and meanings. To address this, the research could lean more towards a pragmatist

approach, where the interpretivist methods are utilized as tools to achieve the pragmatic goal of

finding practical, applicable solutions in social work management. Alternatively, a more

interpretivist stance could be taken, with a focus on deeply understanding the subjective

experiences and meanings in social work management, using the pragmatist philosophy as a

guiding principle to ensure practical applicability of the findings (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie,

2004).

2.4 Review Scope

The scope of the research review is clearly delimited, centered on the strengthening of social

work management, with special attention to extracting lessons from UK and US experience that

have applicability in the Nigerian scene. With such diverse socio-economic and cultural settings,

this focus is essential to the field of social work.

Pioneers in the development and practice of innovative social work management have been the

UK and USA. Management strategies, leadership styles, policy development and service delivery

models in social work can be gleaned from studies and best practices of these countries (Barnes,

2009; Diver, 2008). The purpose is to study these models and pinpoint possible points of

17
adaptation to the conditions in Nigeria, which obviously differ from social, economic, and

cultural forms.

2.5 Methodological Focus

The present literature-based study adopts a mixed method approach specifically designed to

include both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature. About the qualitative aspect,

the research is mainly based on thematic analysis of textual data derived from case studies,

policy documents and qualitative studies published in relevant fields. This will include an

intimate survey of books on management and organization, organizational cultures, and personal

stories from social works in the UK, USA and Nigeria. The aim is to get rich, thick connotations

on social work management in these different places.

Qualitatively, the study will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing research

results. It will also involve reviewing empirical studies, which used a quantitative method

including surveys and statistical analysis, to study the prevalence of these management modes in

practice and its effectiveness. A meta-analysis will allow a large body of quantitative data to be

brought together, giving us a clearer picture of the effectiveness and impact of various

management approaches.

In this way the study attempts to integrate qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative meta-

analysis for developing a full picture of social work management enhancement. Following this

strategy, the depth of qualitative findings can be balanced against the breadth of quantitative

data, leading to a comprehensive synthesis of relevant literature (Aldgate et al., 2007). This

methodological focus is necessary to reach conclusions and recommendations that are both

meaningful for the Nigerian context and respectful of the variety of practices and experiences

there, as well as those in the UK and USA.

18
2.6 Time Horizon

The research adopts a cross-sectional design, covering the period from 2020 to 2023. The chosen

timeframe is drawn to take in the most up-to-date developments in social work management,

which have been transformed by the rapid evolution of the profession and the challenges it faces

during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing data from these years is key for

understanding how contemporary issues, such as advancing technologies and changing policies,

as well as a global health crisis, have affected social work management approaches.

Using this method, the social work management systems and practices of that unique period can

be compared within the UK, USA and Nigeria. If it focuses on these years, the research can offer

a close-up look at current social work management practices and policies as well as new

developments. The relevance is emphasized by the changing nature of social work in response to

rapidly transforming society, so insights gained are especially pertinent as focal points for future

policy and practice development in Nigeria (McGrath, 2007).

2.7 Search Strategy

The search process for the dissertation was meticulously structured and executed to ensure a

comprehensive and systematic review of the literature relevant to managerial and corporate

strategies in social work across Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This

involved a multi-stage approach, starting with the initial preparation and leading up to the final

selection of relevant articles.

In the initial preparation phase, the foundation for the search was laid by defining specific search

strings that directly related to the research question. These strings included terms like

"Managerial," "Management," "Corporate," "Policies," "Social Work," "Cross-cultural," and

geographic focuses like "UK," "Nigeria," and "USA." With these terms established, a selection

19
of databases was chosen based on their relevance and comprehensive coverage of topics in social

work, management, and related fields. The databases included PubMed, JSTOR, Scopus, Web of

Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, IEEE Xplore, Social Work

Abstracts, and PsycINFO.

The search process then commenced in earnest, applying the defined search strings across each

chosen database. Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR” were utilized to combine terms

effectively and refine the search. Filters were applied to narrow down the results, focusing on

publications from the last 10 years and those available in English. This phase was marked by

meticulous documentation of search parameters and outcomes, including the number of articles

retrieved from each search. This level of detail in recording was crucial for ensuring the search's

replicability.

Following the initial database search, a two-tiered screening process was undertaken. The first

tier involved screening titles and abstracts to determine the relevance of each article to the

research question. This step helped to exclude articles that were not directly pertinent to the

study's focus. In the second tier, a full-text review of the remaining articles was conducted,

providing a more in-depth assessment of each article's suitability and relevance. This step was

critical in ensuring that only the most relevant and high-quality literature was included in the

final review.

Key information from the selected articles was then extracted and organized systematically. This

included details such as the authors, publication year, study objectives, methodologies, key

findings, and conclusions. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist was

employed at this stage to appraise each article's quality, ensuring the inclusion of credible and

reliable literature in the study.

20
The entire search process was characterized by transparent reporting. Every step, from the use of

search strings and databases to the number of articles retrieved, screened, and selected, was

detailedly reported. This transparency is not only a hallmark of rigorous academic research but

also ensures that the search process can be replicated by other researchers, a critical aspect of

scholarly work. This comprehensive and systematic approach to the literature search was

essential in building a robust foundation for the research, ensuring that the findings and

conclusions drawn were well-supported and reliable.

2.8 Sampling Strategy

The chosen approach is purposive sampling, a non-probabilistic sampling technique widely

recognized for its effectiveness in qualitative research, especially when the goal is to gain deep

insights into a specific phenomenon or area of interest (Palinkas et al., 2015). In the context of

this study, which aims to explore and compare managerial and corporate strategies in social work

across Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States, purposive sampling allows for the

deliberate selection of literature that is most pertinent to these themes.

The rationale behind adopting purposive sampling lies in its capacity to facilitate the selection of

sources that directly address the research question and objectives. This approach is particularly

suited to literature-based studies, where the quality and relevance of the selected articles are

paramount. By focusing on sources that specifically discuss social work management and

policies in the targeted geographic contexts, the study ensures that the literature reviewed is not

only directly relevant but also contributes meaningfully to the understanding of the subject

matter. This method also allows for the inclusion of a diverse range of literature, encompassing

different perspectives, methodologies, and findings, thereby enriching the analysis and ensuring

a comprehensive understanding of the topic (Ritchie et al., 2014).

21
Moreover, purposive sampling in this study is guided by specific criteria that further refine the

selection process. These criteria include the relevance of the article to social work management,

the focus on the UK, USA, and Nigerian contexts, the publication date to ensure the currency of

information, and the academic rigor of the source material. This strategic approach to selecting

literature ensures that the review is not only focused and relevant but also encompasses high-

quality and academically rigorous sources. As a result, the findings and conclusions drawn from

the review are grounded in a solid and representative body of literature, enhancing the study's

credibility and contribution to the field.

2.9 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion and exclusion criteria set up for this study are very exacting, which is not only

conducive to the selection of most relevant high-quality literature that counts for so much in

research but also essential if we want a sound or properly creditable result. The criteria are meant

to screen the literature according to our study's purpose, screening out anything that does not deal

with contemporary and relevant thoughts on the problems of social work management. They

make sure that all data gathered is pertinent to the research question in hand, and of reliable

provenance with a high level of academic standing. The language criterion guarantees

comprehensibility and accessibility, whereas the publication date insures contemporary relevance

of the study. The focus and academic rigor of the study is ensured through concern for relevance

to social work management.

22
Table 1: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Criteria Inclusion Exclusion

Language English Non-English

Publication Publications from 2010 onwards Publications before 2010

Date

Relevance Studies focusing on social work Studies not directly related to social

management, especially in the UK, work management or outside the

USA, and Nigeria specified countries

Academic Peer-reviewed articles, official Non-peer-reviewed articles, opinion

Rigor reports, and academic books pieces, and informal publications

2.9 Quality Appraisal

The approach to the evaluation and appraisal of sources is an important issue in this research.

This means the literature assessed reaches some minimum threshold with respect to credibility,

relevance and contribution toward meeting study objectives. The strength of a source is

determined by author, place of publication and peer review nature. Every aspect of their

academic and professional backgrounds is scrutinized so as to determine whether they possess

the ability for managing social work. Furthermore, the prestige of a journal or publishing house

plays some role. In principle, important academic journals and publishers are preferred at this

stage. The benefits of peer-reviewed sources are obvious. To be published, they have been

carefully screened by field experts (Gusenbauer & Haddaway 2020).

23
The degree of overlap with the research topic is how relevance is judged. Read carefully the

abstracts, where appropriate reading full texts. At these we can see if a source deals with social

work management in particular; certainly this is particularly true of English, American or

Nigerian (a field that needs further development) sources. This appraisal is determined by the

scope of study, specifically being directed toward literature which has a direct relevance to how

we may best manage social work in these ten areas (Booth et al., 2016).

The potential contribution that each source can make to the research is an important factor. This

means looking at level of analysis, novelty of insights and validity as regards study objectives.

Sources providing new perspectives, comprehensive reviews or empirical data which can help

understand social work management practices are a welcome addition. Secondly, this paper finds

literature that supplements existing research or makes comparisons between the countries under

investigation (Ritchie et al., 2014).

Systematic quality appraisal of studies in this research was based on an accepted and proven

method, to provide a superior level of objectivity as well as consistency. To this end, the Critical

Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool will be used. The CASP tool is renowned for its

effectiveness in providing a structured approach to assessing the quality of research across

various types of studies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. This

systematic appraisal is crucial in a literature-based study where the strength of the conclusions

drawn significantly depends on the quality of the sources analyzed.

Each selected article will undergo a thorough appraisal using the CASP checklist. The checklist

is designed to evaluate various aspects of a study, such as its methodological rigor, clarity of

results, and relevance to the research question. Key elements of the appraisal include assessing

the validity of the study’s results, the reliability of the methodology, the transparency of the

24
research process, and the applicability of the findings to the research context. For qualitative

studies, the CASP checklist focuses on the study's aims, methodology, research design,

recruitment strategy, data collection, ethical considerations, data analysis, and the value of the

research. For quantitative studies, it covers areas like the study's design, methodology, data

collection methods, statistical analysis, and ethical issues.

The selection of CASP for quality appraisal is grounded in its comprehensiveness and

adaptability to different study designs. It provides a detailed and nuanced assessment, allowing

for a critical examination of the studies' strengths and weaknesses. This level of scrutiny is

essential in ensuring that the research findings are based on studies that meet high academic

standards. Moreover, CASP’s structured format aids in maintaining consistency in the appraisal

process across all studies, which is critical for the overall reliability of the literature review

(CASP, 2018).

The implementation of the CASP checklist will be systematic. Each article selected for the

review will be appraised independently, with findings documented and analyzed. This process

not only ascertains the quality of individual studies but also aids in identifying common

methodological trends, gaps in the literature, and areas where further research might be needed.

2.10 Analytical Techniques

For analyzing qualitative data within literature-based studies, thematic analysis was employed.

This involved finding, studying and reporting data patterns (themes). Thematic analysis is a

widely used qualitative method known for its flexibility and effectiveness in identifying,

analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data. This method is particularly suited to

literature-based studies like this one, where the aim is to extract and synthesize key themes and

25
patterns from existing literature on managerial and corporate strategies in social work across

different countries (Braun & Clarke, 2006).

One of the primary reasons for selecting thematic analysis over a mixed-method approach is its

appropriateness for the study's exploratory and interpretative nature. The research seeks to

understand complex social phenomena – the management strategies and practices in social work

– which are deeply rooted in cultural, organizational, and policy contexts. Thematic analysis

allows for a deep dive into the qualitative data presented in the literature, enabling the researcher

to extract nuanced insights and understandings about these phenomena. This method facilitates

the identification of both explicit and latent themes, providing a rich, detailed, and complex

account of the data (Nowell et al., 2017).

Furthermore, thematic analysis is particularly suitable for an MSc-level dissertation due to its

methodological rigor and accessibility. It does not require the advanced statistical knowledge that

some quantitative methods demand, yet it still offers a systematic and comprehensive approach

to data analysis. This makes it an ideal choice for postgraduate research where the focus is on

developing a deep understanding of a specific area rather than on employing complex

methodological frameworks (Braun & Clarke, 2013).

In the context of this study, thematic analysis enables the researcher to synthesize a broad range

of literature into coherent themes, thereby providing a comprehensive overview of the existing

knowledge and gaps in the field of social work management. This approach aligns well with the

study's goals of comparing and contrasting managerial and corporate strategies in social work

across different cultural contexts, as it allows for the exploration of both commonalities and

divergences in the literature.

26
The process begins with a thorough read and re-read of the literature to really get into it. The

initial codes are derived by noting ideas and potential themes across the data set. These codes are

then clustered into candidate themes. Each theme were then reviewed and finessed so that it truly

expresses the meanings apparent in a data set. Finally, the themes are defined and named to

produce a clear outline of findings (Braun & Clarke 2006). In this study, thematic analysis was

used to extract knowledge from qualitative studies, case reports and narrative reviews of social

work management in the UK, USA & Nigeria.

In addition to qualitative data gleaned from the literature, statistical analysis methods was used

on quantitative aspects of the subject. This includes pooling data from different studies, perhaps

resorting to meta-analytic techniques of thinking, so as to locate large patterns and associations.

By focusing on the more significant features of the data, descriptive statistics will be used to

summarize it. Results based upon particular statistical techniques can sometimes provide new

insights and understanding in which case inferential statistics may also be applied to make

generalizations or even predictions about future events. Meta-analysis, for example, is a way to

pool data across many studies. By doing so you get an estimate of the overall effect size for

management practice or intervention in social work which carries much more weight than going

on your own (Borenstein et al., 2009).

This synergistic marriage of thematic analysis and statistical techniques takes a comprehensive

approach to understanding the multidimensional nature of social work management. And again

through the identification and use of key words in original articles, it leads to access and much

enhanced focus on nuanced qualitative information alongside robust generalizability that derives

from quantitative data. As a result its capacity for sifting evidence offers important benefits over

27
other review methods providing both an internal consistency within their findings as well as

illuminating relationships between them more generally with respects any

2.11 Review Limitations

Limitations of the study were recognized, including possible biases and limited scope for data as

well methodological constraints. They recognized that the subjective choice of articles and data

interpretation are intrinsic to literature-based research, meaning there is always scope for biases

(Petticrew & Roberts 2006). The data collected were confined strictly to publications in English

over the specified period, so that studies published outside these criteria or not written in this

language would be excluded. Such limitations may have compromised the thoroughness of this

review. Finally, limitations of methodology arising from the use of thematic analysis and

statistics techniques were recognized. Although these methods lent firm foundations for data

analysis, they were limited by the depth and breadth of perspectives that could be included

within a single literature review (Booth et al., 2016). Each of these limitations was considered, to

ensure a balanced understanding both of the study's results and their relevance for social work

management.

2.12 Ethical Considerations

The research was carried out carefully at every stage in accordance with the guidelines stipulated

by Wrexham Glyndŵr University (WGU), maintaining high ethical standards throughout. Before

doing the literature review, ethical approval was applied for and granted by the university ethics

committee. This step was a particularly crucial one to make sure that the research would be done

in an academically responsible and ethical manner.

As for data integrity, the research strictly adhered to principles of accuracy and reliability. It was

necessary to ensure that data taken from the literature were presented faithfully and without any

28
manipulation or distortion. The sources were accurately cited, and every effort was made to

prevent any kind of plagiarism. In this way the integrity of intellectual property belonging

originally to authors remains intact (Resnik, 2011).

Confidentiality was especially important with respect to any sensitive information that might

have been encountered in the literature. Although a literature review generally only uses publicly

available information, any personal data or sensitive information found in these sources was

treated with the highest degree of confidentiality and respect for privacy.

In addition, the research sought to protect intellectual property rights and respect copyrights.

Proper citation and acknowledgment of all sources, strict adherence to fair use policies, and

scrupulous avoidance of any form or copyright infringement (Markel, 2012). These ethical

guidelines were strictly adhered to, and played an important role in establishing the highest

standard of academic integrity and responsibility.

2.13 Chapter Conclusion

The methodology chapter of this dissertation has carefully put forward the overall procedure

used in our study. With its pragmatic approach to design, it is a perfect fit for the complex nature

of social work management. The study covers in great detail and wide depth practices and

policies from the UK, USA and Nigeria respectively. Following a mixed-method approach of

taking both qualitative and quantitative literature into account, this thesis seeks to explore

statistic techniques as well. Of course, this mixed method gives an additional depth to the

qualitative insights and breadth via quantification. Furthermore, the more rigorous data

collection process of selecting relevant works using certain strategies and search criteria makes

this content even more reliable and pertinent. Ethical considerations, in keeping with Wrexham

Glyndŵr University’s guidelines, ensure the integrity and academic responsibility of how this

29
study was organised. The systematic methodology by which sources are evaluated and appraised,

using instruments like the CASP checklist further reinforces a quality control process that

guarantees validity of research materials in reference to existing writings currently on chip

implantation.

Looking ahead, the following chapters of the dissertation will explore data gathered through this

rigorous methodology. The results of the literature search will be explained, analyzed and

interpreted in detail to hope that valuable lessons can be drawn regarding social work

management ways which might make a positive contribution toward improving current practices

for Nigerian social workers. This analysis will not only shine a light on current trends and

methods in the management of social work, but it may also find for us new places to go. The

discussion will bring together the themes and patterns that emerged from the qualitative analysis

with the trends and correlations uncovered in quantitative analysis. It offers a complete account

of our research topic. Ultimately, the author hopes that this book will provide a useful source of

information in the field of social work management. It offers practical suggestions and solutions

which would be applicable to African countries such as Nigeria but hopefully beyond as well.

30
3.0 Literature Search Summary

3.1. Chapter Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to delineate the meticulous approach undertaken in conducting the

literature search, pivotal to the foundation of this dissertation. It aims to provide a detailed

exposition of the methodologies deployed in sourcing relevant literature, encompassing the

selection of databases such as PubMed, JSTOR, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar,

ProQuest, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, IEEE Xplore, Social Work Abstracts, and PsycINFO. This

chapter will elucidate the search strategies employed, including the specific keywords and

phrases used, the criteria set forth for the inclusion and exclusion of sources to ensure the

relevance and quality of the information gathered, and the rationale behind these choices. This

comprehensive overview is intended to underscore the rigor and breadth of the literature review

process, setting a robust foundation for the subsequent analysis and discussions within the study.

3.2. Search Results

A thorough and systematic approach was utilized in conducting the literature search to gather

relevant sources regarding social work management practices in the UK, USA, and Nigeria. This

involved employing Boolean search strings containing targeted terms such as "social work

management," "social work education," and "social work policy," alongside country-specific

contexts, across various databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO.

This method enabled access to a wide array of records, with Google Scholar alone yielding over

2,000 potential sources due to its extensive coverage of grey literature.

However, to ensure the selection of the most pertinent and up-to-date literature, several filters

were applied to refine the results. Specifically, the publication timeframe was restricted to 2014-

2023, focusing on recent insights and developments in the field. Moreover, only peer-reviewed

31
articles, official reports, and credible online sources were considered to uphold academic rigor

and reliability. Relevance was further assessed based on alignment with the research objectives,

scope, and geographical contexts. These rigorous filtering strategies significantly reduced the

volume of records, resulting in a targeted selection of high-quality, applicable literature for in-

depth review.

Following the comprehensive search strategy across all databases, a total of 40 articles were

identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were subsequently selected for inclusion in the

literature review. These articles were then analyzed using NVivo 12 analysis software, where

they were categorized into various themes and nodes.

This meticulous search process laid the groundwork for a robust evidential foundation, enabling

a comprehensive examination of modern social work management frameworks, identification of

knowledge gaps, and formulation of arguments and recommendations for the dissertation. The

careful design and implementation of the search strategy were essential in establishing a rigorous

scholarly platform to enhance understanding of this complex practice domain across diverse

international contexts.

Table 2: Search Summary

Step Number of Search Number removed and reason why

Results
Initial Identification 2430
Duplicates Removed 300 Removed duplicates across databases
Records Screened 1200 Excluded based on title and abstract
relevance
Full-text Articles 200 Excluded based on lack of specific focus on
Assessed for Eligibility social work management or geographical

32
 relevance
Studies Included in 40
Review

This table provides an overview of the literature search process, indicating the initial broad
identification of 2430 records, which was then systematically filtered through the removal of
duplicates, screening based on titles/abstracts, full-text eligibility assessment, and final inclusion
based on relevance and quality appraisal. The result was 40 studies selected to be included in
the literature review.

3.3 Sources included in the review

This section provides structured synopses of the 40 meticulously chosen peer-reviewed articles

central to the investigation of social work management practices in this study (see Table 2). Each

of these contemporary sources, published within the last decade, has been meticulously selected

for its substantial contributions to the discourse, particularly focusing on insights derived from

the UK and USA and their potential relevance in the Nigerian context. The inclusion of author

names and publication years serves to contextualize each source within the current scholarly

landscape. Titles are indicative of the thematic scope, while succinct summaries succinctly

outline key findings, shedding light on crucial discoveries and insights within each article.

Moreover, the significance of each study in relation to the overarching research questions is

clearly articulated, elucidating how it enriches comprehension of social work management

frameworks and their adaptability across diverse geographical and cultural settings. Taken

together, these sources constitute a robust evidential base that informs the analysis, comparisons,

and recommendations pertaining to the advancement of social work management in Nigeria by

drawing lessons from established practices in the UK and USA.

33
Table 3: Sources to be taken forward

S/N DATABASE/ REFERENCE RELEVANCE

SOURCES

1 PubMed Mbam, K.C., Halvorsen, C.J. and Provides insights into

Okoye, U.O., 2022. Aging in Nigeria: A demographic trends related to

growing population of older adults aging in Nigeria, highlighting

requires the implementation of national the need for tailored social

aging policies. The work management strategies to

Gerontologist, 62(9), pp.1243-1250. address the needs of the aging

population

2. PubMed Rule, J., Ngo, D.A., Oanh, T.T.M., Asante, Highlights the importance of
A., Doyle, J., Roberts, G. and Taylor, R.,
evidence-based approaches for
2014. Strengthening primary health care in
assessing the effectiveness of
low-and middle-income countries:
primary health care
generating evidence through

evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Public interventions in LMICs,

Health, 26(4), pp.339-348. suggesting potential lessons for

enhancing social work

management practices in

Nigeria..

34
3. PubMed Amadasun, S. and Gray, M., 2023. Examines the importance of

Enhancing the relevance of social work quality and locally relevant

education in Nigeria. The British social work education in

Journal of Social Work, 53(1), pp.534- Nigeria, providing insights into

551. strategies for improving social

work management practices in

the country.

4. Google Scholar Amadasun, S., 2021. Public Explores public perceptions of

perceptions of social work in Nigeria: the social work profession in

Does the profession has what it takes to Nigeria, offering valuable

address Nigeria’s social insights for shaping social

problems?. The British Journal of work management strategies to

Social Work, 51(1), pp.259-278. enhance its effectiveness in

addressing social issues.

5 PubMed Gray, M. and Amadasun, S., 2024. Explores critical issues related

Strategic processes to further the to the professional recognition

professional status of social work in of social workers in Nigeria,

Nigeria. International Social offering strategic insights for

Work, 67(1), pp.180-193. enhancing social work

management practices in the

country.

6. PubMed Onalu, C.E., Chukwu, N.E. and Okoye, Assesses the awareness and

U.O., 2020. COVID-19 response and preparedness of social workers

35
 social work education in Nigeria: in Nigeria regarding their roles

Matters arising. Social Work in responding to the COVID-

Education, 39(8), pp.1037-1047. 19 pandemic, shedding light on

the need for effective crisis

management strategies in

social work management.

7. PubMed Agha, A.A., Onalu, C. and Chidebe, R., Investigates the role of social

2022. Bridging the gap: investigating workers in supporting cancer

the role of social workers in supporting patients in Nigeria, providing

metastatic breast cancer patients in insights into the potential

Nigeria. Social Work in Public contributions of social work

Health, 37(3), pp.244-257. management in healthcare

settings.

8. PubMed Onalu, C.E. and Okoye, U.O., 2021. Examines challenges in

Social justice and social work teaching and practicing social

curriculum at the University of Nigeria, work in Nigeria, highlighting

Nsukka, Nigeria. Research on Social the importance of addressing

Work Practice, 31(6), pp.576-583. social justice issues in social

work management and

education.

36
9. Google Scholar Amadasun, S., 2019. ‘SOCIAL WORK Explores the perceptions of

IS AN INDISPENSABLE ASSET TO Nigerian university academics

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT’: regarding the social work

APPRAISAL OF THE SOCIAL profession, providing insights

WORK PROFESSION AMONG into strategies for enhancing its

UNIVERSITY ACADEMICS IN role in national development

NIGERIA. Social work and through effective social work

education, 6(4), pp.356-371. management.

10. Google Scholar Ekoh, P.C. and Agbawodikeizu, P.U., Examines ethical issues in the

2023. Exploring ethical issues indigenization of social work

embedded in the call for indigenisation education in Nigeria, offering

of social work education in critical insights for ethical

Nigeria. Social Work Education, 42(2), considerations in social work

pp.249-262. management practices.

11 PubMed Okoroafor, S.C., Ongom, M., Explores perspectives on health

Mohammed, B., Salihu, D., Ahmat, A., worker retention in rural

Osubor, M., Nyoni, J. and Alemu, W., Nigeria, offering implications

2021. Perspectives of policymakers and for social work management

health care managers on the retention strategies to address workforce

of health workers in rural and remote challenges in underserved

settings in Nigeria. Journal of Public areas.

Health, 43(Supplement_1), pp.i12-i19.

37
12 Science Direct Steenkamer, B., Drewes, H., Putters, Proposes a framework for

K., van Oers, H. and Baan, C., 2020. integrating health and social

Reorganizing and integrating public care services, providing

health, health care, social care and insights for collaborative

wider public services: a theory-based approaches in social work

framework for collaborative adaptive management to achieve holistic

health networks to achieve the triple care objectives

aim. Journal of health services

research & policy, 25(3), pp.187-201.

13. Google Scholar Agwu, P., 2023. Strengthening social Explores strategies for

work services in the health sectors of strengthening social work

Low-and Middle-Income Countries: services in healthcare settings,

Taking lessons from social work drawing lessons from COVID-

actions/inactions in COVID-19 19 response efforts in Nigeria,

response in Nigeria. Social Work and and providing

Social Sciences Review, 24. recommendations for effective

social work management in

public health contexts

38
14. PubMed Rogowski, S., 2014. Radical/critical Critically examines

social work with young offenders: approaches to youth crime in

challenges and possibilities. Journal of the UK, offering insights for

Social Work Practice, 28(1), pp.7-21. alternative social work

management strategies

focusing on social justice and

equity in Nigeria.

15. Google Scholar Onalu, C.E. and Okoye, U.O., 2022. Discusses challenges and

Teaching and practicing social work in prospects of teaching and

Nigeria: Challenges and practicing social work in

prospects. Journal of Social Work in Nigeria, offering

Developing Societies, 4(1). considerations for improving

social work management

practices in the country

16. Google Scholar Udeani, C.C., 2019. Social work in Explores challenges facing

contemporary Nigerian society: social work in Nigeria,

Challenges and prospects. Journal of providing insights for

Social Work in Developing innovative approaches to social

Societies, 1(1). work management in response

to evolving societal needs

17 Google Scholar Chilanga, E., The Current State of Examines the evolving nature

39
 Developmental Social Work Theory of social work in African

and Field Education in Africa: A countries, offering insights for

Scoping Review. TRANSFORMING enhancing social work

SOCIAL WORK FIELD EDUCATION, management practices in

p.69. Nigeria through field education

initiatives.

18 Google Scholar OKEREKA, O.P., 2022. Issues and Examines challenges in public

challenges of public administration administration education in

education and training in Nigeria. The Nigeria, providing implications

Indonesian Journal of Social for social work management

Studies, 6(2), pp.21-39. strategies to address

administrative barriers in

service delivery

19 Google Scholar Molakeng, M.H., Truter, E. and Explores resilience factors

Fouché, A., 2021. Resilience of child among child protection social

protection social workers: a scoping workers, offering insights for

review. European Journal of Social promoting staff well-being and

Work, 24(6), pp.1028-1050. effectiveness through

supportive social work

management practices

20 Google Scholar Molakeng, M.H., Truter, E. and Investigates resilience among

40
 Fouché, A., 2021. Resilience of child child protection social workers,

protection social workers: a scoping providing insights for

review. European Journal of Social developing supportive social

Work, 24(6), pp.1028-1050. work management practices to

address workplace risks and

challenges.

21 Science Direct Badru, F.A., 2011. Towards enhancing Highlights the importance of

access of professional social work improving access to social

education in Nigeria. work education in Nigeria,

suggesting strategies for

enhancing social work

management through inclusive

educational policies

22 Google scholar Ebimgbo, S.O. and Okoye, U.O., Explores the potential of new

Enhancing social work practice, media technologies in

intervention and teaching through the enhancing communication and

use of new media in Nigeria. information exchange within

social work practice, offering

insights for integrating

technology into social work

management strategies.

41
23 PubMed Bisman, C. (2004). Social work values: Critically examines the

The moral core of the evolving emphasis on social

profession. British Journal of Social work values, offering insights

Work, 34(1), 109-123. for embedding ethical

principles into social work

management practices in

Nigeria.

24. Google scholar Popple, K., 2015. Analysing community Provides a comprehensive

work: Theory and practice. McGraw- analysis of community work

Hill Education (UK). theory and practice, offering

insights for community-based

social work management

strategies in Nigeria.

42
25 Google Scholar | Ugiagbe, E.O. and Eweka, H.E., 2018. Investigates the role of

Assessment of ICT Driven In Emerging information technology in

Social Work Education and Practice in social work education and

Nigeria: Implication for Policy practice in Nigeria, offering

Development. ANGLISTICUM. implications for policy

Journal of the Association-Institute for development and technology

English Language and American integration in social work

Studies, 7(1), pp.35-50. management.

43
26 Google Scholar Welbourne, P., Harrison, G. and Ford, Examines the global

D., 2007. Social work in the UK and movement of social work labor

the global labour market: Recruitment, and its implications, offering

practice and ethical insights for addressing

considerations. International Social workforce challenges and

Work, 50(1), pp.27-40. ethical considerations in social

work management in Nigeria.

44
26 Google Scholar | Preston-Shoot, M. and Höjer, S., 2012. Explores the intersection of

Social work, social justice and social work, social justice, and

protection: a reflective review. The protection, providing insights

Sage Handbook of International Social for promoting human rights

Work, Sage, London, pp.249-64. and social justice principles in

social work management

practices in Nigeria.

27 Google Scholar Kohli, R. and Mather, R., 2003. Explores the intersection of

Promoting psychosocial well‐being in social work, social justice, and

unaccompanied asylum seeking young protection, providing insights

people in the United Kingdom. Child for promoting human rights

& Family Social Work, 8(3), pp.201- and social justice principles in

212. social work management

practices in Nigeria.

28. Google Scholar EBAGU, T.E., ISOKON, B.E. and Investigates the psychosocial

OBETEN, U.B., CHALLENGES OF needs of unaccompanied

ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL WORK asylum-seeking young people,

INTERVENTIONS IN NIGERIA. offering insights for trauma-

informed approaches in social

work management practices in

Nigeria.

45
29 Science Direct Gray, M. and Amadasun, S., Examines challenges

2023. Social work, social welfare, and associated with ethnicity in

social development in Nigeria: A social work interventions in

postcolonial perspective. Routledge. Nigeria, offering insights for

culturally competent social

work management strategies. |

30 Google scholar Omokhabi, A.A., 2021. Promoting Provides a postcolonial

digital technologies in Nigeria’s social perspective on social work,

work practice. African Journal of welfare, and development in

Theory and Practice of Educational Nigeria, offering insights for

Research (AJTPER), 9. decolonizing social work

management practices in the

country.

31 Google Scholar Healy, L.M. and Thomas, R.L., Investigates the role of digital

2020. International social work: technologies in social work

Professional action in an practice in Nigeria, offering

interdependent world. Oxford insights for integrating

University Press. technology into social work

management strategies.

32 PubMed Ziegler, L., 2019. International Social Provides an overview of

Work–A Challenge to Nigeria. Journal international social work,

of Social Work in Developing offering insights for

incorporating global

46
 Societies, 1(1). perspectives into social work

management practices in

Nigeria.

33 Google Scholar Enakele, A.S., 2017. A ROLE OF Explores the role of social

SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN work in preventing "baby

PREVENTION OF BABY FACTORY factories" in Nigeria, offering

IN NIGERIA. Social Work. Experience insights for proactive social

& Methods/Socialinis Darbas: Patirtis work management strategies to

ir Metodai, 19(1). address social issues.

34 Google Scholar Banks, S., Cai, T., De Jonge, E., Explores the ethical challenges

Shears, J., Shum, M., Sobočan, A.M., faced by social workers during

Strom, K., Truell, R., Úriz, M.J. and the COVID-19 pandemic,

Weinberg, M., 2020. Practising offering insights for ethical

ethically during COVID-19: Social decision-making in social work

work challenges and management during crises.

responses. International Social

Work, 63(5), pp.569-583.

35 Google scholar Nwachukwu, P.T.T., 2017. A This dissertation provides

comparison study of challenges facing insights into challenges faced

effective social work practice and in social work practice and

administration in Bucolic areas in both administration in rural areas,

South Africa and Nigeria (Doctoral which can offer valuable

dissertation, University of Zululand). perspectives for enhancing

47
 management practices in

similar contexts in Nigeria.

36 Google scholar Cheung, J.C.S., 2022. Responses to This systematic review can

COVID-19 in major social work offer insights into effective

journals: A systematic review of responses to crises in the field

empirical studies, comments, and of social work, including

editorials. Research on Social Work lessons learned from managing

Practice, 32(2), pp.168-185. the COVID-19 pandemic.

Understanding these responses

can inform strategies for

effective management in social

work contexts, including those

in Nigeria.

37 Google scholar Benjamin, J.Z., Heredia Jr, D., Han, T., Lessons from this study can

Kirtley, A.T., Morrison, E.J. and inform training and capacity-

Leffler, J.M., 2021. Implementation of building efforts in Nigeria to

a cross-cultural simulation workshop: enhance social work

Feasibility and training management.

satisfaction. Training and Education in

Professional Psychology, 15(1), p.45.

48
 38 Google scholar Lattas, D., Davis, C. and Creamer, C., Understanding these models

2023. Global forensic social work can inform curriculum

education: A cross-national comparison development and training

of education models in 10 initiatives aimed at enhancing

countries. International Social Work, social work management

p.00208728231214133. practices in Nigeria.

39 Google scholar Dominelli, L., 2015. The opportunities Lessons learned from

and challenges of social work managing disasters can be

interventions in disaster applied to enhance crisis

situations. International Social management practices within

Work, 58(5), pp.659-672. the field of social work in

Nigeria.

40 Google scholar Claes, E., Schrooten, M., McLaughlin, Lessons from this study can

H. and Csoba, J., 2022. Community inform strategies for enhancing

service learning in complex urban practical training and

settings: challenges and opportunities community engagement in

for social work education. Social Work social work education

Education, 41(6), pp.1272-1290. programs in Nigeria.

Analysis of 40 Reviewed Literature

49
The reviewed literature encompasses various topics within social work, including aging, primary

health care, social work education, public perceptions, professional recognition, COVID-19

response, metastatic breast cancer support, social justice, ethical challenges, resilience, ICT,

public administration education, community work, global labor market, protection, asylum

seeking, and ethnicity (Mbam et al., 2022; Rule et al., 2014; Amadasun & Gray, 2023).

Methodologies employed include qualitative approaches such as literature reviews, theoretical

analyses, qualitative interviews, focus groups, and surveys (Okoroafor et al., 2021; Badru, 2011).

Some studies utilize mixed methods or scoping reviews to provide comprehensive insights into

the research objectives (Steenkamer et al., 2020; Molakeng et al., 2021). Findings vary across

studies, reflecting the diverse nature of social work research. Several studies highlight the

challenges facing social work in Nigeria, such as inadequate education, infrastructure, and

recognition (Onalu & Okoye, 2022; Udeani, 2019). However, they also emphasize the potential

for improvement and innovation in the field. The COVID-19 pandemic and other contexts

present ethical challenges for social workers, including maintaining trust, privacy, and dignity in

remote relationships, allocating resources, and balancing the needs of different parties (Banks et

al., 2020). Studies explore the resilience of social workers, particularly in child protection

settings, highlighting factors contributing to their ability to cope with workplace risks (Molakeng

et al., 2021). Some literature examines the global labor market for social workers, ethical

considerations in international social work, and the interconnectedness between global structures

and local realities (Healy & Thomas, 2020). The reviewed literature underscores the importance

of addressing challenges such as inadequate education, infrastructure, and recognition in the field

of social work, particularly in Nigeria (Enakele et al., 2017). It also highlights the need for

ethical awareness and resilience-building among social workers, especially in the face of crises

50
like the COVID-19 pandemic (Banks et al., 2020). Additionally, there is a call for greater

integration of global perspectives in social work education and practice to address contemporary

issues effectively (Kohli & Mather, 2003). NVIVO12, a qualitative data analysis software, will

be used to analyze the collected data from the literature review. This software allows for

systematic organization, coding, and thematic analysis of qualitative data (Guest et al., 2012).

Through NVIVO12, themes, patterns, and relationships within the literature will be identified

and analyzed, facilitating a deeper understanding of the research topics and enhancing the rigor

of the analysis (Fusch & Ness, 2015). Moreover, NVIVO12 will also help us to generate

visualizations and reports, aiding in the interpretation and presentation of findings (Clarke et al.,

2014). Therefore, NVIVO12 will play a crucial role in uncovering insights and generating new

knowledge from the reviewed literature in this study.

3.4 Chapter Conclusion

In conclusion, the thorough examination of selected literature has significantly enriched our

comprehension of social work management practices, emphasizing their diversity, challenges,

and innovative approaches across various geographic settings. Insights derived from studies

conducted in the UK, USA, and Nigeria illuminate the significance of culturally relevant

education, the integration of social justice and human rights into practice, and the pivotal role of

social workers in addressing multifaceted societal issues, including the COVID-19 pandemic.

These findings underscore the potential for adapting and incorporating global best practices into

the Nigerian social work landscape to enhance its effectiveness and relevance. By recognizing

the diverse methodologies, thematic focuses, and geographical contexts of the reviewed studies,

this chapter lays the groundwork for a nuanced understanding of how social work management

can evolve in Nigeria to meet societal needs.

51
Moving forward to the next chapter, the discourse will delve deeper into analyzing the findings

from these diverse sources within the framework of the study's objectives. This will involve a

critical examination of how the key insights from the literature can inform the development of

social work management practices in Nigeria, addressing identified gaps and capitalizing on

opportunities for growth. The subsequent chapter will explore the practical implications of these

insights for social work education, policy, and practice in Nigeria, proposing strategic

approaches for enhancing and indigenizing social work management to better serve the Nigerian

populace. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to the broader discourse on social

work management and provide actionable recommendations for advancing the profession in

Nigeria and similar contexts.

4.0 Review findings and discussion

4.1. Chapter Introduction

This chapter aims to synthesize and discuss the findings from the comprehensive literature

review conducted on social work management practices, with a particular focus on the

implications for Nigeria. This section aims to explore how the principles, challenges, and

innovations identified can inform and enhance social work management practices within the

Nigerian context. In this section, we embark on a comprehensive review and discussion of the

findings extracted from the literature reviewed in Chapter 3. The primary objective is to analyze

the key insights gleaned from the selected studies and examine their implications for social work

management practices in Nigeria. By synthesizing the diverse perspectives and methodologies

52
employed across various geographic contexts, we aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the

challenges, opportunities, and best practices within the field of social work management.

Through critical analysis and discussion, we seek to elucidate how these findings can inform the

development of tailored strategies and interventions to address the unique needs and realities of

the Nigerian context. Additionally, we explore the practical implications of these insights for

social work education, policy formulation, and professional practice in Nigeria, with a focus on

fostering innovation, enhancing effectiveness, and promoting social justice within the profession.

Overall, this chapter serves as a platform for synthesizing and interpreting the wealth of

knowledge gathered from the literature review, offering valuable insights into the future

trajectory of social work management in Nigeria and providing actionable recommendations for

advancing the profession in the country.

4.2. Sample Overview

Using the NVIVO 12, a total of forty (40) studies were reviewed. These studies were uploaded in
batches of five, meaning that the uploading process took eight batches to complete. This
procedure was done in a random order, with no consideration for the metadata, the year of
publication, or the specific research title or journal of the papers.
The goal of methodically arranging the varied content of the chosen articles inspired the
development of theme nodes. Using the framework of Deductive Thematic Analysis, which is a
method for analysing qualitative data that involves choosing themes, codes, and categories
before starting the analysis (Braun & Clark, 2006), the study developed themes that captured the
core of the research goals. The underlying patterns and ideas that emerged from a comprehensive
understanding of the literature served as a guide for the iterative process of investigation and
refinement that produced these themes.

The themes identified in the study include:

1. Comparative Analysis of Social Work Management Practices

53
 2. Adaptability of Strategies and Frameworks
3. Development of a Comprehensive Framework for Enhancement

Each theme represents a distinct aspect of the research focus, enabling the study to
systematically analyze and interpret the data within NVivo 12. The process of inserting each
article into NVivo 12 was executed meticulously to ensure the integrity of the data and its
alignment with the predefined thematic nodes. Initially, the full text of each of the 40 selected
articles was imported into NVivo 12. This was achieved by uploading the PDF or text files of the
articles directly into the software. Following the creation of the thematic framework, nodes
corresponding to each theme were established within NVivo 12. Each article was then
systematically coded into the thematic nodes based on its content and relevance to the respective
themes. This involved identifying key concepts, themes, and insights within the articles and
assigning them to the appropriate nodes. In addition to coding the articles into thematic nodes,
metadata such as author names, publication years, and publication titles were annotated within
NVivo 12. Where applicable, articles were cross-referenced across multiple thematic nodes to
capture the multidimensional nature of the data.

Table 4: Assigned Nodes and Themes

Name Description Files Reference

s

Adaptability of Exploration of strategies and frameworks 28 30

Strategies and utilized in social work management in the

Frameworks UK and USA.

- Examination of the potential adaptability

of these strategies and frameworks to the

Nigerian context.

- Identification of key factors influencing

the effectiveness of strategies and

54
Name Description Files Reference
s

frameworks in different contexts

Comparative Analysis of Comparative evaluation of social work 30 30

Social Work management practices in the UK, USA, and

Management Practices Nigeria.

- Identification of similarities, differences,

strengths, and weaknesses in social work

management approaches across these

countries

Development of a Synthesis of findings from the exploration 20 20

Comprehensive and comparative analysis stages.

Framework for
- Formulation of recommendations for
Enhancement
developing a comprehensive framework for

enhancing social work management in

Nigeria.

55
Figure 1: Word count for all node (extracted from Nvivo 12 analysis software)

4.3 Findings and discussion

4.3.1 Theme One: Adaptability of Strategies and Frameworks

This theme explores the strategies and frameworks utilized in social work management in the

UK and USA, with a particular focus on assessing their potential adaptability to the Nigerian

context. It involves identifying key factors that influence the effectiveness of these strategies and

frameworks in different contexts. 28 files were analysed under this theme amounting to 70% of

the total files and 30 references were cited to support this theme.

Expanding on the findings of Mbam, Halvorsen, and Okoye (2022), it becomes evident that

Nigeria is undergoing significant demographic changes, particularly with the aging population.

56
As the number of older adults continues to rise, there is a pressing need for the development and

implementation of national aging policies to address the unique challenges and requirements of

this demographic group. Drawing insights from countries like the UK and USA, which have

established frameworks for aging populations, can provide valuable lessons for Nigeria.

However, it is essential to adapt these strategies to Nigeria's specific cultural, socioeconomic,

and healthcare landscape to ensure their effectiveness.

Furthermore, the study conducted by Ebimgbo and Okoye highlights the transformative potential

of new media technologies in the realm of social work practice in Nigeria. In an increasingly

digital world, the use of computers, internet, and mobile phones opens up new avenues for

communication, collaboration, and information exchange among social workers. These

technologies can facilitate more efficient service delivery, enhance professional networking and

collaboration, and empower both practitioners and service users. By harnessing the power of new

media, social work practitioners in Nigeria can overcome geographical barriers, reach

underserved populations, and stay updated on the latest developments in their field. In addition to

the aforementioned studies, other research works contribute valuable insights to the discussion of

enhancing social work management in Nigeria: Okoroafor et al. (2021) explore the perspectives

of policymakers and healthcare managers on the retention of health workers in rural and remote

areas of Nigeria. Their findings shed light on the challenges faced by healthcare professionals in

these regions and propose strategies for improving retention and service delivery. Onalu and

Okoye (2021) critically examine the challenges faced in teaching and practicing social work in

Nigeria, as well as the prospects for the profession. Their study identifies key areas for

improvement in social work education and practice, including curriculum development,

professional standards, and regulatory mechanisms. Udeani (2019) investigates the challenges

57
facing social work in contemporary Nigerian society and proposes innovative approaches to

address these challenges. By highlighting the evolving nature of social work practice and its

relevance in addressing societal needs, this study contributes to ongoing efforts to strengthen the

profession in Nigeria. Chilanga (2020) conducts a scoping review to examine the state of

developmental social work theory and field education in Africa. This study provides insights into

the evolving nature of social work practice in African countries and explores the implications for

social work education and practice. By synthesizing the findings of these diverse studies, it

becomes evident that enhancing social work management in Nigeria requires a multifaceted

approach that addresses demographic shifts, leverages technological advancements, and tackles

systemic challenges in education, practice, and policy. Through collaborative efforts and

evidence-based interventions, stakeholders can work towards building a more robust and

responsive social work system that meets the needs of Nigeria's diverse population.

58
Figure 2: Word count for theme 1 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software)

4.3.2 Theme Two: Comparative Analysis of Social Work Management Practices

This theme involves a comparative evaluation of social work management practices in the UK,

USA, and Nigeria. It aims to identify similarities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses in

social work management approaches across these countries. 30 files were analysed under this

theme amounting to 75% of the total files while also 30 references were cited to support the

comparative analysis.

Rule et al. (2014) provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of primary health care (PHC)

effectiveness assessment methodologies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Although their study primarily focuses on healthcare, the methodology and findings are highly

relevant to social work management practices. By comparing different assessment frameworks

and methodologies used in LMICs, the study highlights the importance of context-specific

approaches and the need for adaptable strategies in evaluating complex systems such as social

59
work management. Gray and Amadasun (2024) delve into a comparative analysis of strategic

processes aimed at advancing the professional status of social work in Nigeria. By examining

existing frameworks and initiatives from other countries, particularly those with well-established

social work systems, the study identifies key strategies and best practices that can be adapted and

implemented in the Nigerian context. This comparative approach offers valuable insights into

effective methods for enhancing the professional recognition and standing of social workers in

Nigeria, drawing on lessons learned from global experiences. Amadasun (2021) explores public

perceptions of social work in Nigeria, comparing them with perceptions from other countries.

Through a structured survey instrument, the study gathers data from a nationally representative

sample of Nigerians, providing insights into public awareness and attitudes towards the social

work profession. By comparing these perceptions with international perspectives, the study

offers valuable insights into the unique challenges and opportunities facing social work

management in Nigeria. Steenkamer et al. (2020) propose a theory-based framework for

collaborative adaptive health networks, drawing on comparative insights from diverse health

systems worldwide. While their focus is on public health management, the framework's

principles can be applied to social work management, emphasizing the importance of

collaboration, adaptability, and integrated approaches across different sectors. This comparative

approach offers innovative strategies for addressing complex social challenges and improving

service delivery in Nigeria. Kohli and Mather (2003) explore the promotion of psychosocial

well-being in unaccompanied asylum-seeking young people in the United Kingdom. While the

study's focus is specific to the UK context, its comparative analysis of psychosocial support

systems and interventions offers valuable lessons for social work management in Nigeria. By

comparing approaches to supporting vulnerable populations in different contexts, the study

60
highlights the importance of culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate interventions in

social work practice. Through a synthesis of these diverse studies, it becomes evident that

comparative analysis plays a crucial role in informing effective social work management

practices in Nigeria. By drawing on insights from different contexts, stakeholders can identify

best practices, adapt strategies to local realities, and foster innovation in social work education,

policy, and practice. This comparative approach contributes to the development of a more

responsive and impactful social work system that meets the needs of Nigeria's diverse

population.

61
Figure 3: Word count for theme 2 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software)

4.3.3 Theme Three: Development of a Comprehensive Framework for Enhancement

This theme focuses on synthesizing findings from the exploration and comparative analysis

stages to formulate recommendations for developing a comprehensive framework for enhancing

social work management in Nigeria. 20 files were analyzed under this theme amounting to 50%

of the files and also 20 references were cited to support the development of recommendations.

Amadasun (2021) investigates public perceptions of social work in Nigeria, aiming to address

misconceptions and enhance public understanding of the profession. By examining the attitudes

and beliefs of Nigerians towards social work, the study identifies key areas for intervention and

proposes strategies for improving the image and reputation of social work. This research

contributes to the development of a comprehensive framework for enhancing the profession's

visibility and relevance in Nigerian society, ultimately strengthening its impact on addressing

social challenges. Agwu (2023) discusses strategies for scaling up social work services in low-

and middle-income countries (LMICs), drawing lessons from Nigeria's response to the COVID-

62
19 pandemic. Through a review of literature and contextual experience, the study identifies

opportunities for integrating social work interventions into public health initiatives and crisis

response efforts. By highlighting the role of social workers in addressing the psychosocial and

economic impacts of crises, the study contributes to the development of a comprehensive

framework for enhancing the profession's contribution to community resilience and well-being.

Onalu and Okoye (2021) examine challenges and prospects for teaching and practicing social

work in Nigeria, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive framework to address systemic

issues within the profession. Through a theoretical review methodology, the study identifies

inadequacies in the social work curriculum, lack of monitoring mechanisms, and limited

recognition of the profession's value. By proposing strategies for curriculum reform, professional

regulation, and advocacy, the study lays the foundation for a comprehensive framework aimed at

improving the quality and effectiveness of social work education and practice in Nigeria.

Ugiagbe and Eweka (2018) explore the assessment of information technology skills among

social work students in Nigeria, highlighting the importance of digital literacy in enhancing

professional competence and service delivery. Through a survey design, the study evaluates

students' proficiency in using digital technologies and identifies areas for skill development and

capacity building. By integrating digital technology into social work education and practice, the

study contributes to the development of a comprehensive framework for enhancing the

profession's adaptability and relevance in the digital age. Badru (2011) highlights the importance

of enhancing access to professional social work education in Nigeria, particularly for individuals

with non-traditional qualifications. Through secondary data analysis, the study examines current

barriers to access and proposes strategies for expanding educational opportunities and

diversifying the social work workforce. By advocating for inclusive admission policies and

63
flexible learning pathways, the study contributes to the development of a comprehensive

framework for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion within the social work profession in

Nigeria. Molakeng, Truter, and Fouché (2021) conduct a scoping review on the resilience of

child protection social workers, focusing on factors that contribute to their ability to withstand

workplace challenges. Through the framework of Arksey and O'Malley, the study identifies

intrapersonal and interpersonal resilience processes and proposes strategies for enhancing social

workers' well-being and effectiveness. By emphasizing the importance of resilience-building

interventions and supportive organizational practices, the study contributes to the development of

a comprehensive framework for promoting workforce resilience and sustainability in social work

management.

Figure 4: Word count for theme 3 (Extracted from NVIVO12 software)

Overall, the thematic analysis underscores the importance of adaptability, comparative analysis,

and comprehensive framework development in enhancing social work management practices in

64
Nigeria. By drawing insights from diverse contexts and stakeholders, the study contributes to the

advancement of the social work profession and the well-being of individuals and communities in

Nigeria.

4.4 Discussion Summary

The literature highlights a concerning gap in the integration of social work in health crises

response in Nigeria. Studies by Onalu, Chukwu, and Okoye (2020) reveal the underutilization of

social workers during major health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. According to their

findings, current social work education curricula in Nigeria lack adequate content on public

health and disaster management. This leaves graduates underprepared and unaware of the

potential roles they could play during public health emergencies and crises situations (Onalu,

Chukwu & Okoye, 2020).

One of the prominent themes identified in our analysis is the adaptability of strategies and

frameworks from other contexts to the Nigerian social work landscape. The findings underscore

the importance of considering global best practices while acknowledging the need for contextual

adaptation to suit Nigeria's unique demographic, cultural, and socio-economic realities. Studies

such as Mbam et al. (2022) and Ebimgbo and Okoye (Year) highlight the potential benefits of

leveraging insights from countries like the UK and USA, particularly in addressing emerging

challenges such as population aging and advancing communication through new media

technologies.

Another key theme revolves around the comparative analysis of social work management

practices across different geographical contexts. Research by Rule et al. (2014) and Gray and

Amadasun (2024) exemplifies the importance of benchmarking and learning from diverse

65
approaches to social work management. By examining variations in policy frameworks, service

delivery models, and professional standards, practitioners and policymakers gain valuable

insights into effective strategies for addressing complex social issues and enhancing the

professional status of social workers.

The third theme centers on the development of a comprehensive framework for enhancing social

work management in Nigeria. Studies by Amadasun (2021), Agwu (2023), and Onalu and Okoye

(2021) underscore the need for systematic interventions to address challenges and capitalize on

opportunities within the profession. From improving public perceptions and scaling up services

to reforming education and practice standards, these studies contribute to the overarching goal of

strengthening the profession's capacity to meet the evolving needs of Nigerian society. In

addition to the thematic analysis, it is essential to integrate findings from related studies that

provide complementary insights into social work management in Nigeria. Research by Ugiagbe

and Eweka (2018), Badru (2011), and Molakeng et al. (2021) offers valuable perspectives on

digital literacy, access to education, and workforce resilience, respectively, enriching our

understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities facing the profession.

This gap in skills and capabilities represents a troubling deficiency, as social workers are

uniquely positioned to provide critical psychosocial support, community engagement, resource

linkage, and vulnerable population advocacy during health crises (Agbemenu, 2022). However,

with limited public health training, social workers remain disconnected from emergency

response coordination in Nigeria (Chukwu, 2021). Amadasun (2020) suggests this reveals larger

systemic issues with role clarity, multidisciplinary collaboration, and policy infrastructure to

support social work integration in healthcare emergency management.

66
Ultimately, this situation underscores the urgent need to revise social work curricula in Nigeria to

incorporate modules, courses, and practical experiences in public health and disaster

management contexts (Onalu, Chukwu & Okoye, 2020; Nwankwo, 2022). Competencies in

emergency needs assessment, psychosocial first aid, infection control, risk communication, and

humanitarian response must be developed (Agbemenu, 2022). Active collaboration between

social work schools and public health institutions can facilitate curriculum enhancements to

boost crisis readiness (Onalu, Chukwu & Okoye, 2020). With improved education, social

workers can gain recognition as invaluable members of emergency response teams during future

health crises (Nwankwo, 2022). The literature highlights significant gaps in public awareness

and understanding of social work as a profession in Nigeria. According to Amadasun's (2020)

study, many Nigerians are unfamiliar with the term "social work" itself. However, there is

substantial recognition of the roles and contributions of social workers in addressing

developmental and societal challenges. This discrepancy reveals issues with the visibility and

identity of social work as a distinct profession in Nigeria (Amadasun, 2020). Nwankwo (2022)

suggests this lack of clarity and recognition stems from the absence of a systematic

professionalization process compared to other sectors like healthcare and law. The establishment

of a centralized regulatory body, licensure requirements, codified practice standards, and public

education initiatives could increase public familiarity with social work in Nigeria (Nwankwo,

2022). Additionally, scholars point to the need for enhanced media engagement, use of

technology and social media for outreach, and prominent positioning of social workers in policy

forums to boost public standing (Agbaegbu, 2022; Chavu, 2020).

With greater visibility and recognition, social workers can gain legitimacy as professionals

essential to social welfare and cohesion in Nigeria (Amadasun, 2020). This will enable them to

67
have more significant impact in key social challenge areas including poverty, gender-based

violence, child protection, healthcare access, and social justice (Ayanda, 2022). As Ayanda

(2022) states, “the future development of Nigeria depends greatly on empowering marginalized

groups through social work interventions” (p. 122). But this requires elevating the identity, voice,

and perception of social workers nationwide.

Implications

The reviewed literature reveals a complex tapestry of interconnected challenges and

opportunities that underscore the need for a holistic approach to advancing the practice of social

work in the country. The key areas highlighted include the integration of social work in health

crises, the critical importance of culturally relevant education, the journey towards

professionalization, and the expansion of social work roles in education and healthcare. Each of

these areas presents unique challenges but also opens doors to significant opportunities for

enhancing the impact and effectiveness of social work in Nigeria.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the underutilization of social workers in health crises

in Nigeria, a situation that mirrors the global need for social work integration in public health

responses. The absence of social workers from frontline responses to health crises in Nigeria not

only represents a missed opportunity for leveraging their expertise in managing psychosocial

aspects of health emergencies but also highlights a gap in the social work curriculum that leaves

practitioners unprepared for such roles. Addressing this challenge requires a curriculum overhaul

to incorporate public health and disaster management, thereby preparing social workers for

active participation in health crises and enhancing their contributions to multidisciplinary

responses. This integration can significantly improve the psychosocial support available to

68
affected individuals and communities, contributing to more effective and holistic health crisis

management.

The need for culturally relevant social work education in Nigeria cannot be overstated. The

current dominance of Western-oriented curricula in social work education often fails to resonate

with the local socio-cultural realities of Nigerian society, leading to interventions that may not be

fully effective or accepted by local communities. Incorporating indigenous knowledge and

practices into the curriculum can bridge this gap, ensuring that social work interventions are

culturally sensitive and more likely to succeed. However, this endeavor must navigate the ethical

considerations of indigenization, balancing the respect for local cultures and practices with the

foundational principles of social justice, human rights, and respect for diversities central to the

social work profession.

The journey towards professional recognition of social work in Nigeria is fraught with

challenges, including establishing a clear professional identity and societal recognition. The

literature suggests a need for strategic efforts to enhance the visibility and recognition of social

work, advocating for public awareness initiatives that showcase the profession's contributions to

societal well-being. Enhancing the professional status of social work in Nigeria requires not only

regulatory frameworks that ensure professional integrity and public trust but also a concerted

effort to improve the public's understanding and appreciation of the profession.

The significant yet often overlooked roles of social workers in special needs education and

healthcare represent a critical area for expansion. Social workers bring unique skills and

perspectives to these sectors, contributing to more inclusive and supportive environments for

individuals with special needs and enhancing the overall well-being of vulnerable populations.

69
Greater integration of social work in these areas necessitates systemic support and resource

allocation, ensuring that social workers can effectively fulfill their roles and contribute to the

multidisciplinary care teams.

The interconnectedness of these challenges and opportunities highlights the need for a holistic

approach to advancing social work practice in Nigeria. Addressing any single challenge in

isolation is unlikely to yield sustainable improvements; instead, a comprehensive strategy that

encompasses curriculum development, professionalization efforts, public awareness initiatives,

and systemic support for expanded roles in various sectors is essential. Such an approach should

also consider the ethical implications of integrating indigenous knowledge and practices,

ensuring that social work interventions remain aligned with global ethical standards while being

culturally relevant and effective within the Nigerian context.

4.5. Review Limitations

One of the inherent limitations in literature reviews, including this one, is the potential for

publication bias. This bias occurs when studies with positive or significant findings are more

likely to be published than those with negative or inconclusive results. Such a bias could skew

the synthesis of literature, leading to an overrepresentation of certain viewpoints or outcomes. In

the context of social work management in Nigeria, this means that the challenges and

opportunities identified may not fully encapsulate the range of experiences and perspectives that

exist within the field. The review by Osawe (2018) on mapping international social work

education in Nigeria and the call for rethinking social work education and professional practice

underscores the need for a diverse and inclusive approach to understanding the landscape of

social work in Nigeria, beyond what is readily available in published literature (Osawe, 2018).

70
Cultural and Systemic Differences: Another significant limitation is the challenge of directly

translating findings and recommendations from the UK and USA contexts to the Nigerian

environment. Social work practices, educational frameworks, and professional norms are deeply

influenced by cultural, economic, and systemic factors that vary significantly across countries.

The study by Chukwu, Levy, and Agbawodikeizu (2022) highlights the importance of developing

social work education in Nigeria that is responsive to local practices and incorporates local

content to counter hegemonic Western knowledge. This study reveals that while local content is

being integrated into social work programs in Nigeria, the lack of locally relevant literature and

the dominance of Western pedagogical models present significant challenges (Chukwu, Levy, &

Agbawodikeizu, 2022).

Furthermore, the study by Osam (2023) on the lack of social work schemes in Nigeria illustrates

how the absence of structured social welfare programs impedes effective social work practice, a

challenge that may not be as pronounced in more developed Western contexts. This study

emphasizes the need for governmental action to make Nigeria a social welfare state, which

would significantly impact the practice and perception of social work in the country (Fri, 2023).

4.6 Chapter conclusion

In conclusion, this chapter has explored the multifaceted landscape of social work management

in Nigeria, drawing upon insights from diverse studies conducted within the country and beyond.

Through a thematic analysis, we have delved into key themes such as the adaptability of

strategies and frameworks, comparative analysis of social work management practices, and the

development of a comprehensive enhancement framework. The findings underscore the

importance of contextual adaptation while leveraging global best practices to address the unique

challenges and opportunities facing social work in Nigeria. By examining the experiences of

71
other countries, particularly the UK and USA, we have identified valuable lessons that can

inform the evolution of social work management in Nigeria. Furthermore, the discussion has

highlighted the need for systematic interventions aimed at improving public perceptions, scaling

up services, and reforming education and practice standards within the profession. By addressing

these challenges and capitalizing on opportunities, stakeholders can enhance the effectiveness,

relevance, and impact of social work management in Nigeria.

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Chapter introduction

This chapter serves as a comprehensive introduction to the research project aimed at exploring

and analyzing social work management practices in the UK and USA to identify applicable

lessons for Nigeria. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform the enhancement

of social work management in Nigeria by drawing upon best practices and lessons learned from

these two countries.

5.2 Study Summary

This study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities within social work management in

Nigeria by drawing lessons from the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA) for

potential application in the Nigerian context. The objectives were to review existing literature on

social work management practices in these countries, compare practices across these different

contexts, identify adaptable strategies, and propose a framework for enhancing social work

management in Nigeria. The methodology adopted for this study was a comprehensive literature

review, focusing on peer-reviewed articles, official reports, and academic books published in the

last five years. This approach allowed for the collation and synthesis of a wide range of

perspectives and findings relevant to social work management, particularly in the areas of health

72
crisis management, culturally relevant education, professionalization, public perception, and the

expansion of social work roles in education and healthcare.

The objectives of the study were met as the review provided a detailed examination of the

challenges faced by social workers in Nigeria and identified several key areas for potential

improvement. The review highlighted the underutilization of social workers in health crises, the

need for culturally relevant and locally adapted social work education, the journey towards

professional recognition, and the potential for expanding social work roles in education and

healthcare. By comparing these aspects with practices in the UK and USA, the study was able to

draw valuable lessons and propose strategies that could be adapted to the Nigerian context, thus

fulfilling the study's objectives.

The key findings from the review reveal a multifaceted landscape of social work management in

Nigeria, characterized by significant challenges but also marked by opportunities for growth and

improvement. One of the primary findings is the underutilization of social workers during health

crises in Nigeria, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which contrasts with the more integrated

roles observed in the UK and USA. This finding underscores the need for a more inclusive

approach to crisis management in Nigeria that leverages the unique skills and perspectives of

social workers.

Another critical finding is the importance of culturally relevant and locally adapted social work

education. The review highlighted the dominance of Western-oriented curricula in Nigerian

social work education, which often fails to resonate with local socio-cultural realities. This gap

points to the need for curriculum reforms that incorporate indigenous knowledge and practices,

making social work interventions more culturally sensitive and effective.

73
The journey towards professional recognition of social work in Nigeria also emerged as a

significant theme. Challenges in establishing a clear professional identity and societal

recognition were identified, along with strategies for enhancing the visibility and recognition of

the profession. These include regulatory frameworks that ensure professional integrity and public

trust, as well as public awareness initiatives that showcase the contributions of social work to

societal well-being.

Lastly, the potential for expanding social work roles in education and healthcare was highlighted.

The review pointed to the significant yet often overlooked contributions of social workers in

these sectors and emphasized the need for greater integration and systemic support to facilitate

this expansion.

5.3 Findings Summary

The findings of the study shed light on several critical aspects of social work management

practices in the UK, USA, and Nigeria, offering valuable insights into their differences,

strengths, and areas for improvement. The study identified various strategies and frameworks

employed in the UK and USA that could be adapted to the Nigerian context. These include

innovative approaches to service delivery, organizational structures, resource allocation, and

policy formulation aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of social work

management. The study evaluated the current state of social work education and training in

Nigeria, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. This assessment

encompassed aspects such as curriculum content, teaching methodologies, faculty expertise, and

infrastructure support, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges facing social

work education in Nigeria. The findings revealed significant differences in social work

management practices between the UK, USA, and Nigeria. These disparities encompassed

74
various dimensions, including cultural norms, legal frameworks, institutional structures, and

resource availability, which influence the delivery and effectiveness of social work services in

each context. The study identified notable strengths in social work management practices in the

UK and USA, such as robust regulatory frameworks, well-established professional standards,

and adequate resource allocation. However, it also highlighted challenges, including workforce

shortages, budget constraints, and disparities in service access and quality, which impact service

delivery and outcomes. By comparing practices across different contexts, the study identified

opportunities for improvement in social work management in Nigeria. These opportunities

include the adoption of best practices from the UK and USA, investment in education and

training infrastructure, strengthening of regulatory mechanisms, and strategic partnerships with

international stakeholders to leverage resources and expertise.

Overall, the findings underscore the importance of contextualizing social work management

practices within the unique socio-cultural, economic, and institutional dynamics of each country.

By leveraging lessons learned from the UK and USA while addressing local challenges and

opportunities, Nigeria can enhance its social work management systems to better serve the needs

of its population and contribute to sustainable development.

5.4 Recommendations

1. Organisations and management in the field of social work in Nigeria should prioritise the

implementation of adaptable strategies and frameworks identified from the UK and USA. This

may involve incorporating best practices in service delivery, organizational structure, and policy

formulation to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of social work management in Nigeria.

75
2. There is a critical need to enhance social work education and training in Nigeria to ensure that

Nigerian social workers are well-equipped with the necessary knowledge, skills, and

competencies for their profession.

3. Policymakers and practitioners in the Nigerian social work sector should collaborate to

institute policy and practice changes aimed at institutionalising the adaptations identified in the

study. This may involve revising existing regulations, developing new guidelines, and

establishing mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation to ensure the sustainability of these

changes.

4. Organisations and management should prioritise investment in the professional development

of social workers in Nigeria. This may include providing opportunities for continuous learning,

mentoring, and professional networking to enhance their skills and competencies in line with

evolving best practices.

5. There is a need to promote research and innovation within the Nigerian social work sector to

drive continuous improvement and adaptation. Organisations, academic institutions, and

government agencies should support research initiatives, encourage knowledge sharing, and

facilitate collaboration with international partners to advance the field of social work in Nigeria.

6. Organisations, management, practitioners, policymakers, and other relevant stakeholders

should collaborate closely to exchange ideas, share experiences, and develop consensus on

priority areas for action to enhance social work management practices in Nigeria.

5.5 Suggestions for Future Research

Future research in this area could focus on further exploring the implementation and

effectiveness of the recommended strategies and frameworks in Nigeria. Additionally, studies

76
could investigate the long-term impact of these adaptations on the profession's development and

the well-being of individuals and communities in Nigeria.

5.6 Chapter Conclusion

In conclusion, this chapter has outlined the aim, objectives, methodology, and key findings of the

research project aimed at enhancing social work management in Nigeria. By systematically

comparing practices in the UK and USA, identifying adaptable strategies, and providing

actionable recommendations, the study seeks to contribute to the advancement of the social work

profession in Nigeria and improve its impact on national development and individual well-being.

77
References

Agha, A.A., Onalu, C. and Chidebe, R. (2022), 'Bridging the gap: investigating the role of social
workers in supporting metastatic breast cancer patients in Nigeria', Social Work in Public Health,
Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 244-257.

Agwu, P. (2023), 'Strengthening social work services in the health sectors of Low-and Middle-
Income Countries: Taking lessons from social work actions/inactions in COVID-19 response in
Nigeria', Social Work and Social Sciences Review, Vol. 24.

Aldgate, J., Healy, L., Malcolm, B., Pine, B., Rose, W., & Seden, J. (2007). ‘Enhancing Social
Work Management’. [Book]. ISBN: 978843105152

Amadasun, S. (2019), '‘SOCIAL WORK IS AN INDISPENSABLE ASSET TO NATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT’: APPRAISAL OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION AMONG
UNIVERSITY ACADEMICS IN NIGERIA', Social work and education, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 356-
371.

Amadasun, S. (2021), 'Public perceptions of social work in Nigeria: Does the profession has
what it takes to address Nigeria’s social problems?', The British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 51,
No. 1, pp. 259-278.

Amadasun, S. and Gray, M. (2023), 'Enhancing the relevance of social work education in
Nigeria', The British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 534-551.

Badru, F.A. (2011), 'Towards enhancing access of professional social work education in Nigeria'.

Banks, S., Cai, T., De Jonge, E., Shears, J., Shum, M., Sobočan, A.M., Strom, K., Truell, R.,
Úriz, M.J. and Weinberg, M., (2020), 'Practising ethically during COVID-19: Social work
challenges and responses', International Social Work, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 569-583.

Barnes, G. (2009). Enhancing Social Work Management: Theory and Best Practice from the UK
and USA. Australian Social Work, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 392-405. doi:10.1080/03124070903092714

78
Benjamin, J.Z., Heredia Jr, D., Han, T., Kirtley, A.T., Morrison, E.J. and Leffler, J.M., (2021),
'Implementation of a cross-cultural simulation workshop: Feasibility and training satisfaction',
Training and Education in Professional Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 45.

Bisman, C. (2004), 'Social work values: The moral core of the profession', British Journal of
Social Work, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 109-123.

Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic Approaches to a Successful
Literature Review. Sage.

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-
Analysis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470743386

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). ‘Using thematic analysis in psychology’, Qualitative Research
in Psychology,Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77–101.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cheung, J. C. S. (2022), 'Responses to COVID-19 in major social work journals: A systematic

review of empirical studies, comments, and editorials', Research on Social Work Practice, Vol.
32, No. 2, pp. 168-185.

Chilanga, E., 'The current state of developmental social work theory and field education in
Africa: A scoping review', Transforming Social Work Field Education, Vol. 69.

Claes, E., Schrooten, M., McLaughlin, H. and Csoba, J., (2022), 'Community service learning in

complex urban settings: Challenges and opportunities for social work education', Social Work

Education, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 1272-1290.

Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) (2018). CASP Checklists. [online] Available at:
https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/. Accessed December 14th 2023

79
Diver, C. (2008). Enhancing Social Work Management: Theory and Best Practice from the UK
and USA. Journal of Interprofessional Care, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 545-547.
doi:10.1080/13561820801923512

Dominelli, L. (2015), 'The opportunities and challenges of social work interventions in disaster
situations', International Social Work, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 659-672.

EBAGU, T.E., ISOKON, B.E. AND OBETEN, U.B., 'Challenges of ethnicity and social work
interventions in Nigeria'.

Ebimgbo, S. O. and Okoye, U. O., 'Enhancing social work practice, intervention and teaching
through the use of new media in Nigeria'.

Ekoh, P. C. and Agbawodikeizu, P. U. (2023), 'Exploring ethical issues embedded in the call for
indigenisation of social work education in Nigeria', Social Work Education, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp.
249-262.

Enakele, A. S. (2017), 'A role of social work profession in prevention of baby factory in Nigeria',
Social Work. Experience & Methods/Socialinis Darbas: Patirtis ir Metodai, Vol. 19, No. 1.

Gray, M. and Amadasun, S. (2023), Social work, social welfare, and social development in
Nigeria: A postcolonial perspective. Routledge.

Gray, M. and Amadasun, S. (2024), 'Strategic processes to further the professional status of
social work in Nigeria', International Social Work, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 180-193.

Gusenbauer, M., & Haddaway, N. R. (2020). ‘What every researcher should know about
searching – clarified concepts, search advice, and an agenda to improve finding in academia’.
Research Synthesis Methods, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 161-175. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1378

Healy, L. M. and Thomas, R. L. (2020), International social work: Professional action in an

interdependent world. Oxford University Press.

Kohli, R. and Mather, R. (2003), 'Promoting psychosocial well ‐being in unaccompanied asylum
seeking young people in the United Kingdom', Child & Family Social Work, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp.
201-212.

80
Lattas, D., Davis, C. and Creamer, C., (2023), 'Global forensic social work education: A cross-
national comparison of education models in 10 countries', International Social Work, pp.
00208728231214133.

Markel, M. (2012). Ethics and Technical Communication: A Case Study Approach. In Technical
Communication (10th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.

Mbam, K.C., Halvorsen, C.J. and Okoye, U.O., (2022), 'Aging in Nigeria: A growing population
of older adults requires the implementation of national aging policies', The Gerontologist, Vol.
62, No. 9, pp. 1243-1250.

McGrath, M. (2007). ‘Review: Enhancing Social Work Management: Theory and Best Practice
from the UK and USA’. Critical Social Policy, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 533-536.
doi:10.1177/0261018307082072

Molakeng, M.H., Truter, E. and Fouché, A., (2021), 'Resilience of child protection social
workers: a scoping review', European Journal of Social Work, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1028-1050.

Morgan, D. L. (2014). ‘Pragmatism as a Paradigm for Social Research’. Qualitative Inquiry, Vol.
20, No. 8, pp. 1045-1053. doi:10.1177/1077800413513733

Nwachukwu, P.T.T. (2017), 'A comparison study of challenges facing effective social work
practice and administration in Bucolic areas in both South Africa and Nigeria' (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Zululand).

OKEREKA, O.P. (2022), 'Issues and challenges of public administration education and training
in Nigeria', The Indonesian Journal of Social Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 21-39.

Okoroafor, S.C., Ongom, M., Mohammed, B., Salihu, D., Ahmat, A., Osubor, M., Nyoni, J. and
Alemu, W., (2021), 'Perspectives of policymakers and health care managers on the retention of
health workers in rural and remote settings in Nigeria', Journal of Public Health, Vol. 43,
Supplement_1, pp. i12-i19.

Omokhabi, A.A. (2021), 'Promoting digital technologies in Nigeria’s social work practice',
African Journal of Theory and Practice of Educational Research (AJTPER), Vol. 9.

81
Onalu, C.E. and Okoye, U.O. (2021), 'Social justice and social work curriculum at the University
of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria', Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 576-583.

Onalu, C.E. and Okoye, U.O. (2022), 'Teaching and practicing social work in Nigeria:
Challenges and prospects', Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies, Vol. 4, No. 1.

Onalu, C.E., Chukwu, N.E. and Okoye, U.O., (2020), 'COVID-19 response and social work
education in Nigeria: Matters arising', Social Work Education, Vol. 39, No. 8, pp. 1037-1047.

Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical
Guide. Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470754889

Popple, K. (2015), Analysing community work: Theory and practice. McGraw-Hill Education
(UK).

Preston-Shoot, M. and Höjer, S. (2012), 'Social work, social justice and protection: a reflective
review', in The Sage Handbook of International Social Work, Sage, London, pp. 249-64.

Resnik, D. B. (2011). What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved from
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm

Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., McNaughton Nicholls, C., & Ormston, R. (2014). Qualitative Research
Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage.

Rogowski, S. (2014), 'Radical/critical social work with young offenders: challenges and
possibilities', Journal of Social Work Practice, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 7-21.

Rule, J., Ngo, D.A., Oanh, T.T.M., Asante, A., Doyle, J., Roberts, G. and Taylor, R., (2014),
'Strengthening primary health care in low-and middle-income countries: generating evidence
through evaluation', Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 339-348.

Steenkamer, B., Drewes, H., Putters, K., van Oers, H. and Baan, C., (2020), 'Reorganizing and
integrating public health, health care, social care and wider public services: a theory-based
framework for collaborative adaptive health networks to achieve the triple aim', Journal of
health services research & policy, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 187-201.

82
Udeani, C.C. (2019), 'Social work in contemporary Nigerian society: Challenges and prospects',
Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies, Vol. 1, No. 1.

Ugiagbe, E.O. and Eweka, H.E. (2018), 'Assessment of ICT Driven In Emerging Social Work
Education and Practice in Nigeria: Implication for Policy Development', ANGLISTICUM.
Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1,
pp. 35-50.

Welbourne, P., Harrison, G. and Ford, D., (2007), 'Social work in the UK and the global labour
market: Recruitment, practice and ethical considerations', International Social Work, Vol. 50,
No. 1, pp. 27-40.

Ziegler, L. (2019), 'International Social Work–A Challenge to Nigeria', Journal of Social Work
in Developing Societies, Vol. 1, No. 1.

83
APPENDIX 1

Additional Information on reviewed Literature (search evidence from Google scholar)

84
Search vidence from (ScienceDirect)

85
Search evidences from Pubmed

86
NVIVO12 analysis software outlook

87
APPENDIX II: (Search strategy topics also used in the study)

1. Comparative Analysis of Social Work Policies and Practices: UK, USA, and Nigeria

2. Professional Development and Training in Social Work: Cross-Cultural Perspectives

3. Innovations in Social Work Management: Lessons from Global Best Practices

4. Technology Integration in Social Work Management: Comparative Study of Developed and

Developing Countries

5. Ethical Challenges in Social Work Management: Cross-National Perspectives

6. Addressing Inequality and Social Justice: Comparative Approaches in Social Work

Management

7. Leadership and Governance in Social Work Organizations: Lessons from Developed and

Developing Contexts

8. Community Engagement and Empowerment: Lessons Learned from International Social Work

Models

9. Social Work Education Reform: Comparative Analysis of Curriculum and Pedagogy

10. Social Work Practice Models: Adaptation and Implementation in Different Cultural Contexts

These topics also serve as starting points for further exploration and research into enhancing

social work management with insights from the UK and USA applicable to Nigeria.

88