Chowdariguda, Korremula (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal Malkajgiri (Dist), Ph: +91-8415-255777

Fax: 08415-25 5666, T.S.-500088, Email: [email protected]

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A SEMINAR REPORT
ON
REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Mudide Sharath Kumar (197Z5A0112)
 Chowdariguda, Korremula (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal Malkajgiri (Dist), Ph: +91-8415-255777
Fax: 08415-25 5666, T.S.-500088, Email: [email protected]

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar work entitled “REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS AND

BRIDGES” is submitted by Mudide Sharath Kumar (197Z5A0112) for the award of the degree

of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological

University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India during the academic year 2021-22

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

Mr. S. Hemanth Sai Mr. Y. Srinivas
Asst. Professor Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. C.V. Krishna Reddy, Director and
Dr. G. Janardhana Raju, Dean - School of Engineering, NNRESGI for providing us with all the
necessary facilities and their support .

I thank Mr. Y. Srinivas, Professor and HoD of Civil Engineering Department for his whole-hearted
co-operation and inspiring me to take up a seminar on this subject for successful completion.

I would like to thank my seminar coordinator Mr. S. Hemanth Sai, Assistant Professor, Department
of Civil Engineering for extending his support, valuable suggestions and encouragement.

I take this opportunity to record my sincere thanks to all the Faculty of the Department of Civil
Engineering for giving timely suggestions during the progress of the seminar work.

Finally, we would like to thank our parents who have always encouraged us to do our best.

Mudide Sharath Kumar 197Z5A0112

 CONTENTS

Abstract i
List of Figures ii

Chapter No. Description Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1-4

2. REHABILLITATIOON OF BUILLDING 5-9

3. REHABILITATION OF BRIDGES 10-23

4. CONCLUSION 24

5. REFERENCES 25
 Chowdariguda, Korremula (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal Malkajgiri (Dist), Ph: +91-8415- 255 777
Fax: 08415-25 5666, T.S.-500088, Email: [email protected]

VISION OF THE INSTITUTION

 To be a Premier Institution ensuring globally competent and ethically strong
professionals.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

 To provide higher education by refining the traditional methods of teaching to make
globally competent professionals.
 To impart quality education by providing the state of the art infrastructure and
innovative research facilities.
 To practice and promote high standards of professional ethics, transparency and
accountability.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISION

 To produce the civil engineering graduates with technical skills and to be recognized
as a Planning and designing department, known for leadership and fostering high
quality teaching and research.

MISSION

 To nurture young graduates into knowledgeable, skillful and ethical professionals in

their pursuit of civil engineering.
 To be rooted in commitment to excellence and innovation in teaching and research for
achieving best results.
 To seek extensive industry partnerships and collaborations for curriculum
development, delivery and technology relevance.
 To offer high quality, technically relevant undergraduate programs in civil
engineering.
 The Civil engineering graduates are prepared to face challenges in all the sectors of
the economy so as to make a strong society.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s):
Program outcomes represent broad statements that incorporate many areas of inter-related
knowledge and skills developed over the duration of the program through a wide range of
courses and experiences. They represent the big picture, describe broad aspects of behavior,
and encompass multiple learning experiences.
Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
PO- 1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
PO- 2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
PO- 3
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge
PO- 4 and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
PO- 5 and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
PO- 6 knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
PO- 7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
PO- 8
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
PO- 9
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
PO- 10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
PO- 11
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
PO- 12 to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s):
Program educational objectives are broad statements that describe what graduates are
expected to attain within few years of graduation. Program educational objectives are based
on the needs of the program's constituencies.

PEO- 1 To provide ample opportunities to excel as a successful entrepreneur and to

develop the ability in the specialized fields of Civil Engineering perspective.
Civil Engineering graduates are trained in modern tools for their sustainability to
PEO- 2
develop the technical skills.

PEO- 3 Graduates are produced with good ethics to understand the civil engineering
practices.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s):

Programme Specific Outcomes are that the students should be able to do at the time of
graduation. The PSOs are program specific. PSOs are written by the department offering the
program.

PSO- 1 Ability to design and analyze the challenges in civil engineering structures
technically.
Ability to merge technical knowledge with environmental principles to apply in
PSO- 2
Construction works and in multidisciplinary projects for the holistic development
of society.
 ABSTRACT

The document emphasize on Rehabilitation of Buildings and Bridges. Buildings, Bridges and
other structures have a certain useful life, which depends on the specifications adopted . This
document is about the repairing work and rehabilitation techniques of the buildings and bridges.
Repair and Rehabilitation methods currently used are reviewed on the basis of present
knowledge and the merit of a holistic system approach, which takes into account not only the
individual processes and phenomena but also most importantly their interaction. This paper
focuses on visible symptoms of the problem rather than on visible and invisible problems as
well as the possible causes behind them. This paper focuses about the repair materials and the
techniques used since the use of appropriate repair materials and techniques is essential for the
satisfactory performance of the repaired structure. The topic covers all those techniques used
for rehabilitating the structures. The paper concludes with a typical session of the expert system,
which is a system for diagnosing causes and repairs of defects in reinforced concrete structures .

Key words: Buildings, Bridges, Construction, Renovating, Rehabilitation, Repair, Earth

quakes, Cracks, etc…

i
 List of Figures
S.No. Description Page No.
1. Epoxy injection 6
2. Routing and sealing 6
3. Stitching 7
4. Drilling and plugging 7
5. Gravity filling 8
6. Replacement of damaged roofs 9
7. Refill of sealant 9
8. Categories of bridge maintenance work 11
9. Classification of bridge maintenance works 12
10. Removing of soil and weed 13
11. Blocked catch basin at surface 14
12. Removing the soil by brush 14
13. Blocked drain pipe with birds dung 14
14. Pipe after jet water cleaning 14
15. Blocked expansion joint 14
16. Cleaned expansion joint 14
17. Bearing with debris 15
18. Cleaned bearing by jet water 15
19. Cleaned steel plate by jet water 16
20. Cleaning concrete by jet water 16
21. Pier with flow obstruction 16
22. Culvert with flow obstruction 17
23. Harmful weed under and around the bridge 17
24. Tree growth under bridge 17
25. Moving and weeding under the bridge 18
26. Nosing joint with poured seal 20
27. Buried joint with steel T-plate 21
28. Scour repair work by special heavy equipment 22

ii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Structural rehabilitation work has come to the forefront of industry practice in response to the aging
of buildings and civil infrastructure worldwide. The general decrease in the new construction activity
forced the concrete repair and rehabilitation. Current repair and protection techniques and practices
used in the rehabilitation of deteriorated structures have been derived largely from methods used in
new construction. An effective retrofit solution is one that is durable and relatively easy to design and
evaluate, while minimizing the need for specialized labour and service disruption and lowering total
costs, even when requiring more expensive material.

The tasks of the structural engineers are not only designing and building new structures. Increasingly,
they are called up to consider the maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of existing structures, both
bridges and buildings. The Rehabilitation of structures include the following

• Inspection methods, assessment, monitoring, maintenance of structures

• Concrete durability, fatigue issues in bridges, seismic strengthening issues, laboratory studies,
dynamic testing and analysis

• Seismic strengthening of bridges and buildings

• General repairs for bridges and buildings

The rehabilitation methods involve the attachment of new materials to existing structures or applying
protective coatings to the structures. Research in rehabilitation includes the prevention of corrosion
of steel which is the most important structural member used in the construction.

Research in design, behavior, and analysis of reinforced building and bridge construction includes
studies in materials, components, and complete structural systems. Materials studies have included
normal- and high-strength concretes; effects of materials aging and materials deterioration on
component properties; bond between concrete and steel reinforcement, and use of headed
reinforcement.

The current research interests also include design, behavior, and analysis of reinforced concrete
buildings and bridge construction with an emphasis on earthquake engineering applications; seismic
evaluation and rehabilitation of existing construction; and performance-based earthquake
engineering.

REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

Repair: Repair is the technical aspect of rehabilitation. It refers to the modification of structure, partly
or wholly which is damaged in appearance or serviceability. The objective of any repair should be to
produce rehabilitation.

1
Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation is the process of restoring the structure to service level, once it had and
now lost; strengthening consists in endowing the structure with a service level, higher than that
initially planned by modifying the structure not necessarily damaged structure.

2
1.1 REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES

Structure rehabilitating or retrofitting is a process whereby an existing structure is enhanced to

increase the probability that the structure will survive for a long period of time and also against
earthquake forces. This can be accomplished through the addition of new structural elements, the
strengthening of existing structural elements, and/or the addition of base isolators.

Structural repair of reinforced concrete members incorporates numerous repair techniques

depending on the structure's type of reinforcement, extent of deterioration, type of distress and
logistical access points. Different types of reinforcement require various demolition and surface
preparation techniques. Typically, structural deterioration of reinforced concrete members can
occur as surface scaling, spalling, cracking, corrosion of reinforcing steel, weathering, post-
tension losses, deflection beam shortening, volume shrinkage and strength reduction. Moisture,
chlorides, carbonation, and chemical attack induce these; freeze thaw disintegration, and sulfate
attack, erosion and alkali aggregate reaction.

The rehabilitation measures includes epoxy mortar, epoxy bonding coat, epoxy grout, polymer
based bonding slurry and mortar, jacketing of columns, shotcreting, epoxy grouting, cement
grouting accordingly to the type of distress. The member’s load bearing capacity, structural
shape and location greatly influence material placement techniques and material selection.

Rehabilitation of bridges is confined to both superstructure and substructure. The distress

generally observed is appearance of cracks, honeycombing, and spalling of concrete and
corrosion in reinforcement/metallic bearings in simply supported and balanced cantilever bridges
with articulations. The rehabilitation measures include application of cement/polymer modified
mortar, guniting, shotcreting, cement/epoxy grouting, epoxy protective/bonding coating,
repairing of articulations by lifting suspended spans or without lifting suspended spans by
transferring their load by prestressing cables to adjacent spans, replacement of bearings by lifting
superstructure, repair/replacement of expansion joints and strengthening of bridges by external
prestressing. Deficient bridges are to be rehabilitated according to their needs. Bridges must be
rehabilitated to the same criteria as new bridges. The techniques to achieve earthquake resistant
design includes; adding base isolators, wrapping columns, strengthening footings, adding hinge
restrainers, and increasing the width of supports at abutments so that the superstructure will not
fall off the support.

In rehabilitation process good/sound concrete sharing the load should not be removed for any
reason, as is being done today. The second principle of restoration of structurally distressed RC
members is to restore the building portion by portion.

STRENGTHENING PHYSICALLY-DETERIORATED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Buildings and other concrete structures suffer deterioration due to a variety of reasons. These
may vary from corrosion of rebar’s to deficient workmanship at site during construction.
The first principle should therefore be that the treatment should be limited to locations where the
problem (e.g. spalling of cover concrete due to corrosion of rebar’s) occurs. The efficiency of
various techniques like guniting, jacketing, etc. in restoration can be considerably enhanced. It is
practically impossible to de-stress the RC members to be restored before treatment and reload

3
them back after the restoration - as restoration has to be taken up in as is condition, and when the
building is occupied.

CONCRETE REPAIRS:
Concrete repair has moved from a relatively unknown phenomenon to a position of international
importance. Characteristics of the repair product may now be stipulated; these may include, for
example, strengths, bond and permeability characteristics. Equally as important is the limitation
of drying shrinkage. Excessive shrinkage can lead to the negation of other specified properties.

SURFACE PREPARATION AND INTERFACIAL BOND FOR APPLICATION OF

PATCH REPAIRS, SEALERS AND COATINGS IN CONCRETE REPAIR:

The main purpose of surface preparation is to provide maximum coating adhesion and to
increase the surface area by increasing the roughness of the surface. Indeed, in order to achieve a
proper rehabilitation job, it is important to have proper surface preparation. The durability of the
bond in repair systems is a lasting interfacial coexistence of repair and existing phases.
Achieving an adequate lasting bond between repair materials and existing concrete is a critical
requirement for durable concrete repair. Good surface preparation using proper concrete removal
methods and workmanship is the key element in a long-lasting concrete repair technique.

GROUTING PROCESS

Grouting is the process of placing a material into cavities in concrete or masonry structures for
the purpose of embedding reinforcing bars, increasing the load bearing capacity of a structure,
restoring the monolithic nature of a structural member, filling voids around precast connections
and steel base plates, providing fire stops, stopping leakages, placing adhesives and soil
stabilization.

GUNITING PROCESS

Guniting is an effective technique, which has been extensively used in the rehabilitation of
structurally distressed RC members. There have been cases of heavy rusting of the mesh in the
form of powder or in the form of a sheet coming out. In the present practices the cover concrete
is removed on a mass scale, and even good/sound concrete is removed forcibly by chisel and
sledge hammer, has to make way for a more focused treatment of the affected part of the
structure.

JACKETING PROCESS

In this method the entire height of the column section is increased and a cage of additional main
reinforcement bars with shear stirrups is provided right from the foundation as per the
requirement of additional load, etc. However, there are many instances where the column section
is increased with additional reinforcement bars only on one face, and that too starting from the
floor slab level of a particular floor and only up to the height of deterioration of the column. This
additional section with additional reinforcement helps by reducing the floor space of the room
with obstacles. This is commonly referred to as jacketing

4
 CHAPTER 2
REHABIITATION OF BUILDINGS

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION:
It is within the lifetime of more senior engineers that concrete has become a prominent material
and for many uses the principal material, in civil engineering construction. When properly made
and used, it has proven itself able to withstand a large variety of conditions of service and to be
adaptable to most diverse requirements.

Deterioration due to environmental effect:

The main weathering processes are due to the combined action of rainwater and atmospheric
pollutants (particularly the carbonaceous particles due to combustion) deposited on the surface
of the monument. The way in which the surface is wetted is very important: in fact, as hart
drizzle can activate the dry deposit without washing it away, and i n this case the pH of rain
droplets is of secondary importance; on the other hand, showers supply abundant water which
favors dissolution of the stone and removal of the solute, resulting in thinning of the original
rock. Another important factor is the dynamic regime (i. e. laminar or turbulent) of the water
flowing over the surface of the monument.

Different techniques to control failures:

Epoxy injection: Epoxy injection is an economical method of repairing non-moving cracks in

concrete walls, slabs, columns and piers as it is capable of restoring the concrete to its pre-
cracked strength.

Fig-1 shows epoxy injection

5
Routing and sealing: This method, the crack is made wider at the surface with a saw or grinder,
and then the groove is filled with a flexible sealant.

Fig-2 shows routing and sealing

Stitching: This method is done to provide a permanent structural repairs solution for masonry
repairs solution for masonry repairs and cracked wall reinforcement.

Fig-3 shows stitching

6
Drilling and Plugging: This technique is only applicable when cracks run in reasonable
straight lines and are accessible at one end. This method is mostly used to repair vertical
cracks in retaining walls.

Fig-4 shows drilling and plugging

Gravity filling: Low viscosity monomers and resins can be used to seal cracks with
surface widths of 0.001 to 0.08 in. by gravity filling. High molecular weight methacrylates,
and some low viscosity epoxies have been used successfully.

Fig-5 shows gravity filling

7
ROOF LEAKAGES:
Water leaks are exceedingly detrimental to the health of high rise buildings. Water could
enter the building envelope through different paths – from damp construction materials
during the construction stage, through leaking roofs, basements, water features, wet areas
and leaking water installations. Concrete being a permeable material, leaking water will find
its way in and spread easily. If the source of the water leakage is left unattended, it can
cause significant structural damage that often needs very expensive rectification to
structural elements. Recent reports and studies worldwide identified water leaks as the most
common defect in buildings. Water leak is the major cause of early onset of corrosion and
concrete deterioration. Initiation of corrosion and depassivation of reinforcement is only
possible in the presence of water, oxygen and corrosive agents such as chlorides and carbon
dioxide. Leaking water in reinforced concrete acts as a perfect electrolyte that is one of the
basic elements for corrosion to occur. The role of leaking water and air borne salts in
inducing concrete corrosion is well documented. Water leakages in buildings result mainly
due to inadequate construction design, inferior materials, poor workmanship and
deterioration of building materials.

Fig-6 shows replacement of damaged roofs

8
Fig-7 shows refill of sealant

9
 CHAPTER 3
REHABILITATION OF BRIDGES

Two main tasks for contemporary bridge engineering:

 To construct new bridge structures according to the development of transportation

needs.

 To maintain the existing bridge stock according to current and predicted traffic and
safety requirements.

The term of maintenance:

It is usually limited to the works performed systematically by maintenance services to
ensure normal and safe utilization of bridge structures.

These works consist mainly of inspection, maintenance, repair and replacement, if

necessary, of expansion joints, bridge deck, drainage system, railings and barriers,
pavement, bridge bearings, etc., as well as anti-corrosive protection of some elements,
mostly by painting.

May also be considered, more widely as:

A multi-component process leading to the fulfillment of all conditions related to the safe
utilization of existing bridges in the anticipated period of their future service.

Rapid deterioration of bridge structures:

 In the recent two decades, rapid deterioration of bridge structures has become as
serious technical and economical problem in many countries, including highly
developed ones.

 It concerns also the concrete bridges, which for many years have been considered as
durable and requiring minimum maintenance cost, while only the steel structures
demand anti-corrosive protection being applied every few years.

The reasons leading to deterioration of the existing bridges stock:

 Increase in traffic flows and weight of vehicles, especially their axle loads,
compared to the period when the bridges have been designed and constructed,

 Harmful influence of environmental pollution, especially atmospheric ones, on the

performance of structural materials,

10
  Common use of de-icing agents in countries of moderate climate,

 Low quality structural materials as well as bridge equipment elements, such as

expansion joints, water proofing membranes, etc.,

 Limited maintenance program or insufficient standard of maintenance,

 Structural and material solutions particularly sensitive to damage produced by both

traffic loads and environmental factors.

Overloading or material fatigue:

Deterioration of bridges, directly resulting from over loading or material fatigue, is
relatively seldom observed till now, because of safety margins in load carrying capacity and
early remedial actions under taken.

The other above mentioned factors play predominant roles in affecting deterioration of
bridges and leading to their structural deficiency.

Execution of Bridge Maintenance and Repair Work:

Bridge maintenance and repair work are in general of specialized nature and shall be carried
out in accordance with the drawings and specifications by well trained, skilled staff having
the requisite experience, and shall be executed under the strict supervision of qualified
technical staff well experienced in their specific trades.

11
 Periodical Inspection
Inspection Detailed Inspection
Emergency Inspection
Drainage
Expansion Joint
Routine
Bearing shoe
Cleaning
Maintenance Removing obstruction
Channel
Small-scale Repair
Bridge Minor Repair Small-scale Replacement
Maintenance
Partial Repainting

Large-scale Repair
Large-scale Replacement
Major Repair
Repainting

Re-construction
Strengthening

Extension
Improvement
Widening

Re-construction
Fig-8 Shows Categories of Bridge Maintenance Work

Improvement is dealt separately from Maintenance Works. Detailed contents of bridge

maintenance works are described in Bridge Maintenance Standard 2017, section 3.2.

Bridge maintenance works are classified as in below Figure based on budget.

12
 Fig-9 Shows Classification of Bridge Maintenance Works

Routine Maintenance works are carried out to prevent the bridge from suffering further
deterioration. Cleaning of bridge surface at curbs and railing, deck drainage system,
expansion joint and bearing seat are low cost and most effective preventive maintenance for
bridges. Also, removing water flow obstruction and weeds mowing are important routine
maintenance work.

Minor Repair and Major Repair works are implemented to repair defects of a bridge and
restore it to its original serviceability. Meanwhile, improvement works are implemented to
upgrade the bridge serviceability with consideration of existing traffic condition,
environmental condition etc.

Bridge Routine Maintenance Works

General
Maintenance Works are classified as above Figure based on budget.

Routine maintenance works and PMP (Periodic Maintenance Program) Minor maintenance
works are categorized into preventive maintenance works and in many cases they are

13
executed under the direct management of RHD. While, PMP major maintenance works and
repair design are generally outsourced to private professional companies.

Routine Maintenance Works are the primary maintenance procedure. It should be done
continuously in each Subdivision Office (SDO) by an organized team. The planning of
Routine Maintenance works is done by SDE or SAE, covering every Roots and Regions in
the SDO, so that every Bridges and Culverts are covered minimum twice in a year. If it is not
possible to cover all Bridges and Culverts, the number of Routine Maintenance Works Team
should be increased. It is very important maintenance action for preserve bridges in sound
condition, under small budget. It consists of “Cleaning”, “Removal of Obstacles” and
“Routine Repair”.

Cleaning:
Along the Curb or Felloe guard

Along the lower roadway curb or felloe guard, the soil, rubbish and weed are accumulated
and cleaned.

Fig-10 Shows Removing of soil and weed by shovel and Removing of soil and
weed by jet water

Catch basin on the bridge and Drainage pipe:

The soil and rubbish are often blocked up the Catch basin on the bridge and/or Drainage pipe.
The blockage should be opened. Loose drainage pipe at joint is fastened or replaced.

14
Fig-11 Shows Blocked catch basin at surface Fig-12 Shows Removing the soil by brush

Fig-13 Blocked drain pipe with bird’s dung Fig-14 Pipe after jet water cleaning

Expansion joint and Bearing shoe:

The opening of Expansion joint is blocked up by debris (soil, rubbish and weed). The debris is
accumulated by hook/shovel and cleaned by water. Debris around the Bearing shoe and Shoe bed
are accumulated and cleaned.

Fig-15 Shows Blocked expansion joint Fig-16 Shows Cleaned expansion joint tube

15
 Fig-17 Shows Bearing with Debris

Fig-18 Shows Cleaned Bearing by jet water

Steel Girder and Concrete Girder at bridge end:

Cleaning of steel/concrete girder at both bridge ends (each 5.00 meter) shall be done at regular
intervals (1-2 times a year). It is very useful preventive maintenance action for bridge elements.
At the coastal region, whole bridge (girders, deck slab and substructure) shall be cleaned also at
same intervals.

16
 Fig-19 Cleaned steel plate by jet water Fig-20 Cleaning concrete surface by jet water

Removal of Obstruction:

Removal of Flow obstruction:

At the routine maintenance work, Flow obstruction shall be removed by hook with long shaft. The
Flow obstruction is often observed also at Box-culverts and Pipe-culverts.

Fig-21 Shows Pier with flow obstruction

Fig-22 Shows Culvert with flow obstruction

17
Vegetation Growth:

Under/around the bridge shall be the good airy place, otherwise bridge elements absorb moisture and
bridge damage is speed up. Therefore, harmful plants shall be removed at regular intervals.

Fig-23 Shows Harmful weed around and under the bridge

Fig-24 Shows Tree growth under the bridge

Fig-25 Shows Mowing and weeding under the bridge

18
 Organization
Minor Repair Works will be implemented by each Sub-Division Office (SDO) of RHD. The Minor
Repair Works Team consists of a Team Leader (SAE), a Foreman and 2 Workers. The Minor Repair
team will work under the supervision of SDE and will report to SDE upon completing the job. SDE
will report to EE about all the monthly work.

The Team Leader should be trained Bridge Inspector and the Foreman is skilled Worker with good
knowledge of Minor repair.

The Team leader arranges and schedules the Minor repair works in the SDO and he is responsible for
Safety control and Quality control. If more skilled worker is preferable, the Team leader can arrange
one or two more skilled or/and unskilled workers for that case.

The composition of the Minor repair team is similar to the Routine maintenance team; however the
Foreman and Workers are not same persons desirably. While the Team leader takes concurrent duties
on Routine maintenance and Minor repair Teams.

Major repairs and control methods for bridges:

Selection of Repair method for Concrete

After the Inspection and Evaluation of concrete element, the BMS system can select automatically
the Repair method of concrete element. However, the final selection of the Repair method or Re-
construction should be taken after “Detailed Investigation”. The first phase Selection Flow of Repair
method of concrete element for Superstructure and Substructure are shown in below figure.

The basic Repair methods for concrete element are Crack repair and Restoration. As the injection
material is used commonly flexible epoxy resin with crack bridging ability against temperature- and
deflection-movement. As the restoration material is used mostly polymer cement mortar with good
bonding and flexural strength and less dry shrinkage. For substructure, Fluid recasting concrete and
normal concrete are also used.

Fig: Selection Flow of Repair method of Concrete elements (Superstructure)

19
Selection of Repair method for Steel

After the Inspection and Evaluation of steel element, the BMS system can select automatically the
Repair method of steel element. However, the final selection of the Repair method or Re-construction
should be taken after “Detailed Investigation”. The first phase Selection Flow of Repair method of
steel element is shown in Figure 4-3 For Steel Bridges, Main elements such as Main girder, Cross
girder, Truss and Pile are repaired by adding steel plates e.g. while Sub elements are replaced to new
one.

Welding should be avoided if at all possible in repairing older steel elements since the steel typically
has high carbon content.

For Repainting should be considered the partial zone repainting in regards to the burden of the cost.
Mostly corrosion damaged zone is the bridge end

Fig: Selection Flow of Repair method of steel elements

Selection of Repair method for Expansion joint

The quality and maintenance of the expansion joints are vital to the behavior of the bridges and its
durability. Accordingly, it should be ensured that expansion joints are waterproofed as well as
resistant to leakage. In the case of wet carriageway at the joint, leakage water reaches to the bearing
seat (below figure).

20
 Fig-26 Shows Nosing joint with poured seal (left) and its surface damage (right)

The usual gap of concrete edge is around 20 mm considering temperature here in Bangladesh as
41℃~7℃ (=24℃±17℃).

The shrinkage effects can be neglected for the existing bridges, so that the joint movements for above
mentioned span length are less than 10 mm. The expansion joint of above mentioned type and span
length can be replaced to the type of Buried joint (Figure 4-5). The Asphaltic Plug joint with flexible
material over joint is not recommended, because none of the flexible material keeps durability for
summer heat of the sunshine in Bangladesh (Figure 4-6).

`The merit of Buried joint is continuous pavement and covered the gap with T-formed steel plate and
Deck waterproofing. The steel T-plate should be painted and have the width of min. 50 mm.

Fig-27 Shows buried joint with steel T-plate

21
 Fig: Selection Flow of Repair method of Expansion joint

Selection of Repair method for Footing

Bridge Scour is defined as the removal of soil from around foundations. Flowing water transports
soils from around a bridge foundation and moves it down stream, leaving the foundations exposed
and in some cases undermined. Depending on the severity of the scour a bridge’s integrity could be at
risk and in some cases lead to a partial or total collapse.

Bridge scour is dynamic and conditions can change rapidly. There are many variables that affect the
rate at which bridge scour happens. Two of the primary variables are soil type and water velocity.
Some soils are more susceptible to scour than others. Loose unconsolidated soil is easily carried
away while hard bedrock layers are generally not susceptible to scour. Also, high flow velocities
scour away soils faster than lower velocities.

If this type of damage is not repaired, it could cause catastrophic failure to the bridge. The typical
repair for this type of damage is to place large rocks around the pier (Figure). Projects such as this are
difficult to permit because they involve placing equipment and materials in environmentally sensitive
areas.

Fig-28 Shows Scour repair work by special heavy equipment

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Fig: Selection Flow of Repair method of Footing

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 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

The severely deteriorated reinforced concrete frame structures continue to live for years disproving
apprehensions of imminent mishap. If carefully nursed through proper rehabilitation techniques
based on the fundamental principles elucidated earlier, many a building can be restored to a state of
health and vitality. The materials used for repair and rehabilitation purposes should have high degree
of extensibility and should possess long-term durability. As of today the rehabilitation technique by
composite materials with fiber-reinforced composites addresses the problems of restoration
admirably and is perhaps the best suited. The proper method of rehabilitation for different structures
should be adopted. The rehabilitation method should be performed without de-stressing the structure.
The performance of the repaired or rehabilitated structure is more important such that it should
necessitate the future rehabilitation for the fore coming years. The need for rehabilitation is due to the
improper design of the structures during construction. Just constructing the structures with long-term
durable materials can eliminate the rehabilitation process. Steel for reinforcement in structures should
be provided with proper protection against corrosion. The structures to be built in future should be
installed with corrosion resistant reinforcement bars. Various methods for corrosion prevention are
there and the right one for the purpose can be chosen. The modifications in seismic zone map,
upgrading in design seismic force and advancement in engineering knowledge has proved that every
place in India is predicted to suffer earthquake forces. Hence the existing structures and the structures
to be built in future has to seismically designed to resist the lateral forces acting on the structure from
the ground motion.

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REFERENCES:
[1]. Repair, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting Of RCC For Sustainable Development With Case Studies
J. Bhattacharjee Prof.& Advisor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Up,
India; Former Chief Engineer & Jt. Director General, (Me’s/Mod).

[2]. Geotechnical Investigation into the Causes of Cracks in Building: A Case Study, 2013.

[3]. Study on control of cracks in a Structure through Visual Identification & Inspection Kishore
Kunal, Namesh Killemsetty, 2008.

[4]. Grouting as a repair/strengthening solution for earth constructions Rui A. Silva, Luc
Schueremans, Daniel V. Oliveira. Chaudhry: Evaluation of Grouting as a Strengthening Technique
for Earthen Structures in Seismic Areas: Case Study Chiripa, Msc. Thesis, 2007, University of
Pennsylvania, EUA.

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