4 Graphing and Writing

Linear Equations
4
4.1 Graphing
G
Grap
raph
hiing Linear Equations
4.2
2 S
Sl
Slope
l off a Line
4.3 Graphing Proportional Relationships
4.4 Graphing Linear Equations in
Slope-Intercept Form
4.5 Graphing Linear Equations in Standard Form
4.6 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form
4.7 Writing Equations in Point-Slope Form

“Okay Descar
tes, stand on
intercept the the y - axis
pass when I th and tr y to
row.”

t the first day.

of a line with a “You eat one mouse trea
“Here’s an easy example day . And so on.
1.” Two treats the second
slope of Get it?”

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 What You
Learned Before
“I estimate
slope of a that we a
bout -0.62 re on a
5
you think? . What do
”

Example 1 Evaluate 2xy + 3(x + y) when x = 4 and y = 7.

2xy + 3(x + y) = 2(4)(7) + 3(4 + 7) Substitute 4 for x and 7 for y.
= 8(7) + 3(4 + 7) Use order of operations.
= 56 + 3(11) Simplify.
= 56 + 33 Multiply.
= 89 Add.

1
Evaluate the expression when a = — and b = 6.
4
5b
1. −8ab 2. 16a 2 − 4b 3. —2 4. 12a + (b − a − 4)
32a

Example 2 Write the ordered pair that corresponds y

5
to point U. 4
Q
S
Point U is 3 units to the left of the origin and N
3
P
4 units down. So, the x-coordinate is −3, and the 2

y-coordinate is −4. R
1

Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
The ordered pair (−3, −4) corresponds to point U.
Ź2
T
Ź3
Example 3 Which point is located at (5, −2)? U
Ź4
V

Start at the origin. Move 5 units right and 2 units down. Ź5

Point T is located at (5, −2).

Use the graph to answer the question.

5. Write the ordered pair that corresponds to point Q.
6. Write the ordered pair that corresponds to point P .
7. Which point is located at (−4, 0)?
8. Which point is located in Quadrant II?

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 4.1 Graphing Linear Equations

How can you recognize a linear equation?

How can you draw its graph?

1 ACTIVITY: Graphing a Linear Equation

Work with a partner.
1 Solution Points
a. Use the equation y = — x + 1 to
2
x
complete the table. (Choose any
two x-values and find the y-values.) 1
y = —x + 1
2
b. Write the two ordered pairs given
by the table. These are called y
solution points of the equation. 6
5
c. PRECISION Plot the two solution 4
points. Draw a line exactly through 3
the two points. 2
1
d. Find a different point on the line.
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Check that this point is a solution
1 Ź2
point of the equation y = — x + 1. Ź3
2
Ź4
e. LOGIC Do you think it is true that Ź5
any point on the line is a solution Ź6
1
point of the equation y = — x + 1?
2
Explain.

f. Choose five additional x-values for the table. (Choose positive and
negative x-values.) Plot the five corresponding solution points.
Does each point lie on the line?

Graphing Equations Solution Points

In this lesson, you will
● understand that lines x
represent solutions of
1
linear equations. y = —x + 1
● graph linear equations. 2

g. LOGIC Do you think it is true that any solution point of the equation
1
y = — x + 1 is a point on the line? Explain.
2
h. Why do you think y = ax + b is called a linear equation?

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 2 ACTIVITY: Using a Graphing Calculator

Use a graphing calculator to graph y = 2x + 5.

a. Enter the equation y = 2x + 5 into
your calculator.

Math b. Check the settings of the viewing

Practice window. The boundaries of the
This is the
graph are set by the minimum and standard
Recognize
Usefulness the maximum x- and y-values. The viewing
of Tools numbers of units between the tick window.
What are some marks are set by the x- and y-scales.
advantages and 10
disadvantages of c. Graph y = 2x + 5 on your calculator.
using a graphing
calculator to graph
Ź10 10
a linear equation?
y â 2x à 5

Ź10

8
d. Change the settings of the viewing
y â 2x à 5
window to match those shown.
Compare the two graphs. Ź6 2

Ź4

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you recognize a linear equation?

How can you draw its graph? Write an equation that is linear. Write
an equation that is not linear.
4. Use a graphing calculator to graph y = 5x − 12 in the standard
viewing window.
a. Can you tell where the line crosses the x-axis? Can you tell where
the line crosses the y-axis?
b. How can you adjust the viewing window so that you can determine
where the line crosses the x- and y-axes?
5. CHOOSE TOOLS You want to graph y = 2.5x − 3.8. Would you graph it
by hand or by using a graphing calculator? Why?

Use what you learned about graphing linear equations to complete

Exercises 3 and 4 on page 146.

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 4.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
linear equation,
p. 144 Linear Equations
solution of a linear A linear equation is an equation whose graph is a line. The points on
equation, p. 144 the line are solutions of the equation.
You can use a graph to show the solutions of a linear equation. The
graph below represents the equation y = x + 1.
Remember x y (x, y) y
3
(2, 3)
An ordered pair (x, y ) is 2
−1 0 (−1, 0)
used to locate a point 1
(Ź1, 0) (0, 1)
in a coordinate plane. 0 1 (0, 1) Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 x
yâx à
1
2 3 (2, 3) Ź2
Ź3

EXAMPLE 1 Graphing a Linear Equation

Graph y = −2x + 1.

Step 1: Make a table of values.

x y = −2x + 1 y (x, y)
Check
3 −1 y = −2(−1) + 1 3 (−1, 3)
y â Ź2x à 1
0 y = −2(0) + 1 1 (0, 1) y
3
(Ź1, 3)
Ź3 4 2 y = −2(2) + 1 −3 (2, −3)
(0, 1)
y â Ź2x à
1 1
Ź3 Ź2 O 2 3 4 x
Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs.
Ź3 Ź2
Step 3: Draw a line through the points. Ź3
(2, Ź3)

Graphing Horizontal and Vertical Lines

The graph of y = b is a horizontal The graph of x = a is a vertical
line passing through (0, b). line passing through (a, 0).
y y
xâa
yâb
(a, 0)
(0, b)
O x
O x

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 EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Horizontal Line and a Vertical Line

a. Graph y = −3. b. Graph x = 2.

The graph of y = −3 is a The graph of x = 2 is a
horizontal line passing through vertical line passing through
(0, −3). Draw a horizontal line (2, 0). Draw a vertical line
through this point. through this point.
y y
2
Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 x
1
(2, 0)
Ź2
(0, Ź3) Ź2 O 1 3 4 x

Ź4 y â Ź3 Ź2 xâ2

Graph the linear equation. Use a graphing calculator to check your

Exercises 5–16 graph, if possible.
1
1. y = 3x 2. y = −—x + 2 3. x = −4 4. y = −1.5
2

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

The wind speed y (in miles per hour) of a tropical storm is
y = 2x + 66, where x is the number of hours after the storm
enters the Gulf of Mexico.
V I D E O
a. Graph the equation.
b. When does the storm become a hurricane?

a. Make a table of values.

x y = 2x + 66 y (x, y) y â 2x à
66
y
76
0 y = 2(0) + 66 66 (0, 66)

1 y = 2(1) + 66 68 (1, 68) 72

A tropical storm becomes a 2 y = 2(2) + 66 70 (2, 70) 68

hurricane when wind speeds

3 y = 2(3) + 66 72 (3, 72) 64
are at least 74 miles per hour.

Plot the ordered pairs and draw 60

a line through the points. 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

b. From the graph, you can see that y = 74 when x = 4. So, the storm
becomes a hurricane 4 hours after it enters the Gulf of Mexico.

5. WHAT IF? The wind speed of the storm is y = 1.5x + 62.

When does the storm become a hurricane?

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 4.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What type of graph represents the solutions of the equation

y = 2x + 4?
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.
3 1
y = 0.5x − 0.2 4x + 3 = y y = x2 + 6 —x + — = y
4 3

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

PRECISION Copy and complete the table. Plot the two solution points and draw a
line exactly through the two points. Find a different solution point on the line.
3. 4.
x x
1
y = 3x − 1 y = —x + 2
3

Graph the linear equation. Use a graphing calculator to check your graph, if possible.
1
1 2 5. y = −5x 6. y = — x 7. y = 5 8. x = −6
4
x 3 1
9. y = x − 3 10. y = −7x − 1 11. y = −— + 4 12. y = — x − —
3 4 2
2 1
13. y = −— 14. y = 6.75 15. x = −0.5 16. x = —
3 4

17. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

graphing the equation.
✗ 4
3
y

yâ4
18. MESSAGING You sign up for an unlimited 2
1
text-messaging plan for your cell phone. The (4, 0)
equation y = 20 represents the cost y (in dollars) O 1 2 3 x
for sending x text messages. Graph the equation.
What does the graph tell you?

19. MAIL The equation y = 2x + 3 represents the cost y

(in dollars) of mailing a package that weighs x pounds.
a. Graph the equation.
b. Use the graph to estimate how much it costs to
mail the package.
c. Use the equation to find exactly how much it
costs to mail the package.

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 Solve for y. Then graph the equation. Use a
graphing calculator to check your graph.
20. y − 3x = 1 21. 5x + 2y = 4
1
22. −— y + 4x = 3 23. x + 0.5y = 1.5
3

24. SAVINGS You have $100 in your

savings account and plan to deposit
$12.50 each month.
a. Graph a linear equation that represents
the balance in your account.
b. How many months will it take you to
save enough money to buy 10 acres of
land on Mars?

25. GEOMETRY The sum S of the interior angle measures of a polygon with n
sides is S = (n − 2) 180°. ⋅
a. Plot four points (n, S ) that satisfy the equation. Is the equation a
linear equation? Explain your reasoning.
b. Does the value n = 3.5 make sense in the context of the problem?
Explain your reasoning.

26. SEA LEVEL Along the U.S. Atlantic coast, the sea level is rising about 2 millimeters
per year. How many millimeters has sea level risen since you were born? How do
you know? Use a linear equation and a graph to justify your answer.
Problem
27. Solving One second of video on your digital camera uses the same
Video time: amount of memory as two pictures. Your camera can store 250 pictures.
1 min. 30 sec.
a. Write and graph a linear equation that represents the number y
of pictures your camera can store when you take x seconds of video.
b. How many pictures can your camera store in addition to the
video shown?

Write the ordered pair corresponding to the point. y

6
(Skills Review Handbook) B
4
28. point A 29. point B A
2
30. point C 31. point D
Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 O 2 4 x
32. MULTIPLE CHOICE A debate team has 15 female members. Ź2
C
The ratio of females to males is 3 : 2. How many males are D Ź4
on the debate team? (Skills Review Handbook)
A 6
○ B 10
○ C 22
○ D 25
○

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 4.2 Slope of a Line

How can you use the slope of a line to

describe the line?

Slope is the rate of change between any two points on y

7
a line. It is the measure of the steepness of the line. 6
5
To find the slope of a line, find the ratio of the change in y 3
4
(vertical change) to the change in x (horizontal change).
3
2 3
change in y 2 Slope â
slope = — 1
2
change in x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

1 ACTIVITY: Finding the Slope of a Line

Work with a partner. Find the slope of each line using two methods.
Method 1: Use the two black points. ●

Method 2: Use the two pink points. ●

Do you get the same slope using each method? Why do you think
this happens?
a. y b. y
4
3 6
3
2
1
1 1 Ź6
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 2 4 x
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź2
Ź2
Ź3
Ź3
Ź4
Ź4

Graphing Equations
c. y d. y
In this lesson, you will 4 4
● find slopes of lines by 3 3
using two points. 2 2
● find slopes of lines
1
from tables.
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź1 1 2 3 x Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x

Ź2 Ź2
Ź3 Ź3
Ź4 Ź4
Ź5 Ź5

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 2 ACTIVITY: Using Similar Triangles
Work with a partner. Use the y
11
figure shown. E(15, 10)
10
a. △ABC is a right triangle 9
formed by drawing a 8
7
horizontal line segment D(9, 6)
6
from point A and a vertical
5
line segment from B(6, 4)
4
point B. Use this method 3
A(3, 2)
to draw another right 2
C(6, 2)
triangle, △DEF. 1

b. What can you conclude 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 x

about △ABC and △DEF ?

Justify your conclusion.
c. For each triangle, find the ratio of the length of the vertical side to
the length of the horizontal side. What do these ratios represent?
d. What can you conclude about the slope between any two points
on the line?

3 ACTIVITY: Drawing Lines with Given Slopes

Work with a partner.
3
a. Draw two lines with slope —. One line passes through (−4, 1), and the other
4
line passes through (4, 0). What do you notice about the two lines?
Math 4
Practice b. Draw two lines with slope −—. One line passes through (2, 1), and the other
3
Interpret a line passes through (−1, −1). What do you notice about the two lines?
Solution c. CONJECTURE Make a conjecture about two different nonvertical lines in
What does the
the same plane that have the same slope.
slope tell you about
the graph of the d. Graph one line from part (a) and one line from part (b) in the same
line? Explain. coordinate plane. Describe the angle formed by the two lines. What
do you notice about the product of the slopes of the two lines?
e. REPEATED REASONING Repeat part (d) for the two lines you did not choose.
Based on your results, make a conjecture about two lines in the same plane
whose slopes have a product of −1.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use the slope of a line to describe
the line?

Use what you learned about the slope of a line to complete

Exercises 4– 6 on page 153.

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 4.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
slope, p. 150
rise, p. 150 Slope
run, p. 150 The slope m of a line is a ratio of the y (x2, y2)
change in y (the rise) to the change
(x1, y1) Rise â y2 Ź y1
in x (the run) between any two points,
Run â x2 Ź x1
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2), on the line.
O x
rise change in y y2 − y1
m=—=—=—
run change in x x2 − x1

Reading Positive Slope Negative Slope

In the slope formula, x1 y y

is read as “x sub one,”

and y2 is read as “y sub
two.” The numbers O x O x
1 and 2 in x1 and y2 are
called subscripts.

The line rises from left to right. The line falls from left to right.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Slope of a Line

Describe the slope of the line. Then find the slope.
a. y b. y
5 3
(3,
4)
4 2
2
3
(Ź1, 1) Ź3
2
5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 4 x
(1, Ź2)
Ź2
Ź4 Ź3 Ź1 1 2 4 x
Ź3
(Ź3, Ź1) 6 Ź4
Ź3 Ź5

The line rises from left to The line falls from left to
right. So, the slope is positive. right. So, the slope is negative.
Let (x1, y1) = (−3, −1) and Let (x1, y1) = (−1, 1) and
(x2, y2) = (3, 4). (x2, y2) = (1, −2).
y −y y −y
Study Tip m=—
2 1
m=—
2 1
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
When finding slope, 4 − (−1) −2 − 1
you can label either =— =—
3 − (−3) 1 − (−1)
point as (x1, y1) and the
other point as (x2, y2). 5 −3 3
=— = —, or −—
6 2 2

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 Find the slope of the line.
Exercises 7–9 1. y 2. y 3. (Ź3, 1) y
5 3 1
4 2
(2, 1) Ź5 Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 x
3 1
(Ź2, 3) (3, 2)
2 Ź2
Ź4 Ź1 1 2 x
1 Ź3
(Ź4, Ź1) Ź4
Ź2
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x (Ź5, Ź4)
Ź3 Ź5

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Slope of a Horizontal Line

Find the slope of the line. y
6
y −y
m=—
2 1
(Ź1, 5) (6, 5)
x2 − x1
3
5−5
=— 2
6 − (−1) 1

0
= —, or 0 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
7

The slope is 0.

EXAMPLE 3 Finding the Slope of a Vertical Line

Find the slope of the line. y
6
y2 − y1 (4, 6)
m=— 5
x2 − x1 4
3
6−2 (4, 2)
=— 2
4−4
Study Tip 1
4
The slope of every
horizontal line is 0. The
=—
0 ✗ Ź1 1 2 3 5 x

slope of every vertical

line is undefined. Because division by zero is undefined, the slope of the
line is undefined.

Find the slope of the line through the given points.

Exercises 13–15 4. (1, −2), (7, −2) 5. (−2, 4), (3, 4)
6. (−3, −3), (−3, −5) 7. (0, 8), (0, 0)
8. How do you know that the slope of every horizontal line is 0? How
do you know that the slope of every vertical line is undefined?

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 EXAMPLE 4 Finding Slope from a Table
The points in the table lie on a line. How can you find the slope of the
line from the table? What is the slope?

x 1 4 7 10

y 8 6 4 2

Choose any two points from the table and use the slope formula.
Use the points (x1, y1) = (1, 8) and (x2, y2) = (4, 6).

y −y
m=—
2 1
Check
x2 − x1
y
6−8
=— 8
3
4−1 Ź2
7 (1, 8)
3
−2 2 6
(4, 6)
= —, or −— 5
Ź2
3 3 3
4
(7, 4) Ź2
3
2 2
The slope is −—. (10, 2)
3 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

The points in the table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line.
Exercises 21 – 24 9. 10.
x 1 3 5 7 x −3 −2 −1 0

y 2 5 8 11 y 6 4 2 0

Slope
Positive Slope Negative Slope Slope of 0 Undefined Slope
y y y y

O x O x O x O x

The line rises The line falls The line is The line is
from left to right. from left to right. horizontal. vertical.

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 4.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. CRITICAL THINKING Refer to the graph. y

A B
a. Which lines have positive slopes? 3

b. Which line has the steepest slope? C

1
c. Do any lines have an undefined slope? Explain.
Ź1 1 3 4 5 x
2. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-life situation in which
you need to know the slope.
3. REASONING The slope of a line is 0. What do you
know about the line?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Draw a line through each point using the given slope. What do you notice about
the two lines?
1
4. slope = 1 5. slope = −3 6. slope = —
4
y y y
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x

Ź2 Ź2 Ź2
Ź3 Ź3 Ź3

Find the slope of the line.

1 7. y 8. y 9. (Ź4, 1) y
3 5 1
(2, 3)
2 (Ź2, 5) 4
Ź4 Ź3 1 2 x
(Ź2, 0) (1, Ź2)
2 Ź2
Ź1 1 2 3 x
1 Ź3
(2, 0)
Ź2 Ź4
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź3 Ź5

10. y 11. y 12. y

1 5 3
(1, 3)
4 2
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 x
1
(Ź1, 3) (3, 3)
(1, Ź3) 2
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 x
1
(1, Ź2)
Ź4 Ź2
(Ź5, Ź4) Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź5 Ź3

Section 4.2 Slope of a Line 153

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 Find the slope of the line through the given points.
2 3 13. (4, −1), (−2, −1) 14. (5, −3), (5, 8) 15. (−7, 0), (−7, −6)
16. (−3, 1), (−1, 5) 17. (10, 4), (4, 15) 18. (−3, 6), (2, 6)

19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in finding the
slope of the line. ✗ 3−1
m=—
4−2
2
y
4
3
(2, 3)

=— 2
(4, 1)
20. CRITICAL THINKING Is it more 2 1
x
difficult to walk up the ramp =1 1 2 3 4 5
or the hill? Explain.

8 ft
6 ft hill
ramp
8 ft 12 ft

The points in the table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line.
4 21. 22. x −3 2 7 12
x 1 3 5 7

y 2 10 18 26 y 0 2 4 6

23. x −6 −2 2 6 24. x −8 −2 4 10

y 8 5 2 −1 y 8 1 −6 −13

4 ft 25. PITCH Carpenters refer to the

slope of a roof as the pitch of the
12 ft roof. Find the pitch of the roof.

26. PROJECT The guidelines for a wheelchair ramp suggest that

the ratio of the rise to the run be no greater than 1 : 12.
a. CHOOSE TOOLS Find a wheelchair ramp in your
school or neighborhood. Measure its slope. Does
the ramp follow the guidelines?
b. Design a wheelchair ramp that provides access to a
building with a front door that is 2.5 feet above the
sidewalk. Illustrate your design.

Use an equation to find the value of k so that the line that

passes through the given points has the given slope.
27. (1, 3), (5, k); m = 2 28. (−2, k), (2, 0); m = −1
1 3
29. (−4, k), (6, −7); m = −— 30. (4, −4), (k, −1); m = —
5 4

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 31. TURNPIKE TRAVEL The graph shows the cost of
Turnpike Travel
traveling by car on a turnpike.
y
a. Find the slope of the line.

Cost (dollars)
2.40
b. Explain the meaning of the slope as a
rate of change. 1.20

32. BOAT RAMP Which is steeper: the boat ramp 0

0 8 16 24 32 x
or a road with a 12% grade? Explain. (Note: Miles driven
Road grade is the vertical increase divided by
the horizontal distance.)

6 ft

36 ft

33. REASONING Do the points A(−2, −1), B(1, 5), and C(4, 11) lie on the same
line? Without using a graph, how do you know?

34. BUSINESS A small business earns a profit of $6500 in January and $17,500
in May. What is the rate of change in profit for this time period?

35. STRUCTURE Choose two points in the coordinate plane. Use the slope formula
to find the slope of the line that passes through the two points. Then find the
y −y
1 2
slope using the formula — . Explain why your results are the same.
x1 − x2
1 ft
36. The top and the bottom of the slide are level
with the ground, which has a slope of 0.
a. What is the slope of the main portion of the slide?
8 ft
b. How does the slope change when the bottom
1 ft
of the slide is only 12 inches above the ground?
Is the slide steeper? Explain.
18 in.
12 ft

Solve the proportion. (Skills Review Handbook)

b 5 7 n 3 x
37. — = — 38. — = — 39. — = —
30 6 4 32 8 20

40. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the prime factorization of 84? (Skills Review Handbook)
A 2×3×7
○ B 22 × 3 × 7
○ C 2 × 32 × 7
○ D 22 × 21
○

Section 4.2 Slope of a Line 155

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 Extension
Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Slo
Sl
4.2 Lesson Tu
Tutorials

y
Parallel Lines and Slopes 1
yâ xà3 4
2
Lines in the same plane that do not 2
Graphing Equations
intersect are parallel lines. Nonvertical 1
In this extension, you will
● identify parallel and
parallel lines have the same slope.
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 x
perpendicular lines.
All vertical lines are parallel. Ź2
1
yâ xŹ1
2

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Parallel Lines

Which two lines are parallel? How do you know?

Find the slope of each line. y

3
(1, 3)
Blue Line Red Line Green Line (Ź3, 2)
2
(4, 1)
1
y2 − y1 y2 − y1 y2 − y1
m=— m=— m=— Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
x2 − x1 x2 − x1 x2 − x1
Ź2
−2 − 2 −2 − 3 −3 − 1 (Ź4, Ź2) (0, Ź2) (3, Ź3)
=— =— =—
−4 − (−3) 0−1 3−4
−4 −5 −4
= —, or 4 = —, or 5 = —, or 4
−1 −1 −1

The slopes of the blue and green lines are 4. The slope of the red line is 5.

The blue and green lines have the same slope, so they are parallel.

Which lines are parallel? How do you know?

1. y 2. (Ź2, 3) y
3 (1, 3) 3
(Ź5, 2)
2 (Ź5,Ź2) 2 (1, 2)
1 1
(Ź2, 1) (4, 1)
Ź6 Ź5 Ź3 Ź2 1 3 4 x Ź5 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 4 5 x
Ź1 Ź1
(Ź4,Ź1) (2, Ź1)
Ź2
(Ź1, Ź2)
(Ź2, Ź2)
(1, Ź3)

Are the given lines parallel? Explain your reasoning.

3. y = −5, y = 3 4. y = 0, x = 0 5. x = −4, x = 1

6. GEOMETRY The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(−5, 3), B(2, 2), C(4, −3), and
D(−2, −2). How can you use slope to determine whether the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram? Is it a parallelogram? Justify your answer.

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 Perpendicular Lines and Slope
y
Lines in the same plane that intersect at 4
right angles are perpendicular lines. Two 1
nonvertical lines are perpendicular when y â Ź2x à 2 2 yâ xŹ1
2
the product of their slopes is −1. 1

Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 x
Vertical lines are perpendicular to
horizontal lines. Ź2

EXAMPLE 2 Identifying Perpendicular Lines

Which two lines are perpendicular? How do you know?
y
Find the slope of each line. 6
(Ź5, 6) (0, 5)
5
Blue Line Red Line Green Line (1, 4)
y −y y −y y −y
m=—
2 1
m=—
2 1
m=—
2 1
x2 − x1 x2 − x1 x2 − x1 2
1
4−6 −2 − 0 5 − (−2) (Ź5, 0)
=— =— =— Ź7 Ź6 Ź5 Ź2 1 2 x
1 − (−5) 2 − (−5) 0 − (−2)
(Ź2, Ź2)
Ź2
−2 1 2 7
= —, or −— = −— =— Ź3 (2, Ź2)
6 3 7 2

2 7
The slope of the red line is −—. The slope of the green line is —.
7 2
2
⋅ 72
Because −— — = −1, the red and green lines are perpendicular.
7

Which lines are perpendicular? How do you know?

7. y 8. y
3
(0, 3) (1, 1) (3, 2)
2 1
(4, 2)
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 3 5 6 x
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x (5, Ź1)
Ź2
(Ź4, Ź1) (Ź2, Ź2)
(2, Ź2) (2, Ź4)
(Ź1, Ź3) (0, Ź4)
(3, Ź3)

Are the given lines perpendicular? Explain your reasoning.

9. x = −2, y = 8 10. x = −8, x = 7 11. y = 0, x = 0

12. GEOMETRY The vertices of a parallelogram are J (−5, 0), K(1, 4), L(3, 1), and
M(−3, −3). How can you use slope to determine whether the parallelogram
is a rectangle? Is it a rectangle? Justify your answer.

Extension 4.2 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 157

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 4.3
2.3 Graphing Proportional Relationships

How can you describe the graph of the

equation y = mx?

1 ACTIVITY: Identifying Proportional Relationships

Work with a partner. Tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship.
Explain your reasoning.
a. Money b. Helicopter
y y
70 35
Earnings (dollars)

Height (meters)
60 30
50 25
40 20
30 15
20 10
10 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Hours worked Time (seconds)

c. Tickets d. Pizzas
y y
140 35
Cost (dollars)

30
Cost (dollars)

120
100 25
80 20
60 15
40 10
20 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Number of tickets Number of pizzas

e. Laps, x 1 2 3 4 f. Cups of 1 1
— 1 1— 2
Time Sugar, x 2 2
Graphing Equations 90 200 325 480
In this lesson, you will (seconds), y Cups of
1 2 3 4
● write and graph
Flour, y
proportional
relationships.
2 ACTIVITY: Analyzing Proportional Relationships
Work with a partner. Use only the proportional relationships in Activity 1
to do the following.
● Find the slope of the line.
● Find the value of y for the ordered pair (1, y).
What do you notice? What does the value of y represent?

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 3 ACTIVITY: Deriving an Equation
Work with a partner. Let (x, y) represent any point on the graph of a
proportional relationship.

(x, y)

(1, m)

(0, 0) x

a. Explain why the two triangles are similar.

b. Because the triangles are similar, the corresponding side lengths are
proportional. Use the vertical and horizontal side lengths to complete
the steps below.
Math
m
Practice —=—
1
Ratios of side lengths
View as
Components
What part of the —=m Simplify.
graph can you
use to find the
side lengths? =m ⋅ Multiplication Property of Equality

What does the final equation represent?

c. Use your result in part (b) to write an equation that represents each
proportional relationship in Activity 1.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe the graph of the equation
y = mx ? How does the value of m affect the graph of the equation?
5. Give a real-life example of two quantities that are in a proportional
relationship. Write an equation that represents the relationship and
sketch its graph.

Use what you learned about proportional relationships to complete

Exercises 3 – 6 on page 162.

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 4.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Direct Variation
Words When two quantities x and y are y

Study Tip proportional, the relationship can be

represented by the direct variation
In the direct variation
equation y = mx, m equation y = mx, where m is the (1, m)

represents the constant constant of proportionality.

of proportionality, the
Graph The graph of y = mx is a line with a slope (0, 0) x
slope, and the unit rate.
of m that passes through the origin.

EXAMPLE 1 Graphing a Proportional Relationship

Internet Plan The cost y (in dollars) for x gigabytes of data on an Internet plan is
y
represented by y = 10x. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.
Cost (dollars)

50 The equation shows that the slope m is 10. So, the graph passes
40
through (0, 0) and (1, 10).
30
(0, 0)
20 Plot the points and draw a line through the points. Because negative
10 (1, 10) values of x do not make sense in this context, graph in the first
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x quadrant only.
Data used (gigabytes)
The slope indicates that the unit cost is $10 per gigabyte.

EXAMPLE 2 Writing and Using a Direct Variation Equation

The weight y of an object on Titan, one of Saturn’s moons, is
proportional to the weight x of the object on Earth. An object that
weighs 105 pounds on Earth would weigh 15 pounds on Titan.
a. Write an equation that represents the situation.
Study Tip Use the point (105, 15) to find the slope of the line.
In Example 2, the
slope indicates that the y = mx Direct variation equation
weight of an object on 15 = m(105) Substitute 15 for y and 105 for x.
Titan is one-seventh its
1
weight on Earth. —=m Simplify.
7
1
So, an equation that represents the situation is y = — x.
7
b. How much would a chunk of ice that weighs 3.5 pounds on Titan
weigh on Earth?
1
3.5 = — x Substitute 3.5 for y.
7
24.5 = x Multiply each side by 7.

So, the chunk of ice would weigh 24.5 pounds on Earth.

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 1. WHAT IF? In Example 1, the cost is represented by y = 12x.
Exercises 7–8 Graph the equation and interpret the slope.
2. In Example 2, how much would a spacecraft that weighs
3500 kilograms on Earth weigh on Titan?

EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Proportional Relationships

Two-Person Lift The distance y (in meters) that a four-person ski lift travels in
y
x seconds is represented by the equation y = 2.5x. The graph
(6, 12)
Distance (meters)

12 shows the distance that a two-person ski lift travels.

10
a. Which ski lift is faster?
8
6 Interpret each slope as a unit rate.
(2, 4)
4
Four-Person Lift Two-Person Lift
2
change in y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x y = 2.5x slope = —
change in x
Time (seconds)
8
The slope is 2.5. =—=2
4
The four-person lift travels The two-person lift travels
2.5 meters per second. 2 meters per second.

So, the four-person lift is faster than the two-person lift.

b. Graph the equation that represents Ski Lift

the four-person lift in the same
y four-person
coordinate plane as the two-person
Distance (meters)

12
lift. Compare the steepness of the 10
graphs. What does this mean in the 8
6
context of the problem?
4 two-person
2
The graph that represents the
0
four-person lift is steeper than 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
the graph that represents the Time (seconds)
two-person lift. So, the
four-person lift is faster.

3. The table shows the x (seconds) 1 2 3 4

Exercise 9 distance y (in meters)
1 1 3
that a T-bar ski lift travels y (meters) 2— 4— 6— 9
4 2 4
in x seconds. Compare
its speed to the ski lifts
in Example 3.

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 4.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What point is on the graph of every direct variation equation?

2. REASONING Does the equation y = 2x + 3 represent a proportional
relationship? Explain.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship. Explain your reasoning.

If so, write an equation that represents the relationship.
y y
3. 4.
35 28
30 24
25 20
20 16
15 12
10 8
5 4
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

5. x 3 6 9 12 6. x 2 5 8 10
y 1 2 3 4 y 4 8 13 23

1 7. TICKETS The amount y (in dollars) that you raise by selling x fundraiser tickets is
represented by the equation y = 5x. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.

2 8. KAYAK The cost y (in dollars) to rent a

kayak is proportional to the number x of
hours that you rent the kayak. It costs $27
to rent the kayak for 3 hours.
a. Write an equation that represents
the situation.
b. Interpret the slope.
c. How much does it cost to rent the
kayak for 5 hours?
Car
3 9. MILEAGE The distance y (in miles) that a truck travels
y
Distance (miles)

125 on x gallons of gasoline is represented by the equation

100 y = 18x. The graph shows the distance that a car travels.
75
50 a. Which vehicle gets better gas mileage? Explain how
25 you found your answer.
0 b. How much farther can the vehicle you chose in part (a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Gasoline (gallons) travel than the other vehicle on 8 gallons of gasoline?

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 10. BIOLOGY Toenails grow about 13 millimeters Weeks 1 2 3 4
per year. The table shows fingernail growth.
Fingernail Growth
0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8
a. Do fingernails or toenails grow faster? (millimeters)
Explain.
b. In the same coordinate plane, graph equations that represent the
growth rates of toenails and fingernails. Compare the steepness
of the graphs. What does this mean in the context of the problem?

11. REASONING The quantities x and y are in a proportional relationship.

What do you know about the ratio of y to x for any point (x, y) on the line?

12. PROBLEM SOLVING The graph relates the Altitude Change

temperature change y (in degrees Fahrenheit)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
to the altitude change x (in thousands of feet). 0
x
Ź5

Temperature (°F)
a. Is the relationship proportional? Explain. Ź10
b. Write an equation of the line. Interpret Ź15
the slope. Ź20
Ź25
c. You are at the bottom of a mountain where Ź30
the temperature is 74°F. The top of the Ź35
y
mountain is 5500 feet above you. What is
the temperature at the top of the mountain? Altitude (thousands of feet)

13. Consider the distance equation d = rt, where d is the

distance (in feet), r is the rate (in feet per second), and t is the
time (in seconds).
a. You run 6 feet per second. Are distance and time proportional? Explain.
Graph the equation.
b. You run for 50 seconds. Are distance and rate proportional? Explain.
Graph the equation.
c. You run 300 feet. Are rate and time proportional? Explain. Graph
the equation.
d. One of these situations represents inverse variation. Which one is it?
Why do you think it is called inverse variation?

Graph the linear equation. (Section 4.1)

1 3 x 3
14. y = −— x 15. y = 3x − — 16. y = −— − —
2 4 3 2

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of x? (Section 3.3) 90î

A 110
○ B 135
○
xî
C 315
○ D 522
○ 145î 105î

115î 130î

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 4 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a process diagram to show the steps involved in a procedure. Here is an
example of a process diagram for graphing a linear equation.

Graphing a Example
linear equation Graph y = 2x − 1.

Make a table x −1 0 1
of values. y −3 −1 1

y
1
(1, 1)
Plot the ordered −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
pairs. −2
(0, −1)
(−1, −3)

y
1
(1, 1)
Draw a line through −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x

the points. (0, −1)

(−1, −3) y = 2x − 1

Make process diagrams with examples to

help you study these topics.

1. finding the slope of a line

2. graphing a proportional relationship

After you complete this chapter, make

process diagrams for the following topics.
3. graphing a linear equation using
a. slope and y-intercept
b. x- and y-intercepts
4. writing equations in slope-intercept form “Here is a process diagram with
suggestions for what to do if a hyena
5. writing equations in point-slope form knocks on your door.”

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 4.1–4.3 Quiz
Progress Check

Graph the linear equation. (Section 4.1)

x
1. y = −x + 8 2. y = — − 4 3. x = −1 4. y = 3.5
3

Find the slope of the line. (Section 4.2)

5. y 6. y
6 3
(Ź2, 6) (3, 3)
2
(2, 4)
4 1
3
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 Ź1
(1, Ź1)
1 Ź2
Ź3
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x

7. y 8. y
3 6
(Ź2, 3)
2 5
(Ź2, 4) (3, 4)
1
3
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź1 1 x
2
(Ź2, Ź1)
Ź2 1
Ź3
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x

9. What is the slope of a line that is parallel to the line in Exercise 5? What is the
slope of a line that is perpendicular to the line in Exercise 5? (Section 4.2)

10. Are the lines y = −1 and x = 1 parallel? Are they perpendicular? Justify
your answer. (Section 4.2)

11. BANKING A bank charges $3 each time you use an out-of-network ATM.
At the beginning of the month, you have $1500 in your bank account. You
withdraw $60 from your bank account each time you use an out-of-network
ATM. Graph a linear equation that represents the balance in your account
after you use an out-of-network ATM x times. (Section 4.1)

12. MUSIC The number y of hours of cello lessons that you take
after x weeks is represented by the equation y = 3x. Graph
the equation and interpret the slope. (Section 4.3)

13. DINNER PARTY The cost y (in dollars) to provide food for
guests at a dinner party is proportional to the number x
of guests attending the party. It costs $30 to provide food
for 4 guests. (Section 4.3)

a. Write an equation that represents the situation.

b. Interpret the slope.
c. How much does it cost to provide food for 10 guests?

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 Graphing Linear Equations
4.4
2.3
in Slope-Intercept Form

How can you describe the graph of the

equation y = mx + b?

1 ACTIVITY: Analyzing Graphs of Lines

Work with a partner.
● Graph each equation.
● Find the slope of each line.
● Find the point where each line crosses the y-axis.
● Complete the table.

Slope of Point of Intersection

Equation
Graph with y-axis
1
a. y = −— x + 1
2

b. y = −x + 2

c. y = −x − 2

1
d. y = — x + 1
2

e. y = x + 2

f. y = x − 2

1
g. y = — x − 1
2

Graphing Equations 1
h. y = −— x − 1
In this lesson, you will 2
● find slopes and y-intercepts

of graphs of linear i. y = 3x + 2
equations.
● graph linear equations

written in slope-intercept j. y = 3x − 2
form.

k. Do you notice any relationship between the slope of the graph and
its equation? between the point of intersection with the y-axis and
its equation? Compare the results with those of other students in
your class.

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 2 ACTIVITY: Deriving an Equation
Work with a partner.
a. Look at the graph of each equation in Activity 1. Do any of the graphs
represent a proportional relationship? Explain.
b. For a nonproportional linear relationship, the y
graph crosses the y-axis at some point (0, b),
where b does not equal 0. Let (x, y) represent (x, y)
any other point on the graph. You can use the
formula for slope to write the equation for (0, b)
a nonproportional linear relationship.
x
Use the graph to complete the steps.
y2 − y1
—=m Slope formula
x2 − x1

y−
—=m Substitute values.
x−

—=m Simplify.

Math
Practice — ⋅ =m ⋅ Multiplication Property of Equality
Use Prior

⋅
Results
y− =m Simplify.
How can you use the
results of Activity 1
to help support y=m + Addition Property of Equality
your answer?
c. What do m and b represent in the equation?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe the graph of the
equation y = mx + b ?
a. How does the value of m affect the graph of the equation?
b. How does the value of b affect the graph of the equation?
c. Check your answers to parts (a) and (b) with three equations that
are not in Activity 1.
4. LOGIC Why do you think y = mx + b is called the slope-intercept form of
the equation of a line? Use drawings or diagrams to support your answer.

Use what you learned about graphing linear equations in

slope-intercept form to complete Exercises 4 – 6 on page 170.

Section 4.4 Graphing Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form 167

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 4.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
x-intercept, p. 168
y-intercept, p. 168 Intercepts
slope-intercept form, The x-intercept of a line is the y

p. 168 x-coordinate of the point where y-intercept â b

the line crosses the x-axis. It occurs

(0, b)
when y = 0. x-intercept â a

The y-intercept of a line is the

O (a, 0) x
y-coordinate of the point where
the line crosses the y-axis. It occurs
when x = 0.

Study Tip Slope-Intercept Form

Words A linear equation written in the form y = mx + b is
Linear equations can,
but do not always, in slope-intercept form. The slope of the line is m,
pass through the origin. and the y-intercept of the line is b.
So, proportional
relationships are a Algebra y = mx + b
special type of linear
equation in which slope y-intercept
b = 0.

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Slopes and y -Intercepts

Find the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of each linear equation.
a. y = −4x − 2
y = −4x + (−2) Write in slope-intercept form.

The slope is −4, and the y-intercept is −2.

3
b. y − 5 = — x
2
3
y = —x + 5 Add 5 to each side.
2
3
The slope is —, and the y-intercept is 5.
2

Find the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of the linear equation.
Exercises 7–15 2
1. y = 3x − 7 2. y − 1 = − —x
3

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 EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Linear Equation in Slope-Intercept Form

Graph y = −3x + 3. Identify the x-intercept.

Step 1: Find the slope and the y-intercept.

y = −3x + 3
slope y-intercept

Step 2: The y-intercept is 3. So, plot (0, 3). y â Ź3x à 3

Check
4 y
Step 3: Use the slope to find another
y â Ź3x à 3 point and draw the line. 1
(0, 3)
rise −3
m=—=— 1
Ź3
Ź3 3 run 1
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 x
Plot the point that is 1 unit right
Ź2
and 3 units down from (0, 3). Draw Ź2
a line through the two points.

The line crosses the x-axis at (1, 0). So, the x-intercept is 1.

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

The cost y (in dollars) of taking a taxi x miles is y = 2.5x + 2.

(a) Graph the equation. (b) Interpret the y-intercept and the slope.
5
a. The slope of the line is 2.5 = —. Use the slope and the y-intercept
2
to graph the equation.
y
7
The y-intercept is 2. 6
So, plot (0, 2). 5 Use the slope to plot
5 another point, (2, 7). Draw
4
3 a line through the points.
(0, 2) 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

b. The slope is 2.5. So, the cost per mile is $2.50. The y-intercept
is 2. So, there is an initial fee of $2 to take the taxi.

Graph the linear equation. Identify the x-intercept. Use a graphing

Exercises 18–23
calculator to check your answer.
1
3. y = x − 4 4. y = −— x + 1
2
5. In Example 3, the cost y (in dollars) of taking a different taxi
x miles is y = 2x + 1.5. Interpret the y-intercept and the slope.

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 4.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How can you find the x-intercept of the graph of 2x + 3y = 6?

2. CRITICAL THINKING Is the equation y = 3x in slope-intercept form? Explain.
3. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-life situation that you can model with a linear
equation. Write the equation. Interpret the y-intercept and the slope.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Match the equation with its graph. Identify the slope and the y-intercept.
1 2
4. y = 2x + 1 5. y = — x − 2 6. y = −— x + 1
3 3
A. y B. y C. y
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1
x
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 3 x

Ź2 Ź2
Ź3 Ź3 Ź3

Find the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of the linear equation.
4
1 7. y = 4x − 5 8. y = −7x + 12 9. y = −— x − 2
5
4 3
10. y = 2.25x + 3 11. y + 1 = — x 12. y − 6 = — x
3 8
1
13. y − 3.5 = −2x 14. y = −5 − — x 15. y = 11 + 1.5x
2

16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

finding the slope and the y-intercept of the graph
of the linear equation.
✗ y = 4x − 3
The slope is 4, and
the y-intercept is 3.

17. SKYDIVING A skydiver parachutes to the

ground. The height y (in feet) of the skydiver
after x seconds is y = −10x + 3000.
a. Graph the equation.
b. Interpret the x-intercept and the slope.

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 Graph the linear equation. Identify the x-intercept. Use a graphing calculator
to check your answer.
1 8
2 18. y = — x + 3 19. y = 6x − 7 20. y = −— x + 9
5 3
3
21. y = −1.4x − 1 22. y + 9 = −3x 23. y = 4 − — x
5

24. APPLES You go to a harvest festival and

pick apples.
a. Which equation represents the cost
(in dollars) of going to the festival and
picking x pounds of apples? Explain.

y = 5x + 0.75 y = 0.75x + 5

b. Graph the equation you chose in part (a).

25. REASONING Without graphing, identify the

equations of the lines that are (a) parallel and
(b) perpendicular. Explain your reasoning.

1 1
y = 2x + 4 y = −— x − 1 y = −3x − 2 y = —x + 1
3 2

1
y = 3x + 3 y = −— x + 2 y = −3x + 5 y = 2x − 3
2

26. Six friends create a website.

The website earns money by selling banner
ads. The site has 5 banner ads. It costs
$120 a month to operate the website.
a. A banner ad earns $0.005 per click.
Write a linear equation that represents the
monthly income y (in dollars) for x clicks.
b. Graph the equation in part (a). On the
graph, label the number of clicks needed
for the friends to start making a profit.

Solve the equation for y. (Section 1.4)

27. y − 2x = 3 28. 4x + 5y = 13 29. 2x − 3y = 6 30. 7x + 4y = 8

31. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which point is a solution of the equation

3x − 8y = 11? (Section 4.1)
A (1, 1)
○ B (1, −1)
○ C (−1, 1)
○ D (−1, −1)
○

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 Graphing Linear Equations
4.5
in Standard Form

How can you describe the graph of the

equation ax + by = c?

1 ACTIVITY: Using a Table to Plot Points

Work with a partner. You sold a total of
$16 worth of tickets to a school concert.
You lost track of how many of each type
of ticket you sold.

—
adult ⋅ Number of
adult tickets
+ —
student ⋅ Number of
student tickets
=

a. Let x represent the number of adult tickets.

Let y represent the number of student tickets.
Write an equation that relates x and y.

b. Copy and complete the table showing the different combinations of

tickets you might have sold.

Number of Adult Tickets, x

Number of Student Tickets, y

y
c. Plot the points from the
table. Describe the pattern 9
formed by the points. 8
Graphing Equations d. If you remember how many 7
In this lesson, you will
adult tickets you sold, can
● graph linear equations 6
written in standard form. you determine how many
student tickets you sold? 5
Explain your reasoning.
4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

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 2 ACTIVITY: Rewriting an Equation
Work with a partner. You sold a
total of $16 worth of cheese. You
forgot how many pounds of each
type of cheese you sold.

—
pound ⋅ Pounds
of swiss
+ —
pound ⋅ Pounds of
cheddar
=

a. Let x represent the number y

Math of pounds of swiss cheese.
Practice Let y represent the number
9

Understand 8
of pounds of cheddar cheese.
Quantities
What do the Write an equation that 7

equation and the relates x and y. 6

graph represent?
How can you use b. Rewrite the equation in 5
this information to slope-intercept form.
solve the problem? Then graph the equation. 4

3
c. You sold 2 pounds of cheddar
cheese. How many pounds of 2
swiss cheese did you sell?
1
d. Does the value x = 2.5 make
0
sense in the context of the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
problem? Explain.

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe the graph of the
equation ax + by = c ?
4. Activities 1 and 2 show two different methods for graphing ax + by = c.
Describe the two methods. Which method do you prefer? Explain.
5. Write a real-life problem that is similar to those shown in Activities 1 and 2.

6. Why do you think it might be easier to graph x + y = 10 without rewriting it

in slope-intercept form and then graphing?

Use what you learned about graphing linear equations in standard

form to complete Exercises 3 and 4 on page 176.

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 4.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
standard form, p. 174
Standard Form of a Linear Equation
The standard form of a linear equation is
Study Tip ax + by = c
Any linear equation where a and b are not both zero.
can be written in
standard form.

EXAMPLE 1 Graphing a Linear Equation in Standard Form

Graph −2x + 3y = −6.

Step 1: Write the equation in slope-intercept form.

−2x + 3y = −6 Write the equation.

3y = 2x − 6 Add 2x to each side.

2
y = —x − 2 Divide each side by 3.
3

Step 2: Use the slope and the y-intercept to graph the equation.
2
y = — x + (−2)
3
y-intercept
slope

Check y
2 2
1 Use the slope to plot
another point, (3, 0).
Ź4 4 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 4 x
2
(0, Ź2)
3
Ź2x à 3y â Ź6 The y-intercept is Ź3
Ź2. So, plot (0, Ź2). Ź4

Ź2x à 3y â Ź6 Draw a line

Ź6
through the points.

Graph the linear equation. Use a graphing calculator to check

Exercises 5–10
your graph.
1
1. x + y = −2 2. −— x + 2y = 6
2
2
3. −—x + y = 0 4. 2x + y = 5
3

174 Chapter 4 Graphing and Writing Linear Equations

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 EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Linear Equation in Standard Form

Graph x + 3y = −3 using intercepts.

Step 1: To find the x-intercept, To find the y-intercept,

substitute 0 for y. substitute 0 for x.
x + 3y = −3 x + 3y = −3
x + 3(0) = −3 0 + 3y = −3
x = −3 y = −1
Step 2: Graph the equation.

Check x à 3y â Ź3
y The y-intercept is
2 2
Ź1. So, plot (0, Ź1).
1
(Ź3, 0)
Ź4 4 2 3 4 x
The x-intercept is
Ź3. So, plot (Ź3, 0). (0, Ź1)
x à 3y â Ź3 Ź3
Ź4
Ź5 Draw a line
Ź6 Ź6 through the points.

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

You have $6 to spend on apples and bananas. (a) Graph the equation
1.5x + 0.6y = 6, where x is the number of pounds of apples and y is the
number of pounds of bananas. (b) Interpret the intercepts.
a. Find the intercepts and graph the equation. y
12
x-intercept y-intercept (0, 10)
10
8
1.5x + 0.6y = 6 1.5x + 0.6y = 6 1.5x à 0.6y â 6
6
1.5x + 0.6(0) = 6 1.5(0) + 0.6y = 6 4

x=4 y = 10 2
(4, 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6 x

b. The x-intercept shows that you can buy 4 pounds of apples when
you do not buy any bananas. The y-intercept shows that you can
buy 10 pounds of bananas when you do not buy any apples.

Graph the linear equation using intercepts. Use a graphing calculator

Exercises 16 – 18 to check your graph.
5. 2x − y = 8 6. x + 3y = 6
7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you buy y pounds of oranges instead
of bananas. Oranges cost $1.20 per pound. Graph the equation
1.5x + 1.2y = 6. Interpret the intercepts.

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 4.5 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Is the equation y = −2x + 5 in standard form? Explain.

2. WRITING Describe two ways to graph the equation 4x + 2y = 6.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Define two variables for the verbal model. Write an equation in slope-intercept form
that relates the variables. Graph the equation.

3. —
$2.00
pound ⋅ Pounds of
peaches
$1.50
+ —
pound ⋅ Pounds of
apples
= $15

4.
16 miles
—
hour ⋅ Hours
biked
2 miles
+ —
hour ⋅ Hours
walked
=
32
miles

Write the linear equation in slope-intercept form.

1 1
1 5. 2x + y = 17 6. 5x − y = — 7. −— x + y = 10
4 2

Graph the linear equation. Use a graphing calculator to check your graph.
1 3
8. −18x + 9y = 72 9. 16x − 4y = 2 10. — x + — y = 1
4 4

Match the equation with its graph.

11. 15x − 12y = 60 12. 5x + 4y = 20 13. 10x + 8y = −40
A. y B. y C. y
5 1 1
4
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x Ź5 Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 x
3
2 Ź2 Ź2
1 Ź3 Ź3
Ź4
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x Ź5
Ź5

14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in finding the x-intercept.

15. BRACELET A charm bracelet costs $65, plus $25

✗ −2x + 3y = 12
−2(0) + 3y = 12
3y = 12
for each charm. The equation −25x + y = 65
represents the cost y of the bracelet, where x is y=4
the number of charms.
a. Graph the equation.
b. How much does the bracelet shown cost?

176 Chapter 4 Graphing and Writing Linear Equations

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 Graph the linear equation using intercepts. Use a graphing calculator to check your graph.
1 1 2
2 16. 3x − 4y = −12 17. 2x + y = 8 18. — x − — y = −—
3 6 3

19. SHOPPING The amount of money you spend on x CDs and y DVDs is given by
the equation 14x + 18y = 126. Find the intercepts and graph the equation.

20. SCUBA Five friends go scuba diving. They rent a

boat for x days and scuba gear for y days. The total
spent is $1000.
a. Write an equation in standard form that
Boat: $250/day represents the situation.
Gear: $50/day
b. Graph the equation and interpret the intercepts.

Basic Inform
ation
21. MODELING You work at a restaurant as a host and Pay to the
Order of:
..................
a server. You earn $9.45 for each hour you work as # of hours
... John Do
e
a host and $7.65 for each hour you work as a server. worked as
..................
...... host: x
# of hours
a. Write an equation in standard form that worked as
..................
server: y
models your earnings. Earnings fo
r this pay
......... peri
od: $160.6
b. Graph the equation. 5

22. LOGIC Does the graph of every linear equation have an

x-intercept? Explain your reasoning. Include an example.

23. For a house call, a veterinarian charges $70,

plus $40 an hour.
a. Write an equation that represents the total fee y (in dollars)
the veterinarian charges for a visit lasting x hours.
b. Find the x-intercept. Does this value make sense in this
context? Explain your reasoning.
c. Graph the equation.

The points in the table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line. (Section 4.2)
24. x −2 −1 0 1
25. x 2 4 6 8

y −10 −6 −2 2 y 2 3 4 5

26. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value of x makes the equation 4x − 12 = 3x − 9 true?

(Section 1.3)
A −1
○ B 0
○ C 1
○ D 3
○

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 Writing Equations in
4.6
Slope-Intercept Form

How can you write an equation of a line when

you are given the slope and the y-intercept of the line?

1 ACTIVITY: Writing Equations of Lines

Work with a partner.
● Find the slope of each line.
● Find the y-intercept of each line.
● Write an equation for each line.
● What do the three lines have in common?

a. y b. y
7 6
6 5
5
3
3 2
2 1

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź1 1 3 4 5 6 x
Ź1
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 4 5 6 x
Ź1 Ź2

Ź3
Ź4 Ź5
Ź5 Ź6

c. y d. y
8 6
7 5
Writing Equations
6 4
In this lesson, you will
● write equations of lines in
5 3
slope-intercept form. 4 2
1
2
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Ź1 Ź3
Ź2 Ź4
Ź3 Ź5
Ź4 Ź6

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 2 ACTIVITY: Describing a Parallelogram
Work with a partner.
Math
Practice ● Find the area of each parallelogram.
Analyze Givens ● Write an equation that represents each side of each parallelogram.
What do you need
to know to write a. b. y
y
an equation? 6 6
5
4
3 3
2 2
1

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x Ź7 Ź6 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź1 Ź1
Ź2
Ź3 Ź3
Ź4 Ź4

3 ACTIVITY: Interpreting the Slope and the y-Intercept

Work k with
i h a partner. The
h graph h Car Trip
shows a trip taken by a car, where
y
t is the time (in hours) and y is the
distance (in miles) from Phoenix. 500

a. Find the y-intercept of the graph.

Distance (miles)

400
What does it represent?
b. Find the slope of the graph. 300

What does it represent?

200
c. How long did the trip last?
100
d. How far from Phoenix was the
car at the end of the trip?
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
e. Write an equation that
Time (hours)
represents the graph.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you write an equation of a line when you
are given the slope and the y-intercept of the line? Give an example that is
different from those in Activities 1, 2, and 3.
5. Two sides of a parallelogram are represented by the equations y = 2x + 1
and y = −x + 3. Give two equations that can represent the other two sides.

Use what you learned about writing equations in slope-intercept

form to complete Exercises 3 and 4 on page 182.

Section 4.6 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form 179

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 4.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.
a. y Find the slope and the y-intercept.
7
y −y
2 m=—
2 1
(0, 5) x2 − x1
4
Ź3 2−5
3 =—
2 (2, 2) 2−0
1 −3 3
= —, or −—
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
2 2
Study Tip
After writing an Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 5), the y-intercept is 5.
equation, check that
the given points are
slope y-intercept
solutions of the
equation. 3
So, the equation is y = −— x + 5.
2

b. y Find the slope and the y-intercept.

3
(3, 2)
2 y −y
m=—
2 1
1 x2 − x1
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 5 x −3 − 2
Ź1 =—
Ź2 0−3
(0, Ź3) −5 5
3 = —, or —
−3 3

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −3), the y-intercept is −3.

slope y-intercept

5 5
So, the equation is y = — x + (−3), or y = — x − 3.
3 3

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

Exercises 5–10 1. y 2. y
6 1
5
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
4
(1, 4) (0, Ź1)
3
Ź3
(0, 2)
Ź4
Ź5
Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 4 x (3, Ź5)
Ź1 Ź6

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 EXAMPLE 2 Writing an Equation
Which equation is shown in the graph?
A
○ y = −4 B
○ y = −3 1
y

C
○ y=0 D
○ y = −3x Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x
Ź1
Remember Find the slope and the y-intercept. Ź2
Ź3
The graph of y = a is The line is horizontal, so the change in y is 0. (Ź3, Ź4) (0, Ź4)
a horizontal line that
change in y 0 Ź5
passes through (0, a). m=—=—=0
change in x 3

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −4), the y-intercept is −4.
So, the equation is y = 0x + (−4), or y = −4. The correct answer is ○
A .

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

The graph shows the distance
Tunnel Digging
remaining to complete a tunnel.
(a) Write an equation that represents y

Distance remaining (feet)

4000
the distance y (in feet) remaining (0, 3500)
3500
after x months. (b) How much time 3000
does it take to complete the tunnel? 2500
2000
a. Find the slope and the y-intercept. (4, 1500)
1500
1000
change in y −2000
m = — = — = −500 500
change in x 4 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Engineers used tunnel boring Because the line crosses the y-axis Time (months)
machines like the ones shown at (0, 3500), the y-intercept is 3500.
above to dig an extension
of the Metro Gold Line in So, the equation is y = −500x + 3500.
Los Angeles. The new tunnels
are 1.7 miles long and b. The tunnel is complete when the distance remaining is 0 feet.
21 feet wide. So, find the value of x when y = 0.
y = −500x + 3500 Write the equation.
0 = −500x + 3500 Substitute 0 for y.
−3500 = −500x Subtract 3500 from each side.
7=x Divide each side by −500.

It takes 7 months to complete the tunnel.

3. Write an equation of the line that passes through (0, 5) and (4, 5).
Exercises 13–15 4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, the points are (0, 3500) and (5, 1500).
How long does it take to complete the tunnel?

Section 4.6 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form 181

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 4.6 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. PRECISION Explain how to find the slope of a line given the intercepts of the line.
2. WRITING Explain how to write an equation of a line using its graph.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write an equation that represents each side of the figure.

3. y 4. y
6 4
5
4 2
3 1
2
Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź1
Ź2
Ź2 1 2 4 5 6 x

Ź2 Ź4

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

1 5. y 6. y 7. y
6 6 4
(Ź3, 6)
5 5 3
4 2
(Ź1, 3) (0, 4) (4, 2)
3 3
(0, 1)
2 2
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 Ź1
(0, 0)
Ź2
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 x

8. y 9. y 10. y
3 1 4
(Ź2, 4)
2 3
(0, 1) Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź1 2
Ź2 1
Ź1 1 2 4 5 x (3, Ź2)
Ź1
(4, Ź1) (0, Ź3) Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x
Ź2 Ź4 Ź1
(0, Ź1)
Ź3 Ź5 Ź2

✗
11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error 1
in writing an equation of the line. y = —x + 4
2
y
12. BOA A boa constrictor is 2
18 inches long at birth and 1
(4, 0)
grows 8 inches per year. Ź1 1 2 4 5 x
Ź1
Write an equation that
represents the length y Ź3
(0, Ź2)
(in feet) of a boa constrictor Ź4
that is x years old.

182 Chapter 4 Graphing and Writing Linear Equations

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 Write an equation of the line that passes through the points.
2 13. (2, 5), (0, 5) 14. (−3, 0), (0, 0) 15. (0, −2), (4, −2)

16. WALKATHON One of your friends gives you $10 for a charity walkathon.
Another friend gives you an amount per mile. After 5 miles, you have raised
$13.50 total. Write an equation that represents the amount y of money you
have raised after x miles.
17. BRAKING TIME During each second of braking, an
automobile slows by about 10 miles per hour.
a. Plot the points (0, 60) and (6, 0). What do the
points represent?
b. Draw a line through the points. What does the
line represent?
c. Write an equation of the line.

18. PAPER You have 500 sheets of notebook paper. After 1 week, you have
72% of the sheets left. You use the same number of sheets each week. Write
an equation that represents the number y of pages remaining after x weeks.

19. The palm tree on the left is

10 years old. The palm tree on the right is
8 years old. The trees grow at the same rate.
a. Estimate the height y (in feet) of each tree.
b. Plot the two points (x, y ), where x is the
age of each tree and y is the height of
each tree.
c. What is the rate of growth of the trees?
d. Write an equation that represents the 6 ft
height of a palm tree in terms of its age.

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. (Skills Review Handbook)

20. (1, 4) 21. (−1, −2) 22. (0, 1) 23. (2, 7)

24. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following y

statements is true? (Section 4.4) 5

4
A The x-intercept is 5.
○ 3
B The x-intercept is −2.
○ 2
1
C The y-intercept is 5.
○
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 4 5 x
Ź1
D The y-intercept is −2.
○ Ź2

Section 4.6 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form 183

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 Writing Equations in
4.7
Point-Slope Form

How can you write an equation of a line when

you are given the slope and a point on the line?

1 ACTIVITY: Writing Equations of Lines

Work with a partner.
● Sketch the line that has the given slope and passes through
the given point.
● Find the y-intercept of the line.
● Write an equation of the line.
1
a. m = −2 b. m = —
3
y y
8 6
7 5
6 4
5 3
4 2
3 1
2
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1 Ź1
Ź2
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Ź1 Ź3
Ź2 Ź4
Ź3 Ź5
Ź4 Ź6

2 5
c. m = −— d. m = —
3 2
y y
6 7
Writing Equations 5 6
In this lesson, you will
4 5
● write equations of lines
3 4
using a slope and a point.
● write equations of lines
2 3
using two points. 1 2
1
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Ź1
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Ź2 Ź1
Ź3 Ź2
Ź4 Ź3
Ź5 Ź4
Ź6 Ź5

184 Chapter 4 Graphing and Writing Linear Equations

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 2 ACTIVITY: Deriving an Equation
Work with a partner. y

a. Draw a nonvertical line that passes through the

point (x1, y1).
(x1, y1)
b. Plot another point on your line. Label this point
Math as (x, y). This point represents any other point on
Practice the line. O x

Construct c. Label the rise and the run of the line through
Arguments
the points (x1, y1) and (x, y).
How does a graph
help you derive d. The rise can be written as y − y1. The run can be written as x − x1.
an equation? Explain why this is true.
e. Write an equation for the slope m of the line using the expressions
from part (d).
f. Multiply each side of the equation by the expression in the
denominator. Write your result. What does this result represent?

3 ACTIVITY: Writing an Equation

Work with a partner. Savings Account
For 4 months, you saved $25 a month. You A
now have $175 in your savings account. 250
225
● Draw a graph that shows the balance Balance (dollars) 200
in your account after t months. 175
150
● Use your result from Activity 2 to
125
write an equation that represents 100
the balance A after t months. 75
50
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t
Time (months)

4. Redo Activity 1 using the equation you found in Activity 2. Compare the
results. What do you notice?
5. Why do you think y − y1 = m(x − x1) is called the point-slope form of
the equation of a line? Why do you think it is important?
6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you write an equation of a line when
you are given the slope and a point on the line? Give an example that is
different from those in Activity 1.

Use what you learned about writing equations using a slope

and a point to complete Exercises 3 – 5 on page 188.

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 4.7 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
point-slope form,
p. 186 Point-Slope Form
Words A linear equation written in the form y − y1 = m(x − x1)
is in point-slope form. The line passes through the point
(x1, y1), and the slope of the line is m.
y
slope (x, y)

y Ź y1
Algebra y − y1 = m(x − x1)
(x1, y1)

passes through (x1, y1) x Ź x1

O x

EXAMPLE 1 Writing an Equation Using a Slope and a Point

Write in point-slope form an equation of the line that passes through
2
the point (−6, 1) with slope —.
3
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Write the point-slope form.
2 2
y − 1 = —[x − (−6)] Substitute — for m, −6 for x1, and 1 for y1.
3 3
2
y − 1 = —(x + 6) Simplify.
3

2
So, the equation is y − 1 = — (x + 6).
3

Check Check that (−6, 1) is a solution of the equation.

2
y − 1 = —(x + 6) Write the equation.
3
? 2
1 − 1 = —(−6 + 6) Substitute.
3

0=0 ✓ Simplify.

Write in point-slope form an equation of the line that passes through

Exercises 6 – 11 the given point and has the given slope.
3
1. (1, 2); m = −4 2. (7, 0); m = 1 3. (−8, −5); m = −—
4

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 EXAMPLE 2 Writing an Equation Using Two Points
Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes
through the points (2, 4) and (5, −2).
Study Tip y −y −2 − 4 −6
Find the slope: m = —
2 1
= — = — = −2
You can use either of x2 − x1 5−2 3
the given points to
write the equation of Then use the slope m = −2 and the point (2, 4) to write an
the line. equation of the line.
Use m = −2 and
(5, −2). y − y1 = m(x − x1) Write the point-slope form.
y − (−2) = −2(x − 5) y − 4 = −2(x − 2) Substitute −2 for m, 2 for x1, and 4 for y1.
y + 2 = −2x + 10
y = −2x + 8 ✓ y − 4 = −2x + 4 Distributive Property

y = −2x + 8 Write in slope-intercept form.

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

You finish parasailing and are being pulled back to the boat. After
2 seconds, you are 25 feet above the boat. (a) Write and graph an
equation that represents your height y (in feet) above the boat after
x seconds. (b) At what height were you parasailing?
a. You are being pulled down at the rate of 10 feet per second.
So, the slope is −10. You are 25 feet above the boat after 2 seconds.
So, the line passes through (2, 25). Use the point-slope form.
y − 25 = −10(x − 2) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
10 feet y − 25 = −10x + 20 Distributive Property
per
second
y = −10x + 45 Write in slope-intercept form.
y
So, the equation is y = −10x + 45. 45
y â Ź10x à 45
40
b. You start descending when x = 0. The 35
y-intercept is 45. So, you were parasailing 30
(2, 25)
at a height of 45 feet. 25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes

Exercises 12 – 17 through the given points.
4. (−2, 1), (3, −4) 5. (−5, −5), (−3, 3) 6. (−8, 6), (−2, 9)
7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you are 35 feet above the boat after
2 seconds. Write and graph an equation that represents your
height y (in feet) above the boat after x seconds.

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 4.7 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY From the equation y − 3 = −2(x + 1), identify the slope and a
point on the line.
2. WRITING Describe how to write an equation of a line using (a) its slope and a
point on the line and (b) two points on the line.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use the point-slope form to write an equation of the line with the given slope
that passes through the given point.
1 3
3. m = — 4. m = −— 5. m = −3
2 4
y y y
4 4 3
3 3 2
2 2 1
1 1
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź1
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x
Ź1 Ź1 Ź2
Ź2 Ź2 Ź3
Ź3 Ź3 Ź4

Write in point-slope form an equation of the line that passes through the given
point and has the given slope.
2 3
1 6. (3, 0); m = −— 7. (4, 8); m = — 8. (1, −3); m = 4
3 4
1 5
9. (7, −5); m = −— 10. (3, 3); m = — 11. (−1, −4); m = −2
7 3

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes through the given points.
2 12. (−1, −1), (1, 5) 13. (2, 4), (3, 6) 14. (−2, 3), (2, 7)
15. (4, 1), (8, 2) 16. (−9, 5), (−3, 3) 17. (1, 2), (−2, −1)

18. CHEMISTRY At 0 °C, the volume of a gas is 22 liters. For each degree the
temperature T (in degrees Celsius) increases, the volume V (in liters) of the
2
gas increases by —. Write an
25
equation that represents the
volume of the gas in terms of
the temperature.

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 19. CARS After it is purchased, the value of a new car decreases $4000 each year.
After 3 years, the car is worth $18,000.
a. Write an equation that represents the value V (in dollars) of the
car x years after it is purchased.
b. What was the original value of the car?

20. REASONING Write an equation of a line that passes through the point (8, 2) that
is (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to the graph of the equation y = 4x − 3.

21. CRICKETS According to Dolbear’s law, you can predict the

temperature T (in degrees Fahrenheit) by counting the
number x of chirps made by a snowy tree cricket in 1 minute.
For each rise in temperature of 0.25°F, the cricket makes an
additional chirp each minute.
a. A cricket chirps 40 times in 1 minute when the temperature
is 50°F. Write an equation that represents the temperature in terms of
the number of chirps in 1 minute.
b. You count 100 chirps in 1 minute. What is the temperature?
c. The temperature is 96 °F. How many chirps would you expect the
cricket to make?

Leaning Tower of Pisa 22. WATERING CAN You water the plants in your classroom at
y a constant rate. After 5 seconds, your watering can contains
(10.75, 42)
58 ounces of water. Fifteen seconds later, the can contains
28 ounces of water.
a. Write an equation that represents the amount y (in ounces)
of water in the can after x seconds.
b. How much water was in the can when you started
watering the plants?
c. When is the watering can empty?
Problem
23. Solving The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy was built
between 1173 and 1350.
a. Write an equation for the yellow line.
x b. The tower is 56 meters tall. How far off center is the
7.75 m top of the tower?

Graph the linear equation. (Section 4.4)

24. y = 4x 25. y = −2x + 1 26. y = 3x − 5

27. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the x-intercept of the equation 3x + 5y = 30?

(Section 4.5)
A −10
○ B −6
○ C 6
○ D 10
○

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 4.4 – 4.7 Quiz
Progress Check

Find the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of the linear equation. (S
(Section
ti 4.4)
4 4)
1
1. y = — x − 8 2. y = −x + 3
4

Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of the equation. (Section 4.5)
3. 3x − 2y = 12 4. x + 5y = 15

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form. (Section 4.6)

5. y 6. y 7. y
4 5 2
3 4 1
(Ź3, 3)
2 3
(3, 3) Ź2 Ź1 1 2 4 5 x
1 2
(0, Ź2) (2, Ź1)
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x (0, 0)
Ź3
(0, Ź1) Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź4
Ź3 Ź2 Ź5

Write in point-slope form an equation of the line that passes through the
given point and has the given slope. (Section 4.7)
1
8. (1, 3); m = 2 9. (−3, −2); m = —
3
1
10. (−1, 4); m = −1 11. (8, −5); m = −—
8

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that

passes through the given points. (Section 4.7)

12. ( 0, −—
2
3 )( −3, −—
2
3 ) 13. (4, 0), (0, 4)

14. STATE FAIR The cost y (in dollars) of one person buying
admission to a fair and going on x rides is y = x + 12.
(Section 4.4)
a. Graph the equation.
b. Interpret the y-intercept and the slope.
15. PAINTING You used $90 worth of paint for a school float.
(Section 4.5)
a. Graph the equation 18x + 15y = 90, where x is the
number of gallons of blue paint and y is the number
of gallons of white paint.
b. Interpret the intercepts.
16. CONSTRUCTION A construction crew is extending a highway sound barrier
1
that is 13 miles long. The crew builds — of a mile per week. Write an equation
2
that represents the length y (in miles) of the barrier after x weeks. (Section 4.6)

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 4 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

linear equation p. 144 x-intercept, p. 168
solution of a linear equation, p. 144 y-intercept, p. 168
slope, p. 150 slope-intercept form, p. 168
rise, p. 150 standard form, p. 174
run, p. 150 point-slope form, p. 186

Review Examples and Exercises

4.1 Graphing Linear Equations (pp. 142–147)

Graph y = 3x − 1.

Step 1: Make a table of values.

x y = 3x − 1 y (x, y)

−2 y = 3(−2) − 1 −7 (−2, −7)

−1 y = 3(−1) − 1 −4 (−1, −4)
0 y = 3(0) − 1 −1 (0, −1)
1 y = 3(1) − 1 2 (1, 2)

Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs. Step 3: Draw a line through the points.
y y
2 2
(1, 2) (1, 2)
1 1

Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź1
(0, Ź1) (0, Ź1)
Ź2
Ź3
(Ź1, Ź4) (Ź1, Ź4)
Ź5 Ź5 y â 3x Ź 1
Ź6 Ź6
(Ź2, Ź7) (Ź2, Ź7)
Ź7 Ź7

Graph the linear equation.

3
1. y = — x 2. y = −2 3. y = 9 − x
5
2
4. y = 1 5. y = — x + 2 6. x = −5
3

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 4.2 Slope of a Line (pp. 148 –157)

Find the slope of each line in the graph.

y −y 5 − (−3) 8
y
Red Line: m = —
2 1
=—=— 5
(2, 5)
x2 − x1 2−2 0
(0, 4) (5, 4)
3
The slope of the red line is undefined. 2
(Ź3, 2)
y −y −1 − 2 −3 3
Blue Line: m = —
2 1
= — = —, or −— Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 4 5 x
x2 − x1 4 − (−3) 7 7
Ź2
(4, Ź1)
y2 − y1 4−4 0 Ź3 (2, Ź3)
Green Line: m = — = — = —, or 0
x2 − x1 5−0 5

The points in the table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line.
7. 8.
x 0 1 2 3 x −2 0 2 4

y −1 0 1 2 y 3 4 5 6

9. Are the lines x = 2 and y = 4 parallel? Are they perpendicular? Explain.

4.3 Graphing Proportional Relationships (pp. 158 – 163)

The cost y (in dollars) for x tickets to a movie is represented by the equation
y = 7x. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.

The equation shows that the slope m is 7. So, the Movie Tickets
graph passes through (0, 0) and (1, 7). y
35
Plot the points and draw a line through the points.
Cost (dollars)

30
Because negative values of x do not make sense in
25
this context, graph in the first quadrant only. 20
15
The slope indicates that the unit cost 10
(1, 7)
is $7 per ticket. 5
(0, 0)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Number of tickets

10. RUNNING The number y of miles you run after x weeks is represented by
the equation y = 8x. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.
11. STUDYING The number y of hours that you study after x days is represented
by the equation y = 1.5x. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.

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 4.4 Graphing Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form (pp. 166 – 171)

Graph y = 0.5x − 3. Identify the x-intercept. y

2 y â 0.5x Ź 3
Step 1: Find the slope and the y-intercept. 1
(6, 0)
y = 0.5x + (−3) Ź1
1 2 3 4 6 x

slope y-intercept Ź2
1
2
Step 2: The y-intercept is −3. So, plot (0, −3). Ź4
(0, Ź3)
Step 3: Use the slope to find another point and draw the line.
rise 1
m=—=—
run 2
Plot the point that is 2 units right and 1 unit up from (0, –3). Draw a
line through the two points.

The line crosses the x-axis at (6, 0). So, the x-intercept is 6.

Graph the linear equation. Identify the x-intercept. Use a graphing calculator
to check your answer.
12. y = 2x − 6 13. y = −4x + 8 14. y = −x − 8

4.5 Graphing Linear Equations in Standard Form (pp. 172 –177)

Graph 8x + 4y = 16.

Step 1: Write the equation in slope-intercept form.

8x + 4y = 16 Write the equation.
4y = −8x + 16 Subtract 8x from each side.
y = −2x + 4 Divide each side by 4.

Step 2: Use the slope and the y-intercept to graph the equation.
y = −2x + 4
slope y-intercept

y
The y-intercept is 4. 6 8x à 4y â 16
So, plot (0, 4). 1
(0, 4) Use the slope to plot
Ź2
another point, (1, 2).
2
Draw a line (1, 2)
1
through the points.
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 3 4 5 x

Ź2

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 Graph the linear equation.
1
15. — x + y = 3 16. −4x + 2y = 8
4
1 1 3
17. x + 5y = 10 18. −— x + — y = —
2 8 4
19. A dog kennel charges $30 per night to board your dog and $6 for each hour
of playtime. The amount of money you spend is given by 30x + 6y = 180,
where x is the number of nights and y is the number of hours of playtime.
Graph the equation and interpret the intercepts.

4.6 Writing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form (pp. 178–183)

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

a. y Find the slope and the y-intercept.
6
5
(2, 4) y −y 4−2 2
4 m=—
2 1
= — = —, or 1
x2 − x1 2−0 2
2
(0, 2)
2
1

Ź1 1 2 3 4 x

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 2), the y-intercept is 2.

slope y-intercept

So, the equation is y = 1x + 2, or y = x + 2.

b. y Find the slope and the y-intercept.

1

Ź1 1 2 3 4 x y −y −4 − (−2) −2 2
m=—
2 1
= — = —, or −—
3 x2 − x1 3−0 3 3
(0, Ź2)
Ź3 Ź2
Ź4
(3, Ź4)
Ź5

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −2), the y-intercept is −2.

slope y-intercept

2 2
So, the equation is y = −— x + (−2), or y = −—x − 2.
3 3

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 Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.
20. y 21. y
1
(3, 1) (0, 4)
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x (4, 2)
Ź1 2
1
(0, Ź2)
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x

22. y 23. y
1 (0, 1) 1
(2, 1)
Ź2 Ź1 2 3 4 x Ź2 Ź1 2 3 4 x
Ź1 Ź1
Ź2 Ź2
(2, Ź3)
Ź3 Ź3
(0, Ź3)

24. Write an equation of the line that passes through (0, 8) and (6, 8).
25. Write an equation of the line that passes through (0, −5) and (−5, −5).

4.7 Writing Equations in Point-Slope Form (pp. 184 – 189)

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes

through the points (2, 1) and (3, 5).
y
6
Find the slope. 5
(3, 5)

y −y 5−1 4 4
m=—
2 1
= — = —, or 4 3 4
x2 − x1 3−2 1
2
(2, 1)
Then use the slope and one of the given points 1
1
to write an equation of the line. Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x

Use m = 4 and (2, 1).

y − y1 = m(x − x1) Write the point-slope form.
y − 1 = 4(x − 2) Substitute 4 for m, 2 for x1, and 1 for y1.
y − 1 = 4x − 8 Distributive Property
y = 4x − 7 Write in slope-intercept form.

So, the equation is y = 4x − 7.

26. Write in point-slope form an equation of the line that passes

through the point (4, 4) with slope 3.
27. Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes
through the points (−4, 2) and (6, −3).

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 4 Chapter Test
Test Practice

Find the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of the linear equation.
n.
1. y = 6x − 5 2. y = 20x + 15 3. y = −5x − 16
1
4. y − 1 = 3x + 8.4 5. y + 4.3 = 0.1x 6. −— x + 2y = 7
2

Graph the linear equation.

1
7. y = 2x + 4 8. y = −— x − 5 9. −3x + 6y = 12
2
10. Which lines are parallel? Which lines 11. The points in the table lie on a line.
are perpendicular? Explain. Find the slope of the line.
y
5 x y
4
(Ź1, 3)
(2, 4) −1 −4
2
(Ź4, 1) (2, 0.5) 0 −1
x
Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 1 2 3 4 1 2
(Ź4, Ź1)
Ź2 2 5
(2, Ź2)
(Ź2, Ź4)
Ź4
(1, Ź5)
Ź5

Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

y y
12. 4
13. 5
3 4
2
1
(0, 2) (2, 2)
(Ź3, 1) (0, 0) x
1
Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1
Ź1
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź2 Ź1
Ź3 Ź2

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes through

the given points.
14. (−1, 5), (3, −3) 15. (−4, 1), (4, 3) 16. (−2, 5), (−1, 1)

17. VOCABULARY The number y of new vocabulary

words that you learn after x weeks is represented
by the equation y = 15x.
a. Graph the equation and interpret the slope.
b. How many new vocabulary words do you
learn after 5 weeks?
c. How many more vocabulary words do you
learn after 6 weeks than after 4 weeks?

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 4 Cumulative Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Estimate y
1. Which equation matches the line shown in the Answ
er
the graph?

A. y = 2x − 2

B. y = 2x + 1

C. y = x − 2

D. y = x + 1

y
4
3
2
1 “Using
es
there are timation, you
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 O 2 3 4 x about 3 can see
00 ha that
to be C irs. So, it has
Ź2 .”

2. The equation 6x − 5y = 14 is written in standard form. Which point lies on

the graph of this equation?

F. (−4, −1) H. (−1, −4)

G. (−2, 4) I. (4, −2)

3. Which line has a slope of 0?

A. y C. y

x O x

B. y D. y

O x O x

Cumulative Assessment 197

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 4. Which of the following is the equation of a line perpendicular to the line
shown in the graph?

y
5
4
3
(4, 2)
2
1

Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 4 6 x

Ź2
Ź3
Ź4 (6, Ź4)

F. y = 3x − 10 H. y = −3x + 5

1 1
G. y = — x + 12 I. y = −— x − 18
3 3

5. What is the slope of the line that passes through the points (2, −2)
and (8, 1)?

6. A cell phone plan costs $10 per month plus $0.10 for each minute used.
Last month, you spent $18.50 using this plan. This can be modeled by
the equation below, where m represents the number of minutes used.

0.1m + 10 = 18.5

How many minutes did you use last month?

A. 8.4 min C. 185 min

B. 85 min D. 285 min

7. It costs $40 to rent a car for one day. Cost of Renting a Car
In addition, the rental agency charges
Rental cost (dollars)

y
you for each mile driven, as shown 100 (500, 90)
in the graph. 80 (300, 70)
(100, 50) (400, 80)
60
Part A Determine the slope of the line (200, 60)
40
(0, 40)
joining the points on the graph. 20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 x
Part B Explain what the slope represents. Miles driven

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 8. What value of x makes the equation below true?

7 + 2x = 4x − 5

9. Trapezoid KLMN is graphed in the coordinate plane shown.

y
5
4
3
2
1

Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
K L
Ź2
Ź3
N M
Ź4
Ź5

Rotate Trapezoid KLMN 90° clockwise about the origin. What are the
coordinates of point M ′, the image of point M after the rotation?
F. (−3, −2) H. (−2, 3)

G. (−2, −3) I. (3, 2)

10. Solve the formula K = 3M − 7 for M .

K
A. M = K + 7 C. M = — + 7
3

K+7 K−7
B. M = — D. M = —
3 3

11. What is the distance d across the canyon?

100 ft

12 ft

30 ft d

F. 3.6 ft H. 40 ft

G. 12 ft I. 250 ft

Cumulative Assessment 199

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