MODULE 1

Abhipsa Mahala
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
C V Raman Global University
 Vision & Mission
Vision of the C. V. Raman Global University: To emerge as a global leader in the area of higher education through the
pursuit of excellence with future of skills and innovation to match the ever changing global scenario.
Vision of the Department of CSE : To become a leader in providing high quality education and research in the area of
Computer Science, Information Technology, and allied areas.

Mission of C.V. Raman Global University :

 Providing State-of-the art education both at undergraduate, postgraduate and research.
 Working collaboratively with technical Institutes / Universities/ Industries of National and International repute
Keeping abreast with latest technological advancements with a view to enhancing future of skills, R&D and start-up activities at
large;
Realising its’ goals and objectives in a time bound phased manner.
Mission of the Department of CSE:
M1: To develop human resource with sound theoretical and practical knowledge in the discipline of Computer Science &
Engineering.
M2: To work in groups for Research, Projects, and Co-Curricular activities involving modern methods, tools and technology.
M3: To collaborate and interact with professionals from industry, academia, professional societies, community groups for
enhancement of quality of education.

Dept. of
 Program Outcome (PO)
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering
problems.

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling
to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with the society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE (PEO)

PEO1- To provide the fundamental knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering concepts for the
development of engineering system (Fundamental Knowledge).

PEO2- To apply current industry accepted computing practices and emerging technologies to analyze,
design, implement, test and verify high quality computing systems and computer based solutions to real
world problems (Design and development).

PEO3- To enable the use of appropriate skill sets and its applications towards social impacts of
computing technologies in the career related activities (Skill Set) and to produce Efficient team leaders,
effective communicators and capable of working in multi-disciplinary environment following ethical
values(Communication).

PEO4- To practice professionally and ethically in various positions of industry or government and/or
succeed in graduate (Professionalism) with lifelong learning and to make substantial contributions to
the society (Societal Contribution)
 SYLLABUS

Introduction to Internet of Things, definition, characteristics & History. Architecture: M2M – Machine to Machine, Web of Things Physical Design of IoT- Things in IoT, Logical
Design of IoT- IoT Functional Blocks, IoT Enabling Technologies- Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics, Communication Protocols, Embedded
Unit – I Systems, IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

IoT in Monitoring and Control Applications : Few case studies on Structural Health Monitoring, Surveillance, Emergency Response, Environment-Weather Monitoring, Air
Unit – II Pollution Monitoring , Air Quality Monitoring Noise Pollution Monitoring, Forest Fire Detection , River Floods Detection

IoT Communication Models, IoT Communication APIs, IoT protocols and Applications: Remote Monitoring & Sensing, Remote Controlling, Performance Analysis The
Unit – III Architecture The Layering concepts , IoT Communication Pattern, IoT protocol Architecture, The 6LoWPAN Security aspects in IoT.

IoT Application Development: Application Protocols MQTT, REST/HTTP,CoAP, MySQLBack-end Application Designing Apache for handling HTTP Requests, PHP & MySQL for
Unit – IV data processing, MongoDB Object type Database, Application Development for mobile Platforms: Overview of Android / IOS App Development tools

IoT Platforms Design Methodology IoT Design Methodology-Purpose & Requirements Specification ,Process Specification, Domain Model Specification, Information Model
Specification , Service Specifications , IoT Level Specification, Functional View Specification , Operational View Specification , Device & Component Integration , Use of Big Data
Unit – V and Visualization in IoT, Industry 4.0 concepts.
Course Outcome Assessment Scheme:

CO1: Understand basic fundamental related to Internet of Things.

CO2: Internet of Things concept and design.
CO3: Microcontroller and Microprocessor concept and application.
CO4: Network model and communication model concept.
CO5: Application protocol and Database use.
CO6: System design methodology concept.
Text books:-
Internet of Things, A Hands on approach, Arshdeep Bahga & vijay madisetti

Reference books:-
The Internet of Things, by Michael Miller , Pearson
 Contents

• Introduction
• Characteristics
• Application
• Architecture
• Physical design of IoT
• Logical design of IoT
• IoT Levels
• IoT Enabling Technologies
 Introduction
What is IoT ?
IoT refers to the collection of all those devices that have the ability to
connect to the Internet for the purpose of collect and share data.
IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical objects that are accessible
through internet.
IoT actually means taking all the things in the world and connecting it
to the internet.
When a thing connected to internet it can send information, receive
information and do both which makes thing smart.
 Device that collect data by the help of sensor and actuators.
 Devices that can be a
part of IoT:
• Phone
• Laptop
• Watches
• Refrigerator
• Washing machine
• Cars
• Home
How all this actually happens:-
 Characteristics of IoT

• Connectivity
• Intelligence
• Scalability
• Unique identity
• Dynamic and self adapting
• Architecture
• safety
 Application
why do we need IoT ?
For comfortable and easier life style.
These are individual benefits.
Smart phone
Smart house
Entertainment
In cases of smart homes and entertainment
For society level and industry level:-

Healthcare
Farming
Manufacturing industry
Education industry
In cases of Healthcare and Farming
IoT in cases of Manufacturing industry and Education
 Architecture

How does IoT Work?

Sensing device Connectivity Data Processing

Application

Example of cold storage godown.

Sensing device:-
The first layer of IoT architecture is a sensing layer or device
layer that includes devices , sensors, and actuators that collect data
from their surroundings and control things..
It is basically thing part of IoT (Embedded devices) that sense data
from surrounding.
Devices that sense or control things in the real world is the
foundation layer for an IoT ecosystem.
Example :- temp sensor, atmospheric pressure sensor, light sensor
etc.
Connectivity layer:-
• The 2nd layer is known as the communication layer/ network layer or
connectivity layer.
• It transports data from the Device Layer to the Internet, often via a
Gateway which may perform some additional processing.
• Security functionality including authentication, encryption and malware
protection may be done in this layer.
• So after the data collect in sensing devices it goes to connectivity layer
i.e. cloud.
• This method is done by WIFI, RFID, Bluetooth cellular.
Data processing layer:-
• Also known as Application service layer.
• The data processing layer is structured to
handle data analysis and pre-processing.
• Depending on the application and
implementation, this layer is either located in
the gateway or in the cloud.
Application layer:-
• The application layer is located in the cloud,
where data is used by end-user applications.
• Interconnection between physical and digital
world.
• Collect and process the real time information.
• It is the interaction with IoT device directly
i.e. touch screen or button on other device.
• Transportation, healthcare, climatic condition
comes under application layer.
Example of 4 layer IoT architecture working
together:-
Refrigerator monitor example:-
• Device Layer: A temperature sensor takes temperature readings
inside a refrigerator.
• Communications Layer: Readings are sent to a router or a gateway
device.
• Data Storage and Processing Layer: The cloud stores and processes
the incoming data to generate alerts in real time.
• Application layer: The cloud generates reports and analysis for end
users to applications and record keeping, via both web interfaces and
email delivery.
Conclusion :-
• The architecture of your IOT system will
determine its cost, flexibility, scale-ability,
and performance.
• Therefore it is important to build an
architecture that meets the needs of your use
case and understand the capabilities and
limitations of each layer.
Physical Design of IoT
Physical Design of IoT

Things Protocol
THINGS IN IOT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly).
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data .
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device:-

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
IoT Protocols:-
• These protocols are used to establish communication between
a node device and a server over the internet.
• It helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data
from an IoT device over the internet.
• we use different types of protocols that are present on both the
server and client-side and these protocols are managed by
network layers like application, transport, network, and link
layer.
IoT Protocols:-
Link layer:-
• Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical
layer. it also determines how the packets are coded and signaled by
the devices.
Ethernet
• It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it
defines the physical layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet
networks.

WIFI
• It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access
control and physical layer protocols for implementing wireless local
area networks.
Link layer:-
Wi-Max
• For larger area than WIFI we use Wi-Max(wireless metropolitan area
network)
• It has faster speed than WIFI.
LR-WPAN
• It stands for low rate wireless personal area network which used in IoT
device.
• It use for small storage and low cost , low speed communication model.
2G/3G/4G-mobile communication
• These are different types of telecommunication generation.
• So it’s a n/w use for communication purpose between 2 device.
Network layer:-
This layer is used to send data from the source network to the destination
network. we use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as host identification that transfers data in
packets.
IPv4
This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each
device connected to the network. an IP address performs two main functions host
and location addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32-bit long.
IPv6
It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. it is developed by the
IETF task force to deal with long-anticipated problems.
6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which uses
a lightweight IP-based communication to travel over low data rate networks. It has
limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an internet
protocol. So, it is mainly used for home and building automation. The 6LoWPAN
protocol operates only within the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer
rate.
Transport layer:-
This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle
the error control. also, these layer protocols provide end-to-end
message transfer capability independent of the underlying network.
TCP
• The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to
establish and maintain a network that can exchange data in a proper
manner using the internet protocol.
UDP
• a user datagram protocol is a part of an internet protocol called the
connectionless protocol. this protocol is not required to establish the
connection to transfer data.
 Application layer:-
In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer
protocols using the application interface. these protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP,
MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols
HTTP
• Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for transmitting
media documents. it is used to communicate between web browsers and servers. it makes a
request to a server and then waits till it receives a response and in between the request server
does not keep any data between two requests.

WebSocket
• This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that can be run on an
untrusted code in a controlled environment. this protocol is commonly used by web browsers.
Application layer:-
MQTT
• It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a
publish/subscribe messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations where
a small code footprint is required.
XMPP
• Extensible messaging and presence protocol is a communication protocol for
message oriented middleware based on XML.
DDS
• The Data distribution service is a middleware protocol and API standard for data
centric connectivity from the object management group.
• In this system a middleware is a s/w layer that lies between OS and application.
Application layer:-

AMQP:-
• Advanced message queuing protocol is an open source application layer
protocol for message oriented middleware..
• Some Features are message orientation, queuing, reliability and security.
CoAP:-
• Constrained application protocol used for M2M application such as smart
energy and building automation.
• It enables device to communicate over internet.
• This protocol is used in very simple h/w so its power consumption is very
low.
Logical Design of IoT
• For understanding logical design of IoT, we describe them as:-
 IoT functional block
 IoT communication model
 IoT communication API
 Functional Block of IoT
• . An IoT system comprises
of a number of functional
blocks that provide the
system the capabilities
for identification, sensing,
actuation,
communication, and
management.
IoT communication model:-
 Request-response model
 Publish-subscribe model
 Push-pull model
 Exclusive pair model
Request-Response communication model
• Request-Response is a
communication model in
which the client sends
requests to the server and
the server responds to the
requests.

• When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations,prepares
the response, and then
sends the response to the
client.
 Publish-Subscribe communication model

• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of
data. Publishers send the
data to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the
topics which are managed by
the broker.
• When the broker receives data
for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
Push-Pull communication model

• Push-Pull is a
communication model in
which the data producers
push the data to queues
and the consumers pull the
data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model
that uses a persistent
connection between the
client and server.
• Once the connection is
setup it remains open
until the client sends a
request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can
send messages to each
other after connection
setup.
REST-based Communication APIs

• Representational State
Transfer (REST) is a set of
architectural principles by
which you can design web
services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources
and how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the
request- response
communication model.
• The REST architectural
constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and
data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia
system.
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

• WebSocket APIs allow

bi- directional, full
duplex communication
between clients and
servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow
the exclusive pair
communication model
Difference between REST and
WEBSOCKET:-
• REST based API • WEB SOCKET based API
• Stateless • Stateful
• Request response • Bidirectional ,full duplex
communication model • Exclusive pair communication
• Each time new TCP connection model
set • Single TCP connection set
• Ex:- smart security camera, smart • Ex:- live chats on support
motion sensor. website, messaging apps, real
time games.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

IoT system Consists of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities.
• Resource: Resources are software
components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and
storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to
the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that
runs on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores

the data generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as
a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis
components. Web service can be either implemented using HTTP
and REST principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are
easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can
use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and view the
processed data.
IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has

a single node/device
that performs sensing
and/or actuation, stores
data, performs analysis
and hosts the application
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling
low- cost and low-
complexity solutions
where the data
involved is not big and
the analysis
requirements are not
complex.
IoT Level-2

• A level-2 IoT system has a

single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation
and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and application is usually
cloud- based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big,
however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive
and can be done locally
itself.
IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has

a single node. Data is
stored and analyzed in
the cloud and
application is cloud-
based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions
where the data involved
is big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally
intensive.
IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has

multiple nodes that perform
local analysis. Data is stored
in the cloud and application is
cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and
cloud- based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and
receive information collected
in the cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
multiple nodes are required,
the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple

end nodes and one coordinator
node.
• The end nodes that perform
sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data
from the end nodes and sends to
the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in
the cloud and application is
cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the
data involved is big and the
analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has

multiple independent end
nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send
data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and application is cloud-
based.
• The analytics component
analyzes the data and stores
the results in the cloud
database.
• The results are visualized with
the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is
aware of the status of all the
end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.
IoT Enabling Technologies:-
• Wireless sensor network
• Cloud computing
• Big data analytics
• Embedded system
Wireless Sensor Network
• Distributed devices with sensors used to monitor the environment and physical
condition.
• It is a network formed by large no. of sensor node to detect light , heat ,
pressure etc . i.e. used to monitor environmental and physical condition.
• Each node can have several sensor attached to it.
• Each node can also acts as a router.
• Coordinator collects data from all nodes. It acts as a gateway that connects WSN
to the internet.
Examples of WSN
• Weather monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system.
• Health monitoring system
• Air quality monitoring system
Cloud computing
• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services including servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet to
offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
• It provide us a mean by which we can access the application as utilities over the
internet.
Characteristics:-
These are the basic characteristics of Cloud Computing such as:-
• Broad network access
• Rapid scalability
• Measured service
• On-demand self-service
• Pay-per-use pricing
• Resource pooling
Services :-
IaaS :-
• It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various
operations.
• IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or
month.

PaaS :-
• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and
environment to allow developers to build applications and services over
the internet.
• PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software
to develop or run a new application.
SaaS :-
• SaaS provides a complete software
solution that you purchase on a pay-
as-you-go basis from a cloud service
provider.
• Most SaaS applications can be run
directly from a web browser without
any downloads or installations
required.
• The SaaS applications are sometimes
called Web-based software, on-
demand software, or hosted software
.
Bigdata Analytics
• Collecting of data whose volume , velocity or variety is too large and difficult to
store, manage, process and analyse the data using traditional database.
Characteristics of Big Data in 5V
• Variety – It include different types of data
 Structured
 Unstructured
 Semi structured
 All the text, audio, video
• velocity- It refer to speed at which data is processed
 Real time
 Streams
• Volume- It refers to the amount of data
 Records
 Files
 Tables
Value:
The value of big data usually comes from insight discovery and pattern recognition that
lead to more effective operations, stronger customer relationships and other clear and
quantifiable business benefits.

Veracity:
The “truth” or accuracy of data and information assets, which often determines executive-
level confidence.
Embedded System:-
• An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and
software designed for a specific function.
• An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based
system which is designed to perform a specific task.
• Ex- a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.

• It has 3 components :-
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Real time OS
Characteristics
• Single functioned
• Microprocessor based
• Memory
• HW-SW system
Examples
Lots of data is being collected and warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
• Bank/ credit card transaction
• Social networking
• Purchases at grocery stores