Lao Basic Course - Volume 2 - 2014
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JaimeLao Basic Course - Volume 2 - 2014
Uploaded by
JaimeLao Basic Course
Volume 2
School of Language Studies
East Asian & Pacific Languages
Lao Section
September 2014
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About FSI
Established in 1947, the Foreign Service Institute is the United States Government’s
primary training institution for employees of the U.S. foreign affairs community,
preparing American diplomats and other professionals to advance U.S. foreign
affairs interests overseas and in Washington. FSI provides more than 600 courses–to
include training in some 70 foreign languages, as well as in leadership, management,
professional tradecraft, area studies, and applied information technology skills–to
some 100,000 students a year, drawn from the Department of State and more than 40
other government agencies and military service branches. FSI provides support to all
U.S. Government employees involved in foreign affairs, from State Department
entry-level Foreign and Civil Service employees to newly-assigned Ambassadors,
and to our Foreign Service National colleagues who assist U.S. efforts at some 270
posts abroad.
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Table of Contents
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CYCLE 43
“He’s impolite, isn’t he? Yes, he is. Nobody wants to see his face.”.................................................... 199
ໃຜ, ໃຜ, ກໍ, ບໍໆ as negative inclusive indefinite nouns
CYCLE 44
“This house is bigger than that one, isn’t it? No, it, isn’t. It’s smaller.” .............................................. 201
Comparative of stative verbs
CYCLE 45
“Which of these three women is the prettiest? They are equally pretty.” ........................................... 205
Stative verb with ກວາໆ ໝໆ as superlative degree (or limited number)
CYCLE 46
“How many dollar do you have left? (I have) two dollars left.” ........................................................... 209
ເຫຼືຬ as a verb indicating a remainder of something
CYCLE 47
“Are we out of coffee? No, we still have some.” .................................................................................. 212
ົ contrasted with ເຫຼືຬ
ໝ
CYCLE 48
“Do you still have questions? Yes, I (still) do.” ..................................................................................... 217
ຊ ັງ … ຢໆ for continuing situations
CYCLE 49
“Are you still out of work? No, I got a job a long time ago.” ............................................................... 220
ແຌ
ໆ ົນແລວ
used to indicate a situation that began in the past and continues into the present
CYCLE 50
“Your book has already been stolen, isn't that right? .......................................................................... 223
That’s right, it has (already been stolen).”
ຍຼືກ in passive constructions with certain verbs
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CYCLE 51
“What color are his shoes? They’re black.” .......................................................................................... 229
Names of colors
CYCLE 52
“How well do you sing? Not very well.” ............................................................................................... 234
ໂພ “too …” ບໍໆ … ປານໃ “not very …”, … ປານໃ? “How …?”
CYCLE 53
“Does he read fast? Pretty fast.”.......................................................................................................... 239
… ສ ົມຄວນ “pretty” as a modifier
CYCLE 54
“Don’t eat too much.” ........................................................................................................................... 242
ຢາໆ in negative request forms
CYCLE 55
“Where have you been (to)? I’ve been to the doctor’s.” ..................................................................... 247
ໄປ … ມາ used to indicate recent completion of some activity
CYCLE 56
“Where did this plane come from? It came from Bangkok..” .............................................................. 249
ມາແຌ ໆ used to show point of origin
CYCLE 57
“Why are you washing your hands? I’m washing my hand to eat.” .................................................... 252
Word order of verb phrases of purpose
CYCLE 58
“From where to where? From when to when?” ................................................................................... 258
ແຌ.ໆ ..ຫາ and ຈາກ/ແຌ.ໆ ..ເຍິງ/ຫາ/ອຬ in extent of space or period of time constructions
CYCLE 59
“What’s the matter with you? I have (a headache).” .......................................................................... 266
… ເປັນຫຊ ັງ “what’s the matter with…?” and words referring to illness
CYCLE 60
“Why didn’t you come to school? Because I was sick.”........................................................................ 271
ເປັນຫຊ ັງ...ຈິໆງ and ເພາະວາໆ in asking and giving reasons for some activity
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CYCLE 61
“How do you feel about him? I pity him.” ............................................................................................ 276
Verbs of emotion
CYCLE 62
“Do you think he will come? Yes, I think he’ll come.”........................................................................... 280
Verbs of thinking and saying with ວາໆ
CYCLE 63
“Is it dangerous? Yes, it’s very dangerous.” ......................................................................................... 285
Stative verbs with ຫລາຊ
CYCLE 64
“Do you believe he’ll pass the exam? Yes, I do.” .................................................................................. 292
ັ ? in questions
ຉນບໍ
CYCLE 65
“You will read, and then what will you do? I’ll read, then I’ll go eat.” ................................................. 299
ແລວ
as a sentence connective
CYCLE 66
“Did you write the letter yet? No, not yet. (or) Yes, I’ve already written.” ........................................ 303
ແລວ
and ຊ ັງ as aspect particles
CYCLE 67
“Have you finished recording? Yes, I have. (or) No, not yet.” ............................................................ 310
Verb phrase with ແລວ
CYCLE 68
“Who are you going to fix the car for? I’ll fix it for him.” ..................................................................... 317
ໃຫ as a benefactive verb
CYCLE 69
“What do you want me to do? I want you to stay with him.” ............................................................. 322
ຢາກ and ຢາກໃຫ
CYCLE 70
“What were you going to have him do for you? .................................................................................. 328
I was going to have him type letters for me.”
ໃຫ as benefactive and causative verb
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CYCLE 71
“What’s the table made of? Wood.” .................................................................................................... 332
ເອັວ
ຊ with materials
CYCLE 72
“What did he write with? With a pen.” ................................................................................................ 338
ວ
ຊ with instrumental
CYCLE 73
“What will you use for making a fire? Charcoal.” ................................................................................ 343
Instrumental use of ໃຉ
CYCLE 74
“What’s a clock for? To tell time.” ....................................................................................................... 348
ມີໄວສ
ໍາລ ັບ to indicate use or purpose of
CYCLE 75
“Where’s he stationed now? Right now he’s in Pakse.” ...................................................................... 352
Time expressions
CYCLE 76
“He will be transferred very soon, is that true? That’s right.” ............................................................. 358
Time expressions with direct reference to present time
CYCLE 77
“How much longer will you be here? Two more weeks.” ..................................................................... 363
ຬີກ and ຊ ັງຬີກ with time expressions
CYCLE 78
“What kind of food do you normally like to eat? Spicy food.” ............................................................. 370
Modals: ມກັ
CYCLE 79
“Must he choose a guide? Yes, he must.” ............................................................................................ 374
Modals: ຌຬ
ງ, ຄວນ, ຬາ, ຄຼື, ຄ ົງ
CYCLE 80
“Have you ever been to Laos? Yes, I have. (or) No, I never have been.” ............................................ 382
ເຄີຊ to indicate having experienced something
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CYCLE 81
“Is there anybody that is going to help him? Yes, I am.” ..................................................................... 386
Indefinite pronoun ໃຜ after ມີ
CYCLE 82
“What do we call liquid that we get from an orange? Orange juice.” ................................................. 391
CYCLE 83
“What do we call a person who is always drunk? A drunkard.” .......................................................... 394
CYCLE 84
“What do we call a person who fixes cars? An auto mechanic” .......................................................... 398
CYCLE 85
“What do we call a person who pilots a plane? A pilot.” ..................................................................... 403
______________________________________________________________________________
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Cycle 43
M-1
To be his friend À¯ïÀ²•ºì¾¸
To be involved (concerned) ¹¨÷û¤¡ú¼¸
To live (in it) µúø
To take this road 꼸꾤À¦˜š
To use this room çû¹ûº¤š
No one wants to be his ຍໃ ຓີ𵾡À¯ñ-À²•ºì¾¸.
friend.
No one wants to be ຍໃ ຓີ𵾡¹¨û÷¤¡ú¼¸.
concerned.
No one wants to live ຍໃ ຓີ𵾡µúø.
(in it).
No one wants to use this ຍໃ ຓີ𵾡çû¹ûº¤š.
room.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 199
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M-2
Impolite ®Ò¦÷²¾®
Stingy person £ô¢š«†
Not so important ®Ò¦ð¾£ñ-¯¾-é
Small -ûº¨
Dangerous ¡ñ-©¾-
He is very impolite. 쾸®Ò¦÷²¾®¹ì¾¨.
He is a very stingy person. 쾸À¯ï£ô¢š«†¹ì¾¨.
This matter is not so important. À윺¤š®Ò¦î¾£ï¯¾Ã©.
This house is very small. À»óº¹ì駱ûº¨¹ì¾¨.
This road is very dangerous. 꾤À¦˜š¡ï©¾¹ì¾¨.
C-1
A. He is impolite, isn't he? A.?
B. Yes, he is very impolite. B.
No one wants to see his face.
C-2
A. Why doesn't anybody want to A.
see his face? ?
B. No one wants to see his face B.
because he is so impolite.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 200
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Cycle 44
M-1
Prettier than ¤¾´¡¸ú¾
More spacious than ¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾
Less space than ÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾
Cheaper than «õ¡¡¸ú¾
More expensive than ÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾
Higher than ¦ø¤¡¸ú¾
This house is prettier À»óº¹ì駱¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
than that one.
This house is more À»óº¹ì駱¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
spacious than that one.
This house has less À»óº¹ì駱ÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
space than that one.
This house is less cheaper À»óº¹ì駱«ó¡¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
than that one.
This house is more À»óº¹ì駱ÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
expensive than that one.
This house is higher than À»óº¹ì駱¦ö¤¡¸ú¾¹ì落.
that one.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 201
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M-2
Run fast ÀÀìú-ĸ
Price ì¾£¾
As big as ù¨úêÒ
As new as ù´úÀê‣¾
This car runs as fast as ìô©£ïš ÀÀìúĸÀê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï˜.
that one.
This car has same price ìô©£ïš ì¾£¾Àê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï˜.
as that one.
This car is as big as ìô©£ïš ù¨úêÒ¡ñ-¡ï®£ï˜.
that one.
This car is ìô©£ïš ù´úÀê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï˜.
as new as that one.
C-1
A. This house is bigger than that one A.
isn't it ? ?
B. No, this house is as (big) as that one. B.
C-2
A. This car runs as fast as that one, A.
doesn't it? ?
B. No, this one runs faster than that one. B.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 202
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NOTES
1) Two things may be equal or unequal as far as some quality (goodness, etc.) is concerned
consequently, there are in language, constructions that may be labeled 'Comparison of Equality' and
'Comparison of Inequality'.
(a) The Comparison of Inequality construction in Lao is.
NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2
(This house pretty more that one)
'This house is prettier than that one.'
(b) The Comparison of Equality construction is:
NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2
(This car old equal to that one.)
'This car is as old as that one'.
When the stative verb refers to 'size', may replace in construction like the one above:
'This car is as big as that one.'
The stative verb may be replaced by V + adverb in either of the constructions above:
'This car runs faster than that one.'
'This car runs as fast as that one.'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 203
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APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) ?
(Is she taller than you?)
(b) _____ _____
(Your house is as pretty as his.)
(c)
(He walks faster than you do.)
(d)
(This story is more interesting than that one.)
(e) _____________
(He's as intelligent a person as you are.)
(f) _____________
(He drives faster than your friend.)
(g) ___________
(Nobody is as evil (bad as he is.)
(h) _____________
(This book is as cheap as that one.)
(i) ___________
(This mango is as big as that one.)
(j) __________
(This watch is more expensive than that one.)
(k) ____________________
(50,000,000 kip. That's very expensive.)
(l) ___________
(He is selling it cheaper today than yesterday.)
(m) ___________________
(It's much more delicious than that.)
____________________________
Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j) (k) (l)
(m)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 204
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Cycle 45
M-1
Performer -ñ¡¦½Á©¤
The prettiest ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The loveliest ¹-û¾»ñ¡¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The ugliest ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú
The best-mannered »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The most bashful ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾-ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏູÃໄ ©
performers do you think is ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the prettiest? ?
Which of these three Ã-¦¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾-ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏູÃໄ ©
performers do you think is ¹-û¾»ñ¡ ¡¸ú¾¹´øú?
loveliest? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾-ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏູເໄ ຈ
performers do you think is ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the ugliest? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾-ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏູÃໄ ©
performers do you think is »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the best mannered? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾-ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏູÃໄ ©
performers do you think is ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úö?
the most bashful? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 205
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M-2
Equally pretty ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï
Equally skilful À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï
Equally nice ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï
To be educated Ä©û»ñ®¡¾-¦ô¡¦¾
The same age ´ñº¾¨õÀê‣¾¡ï
Have a lot of work ´ó¸¼¡¹ì¾¨
Have salary ´óÀ¤ò-À©õº-
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï.
equally pretty.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï.
equally skilful.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï.
equally nice.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš Ä©û»ñ®¡¾-¦ô¡¦¾
equally educated. Àê‣¾¡ï.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñº¾¨õÀê‣¾¡ï.
the same age.
These three performers have ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñ¸¼¡¹ì¾¨Àê‣¾¡ï.
equal large amount of work.
These three performers have -ñ¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£ö-ຌš ´ñÀ¤ðÀ©óºÀê‣¾¡ï.
equal salaries.
C-1
A. Of these three performers who do A.
you think is the prettiest ? ?
B. I think these three performers are B.
equally pretty.
C-2
A. Of these three performers there's one A.
who is the prettiest, don't you think? , ?
B. No, I think they are equally pretty. B.
NOTES
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 206
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1) The construction for Comparison of Inequality when more than two objects are being compared is:
NP (Number of Objects) + NP (Subjects) + Vs +
(of these 3 persons which performers pretty more group)
'Which of these three performers is the prettiest?'
'group' always occurs in this construction. The classifier is used before because it is
the classifier for Observe the following construction with a different classifier:
'Which of these three bananas is the most delicious?'
2. The construction of Comparison of Equality when three or more objects are being compared is:
NP (Subject) + Vs +
'These three women are equally tall.'
'equal, equally' may also occur after NP:
(These three women have age equal)
'These three women are the same age.'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 207
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences:
(a)
(Which of the four children is the most loveable?)
(b)
(Which of these three women do you think is the most bashful?)
(c)
(These six books are equally priced..)
(d)
(These five boys have equal amounts of money.)
(e)
(These two carpenters work equally skillfully.)
(f)
(Which of these three soldiers drives the fastest?
(g)
(Which of these three students is the most studious?)
(h)
(Which is the biggest of these three chickens?)
(i)
(Those three bottles have equal amounts of water in them.)
(j)
(Of those three artisans, which can change a tire the fastest?)
_______________________________
Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 208
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Cycle 46
M-1
Book, (classifier) ¯›´, ¹ö¸
Money, kip À¤ò-, ¡ó®
Rice, bag À¢í¾, «ö¤
Fish, (classifier) ¯¾, ª
Bullet, (classifier) ìø¡¯õ-, ìø¡
Hand grenade, (classifier) ì½À®ó©´õ, ìø¡
Beer, bottle À¹ìí¾À®ງ, ÀÀ¡û¸
Sign, slogan, ¯û¾¨, £ð¾¢¸ñ-
Sheet (classifier) ÀÀ°ú-, ຏຌ
ໃ
Now I have two books ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤À¹ìõº¯›´µúø ຘບຄນ຺ທ.
left.
Now I have two million ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤ò-µúø ¦º¤ìɾ-¡ó®.
kips left.
Now I have two bags of ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¢í¾ດúø ¦º¤«ö¤.
rice left.
Now I have two fish left. ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤À¹ìõº¯¾µúø ¦º¤Âª.
Now I have two bottles ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¹ìí¾À®ງµúø ¦º¤ÀÀ¡û¸.
of beer left.
Now I have two slogan ©¼¸š¢ûº¨¨ï¤À¹ìóº¯û¾¨£ð¾¢¸ñ-ດູໃ
signs left. ¦º¤ÀÀ°ú-.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 209
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M-2
Money, dollar À¤ò-, ©ì¾
Sack, (classifier) «ö¤, (¹-ú¸¨)
Banana, (classifier) ¹´¾¡¡É¸¨, (¹-ú¸¨)
Article, story ®ö©£¸¾´, À윺¤
Member, person ¦½´¾§ò¡, £ö-
People, family £ö-, £º®£ö¸
Towel (classifier) °û¾À§ñ©¹-û¾, (°õ-)
Brush, brush teeth ¯¤, «øÀÀ¢û¸,
(classifier) ºñ-
How many dollars do you À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤ò-µ úø¥ñ¡Â©ì¾?
have left? ?
How many sacks do À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõº«ö¤µúø ¥ñ¡¹-ú¸¨?
you have left?
?
How many bananas do you À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõº¹´¾¡¡û¸¨µúø
¥ñ¡¹-ú¸¨?
have left? ?
How many articles (a c À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõº®ö©£¸¾´µøú
¥ï¡À윺¤?
written) do you have ?
left?
How many members do À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõº¦½´¾§ò¡µúø
¥ñ¡£ö-?
you have left? ?
How many towels do you À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõº°û¾À§ñ©¹-û¾µúø
¥ñ¡°õ-?
have left? ?
How many tooth brushes À¥í¾¨ñ¤À¹ìõºÀÀ¯¤«øÀÀ¢û¸µøú
¥ñ¡ºñ-?
do you have left? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 210
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C-1
A. Now they have two sacks of rice A.
left, isn't that right ? ?
B. Yes, that's right, now they have B.
two sacks (of rice) left.
C-2
A. How many bananas do you have A.
left ? ?
B. I have five bananas left. B.
C-3
A. Of what objects of cloth do A. ?
you have two left ?
B. I have two towels left. B.
?
NO APPLICATION
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 211
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Cycle 47
M-1
Rice À¢í¾
Pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©
Fish sauce ໄ
ຌາ¯¾
Salt À¡õº
Sugar -Õª¾-
Black pepper ²ò¡ແê
Bread À¢í¾¥†
Meat §š
Our rice is all gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our (green, red) pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
is all gone.
Our fish sauce is all gone. -Õ¯¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our salt is all gone. À¡õºÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our sugar is all gone. . -Õª¾-À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our black pepper is all gone. . ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our bread is all gone. . À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸.
Our meat is all gone. §šÀ»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 212
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M-2
Rice À¢í¾
Butter ໄ -À®ó
ຌາ´ñ
Lard ໍ້ າ´ñ-¹´ø
ນ
Salad dressing ໍ້ າ´ñ-¦½¹ìñ©
ນ
Onion °ñ¡-®‣¸
Garlic °ñ¡ê¼´
Cucumbers ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤
Beans ¹´¾¡«‣¸
Our rice is almost gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our butter is almost ໍ້ າ´ñ-À®óÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ນ ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our lard is almost gone. ໍ້ າ´ñ-¹´øÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ນ ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our salad dressing is ໍ້ າ´ñ-¦½¹ìñ©À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ນ ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
almost gone.
Our onions are almost °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾ເກຆ
ໄ ິ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our garlic is almost °ñ¡ê¼´À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our cucumbers are ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
almost gone
Our beans are almost ¹´¾¡«‣¸À»ô¾Ã¡ûຆ¹
ິ ´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 213
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M-3
Fish sauce ໍ້ າ¯¾
ນ
Salt À¡õº
Black pepper ²ò¡ແ
Onions °ï¡®‣¸
Bread À¢í¾¥†
Beef §š¤ô¸
Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä´û
We still have fish sauce. ໍ້ າ¯¾À»ö¾¨ñ¤µøÈ.
ນ
We still have salt. À¡õºÀ»ö¾¨ñ¤ດູ.ໃ
We still have black pepper. ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾¨ñ¤ດູໃ.
We still have onions. °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾¨ï¤ດູໃ.
We still have bread. À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾¨ï¤ດູ.ໃ
We still have beef. §š¤ô¸À»ô¾¨ï¤µöÈ.
We still have fruit. ¹´¾¡Ä´ûÀ»ö¾¨ñ¤µøÈ.
C-1
A. Are we out of pepper? A. ?
B. Yes, we are out of it. B.
C-2
A. Are we nearly out of salad A.
dressing ? ?
B. Yes, we are almost out of it. B.
C-3
A. Are we out of pepper? A. ?
B. No, we still have some. B.
«¾´¹¾¢º¤ªú¾¤Å ê†ï¡»¼Áªúì½£ô´ñË À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾¨ñ¤ຓີດøÈ ¹ìõ çû¹´ö©Áìû¸? ¨ñ¤®Ò¹´ö©. ¨ñ¤À¹ìõºµøÈ® ð¹ìõ ¹´ö©Áìû¸.
ເກຆ
ໄ ິ¹´ö©Áìû¸®ð ¹ìõ¸ú¾ ¨ñ¤¹ì¾¨µøÈ?
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NOTES
1) means 'to be used up'. It is used to indicate that the supply of something is exhausted:
' The fish sauce is all gone.'
When precedes it indicates that the supply is nearly used up.
The manner in which something was consumed can be indicated by putting a verb before
:'eaten up', etc.
2) is used to indicate that something remains from an amount that was originally set-aside for
some special purpose.
Observe the use of in sentences:
'I have two books left.'
(to me still remains book 2) (of the ones I brought back from Germany.)
The classifier phrase indicating the amount is not immediately next to its NP but follows
3) is used to indicate that a certain situation still continues to exist. It may be used
without but with some difference in meaning. Compare:
'We still have bananas.'
(There's no need to buy any more).
'We still have bananas (left over from
making a banana cake).'
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APPLICATION
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) __________ _________?
(How many members do you have left?)
(b) ___________
(Our butter is almost gone.)
(c) _______________
(Our garlic is all gone.)
(d) _______________
(We still have salt.)
(e) ____________?
(Are we out of pepper?)
(f) ____________
(We still have beef.)
(g) ,________________
(We're out of it.)
(h) ______________
(I have two fish left.)
(i) __________
(They ate up the food.)
(j) ________ _________
(Now I have two kips left.)
(k) _________________!
(Time's up!)
(l) ___________ ________?
(How many bananas do you have left?)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
(k) (l)
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Cycle 48
M-1
Money À¤ò-
Idea, thought £¸¾´£ò©
Will power, encouragement ¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥
Worry, concern £¸¾´À¯ñ-¹ú¸¤
Punishment, penalty Âê©
Time À¸ì¾
Contract, agreement ¦ñ-¨¾
Hope ¹¸ñ¤
They are already broke. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©À¤ò-ÀÀìû¸.
They are already out of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´£ò©ÀÀìû¸.
idea.
They are already ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥ÀÀìû¸.
discouraged. .
They are already free of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´ À¯ñ-¹ú¸¤ÀÀìû¸.
concern. .
Their time is up already. À¸ì¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Their contract is ຘ ັຌ¨¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
already over.
They have no more hope. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¹¸ñ¤ÀÀìû¸.
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M-2
Patience £¸¾´ºö©êö-
Question £ð¾«¾´
Problem ¯ñ-¹¾
Relations, one another £¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ-, ¡ñ-
Dislike ¡¼©§ñ¤
Love one another »ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñ-
They still have patience. À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤´ó£¸¾´ºö©êö-µøÈ.
They still have questions. À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤´ó£ð¾«¾´ດູ.ໃ
.
They still have problems. À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤´óບñ-¹¾µøÈ.
.
They still have relations À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤´ó£¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ-¡ñ-µøÈ.
with one another.
They still dislike one À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤¡¼©§ñ¤¡ñ-µøÈ.
another.
They still love one À¢ö¾À¥í¾¨ñ¤»ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñ-ດູໃ.
another.
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C-1
A. Are you broke? A. ?
B. Yes, I'm broke. B.
C-2
A. Are they still of a mind (to...)? A.
?
B. Yes, they are. B.
C-3
A. Are you already free of concern? A. ?
B. No, I am still {concerned B.
{worried
NO APPLICATION
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Cycle 49
M-1
Live, dwell º¾ແ¦ດູໃ
House À»õº-
To be in the military À¯ñ-ê½¹¾-
To be out of work ¹ທ¾ໃ ¤¤¾-
To be tied up with work £¾¸¼¡
To be indebted (to) À¯ï¹š
Go out ºº¡Ä¯
Carry out a mission or duty ¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾-
To be locked up «õ¡¢ñ¤
To lose one's way ¹ìö¤ê¾¤
Is she still living in your 쾸¨ñ¤º¾ແ¦µøúÀ»õº-À¥í¾ µøú®ð?
house? ?
Is he still in the service? 쾸¨ñ¤À¯ñ-ê½¹¾- µøú®ð?
?
Is he still out of work? 쾸¨ñ¤¹ທາໃ ¤¤¾- µøú®ð?
?
Is he still tied up with 쾸¨ñ¤£¾¸¼¡ µøú®?
ð
his work? ?
Is he still indebted to 쾸¨ï¤À¯ï¹šÀ¥í¾ µøú®ð?
you? ?
Is he still going out on 쾸¨ñ¤ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾- µøú®ð?
the mission? ?
Is he still locked up? 쾸¨ñ¤«õ¡¢ñ¤ µøú®ð?
?
Is he still lost? 쾸¨ñ¤¹ìö¤ê¾¤ µøú®ð?
?
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M-2
Leave the military service ºº¡ê½¹¾-
To have work to do ´ó¸¼¡À»ñ©
To be free of work ¹ລ
່ ¾¤¸¼¡
Pay off one's debt çû¹š¹´ô©
To be released, to be let go «õ¡¯úº¨
Go away, escape from ¹-󥾡
Stop À§ö¾, ດຸຈ
He left the service a long 쾸ºº¡ê½¹¾- ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
time ago.
He got a job a long time 쾸´ó¸¼¡À»ñ© ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
ago.
He has had spare time 쾸¹ລ
່ ¾¤¸¼¡ ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
for a long time.
He paid off his debts 쾸çû¹š¹´ô© ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
a long time ago.
He was released a long 쾸«õ¡¯úº¨ ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
time ago.
He left me a long time 쾸¹-󥾡¢ûº¨ ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
ago.
He stopped going out on the 쾸À§ö¾ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾-
mission a long time ago ÀÀªú©ö-ÀÀìû¸.
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C-1
A. Is he still living in you house? A.
?
B. Yes, he is still living in my B.
house.
C-2
A. Has he already left the service? A. ?
B. Yes, he left the service a long B.
time ago.
C-3
A. Is he still tied up with the work? A.?
B. No, he was free (of work) B.
a long time ago
NO APPLICATION
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Cycle 50
M-1
Run; good, well ÀÀìú-, ©ó
Have; condition, state ´ó, ¦½²¾®
Detain; to be detained ¡ñ¡, «õ¡¡ñ¡
Break down À²
Rubber, tire µ¾¤, ຉີຌຖຈ
຺
Fix, repair ÀÀ¯¤
Buy, buyer §œ, ຏູ§
ໄ œ
Still? ? µúø®ð?
Is his car still running ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤ÀÀìú-©ó µúø®ð?
well? ?
Is his car still in good ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤´ó¦½²¾®©ó µøú®ð?
condition? ?
Is his car still broken ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤À² µúø®ð?
down? ?
Is his car still without ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤ຍໃ ຓີຉຌ
ີ ຖຈ
຺ ດູໃ®ð?
tires? ?
Is his car still being ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤ÀÀ¯¤ µøú®ð?
fixed? ?
Is he still unable to find ìö©ì¾¸¨ñ¤®Ò´óຏ§
ໄູ œ µúø®ð?
a buyer for his car? ?
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M-2
Die ª¾¨
Old; much, many, very À¡‣¾; ¹ì¾¨
Repair, fix; complete ÀÀ¯¤; ÀÀìû¸
Run, able to run ÀÀìú-, ÀÀìú-Ä©û
Sell ¢¾¨
Steal, they ìñ¡, À¢ö¾
Fire, catch fire ij, ແຒĹ´û
Gain back, get back Ä©û£õ-
His car is already broken down. ìö©ì¾¸ຽຑÀÀìû¸.
His car is already very old. ìô©ì¾¸À¡‣¾¹ì¾¨ÀÀìû¸.
His car has already been fixed. ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀ¯¤ÀÀìû¸Å.
His car is already . ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìú-Ä©ûÀÀìû¸.
running.
His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸¢¾¨ÀÀìû¸.
sold.
His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡À¢ö¾ìñ¡ÀÀìû¸.
stolen.
His car was already ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡Ä³Ä¹´ûÀÀìû¸.
burned up.
He's already gotten his 쾸ĩûຖຈ
຺ ຖາທ£õ-ÀÀìû¸.
car back.
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C-1
A. Is your car still running well? A. ?
B. Yes, my car is still running well. B. .
C-2
A. His car has already been stolen, A.
isn't that right? ?
B. That's right, his car has B.
already been stolen.
C-3
A. Is his car still running well? A. ?
B. No, his car is broken down. B.
"¨ñ¤®Òį" "¨ñ¤´óÀ¤ò-" "¨ñ¤À¹ìõºË" "¦ò®Â´¤¨ñ¤¹û¾-¾êó", 캤²¾-ñ¡»¼-¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾-çû £¿¸ú¾ "¨ñ¤" ºº¡Ã¹É¡¸û¾¤À®…¤©÷!
ໃ ຺ §šÁ¥¤Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾À¢í¾Ã¥ Áªú콦½²¾®¡¾-.
²ûº´¡ñš ¡ðຄ
NOTES
(for Cycles 48, 49, 50)
1) When is used with abstract Nouns like 'will, spirit', it refers to an absence or
lack of something. 'to be discouraged', 'to have no hope',
'to be no longer under punishment'.
2) is a nominalizer, i. e. when it is placed before VP, the VP is changed into NP;
+ VP = NP
'to be concerned' 'worry, concern'
The nouns formed in this manner are all Abstract Nouns.
3) means 'to still have one's mind on (doing something) or 'not to have given
up the idea of (doing something)'.
'He hasn't given up the idea of being a farmer yet.'
4) after VP indicates 'mutuality' or 'reciprocity' in an action; it functions somewhat like a reflexive
pronoun (myself, himself, etc.) in English:
'They still dislike each other.'
5) When occurs before certain VP, it functions somewhat like be in the passive in English:
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 225
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'He is still locked up.'
'His car has already been stolen
usually occurs before verbs , such as 'to lock up', 'fire burn up',
”to praise”, etc. Most verbs such as etc. may occur with either 'active' or 'passive'
meaning, thus 'to sell' or 'to be sold', etc.
6) (lit. 'since a long time already') 'a long time ago' is used to indicate that situation has
been in effect for some time.
'He left the military service a long time ago'.
7) means 'to do any kind of work.' means 'to have work to do,
to have a job.' means 'to be free of work'. It has nothing to do with employment.
means 'to be tied up in, or very much involved in your job or work.’ 'means
'to be out of a job, unemployed'.
8) means 'debt'. Person means 'to be indebted to a person'.
means 'to pay off debts'.
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) _________
(He's out of patience.)
(b) _________
(The contract has already expired.)
(c) __________
(Two questions still remain.)
(d) _________?
(Are you concerned, worried?)
_____________________________
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c) (d)
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(e) _________
(China still has relations with Burma.)
(f) ?
(Haven’t you given up the idea of being a teacher yet?)
(g)
(They still dislike each other.)
(h) ?
(Do you have work to do?)
(i)
(Cars are sold cheap there)
(j)
(I still have ten minutes left.)
(k)
(His shirt has already burned.)
(l)
(How long was he locked up?)
(m)
(Your friend was released a long time ago.)
(n) ?
(How many kip do you still owe him?)
(o)
(He's still living at my house.)
(p)
(I don't owe you a single kip.)
(q)
(I paid off my debts a long time ago.)
(r)
His car already been fixed.)
(s) ?
(Do you still know how to take pictures?)
_____________________________
Answers: 1(e) (f) (g) (h)
(i) (j) (k)
(l) (m) (n) (o)
(p) (q) (r) (s)
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(t) ?
(Has his house been built yet?)
(u)
(The door is still open.)
(v)
(They still love each other.)
(w) ?
(Where did he get lost?)
(x)
(He has been released already because he has already paid his debt to society.)
(y)
(I didn't say anything because I was already out of ideas.)
______________________
Answers: 1(t) (u) (v) (w)
(x) (y)
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Cycle 51
M-1
Red ¦ó ÀÀ©¤
White ¦ó ¢¾¸
Yellow ¦ó À¹ìõº¤
Sky ¦ó ³û¾
Black ¦ó ©ð¾
Green ¦ó ¢¼¸
Color ¦ó
My shirt is red. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀÀ©¤.
My shirt is white. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¾¸.
My shirt is yellow. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀ¹ìõº¤.
My shirt is blue. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó³û¾.
My shirt is black. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó©ð¾.
My shirt is green. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¼¸.
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M-2
Sugar ¦ó-Õª¾-
Grey ¦óÀêö¾
Light green ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº-
Dark yellow ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ú
Blackish red ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹¨ñ¤, ¦ó-Õª¾- ຍໃ ÀÀ´ú-®ð?
it's brown, isn't it? , ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹¨ñ¤, ¦óÀêö¾ ຍໃ ÀÀ´ú-®ð?
it's grey, isn't it? , ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹¨ñ¤, ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº- ຍໃ ÀÀ´ú-®ð?
it's light green, isn't it? ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹¨ñ¤, ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ ú ຍໃ ÀÀ´ú-®ð?
it's dark yellow, isn't it? ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹¨ñ¤, ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤ ຍໃ ÀÀ´ú-®ð?
it's blackish red, isn't it? ?
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M-3
Pants ¦û¤, ຘຄ຺ໄ
Neck tie ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©
Shoes À¡ó®
Lao skirt ¦™-
Socks «ö¤Àêí¾, ຊ ຺ຄຉີຌ
Brief- case ¡½À¯ö¾
What color are his pants? ? ¦û¤ì¾¸¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
What color is his necktie? ? ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©ì¾¸ ¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
What color are his shoes? ? À¡ó®ì¾¸¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
What color is her Lao skirt? ? ¦™-쾸¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
What color are his socks? ? «ö¤Àêí¾ì¾¸¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
What color is his briefcase? ? ¡½À¯ö¾ì¾¸¦ó¹¨ñ¤?
C-1
A. What color is you tie? A. ?
B. My tie is red. B.
C-2
A. What color are your shoes? A.
They are brown, aren't they? ?
B. Yes, my shoes are brown. B.
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NOTES
1) 'color' normally precedes the word for colors, i. e., '(color) red',
'(color) green', etc.
2) Sentences with in the predicate are normally verb less.
NP NP
N Pron N Vs
S
'My shirt is (color) red'
3) Verbs of color usually occur as modifiers of and are questioned with
'What (kind)?’
Q: ? 'What color's your shirt?'
A: '(It's) green.'
4) Color verbs may be modified by the addition of 'dark (in shade)' and 'light (in shade)', thus
means 'light green' and 'dark red.' Mixtures are sometimes
indicated by using two color verbs such as 'reddish black', or
'yellowish white'.
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) (What color is this boat?)
(b) (That shirt is red.)
(c) (That large orange is green, isn't it?)
?
(d) ? (Does he have a blue glass?)
(e) (That chicken's brown.)
(f) (Her raincoat is light green.)
(g) (Your shoes are black.)
(h) __________? (What color is her Lao skirt?)
(i) (My briefcase is dark brown.)
(j) (Your tie is yellow.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
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Cycle 52
M-1
Walk; fast, quick ; ¨ú¾¤; ĸ
Slow, work §û¾, À»ñ©¸¼¡
Gentle; speak, say ; £úº¨; À¸í¾
Loud, speak ©ñ¤, À¸í¾
Long time, stay, there ©ö-, µøú, ¹˜
Difficult, like ¨¾¡, ´ñ¡
Much, many; eat ; ¹ì¾¨; ¡ò-
He walks too fast. 쾸¨ú¾¤Ä¸Â²©.
He works too slow. . 쾸À»ñ©¸¼¡§û¾Â²©.
He speaks too softly. . 쾸À¸í¾£úº¨Â²©.
He speaks too loud. 쾸ຽທ຺ໄ¾©ñ¤Â²©.
He stayed there too long. . 쾸µøú¹˜©ö-²©.
He likes to make things 쾸´ñ¡¨¾¡Â²©.
harder than they are.
He eats too much. 쾸¡ò-¹ì¾¨Â²©.
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M-2
Walk fast ¨ú¾¤Ä¸
Pretty, beautiful; dance ¤¾´; ³ûº-
Learn, study; good »¼-; À¡„¤
Sings songs; melodious »ûº¤À²¤; ´ú¸-
Able to speak a language Ä©û²¾¦¾
Lift, weight ໄ
¨ö¡, ຌາ¹-ñ ¡
How fast does she walk? ? 쾸¨ú¾¤Ä¸¯¾-é?
How well does she dance? ? 쾸³ûº-¤¾´¯¾-é?
How is he doing in his studies? ? 쾸»¼À¡„¤¯¾Ã©?
How well does she sing? 쾸»ûº¤À²¤´ú¸-¯¾-é?
?
How well can he speak Lao? 쾸ĩû²¾¦¾ì¾¸©ó¯¾-é?
?
How much weight can 쾸¨ö¡ນ
ໍ້ າ¹-ñ¡Ä©û¹ì¾¨¯¾-é?
he lift? ?
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M-3
Walk, fast ¨ú¾¤, ĸ
High, ascend, it ໄ , ´ñ-
¦ø¤, ຂຶຌ
Strong, powerful; car ; ÀÀ»¤; ìö©
Write; pretty, beautiful ; ¢¼-; ¤¾´
Learn, fast »¼-, ĸ
He doesn't walk that fast. 쾸¨ú¾¤®Òĸ¯¾-é.
It doesn't go up that high. ´ñ-¢›-®Ò¦ø¤¯¾-é.
His car doesn't have much ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìú-®Ò ÀÀ»¤¯¾-é.
power.
His handwriting is not 쾸¢¼-®Ò¤¾´¯¾-é.
that pretty.
He doesn't learn that fast. 쾸»¼-®Òĸ¯¾-é.
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M-4
Drive, fast ¢ñ®ìö©, ĸ
Exercise ºº¡¡ð¾ìñ¤
Physical, often (»ú¾¤) ¡¾¨, À윺¨
Give, much Àºö¾Ã¹ûû, ¹ì¾¨
Take; all, completely Àºö¾Ä¯; ¹´ö©
Eat, all entirely ¡ò-, ¹´ö©
He didn't drive that fast. 쾸®Ò¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¯¾-é.
He doesn't do much 쾸®Òºº¡¡¿ìñ¤¡¾¨À윺¨Å
physical exercise. ¯¾-é.
He didn't give that much. 쾸®ÒÀºö¾Ã¹û¹ì¾¨¯¾-é.
He didn't take all the books.
쾸®ÒÀºö¾¯›´Ä¯¹´ö©.
He's not going to eat all of it. 쾸ຆິ®Ò¡ò-¹´ö©.
C-1
A. You speak too fast. Speak slowly, A.
please.
B. I'm sorry. I'll speak slowly. B.
C-2
A. How well does she dance? A. ?
B. She doesn't dance very well. B.
C-3
A. Is he going to drive fast? A. ?
B. No. He's not going to drive fast. B.
C-4
A. Is his handwriting pretty? A. ?
B. His handwriting is not very pretty. B.
¥ö¤¦ñ¤À¡©À®…¤ ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤ ¢º¤Áªúì½²¾¡ ¢º¤®ô©»¼š Áìû¸ êö®ê¸-£¸¾´À¢í¾Ã¥ ¢º¤-ñ¡»¼- À®…¤©÷!
¥ö¤¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾-±ô¡¹ñ©Ã-²¾¡ C ºº¡ºó¡ Áìû¸Áªú¤À뜺¤¯½¡º®¢›! 캤º½êò®¾¨»ø®²¾®ªú¾¤Å À®…¤©÷!
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NOTES
1) 'to be in excess' normally occurs after stative verbs
'He walks too fast’. The negative form of is ... paan-daj 'Not very'.
The position of in the sentence is important: Compare paan-daj
'He doesn't walk very fast' or 'He isn't walking very fast' (because he doesn't want to) with
'He doesn't walk very fast' (because he is unable to walk
faster).
2) The form paan-daj is used after the stative verb in questions to find out the manner in which an activity
is being carried out: 'How well does she sing?'
APPLICATION
1) Write out reasonable answer to the following questions:
(a) ? _______________
(b) ? ______________
(c) ? ___________________
Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(d) _____________________________
(He closed the door too quickly.)
(e) ______________
(He's not driving very fast (because he doesn't want to).
(f)
(She doesn't sing very melodiously (because she has a very poor voice.)
(g) ______________________
(You read very fast.)
(h) _________________
(He speaks Lao too slowly.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 238
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Cycle 53
M-1
Read fast ºú¾-ĸ
Speak clearly À¸í¾Á¥û¤
Explain thoroughly º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©
Be a good student »¼-©ó
Be a good learner »¼À¡„¤
Does he read fast? ? 쾸ºú¾-ĸ®ð?
Did he speak clearly? ? 쾸À¸í¾Á¥û¤®ð?
Did he explain it thoroughly? ? 쾸º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©®ð?
Is he a good student? ? 쾸»¼-©ó®ð?
Is he a good learner? ? 쾸»¼À¡„¤®î?
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M-2
Smart À¡„¤, ຘະນົ າຈ
Clear ÀÀ¥û¤
Serious »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤
To be drunk À´ö¾
Enjoyable ´ú¸-
Pretty skilful. À¡„¤¦ô´£¸.
Pretty clear. ÀÀ¥û¤¦ö´£¸-.
Pretty serious. . »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤¦ö´£¸-.
Pretty drunk. À´ö¾¦ö´£¸-.
Pretty enjoyable. ´ú¸-¦ö´£¸-.
C-1
A. Does he read fast? A. ?
B. Pretty fast. B.
C-2
A. How fast does he read? A. ?
B. Pretty fast. B.
C-3
A. Is he a pretty good student? A. ?
B. Pretty good (skilful). B.
NOTES
1) 'suitably, property' is used after stative verbs to indicate a degree which is neither too
much in one direction nor the other.
'He reads fairly fast.'
2) When 'to be difficult' occurs after an action verb, it indicates that the action is taken with
difficulty:
'It is difficult to explain.'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 240
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APPLICATION
1) Answer the following questions with an indication that the action referred to is done fairly well:
(a) ?
(b) ?
(c) ?
(d) ?
Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide.
(e)
(He told the story in detail.)
(f) .
(He drank several bottles of beer. He's pretty drunk.)
(g)
(He drives pretty fast.)
(h)
(Going to the movies is pretty good fun.)
(i) ?
(Is it difficult to close that window over there?)
(j)
(His explanations are not very thorough.)
(k)
(It's not very difficult to contact that person.)
(l)
(Changing a tire is fairly difficult.)
(m)
(She types fairly well.)
(n)
(He is rather seriously ill.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j)
(k) (l) (m) (n)
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Cycle 54
M-1
Eat ¡ò-
Drive fast ¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸
Be noisy ³ö©
Be lazy ¢š£û¾
Complain, grumble ¥‰´
Don't eat too much! ! µú¾¡ò-¹ì¾¨!
Don't drive too fast! ! µú¾¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¹ì¾¨!
Don't be too noisy! ! µú¾³ö©¹ì¾¨!
Don't be too lazy! ! µú¾¢š£û¾¹ì¾¨!
Don't complain too much! ! µú¾¥‣´¹ì¾¨!
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M-2
Touch ÀÀª½ªûº¤
Block the way ªñ-꾤
Make noise À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤
Disturb ìö®¡¸-
Step on, grass µ¼®, ¹¨û¾
Smoke ¦ø®µ¾
Please don't touch! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾ÀÀª½ªûº¤!
Please don't block the way! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾ªñ-꾤!
Please don't make noise! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤!
Please don't disturb (anyone)! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾ìö®¡¸-!
Please don't step on the grass! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾µ¼®¹¨û¾!
Please don't smoke! ! ¡½ë÷-¾µú¾¦ø®µ¾!
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M-3
Enter À¢í¾
Smoke ¦ø®µ¾
Open À¯ó©
Pass, race §ú¸¤
Trespass ìú¸¤ìÕ
Dump trash «™´¢šÀ¹¨œº
Pick flowers À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û
Do not enter. ¹û¾´À¢í¾
Do not smoke. ¹û¾´¦ø®µ¾.
Do not open. ¹û¾´À¯ó©.
Do not pass. ¹û¾´§ú¸¤.
Do not trespass. ¹û¾´ìú¸¤ìÕ.
No dumping. ¹û¾´«™´¢šÀ¹¨œº.
Do not pick flowers. ¹û¾´À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û.
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C-1
A. I don't want him to eat too much. A.
would you please tell him for me.
B. Don't eat too much. B.
C-2
A. What did they tell us? A.?
B. They told us, please don't touch. B.
C-3
A. What does that sign say? A. ?
B. No, smoking. B.
¦¿ìñ®¡¾-±ô¡¹ñ©À²™´Àªñ´Ã®ô©»¼š ¡ð´óÁªú¸ú¾ ùñ-ñ¡»¼-®º¡¡ñ- ®ÒùûÀ»ñ©¦…¤Ã©¦…¤-…¤ ¹ìõ ùûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾¯½ªò®ñ©ª¾´
£¿®º¡¢º¤-¾¨£ëø. ¡¾-±ô¡¹ñ©£¸-ùûÀ¯ñ-į©û¸¨ £¸¾´Ä¸າຓ½©¾.
NOTES
1) The request form in Lao is the Verb phase without NP (subject):
'Go eat!'
The request may be softened by putting (Lit. 'kindness') 'please' before NP,
'Please speak slower' or by putting after VP:
'Walk faster, please.'
2) The negative request form is: 'don't' + VP: 'Don't eat too much.' This request
form may also be softened by putting before it:
'Please don't block the way.'
3) In written Lao 'It is forbidden to' is normally used. One sometimes sees signs like this:
'No Smoking'. is rarely used in spoken Lao in this construction.
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APPLICATION
Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) (Please don't smoke.)
(b) (A sign) (No Trespassing.)
(c) (Don't be too lazy.)
(d) _________ (Read loudly, please.)
(e) ____________ (Walk fast.)
(f) ______ (Don't answer that question.)
(g) (Sign) (No picture taking here.)
(h) __________ (Don't cook too much.)
(i) ___________ (Don’t dump it out there.)
(j (Please put it over there.)
(k) (Sign): ___________ (Don't enter.)
(l) (Don't eat too much hot spicy food.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
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Cycle 55
M-1
Where æ?
What ¹¨ñ¤?
Where have you been (to)? ? À¥í¾Ä¯Ã¦´¾?
(You just come back) what did you do? ? À¥í¾Ä¯¹¨ñ¤´¾?
M-2
Pagoda, temple ¸ñ©
To eat (meal) ¡ò-À¢í¾
See the doctor į¹¾¹´ð
To get a shot ¦ñ¡µ¾
Warehouse ¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£ˆº¤
I've been to the temple. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¸ñ©´¾.
I've been to eat. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¡ò-À¢í¾´¾.
I've been to see the doctor. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¹¾¹´ð´¾.
I've come back from ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦ñ¡µ¾´¾.
getting a shot.
I've been to the warehouse. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£•º¤´¾.
C-1
A. Where have you been? A. ?
B. I've been to school. B. .
C-2
A. (You just come back) What did you do? A. ?
B. I've been to eat. B. .
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NOTES
1) The construction ....is used to indicate that someone is returning from having been
to some place or having done something:
'I've just been to the temple'.
'I've been out to eat.'
The type of question may reflect the difference referred to above:
? 'Where have you been?'
? 'What have you been doing?'
(Lit. What do you come from doing?)
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences:
(a) _______ (I've been to eat.)
(b) ___________ ? (What have you been doing?)
(c) ___________ (I've been to get a shot.)
2) Answer the following questions according to the actual situation:
(d) ?
(e) ?
(f) ?
(g) ?
3) Translate the following sentences into English:
(h)
(i)
(j)
______________________
Answers: 1(a) 1(b) 1 (c) 2 Your answers depend on
what you have been doing. 3 (h) He just came back from unlocking that door (i)
My friend has just come back from fighting in Vietnam (j) He has been standing in
line for half an hour.
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Cycle 56
M-1
You (pl.) ²¸¡À¥í¾
Book (classifier) ¯›´, ¹ö¸
Car (classifier) ìö©, £ñ-
Airplane (classifier) À»õº®ò-, ìð¾
Gun (classifier) ¯õ-, ¡½®º¡
Paper, sheet (classifier) À¥Éງ, ÀÀ°ú-
Boat (classifier) À»õº, ìð¾
Where did you all come from? ? ²¸¡À¥í¾´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this book come from? ? ¯›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this car come from? ? ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this airplane come from? ? À»óº®ðì´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this gun come from? ? ¯ó¡½®º¡š´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this paper come from? ? Àຈ
ໍ້ ງ°úš´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this boat come from? ? À»óºì´¾ÀÀªúæ?
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M-2
Market ຉະນົ ¾©
Bring Àºö¾´¾
School »¤»¼-
Paksan ¯¾¡§ñ-
Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤
Bring.... Àºö¾... ´¾
Office building »¤¡¾-
Policeman ªð¾ນົ ¸©
We came from the market. ²¸¡¢ûº¨´¾ÀÀªúªະນົ າຈ.
He brought this book 쾸Àºö¾¯›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªú
from school. »¤»¼-.
This car came from Paksan. ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªú¯¾¡§ï.
This boat came from À»óºì´¾ÀÀªú¹ì¸¤
Luang Prabang. ²ë½®¾¤.
I brought this piece of ¢ûº¨Àºö¾ຽງ°ú
ໄ š´¾
paper from the office. ÀÀªú»¤¡¾-.
The policeman brought ªð¾ນົ ¸©Àºö¾¯õ-¡½®º¡
this gun. š´¾.
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C-1
A. Where are you coming from? A.?
B. I come from my house. B.
C-2
A. Where did this airplane come from? A. ?
B. It came from Bangkok. B.
C-3
A. Where did this book come from? A. ?
B. I brought it from school. B.
ຄໃ ຺ ¦ö´´÷©¦½«¾-½¡¾--¢› Áìû¸Ã¹û-ñ¡»¼--À¯ñ--ªö¸¦½Á©¤ ©¨¡¾-¦ö-ê½-¾ ¹ìõ «¾´Àºö¾ 쾨콺¼©ªú¾¤Å
¥¾¡¡ñ- -Áì½ -¡ñ-, -À¯ñ-ªí-¸ú¾: £ö-¦º¤£ö-µõ-ìö´¡ñ-µøÈÀ- ©†¨ö-, £ò¸ຖ ຺ຈ©¨¦¾-, ¹ìõË ª¾´¦½«¾ê†º•Åºó¡.
່່ ö¤Ã¹ûÁ-úÃ¥¸ú¾ êȾ--ĩɲ¾À¢ö-¾-À¥í¾±ô¡¹ñ©®ö©»¼-¥ö-Ä©É©ó¦ö´£¸-Áìû¸À¦ງ¡úº-;
¡úº-¥½Ã¹û-ñ¡»¼-±ô¡¹ñ© ¡ðຈ
®Ò©„¤˜ º¾©¥½-À¯ñ--¡¾-À¦ງÀ¸ì¾À¯‣¾Å.
NOTES
+ Location is used refer to the point of origin of something (i. e. the starting point of a trip,
the place where something was made, etc.). It is similar in usage to . Neither nor
refer to the birthplace of a person.
Q: ? 'Where did the plane come from?'
A: 'It came from Bangkok.'
APPLICATION
1. How would you find out where certain thing originated, such as Japanese cars, German beer,
etc.?
2. How would you find out where a certain vehicle had just come from, such as an airplane, bus,
etc.?
_________________________
Answers: to both 1. and 2. are: (NP) … ?
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Cycle 57
M-1
Take Àºö¾...į/´¾
Chicken Ä¡ú
Sell ¢¾¨
Buy and take §œÄ¯
Read ºú¾-
Shave ÀÀ«
Head ¹ö¸
Enter the priesthood ®¸©
Get dressed ÀÀªú¤Âª
Festival ®÷-
Hire ¥û¾¤
Look at, look after À®…¤
Offspring ìø¡
Request »ûº¤¢ð
Help; assist §úº¨
Remove, take off ¯ö©ºº¡
Wash ìû¾¤
Hand ´õ
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He is taking the chickens to sell. ì¾ທຆòÀºö¾Ä¡úį¢¾¨.
He is buying the book to read. ì¾ທຆິ§œ¯›´Ä¯ºú¾.
He is having his head shaved 쾸ຆິ«¹ö¸®¸©.
to enter the priesthood.
He is dressing up to go 쾸ຆິÀÀªú¤ÂªÄ¯®÷-.
to the festival.
He is hiring someone to 쾸ຆິ¥¾
û ¤£ö-´¾À®…¤ìö¡.
come and look after his
children.
He is requesting them ì¾ທຆò»ûº¤¢ðùû
to come and help. À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
He is removing his shoes 쾸ຆິ¯ö©À¡ó®ºº¡Ä¸û.
and putting them away.
He is washing his hand 쾸ຆິìû¾¤´õ¡ò-À¢í¾.
in order to eat.
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M-2
Buy §œ
Paint ໄ
ຌາ¦ó
Bring Àºö¾...´¾
Shave one's head ÀÀ«¹ö¸
Build a fire ©ñ¤Ä³
Go up ¢›Ä¯
Come down ìö¤´¾
Park a car ¥º©ìö©
Follow -ð¾Ä¯
What is he buying the ໄ ´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
쾸ຆິ §œຌາ¦ó
paint for? ?
What is he having his 쾸ຆິÀÀ«¹ö¸À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
head shaved for? ?
What is he starting a ? ì¾ທຆິ©ñ¤Ä³À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
fire for?
What is he going up 쾸ຆິ¢›Ä¯À»ï©¹¨ï¤?
there for? ?
What is he coming down ? 쾸ຆິìö¤´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
here for?
What is he parking ? 쾸ຆິ¥º©ìö©À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
the car for?
What is he following 쾸ຆິ-ð¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
them here for? ?
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C-1
A. Why is he getting dressed? A. ?
(get dressed to go the festival)
B. He is getting dressed to go to the festival. B.
C-2
A. What are you going to do? (Hire someone) A. ?
B. I'm going to hire someone. B.
A. What are you going hire someone for? A. ?
(to look after the children)
B. I'm hiring someone to come to look B.
after my children.
C-3
A. What are you doing? (Washing my hands) A.?
B. I'm washing my hand. B.
A. Are you washing your hands in A.
order to read ? ?
B. No, I'm washing my hands in order to eat. B.
Ã--®ô©š, êȾ--£ö¤À¹ñ-Áìû¸¸ú¾ À»ö¾Ã§û£¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©ªÒ¡ñ-, À¯ñ-ªí-¸ú¾: "įìû¾¤´õ´¾¡ò-À¢í¾". ຄໃ ຺ «¾´
ï¡»¼©û¸¨£¿«¾´ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾¥½ªûº¤ªº®©û¸¨¯ະÂນ¨¡ê†Ã§û £¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©¡ñ-ຌÀ®…¤-©÷.
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NOTES
1) In English Verb Phrases of Purpose may be joined to other VP by to, as in:
NP + VP + to - VP (Purpose)
He brought chicken to sell.
Compare this with Lao:
NP + VP + VP (Purpose)
He brought chicken (to) sell.'
2) means 'to enter the Buddhist priesthood'. All young Lao men of the Buddhist religion
are supposed to spend some period of time during their lives living as monks in a monastery.
One's head is shaved and all worldly possessions are given away before entry.
3) A is a temple fair. Each temple has at least one a year as an occasion for
reading certain Buddhist scriptures and also as a means of raising money to take care of
temple needs. Many kinds of amusements (dances, songs, games, etc.) and many kinds of
food are available.
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APPLICATION
Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(He will borrow my book to read.)
(b)
(There's no water in his house. He'll take his car out to wash it.)
(c)
(He'll take pictures to send to his friend.)
(d) ______________
(He'll take off his new shoes to put them away.)
(e) ____________
(He'll bring you to translate the book for him.)
(f) ________
(He'll come down to check our work.)
(g)
(He'll stop his bus to pick up passengers.)
(h)
(He would like to be a monk priest. He'll shave his head in order to enter the
priesthood.)
(i)
(He told me to build a fire to cook with.)
(j)
(He'll go up to sleep on the second floor.)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j)
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Cycle 58
M-1
Nine À¡í¾
Five-thirty ¹û¾Â´¤À£…¤
Monday ¸ñ-¥ñ-
Friday ¸ñ-¦÷¡
Morning À§í¾
Night time າໃ £õ-
Today ´œš
Tomorrow ´œº•
City À´õº¤
Vientiane ¸¼¤¥ñ-
Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤
House À»õº-
From nine to five-thirty. ÀÀªú-À¡í¾Â´¤¹¾¹É¾Â´¤À£…¤.
From Monday through Friday. ÀÀªú¸ñ-¥ñ-¹¾¸ñ-¦÷¡.
From morning to dark. ÀÀªú-À§í¾¹¾£Ô.
From today to tomorrow. ÀÀªú´œš¹¾´œº•.
From the city of Vientiane ÀÀªúÀ´õº¤¸¼¤¥ñ-¹¾
to Luang Prabang. À´õº¤¹ì¸¤²½®¾¤.
From my house to yours. ÀÀªúÀ»õº-¢ûº¨¹¾À»õº-À¥í¾.
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M-2
Where (question) æ
Day ´œ
Which (question) é
Time À¸ì¾
When (question) À¸ì¾Ã©
Clock, watch, o'clock ´¤
From ¥¾¡
Reach, get to À«ò¤
From where to where? ? ÀÀªú湾æ?
From what day to what day? ? ÀÀªú´œÃ©¹¾´œÃ©?
From when to when? ÀÀªúÀ¸ì¾Ã©¹¾À¸ì¾Ã©?
?
From what time to what ? ÀÀªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤?
time?
From where to where? ? ¥¾¡Ã¦À«ò¤Ã¦?
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M-3
Drive ¢ñ®
Car ìö©
Ride ¢†
Airplane À»õº®ò-
ìö©Â©¨¦¾-
Inter-city bus
Make a trip À©ó-꾤
He is going to drive ຖາທຆິຂ ັຍຖ ຺ຈ ຉ-ໃ າກ
from Vientiane to
Luang Prabang ທຼຄ ັຌແຎນົ ທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to fly ຖາທຂີໃ ຽປືບຍິຌ ຉ-ໃ າກ-
from Vientiane to
Luang Prabang ທຼຄ ັຌແຎນົ ທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to take ຖາທຆິຂໃ ຖ
ີ ຺ຈຈງຘາຌ
a city bus from
Vientiane to Luang ຉ-ໃ າກ ທຼຄ ັຌ
Prabang ແຎນົ ທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to take ຖາທຆິຽຈີຌາຄ
a trip from Vientiane
to Luang Prabang ຉ-ໃ າກ ທຼຄ ັຌ
ແຎນົ ທຄຑະຍາຄ
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M-4
Reach, get to »º©
Build ¦û¾¤
Mend, repair, restore ¦ûº´ÀÀ§´
Pile up, head up ²ø-
They will build the road from ຽຑິໃ ຌະຘາໄ ຄຊະໜ ຺ຌ າກ-ຉ ໃ
this village to that one
ຍາໄ ຌຌີແໄ ຎ ຽຊິຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍາໄ ຌຌຌັ ໄ
They will repair the road from ຽຑິໃ ຌະຘບ ໄ ຓຆຓຊະໜ ຺ຌ າກ-ຉ ໃ
this village to that one
ຍາໄ ຌຌີແໄ ຎ ຽຊິຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍາໄ ຌຌຌັ ໄ
They are going to raise the
ຽຑິໃ ຌະຑູຌຊະໜ ຺ຌ າກ-ຉ ໃ
level of the road from this
village to that one ຍາໄ ຌຌີແໄ ຎ ຽຊິຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍາໄ ຌຌຌັ ໄ
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M-5
Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©
Age ? º¾¨÷
Live with µøú-ð¾
Wait for «û¾
Go home, return À´õº®û¾-
Try, attempt ²ະ¨¾¨¾´
Last, final ¦÷©êû¾¨
I will drive until I get to Luang ຂບ
ໄ ງຆິ¢ñ®ìö©ແຎ ຺ຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊິຄ
Prabang.
ນົ ທຄຑະຍາຄ
He lived with his parents until ໃ າຑໃ ຓຖາທ
ຖາທດູຌ ໃ ຺ຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊິຄ
he reached the age of 21.
ບາງຸຖາທແຈຆ
ໄ າທຽບັ ຈຎີ
I’ll wait for him until it’s time to ຂບໄ ງຆິຊາໄ ຖາທ ຺ຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊິຄ
go home. ຽທຖາÀ´õº®û¾-
I’ll keep trying until the ຂບ ໄ ງຆິຑະງາງາຓແຎ ຺ຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊິຄ
last day ໄ ©
ຓື¦ ÷ êû¾¨
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C-1
A. He drove from where to where? A. ?
B. He drove from his house to his B.
office.
C-2
A. You will be here from what day A.
to what day ? ?
B. I will be here from Monday to A.
Sunday.
C-3
A. You are going to drive from A.
Vientiane to where ? ?
B. I'm going to drive from Vientiane B.
to Luang Phrabang.
A. Then what will you do? A. ?
B. I'm going to fly from B.
Luang Phrabang to Muangsing.
C-4
A. Until what time are you going to A.
wait for him? ?
B. I'll wait for him until twelve B.
o'clock.
¹ìñ¤¥¾¡¡¾-±ô¡¹ñ©¥ö-ìú¼-©óÁìû¸ 캤«¾´-ñ¡»¼-À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾À¥í¾¥½»¼-²¾¦¾ì¾¸ į»º©À©õº-é? ¹ìõ¸ú¾
À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ¥½»¼-²¾¦¾ì¾¸ ÁªúÀ©õº-éį¹¾À©õº-é? Áì½ ´œ-…¤ À¢ö¾À¥í¾»¼- Áªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤? ຈ
່ ງ¯½
©ò© ຽຖືໄບຄ¯½¡º®¢›ª•´ºó¡ À®…¤©÷! «û¾¹¾¡êȾ- Áªú¤ຽຖືໄບຄ ê†À¯ï¹-û¾¦ö-Ã¥ ´ñ-¡ð¥½§úº¨-ñ¡»¼-ĩɹ쾨
ꆦõ©. ຽຖືໄບຄ ê†Áªú¤¢› ¡ð£¸-²ະ¨¾¨¾´Ã¹û´ñ-À¹´¾½¦ö´¡ñ®¸¼¡¤¾- ºñ-Áêû¥ò¤ ¢º¤-ñ¡»¼-, À¯ñ-ªí-¸ú¾: ¦¿
ìñ®²¸¡ ê†À¯ïï¡¡¾êö©, êȾ-¡ðð£¸- Áªú¤ຽຖືໄບຄ ꆡú¼¸¡ï® ¸¼¡®û¾-¡¾-À´õº¤; «û¾¹¾¡À¢ö¾À¥í¾À¯ñ- ²ñຈ êະ
-¾¡º- ¡ð່ ຈ¤Áªú¤ຽຖືໄບຄ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾-¯ø¡±ñ¤ Áì½ ìɼ¤¦ñ©, Áì½ ©É¾¡¾¦É¾¤¦¾ªÈ¾¤Å, ©„¤š À¯ïªí.
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NOTES
In Lao there are several ways to refer to an extent of space or period of time that is bounded in
both ends.
1) is used if ‘static’ space or duration of time is referred to:
‘From Vientiane to Luang-phabang
‘from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
2) If emphasis is on motion between two points in space,
. is used.
{
'He will drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang.'
Frequently the means of transportation is indicated in constructions of this type
( etc.).
3) If emphasis is on reaching a certain limit or goal. 'to reach', 'to or towards',
or 'to arrive at' may be used:
{
'They will build a road from this village to that village'
The reference is usually to a known goal or limit.
is used to indicate that some activity will proceed
4) { only until
a certain limit is reached. It may not be known when that limit will be reached.
{
'I will wait for her until it's time to go home. (but no longer)'
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(They study from 9.00 a.m.to 4.00 p.m)
(b)
?
(In America most people work from what day to what day?)
(c)
(It takes one hour to fly from Vientiane to Luang Phrabang.)
(d)
?
(You studied Lao from what lesson to what lesson?)
(e)
?
(Are you going to drive a car or go by boat from Vientiane to Pakse?)
(f)
?
(The Chinese are going to build a road from their city to what city?)
(g) p
(It is 60 kilometers from Vientiane to Phonhong.)
(h)
(Some Americans live with their parents up to age 21.)
(i)
(They will sit here playing until it's time to go home.(and no longer).'
(j)
(They won't stay in this town as long as 2 weeks.)
Answers: (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j)
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Cycle 59
M-1
Stomach ache À¥ñ®êûº¤
A headache / ຽັຍນ ຺ທ / ¯¸©¹ö¸
To have fever À¯ñ-Ä¢û
To have a cold À¯ñ-¹¸ñ©
To have diarrhea «º¡êûº¤
To have a cough À¯ñ-ĺ
To be dizzy ¸ò-¹ö¸
He has stomach ache. 쾸À¥ñ®êûº¤.
He has a headache. 쾸¯¸©¹ö¸.
He has a fever. 쾸À¯ñ-Ä¢û.
He has a cold.
쾸À¯ñ-¹¸ñ©.
He has diarrhea. 쾸«º¡êûº¤.
He has a cough. 쾸À¯ñ-ĺ.
He is dizzy.
쾸¸ò-¹ö¸.
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M-2
What's wrong? ? À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤?
Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨
Getting better Ä£¢›
Condition º¾¡¾-
Very sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨
Recover ¹¾¨, À§ö¾
What's wrong with him? ? 쾸À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤?
Is he sick? ? 쾸®Ò¦½®¾¨®ð?
Is he getting better? 쾸ģ¢›ÀÀ©úÀÀìû¸®ð?
?
How is his condition? º¾¡¾-¢º¤ì¾¸ À¯ñ-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
?
Is he very sick? ? 쾸®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨®ð?
Has he recovered? ? 쾸¹¾¨ÀÀìû¸®ð?
Has he recovered? ? 쾸À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸®ð?
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M-3
Not very serious. ®Ò»û¾¨Á»¤¯¾-é!
Very serious! »û¾¨Á»¤¹ì¾¨!
A little better! ©ó¢›Á©úÁìû¸!
Much better! ©ó¢›¹ì¾¨Áìû¸!
Worse than before! §÷©Â§´ìö¤¡¸ú¾-À¡‣¾
Still the same! ²ð¯¾--À¡‣¾
C-1
A. What's wrong with you? A. ?
B. I have a stomach ache. B.
C-2
A. Is he sick? A. ?
B. Yes, he is sick, he has a cough. B.
ùÉ-ñ¡»¼- ¦ö´´÷©Àºö¾À®…¤©÷¸ú¾ 쾸įµû¼´µ¾´À²•º£ö--…¤ ꆡ¿ì鷺»ï¡¦¾-ຉດູ
ໃ »¤¹´ð. ùÉ-ñ¡»¼- ºó¡£ö-
-…¤¦ö´´÷©¸ú¾ -À¯ñ-£ö-À¥ñ® Áìû¸«¾´- ªº® ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®º¾¡¾--¢º¤-쾸.
NOTES
1) means 'to hurt'. It is used to refer to the feeling one has right after an injury; hence it is
usually temporary. means 'to ache'. It normally refers to a more lasting sensation than
.would refer to a bump on the head, where as, would refer to the
'headache' that might come from the bump. In some cases the above distinction doesn't
exist and is one kind of painful sensation and is another.
2) + name of disease may also be used to indicate what particular ailment one has,
such as 'He has a cold.' means 'to catch cold.'
3) 'to be dizzy' may be followed by 'head'. means 'to be dizzy (in the
head)'. means 'to pour out (as with liquids, etc.)' When occurs with
it means 'dysentery, diarrhea'.
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4) Either of the following may be used interchangeably to inquire about the health of a person:
? 'What's wrong with him?'
? 'Is he sick?'
? 'How is his condition?'
To inquire whether a person's sickness is subsiding:
? 'Is he getting better?'
? 'Has she recovered?'
5) 'up, go up' and 'down, go down' are both used after stative verbs to indicate a
situation that is in process of change indicates an 'upward' change
('getting better); whereas, indicates a 'downward' change
( 'becoming worse, worsening'.) ( lit. 'Than old') 'than before'
may occurs after or . (lit. equal in extent to old) 'still the same'
is used to refer to conditions that have not undergone change.
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences according to the English;
(a) (He has a stomach ache.)
(b) (I'm very sick.)
(c) (The situation hasn't changed.)
(d) (What's the matter with you?)
(e) (Does he have a cough?)
(f) (He has flu.)
(g) ?___________ (Has he recovered yet? Not yet.)
(h) ______________ (My head hurts worse than before.)
(i ) _____________________ (He doesn't have a stomach ache.)
(j) _____
(He couldn't come to work because he had a bad stomach ache.)
(k) ____________
(When we aren’t well, we should go to the doctor's)
(l) ________,
(The doctor said he was very sick. He may have to go to the hospital.)
(m) ______
_____________.
(We shouldn't go stay with people who have colds because we might catch cold.)
(n)
__________.
(Yesterday he had a headache but he didn't rest. Today his condition has become
much more serious.)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f (g) ()(h)
(i) (j) (k) (l)
(m) (n)
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Cycle 60
M-1
Come to work ´¾¡¾-
Question, ask «¾´
Answer ªº®
Take a rest ²ñ¡°úº-
Eat ¡ò-
Get to go Ä©ûį
Why doesn't he come À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®´¾¡¾-?Ò
to work? ?
Why did he ask? À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈ«
ໄ ¾´?
?
Why doesn't he À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òªº®?
answer? ?
Why doesn't he take a À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òແຈ²
ໄ ñ¡°úº-?
rest? ?
Why did he eat (it) ? À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈ¡
ໄ ò-?
Why didn't he get to go? À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Ò Ä©ûį?
?
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M-2
Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨
Understand À¢í¾Ã¥
Know »ûø
Have time ´óÀ¸ì¾
To be hungry ¹ò¸
Come late ´¾§û¾
Because he is sick. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸®Ò¦½®¾¨.
Because he doesn't understand. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸®ÒÀ¢í¾Ã¥.
Because he didn't know. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸®Òແຈ»
ໄ ûø.
Because he doesn't have time. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸®Ò´óÀ¸ì¾.
Because he is hungry. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸¹ó¸.
Because he comes late. À²¾½¸ú¾ì¾¸´¾§û¾.
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M-3
Buy §œ
New ù´ú
Have ´ó
Sell ¢¾¨
Old -À¡‣¾
Pick, get, take Àºö¾
Wife À´ງ
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾-
Travel À©ó-꾤
He bought an new car 쾸ແຈ§
ໄ œìô©Ã¹´ú À²¾½¸ú¾
because he has a lot of money. 쾸´óÀ¤ò-¹ì¾¨.
He bought a new car because 쾸§œìô©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½¸ú¾
he has sold his old car. 쾸ĩû¢¾¨ ìö©À- ¡‣¾ì¾¸.
He bought a new car because 쾸ແຈຆ ືໄ ö©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½¸ú¾
ໄ ì
he is getting married. 쾸ຆິÀÀªú¤¤¾-.
He bought a new car because 쾸§œìô©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½¸ú¾
he is going make a trip. 쾸ຆິÀ©ó-꾤.
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C-1
A. Why didn't he come to work? A. ?
B. Because he is sick. B.
C-2
A. Why did he buy a new car? A. ?
B. He bought a new car because he is B.
getting married.
C-3
A. What did he do? A. ?
B. He took a vacation. B.
A. Why did he take a vacation? A. ?
B. He took a vacation because he had B.
the time.
ຄໃ ຺ ª˜¤¯ñ-¹¾¦ö´´÷©¢› Áìû¸Ã¹É-ñ¡»¼-¦ÓÌ«¾´ -Áì½ Âªû¸¾êó¡ñ- À®…¤©÷ ¸ú¾: À¯ñ-¹¨ñ¤, ¹ìõ ©û¸¨À¹©Ã© À¹©¡¾-
Á-¸Ã©Á-¸-…¤ ¥…¤À¡ó©¢› ¹ì õ¥…¤-À¯ñ-į-Ã-ê¿-º¤ªú¾¤Å?
NOTES
1) The word order in the type of question is:
+ NP + + VP
+ + +
(why he then not eat)
'Why didn't he eat?’
2) is always in sentence initial position, 'Why, for what purpose' always
comes after the MV in the sentence.?
3) The usual response to + Sentence is + Sentence:
Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?'
A: . 'Because he was ill.'
never occurs in responses with
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In highly stylized spoken or written language the question may be answered as follows:
Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?'
A: 'He was ill; he, therefore,
didn't come to work.'
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) ?
(Why didn't he come to school today?)
(b)
(He didn't answer their question because he didn't know the answer.)
(c)
(He doesn't want a wife, so he hasn't got married.)
(d) ?
(He didn't wait for them, because he didn't have much time, is that so?)
(e)
(If he had a lot of money, he'd buy a new car.)
(f) ?
(Why did ask for them?)
(g)
(That car doesn't run very well, so he's selling it cheap.)
(h)
(Their work is not yet finished, so they are not resting)
(i)
(He's already eaten, so he isn't hungry.)
(j) ?
(Why didn't you tell him? Didn't you want him to know?)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
(i) (j)
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Cycle 61
M-1
Pity ºó©øªö-
Love »ñ¡
Afraid µû¾-
Empathize À¹ñ-Ã¥
Feel bashful º¾¨
Dislike, hate §ñ¤
Have consideration for À¡¤Ã¥
I pity him. ¢ûº¨ºò©øªö-쾸.
I love her. ¢ûº¨»ñ¡ຌາຄ.
I am afraid of him. ¢ûº¨µû¾-쾸.
I empathize with him. ¢ûº¨À¹ñ-å쾸.
I feel bashful (in front of) him. ¢ûº¨º¾¨ì¾¸.
I hate him. ¢ûº¨§ñ¤ì¾¸.
I have consideration for him. ¢ûº¨À¡¤Ã¥ì¾¸.
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M-2
Young unmarried girl ຏູ¦
ໄ ¾¸
Military officer
-¾¨ê½¹¾-
Servant £ö-çû
Prisoner -ñ¡Âê©
Beggar £ö-¢ðê¾-
Merchant ²Ò£û¾
Doctor êú¾-¹´ð
What kind of feelings do À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ-¸Ã©
you have towards this ªÒ ຏູຘ
ໄ າທຏູໄ š?
young unmarried girl? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ-¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉໃ -¾¨ê½¹¾-ຏູໄ š?
military officer? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ-¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉໃ £ö-çûຏ-
ໄ ູ š?
servant? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ ÀÀ-¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉໃ ²Ò£û¾ຏູ
ໄ š?
merchant? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ÀÀ-¸Ã©
do you have towards this ªÒ êú¾-¹´ðຏ
ໄ ູ š?
doctor? ?
C-1
A. Don't you empathize with him? A. ?
B. I empathize with him. B.
C-2
A. What kind of feelings do you have A.
towards this merchant ? ?
B. I have a feeling of empathy with B.
him.
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ຄໃ ຺ ùÉ-ñ¡»¼- Àì‣¾-À뜺¤¢º¤®÷¡£ö-ªú¾¤Å ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾»øû¥ñ¡©ó – Áì½Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾®º¡-À«ò¤-£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ¢º¤À¢ö¾-À¥í¾Àº¤
ꆴñ ªÒÁªúì½®÷¡£ö-À¹ì‣¾˜. ©É¸¨À¹©°ö-µú¾¤Ã©¥‡¤- À¯ñ-µÈ¾¤-˜.
NOTES
1) Verbs of Emotion may be:
(a) Transitive Verb:
'I love her.'
? 'Do you hate me?
(b) Stative Verbs:
(She is shy of you) 'Your presence causes her to be shy.'
(c) Or compounds with - 'heart, soul, spirit.'
. 'I empathize with him'. (I associate my self with
his feelings.)
'I have consideration for his feelings.'
may be used in the negative with the meaning
'Don't be afraid of imposing on me (by making a request, etc.)'
2) is a noun formative (like - ness in English).Noun Compounds with as the
head of the compound are Abstract Nouns, 'feeling', k'love',
'empathy', 'bashfulness', 'concern',
etc...
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences:
(a)
(We don't pity him because he is a lazy person.)
(b)
(They'll get married next month since they have been in love for 2 years.)
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(c)
(He doesn't have any feelings toward them.)
(d)
(His friends empathize with him but they can't help him any)
(e)
(He took my car and used it without considering me.)
(f)
(Some servants don't respect their bosses.)
(g)
(A boss that is good must love and empathize with his people.)
(h)
(He said he dislikes merchants that are not honest.)
(i)
(He's afraid I will make him shy.)
(j)
(He told her not to be shy because he is a doctor.)
2. Express how you feel about the following: (a) The President (b) the Lao people
(c) dogs (d) your wife or sister (e) your children (f) dishonest people (g) your religion
(h) meeting strangers
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j) 2Your answers
will depend on how you feel about each of these.
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Cycle 62
M-1
Think £ò©
Know »ûø
Understand À¢í¾Ã¥
Hear Ä©û¨ò-
Say, speak À¸í¾
Tell
®º¡
I think he didn't know. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I know she didn't know. ¢ûº¨»ûø¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I understood he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ¢í¾Ã¥¸ú¾ 쾸ບ
່ Ä©û»ûø.
I heard he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û¨ò-¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I said he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ¸í¾¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I told he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û®º¡¸ú¾ 쾸ຍໃ Ä©û»ûø.
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M-2
Believe À§•-º
Answer ªº®
To question «¾´
Feel »ûø¦ô¡
Suspect ¦ö¤ແ¦
Predict, guess 긾¨
How do you believe? ? À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you answer? ? À¥í¾ແຈª
ໄ º®¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you ask? ? À¥í¾ ແຈ«
ໄ ¾´¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you suspect? ? À¥í¾ແຈ ໄ ¦ö¤ແ¦¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you predict? ? À¥í¾ແຈ ໄ 긾¨¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
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M-3
Story, matter À윺¤
City À´õº¤
Politics ¡¾-À´õº¤
War ¦ö¤£¾´
Grow, raise; rice ¯ø¡, À¢í¾
Feed, nourish; raise ìû¼¤, ¦ñ©
Politicians know about -ñ¡¡¾-À´õº¤»ûøÀ윺
- ¤
politics. ¡¾-À´õº¤.
The military know about war. . ê½¹¾-»øûÀìœ-º¤¦ö¤£¾´.
Farmers know about growing §¾¸-¾»øûÀ윺
- ¤¯ø¡À¢í¾.
rice.
Farmers know about raising §¾¸¡½¦ò¡º-»øûÀ윺
- ¤
animals. ¡¾-ìû¼¤¦ñ©.
C-1
A. Do you think he will be interested? A.
?
B. I think he will be interested. B.
C-2
A. How did you understand it? A. ?
B. I think he will be interested. B.
C-3
A. What do you know? A. ?
B. I know about Laos. B.
®ô©š´ñ¥õ©¯½¦ô¤ µ¾¡Ã¹É-ñ¡»¼-»øû¥ñ¡Ã§û£¿¸ú¾: " ¸ú¾". À»ô¾Ã§û£¿šÀ¸ì¾Ã©? -ñ¡»¼--À¢í¾-Ã¥©ó-Áìɸ -¹ìõ-¨ñ¤?
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NOTES
1) Verbs of saying, thinking, etc. frequently have sentences as complement; when they
do,occurs obligatorily as a connective;
'I didn't think he knew.'
'He knew you were very ill.'
2) 'what, how, in what way is the usual question from with sentences like those
above;
Q. ? 'What did you answers?'
A. 'I said, take it over there and leave it.'
3) Although 'story, matter' is a noun, it functions somewhat like a preposition in English
when it occurs after 'to know (a fact)', thus (lit. know matter
Laos) 'to know about Laos'.
4) is a Noun formative. Noun compound with are 'action nominals', i. e. they refer
to action and correspond roughly to the - ing from of the verb as in Singing songs is fun.
' ': 'Growing rice' ; '''Raising animals' etc.
5) 'to think' is sometimes pronounced
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I thought you had some interest in Laos.)
(b)
(He doesn't know what he should do (what would be good to do).
(c)
(I heard that food will become more expensive this year.)
(d)
(The students asked me about raising animals in Laos.)
(e)
(I don't feel he is very interested in this matter.)
(f)
(They suspect he is an enemy soldier.)
(g)
(He knows politics but he doesn’t know war.)
(h)
(The villagers suspect that he may not know much about raising animals.)
(i)
(I don't want to ask him because he doesn’t know anything about this.)
(j)
(He couldn't answer that he didn't have the time.)
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)
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Cycle 63
M-1
Difficult, hard ¨¾¡
Convenient
¦½©¸¡
Confused ¹¨û÷¤
Complicated and difficult ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡
Dangerous (as of environment) ¡ñ-©¾-
Free from ¯º©
Danger Äຑ
Free from danger, safe ¯º©Äຑ
Luck §¡
Good, well ©ó
Good luck §¡©ó
I think it's very difficult ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very convenient. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very complicated. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very dangerous. . ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¡ñ-©¾-¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very safe. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨.
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M-2
Difficult ¨¾¡
Convenient ¦½©¸¡
Clean ¦½º¾©
Dirty
À¯œº
- -
Expensive ÀÀ²¤
Cheap «õ¡
Is it difficult? ? ຓຌ¨¾¡®ð
ັ ?
Is it convenient? ? ຓຌ¦½©¸¡®ð
ັ ?
Is it clean? ? ຓຌ¦½º¾©®ð
ັ ?
Is it dirty? ? ຓຌÀ¯œ
ັ -º-®ð?
Is it expensive? ? ຓຌÀÀ²¤®ð
ັ ?
Is it cheap? ? ຓຌ«õ
ັ ¡®ð?
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M-3
Help, assist §úº¨
Stay (temporary) ²ñ¡
Ask ¢ð
Move ¨û¾¨
Place ®úº-
Other º•
Be at risk ¦ú¼¤
Need ªûº¤¡¾-
Soldier ê½¹¾-
Buy §œ
More, again ºó¡
Delicious ÀÀ§®
It's so difficult, he let ´ñ-¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
them come help. ùûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
It's so convenient, he ´ñ-¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
wants to come stay here. µ¾¡´¾²ï¡µöúš.
The situation is so difficult, ´ñ-¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤¢ð
he therefore asked to move ¨û¾¨Ä¯®úº-º•.
to another place.
The situation is so dangerous , ´ñ-¡ñ-©¾-¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤®Ò¦ú¼¤.
he doesn't risk it.
The situation is so safe, he ´ñ-¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
doesn't need any soldiers. ®Òªûº¤¡¾-ê½¹¾-.
It is so delicious, he ´ñ-ÀÀ§®¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤§œºñ¡.
bought more.
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M-4
Task, work ¸¼¡
Receive »ñ®
Problem, trouble ¯ñ-¹¾
Life §ó¸ò©
On mountains Àêò¤²ø
Area À¢©
Liberate ¯ö©¯úº¨
Is this job difficult? ? ¸¼¡š¨¾¡®î?
Does this hotel have »¤ÀÀ»´š ຓີ£¸¾´¦½©¸¡
all the conveniences? ? ນົ າງ®ð?
Is this problem complex? ? ¯ï¹¾š ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡®ð?
Is life in the mountains §ó¸ò©µúøÀêò¤² ø¡ñ-©¾-®ð?
dangerous? ?
Is this liberated area safe? À¢©¯ô©¯úº¨š ¯º©Ä²®ð?
?
Is this food delicious? º¾¹¾šÀÀ§®®î?
?
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M-5
¸¼¡š ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, 쾸¥‡¤
This work is so complicated
and difficult, he had them ùÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
come help.
This hotel affords so many ປຄປຓຌີໄ ເນ
ໄ ທາຓຘະຈທກ
conveniences, he likes to ນົ າງ, 쾸¥‡¤µ¾¡´¾²ñ¡
stay here. µøÈËš
The work here is so ¸¼¡š ¹¨÷ɤ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, 쾸
complicated, he asked to ¥‡¤¢ð¨û¾¨Ä¯®úº-º•.
move to another place.
This cake is so delicious, ¢ô´š Á§®¹ì¾¨, 쾸¥‡¤
he'll buy some more. ຆິ§œºñ¡.
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C-1
A. Is it convenient? A. ?
B. I think it's very convenient. B.
C-2
A. Is this food delicious? A. ?
B. This food is so delicious he'll buy B.
some more.
C-3
A. This work is so difficult that he had them A.
come and help, didn't he? ?
B. That's right, this work is so difficult that B.
he had them come and help.
C-4
A. Why did he have them come to help? A.
?
B. He had them come to help because this B.
work is very difficult.
NOTES
1) The Subject is not expressed in Lao when the reference is to a general situation, except in
certain situations:
Q: ? 'Is (it) dangerous?'
A: '(It) isn't very dangerous. '
In more complex sentences 'it' must be used:
'It's so difficult he them come help.'
2) The So + Adjective + that + Sentence construction in English is expressed in Lao by:
Vs + + NP (subject) +
(It is difficult very he then....)
'It's so difficult that he....'
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The such + Adjective + NP + that + S construction is expressed in Lao:
NP + Vs + + NP (Subjective) +
work interesting very he then....
'such interesting work that he...'
APPLICATION
1) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
_______________________________
Answers: 1(a) He thinks the work here is so hard that he would like have you help him. (b) I am
very appreciative that you have made it convenient. (c) He had such complicated work to do that
he didn’t know what to do first. (d) They don’t want to sit near him because his clothes are
dirty. (e) He thought he was very lucky because the enemy soldiers didn’t see him. (f) The
work in my office is not very convenient. (g) The soldiers wouldn’t let us go because this
path is not safe. (h) Traveling in this area is very dangerous. (i) Food is expensive because
the country is in a very precarious (difficult and dangerous) situation. (j) When going and
coming are convenient everything is cheap.
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Cycle 64
M-1
Believe, trust À§•-º
Summarize, conclude ¦½ì÷® (Àºö¾)
Hope ¹¸ñ¤
Estimate, calculate, guess ¡½
To dream ±ñ-
Foretell ê¿-¾¨
To be sure, certain, confident ÀÀ-úÃ¥
You believe that he À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິ§½-½
will win, is that so? ? §˜®ð?
You conclude that he will À¥í¾¦½ì÷®Àºö¾¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິ
win, is that so? ? §½½§˜®ð?
You hope that he will win, À¥í¾¹¸ñ¤¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິ§½-½
is that so? ? §˜®ð?
You calculate that he À¥í¾¡½¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິ§½-½
will win, is that so? ? §˜®ð?
You dreamed that he won À¥í¾ແຈ±
ໄ ñ-¸ú¾ 쾸ແຈ§
ໄ ½-½
is that so? ? §˜®ð?
You foretell that he will À¥í¾êð¾-¾¨¸ú¾ 쾸
win, is that so? ? ຆິ§½½§˜®ð?
You are sure that he À¥í¾ÀÀ-úÃ¥¸ú¾ì¾¸
will win, is that so? ?? ຆິ§½½§˜®ð?
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M-2
Win ? §ະ-½
Take an exam À¦ñ¤
Pass an exam À¦ñ¤Ä©û
Rank ັໄ
ຆຌ
Promoted ແຈຂ ືໄ ຆຌ
ໄ ຌ ັໄ
Receive »ñ®
Complete ¦ð¾Àëñ©
Defeated ²ú¾¨ÀÀ²û
That's how I see it. I ັໄ
¸ú¾ຆຌÀÀìû ¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິ§ະ-½.
believe that he will win. ?
That's the way I see it. ັໄ
¸ú¾ຆຌÀÀìû ¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິÀ¦ñ¤Ä©û.
I believe that he will
pass the exam.
That's how I see it. I ັໄ
¸ú¾ຆຌÀÀìû ¸, ຂບ
ໄ ງຽຆືໃ ບທາໃ ຖາທຂິແຈ ໄ
believe that he will be ໄ ຆຌ
ຂຶຌ ັໄ
promoted.
That's how I see it. I ັໄ
ທາໃ ຆຌຖທໄ , ¢ûº¨À§•º
- ¸ú¾ 쾸ຆິÄ©û»ñ®
believe that he will be £¸¾´¦ð¾Àëñ©.
successful
That's how I see it. I believe ັໄ
ທາໃ ຆຌຖທໄ , ¢ûº¨À§•º¸ú¾ 쾸
that he will be defeated. ແຈປ
ໄ ັຍທາຓຑາໃ ງຑ ໄ
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M-3
Write ¢¼-
Cut ªñ©
Wrap, pack ນໃ
Leave, abandon ¯½Ä¸û
Stack something up Àºö¾µº¤¡ñ-¢›
Hook À¡¾½
Each other ¡ñ-
You write it like this, huh? k? ຽ຺າໄ ຂຼຌຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
You cut it like this, huh? ? ຽ຺າໄ ຉ ັຈຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
You pack it like this, huh? ? ຽ຺າໄ ນໃ ຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
You leave it like this, huh? ? ຽ຺າໄ ຎະແທ
ໄ ຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
You stack them up like ຽ຺າໄ Àºö¾µº¤¡ñ-¢›ຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
this, huh? ?
You hook them together ? ຽ຺າໄ ຽບ຺ າຽກາະກ ັຌຄໃ ັ ຆີຍ
ໄ ?
like this, huh?
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M-4
Think £ò©
Believe À§•-º
Propose ¦½À¹-ó/ຘະຽໜີ
Appear ¯ະ¡ö©
See À¹ñ-
Observe, notice ¦ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ-
I think so. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ຄໃ ັ ຆຌÀÀìû
ັໄ ¸.
He believes it's that way. 쾸-À§•º¸ú¾ ຄໃ ັ ຆຌÀÀìû
ັໄ ¸.
That's what he proposed. ຘະຽໜີທາໃ ຄໃ ັ ຆຌຖ
ັໄ ທໄ
It appears to be so. ¯¾¡ö©¸ú¾ ຄໃ ັ ຆຌÀÀìû
ັໄ ¸.
That's how I see it. ¢ûº¨À¹ñ-¸ú¾ ຄໃ ັ ຆຌÀÀìû
ັໄ ¸.
That's what I have ¢ûº¨ ແຈ¦ໄ ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ-¸ú¾
noticed. ຄໃ ັ ຆຌÀÀìû
ັໄ ¸.
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C-1
A. Do you believe he will pass the exam ? A. ?
B. Yes, I believe he will pass the exam. B.
C-2
A. You predict that he will get A.
promoted, is that so ? ?
B. Yes, I predict that he will B.
certainly be promoted.
C-3
A. What have you concluded ? A. ?
B. I concluded that he will pass the exam. B.
C-4
A. You believed that he wasn't coming, huh? A.
?
B. Yes, That's what I believed. B.
C-5
A. You are going to write it like this, huh? A. ?
B. No. I'm going to write it like that. B.
ຄໃ ຺ ¦½Á©¤Ã¹É-ñ¡»¼-À¹ñ-ທາຓÁª¡ªú¾¤ ì½¹¸ú¾¤£¿¸ú¾: "ຈ ັ ໄ " ່ ຈ¤ຆຌ"
່ ¤ຆຌ" ັ ໄ ´óµú¾¤Ã©?. £¿¸ú¾: " ຆຌ®ð
ັ ໄ ?" "¸ú¾
ັໄ
ຆຌÁìû ¸" À»ö¾Ã§û£¿ຽນົໃ ຺ າšµú¾¤Ã©?
NOTES
1) 'like that' occurs withafter Sentences:
??'You believe he will win, is that so ?
? is similar in usage to? except that ?is used
primarily to check the truth value of statements; whereas, ? is used to check an
opinion or a guess, and hence is more informal.The usual answers to ? questions
is which means 'That's how I see it' or 'That's what I had in mind'.
2) 'like that' and 'like this' are used in statements and questions
relating to how something is done.
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? 'You write it like this, huh?
means 'In that case'. It is heard often in conversation.
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APPLICATION
1) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) ?
(e)
(f)
(g) ?
(h) ?
(i)
(j)
Answers: l ( a ) He doesn't study. I'm afraid he'll fail the exam.
( b ) I hope so.
( c ) He believe that where there is striving ( trying ) there will be success.
( d ) What did you dream last night?
( e ) Most Laos believe in dreams.
( f ) We cannot conclude that his work will fail.
( g ) If one side wins, the other side must lose.
( h ) He believes that victory and failure are pairs.
( i ) Last year he failed!!!He is certain he will pass this year.
( j ) Certainly, I believe he will be promoted.
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CYCLE-65
M-1
He will go to the market, 쾸 ຆິįªì¾©, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
then he will go to the hospital. ຆິį»¤¹´ð.
He will eat, then he will 쾸 ຆິ¡ò-ຽຂ຺ໄາ ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
go to work. ຆິįÀ»ñ©¡¾-.
He will read, then he will 쾸ຆິºú¾-¹-ñ¤¦õ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
go to bed. ຆິį-º-.
He will rest, then he will 쾸 ຆິ À§ö¾ຽຓືໃ ບງ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
take a shower. ຆິº¾®-Õ.
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M-2 Feed (animal) À¡õº
Pig ¹´ø
Cut ªñດ
Grass ¹¨û¾
Wash clothes §ñ¡ຽືໃ ບຄ-÷ú¤
Borrow µõ´
Money À¤ò-
Change ¯ú¼-
Table cloth °û¾¯øª½
He will feed the pigs, then 쾸ຆິÀ¡õº¹´ø, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will cut the grass, then 쾸ຆິªñ©¹¨û¾, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will wash clothes, then 쾸ຆິ §ñ¡ຽືໃ ບຄ-÷ú¤, ÀÀìû¸
hat is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will borrow money, then 쾸ຆິµõ´À¤ò-, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will change the table 쾸 ຆິ¯ú¼-°û¾¯øª½, ÀÀìû¸
cloth, then what is he ? 쾸ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
going to do?
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C-1
A. What are you going to do? A.?
B. I will go to eat, then I B. will
come to rest
C-2
A. You will read, then what A.
will you do? ?
B. After reading will go feed B.
the pigs.
¦¿ìñ®£¿¸ú¾: "Áìû¸" ∑ꆚ ຄໃ ຺ ຑະ¨¾¨¾´¦ºÁªúª¾´¹´¾¨ê†ເຆ ໄ ∑ ®ô©±ò¡¹ï©šÀê‣¾šÀ¦ງ ¡úº-! ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤
¡ðÁ´ú-ຽຑືໃ ບ ùÉÀ¢öາຽ຺າໄ Àºö¾ຽືໃ ບ ì½µú¾¤ À¢ö¾ç¥…¤¥½ປູ¥ ັໄ
ໄ ñ¡Ã§ûµú¾¤«õ¡ªûº¤ Áìû¸ ¡ð¥½À¡ó©ທາຓ ໝຌÃ¥.
NOTES
1) In the construction S + + S
.'He's going to the market and then to the hospital.')
is a sentence connective and there is an indication that the activity referred to in
the first sentence preceded that of the second sentence.
2) in a question indicates that the questioner is expecting a multiple answer.
Q: ? What (things) is the going to do ?'
A: 'He'll read a book and then go eat."
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APPLICATION
1 Translate the following sentences into English:
(a) ?
(b) ?
(c) ?
(d) ?
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
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CYCLE - 66
M-1
Check ¡¸©
Look at ຽຍິໃ ຄ
Wash (cloth only) §ñ¡À£Úº¤-÷ú¤
Translate ÀÀ¯
Write ¢¼-
Letter (epistle) ¥ö©¹´¾¨
Send ຘໃຄ຺
Study ¦ô¡¦¾
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©û¡¸©ຽຍິໃ ຄ
checking it yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©û§ñ¡À£Úº¤-÷ú¤.
washing clothes yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©ûÀÀ¯.
translating it yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©û¢¼-¥ö©¹´¾¨.
writing the letter yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©û¦ø¤¥ö©¹´¾¨.
mailing the letter yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®Òêñ-Ä©û¦ô¡¦¾ຽຍິໃ ຄ
studying yet.
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M-2
Close ºñ©
Door ¯½ªø
Open Ģ
Wash, clean ìû¾¤
Hand ´õ
Wash (face or body) ຘທ
ໃ ງ (¹-û¾, £ó¤)
Rub «ø
Tooth ÀÀ¢û¸
Comb ¹¸ó
Hair (head only) °ö´
Warn Àªõº-
Did you close the door yet? ຽ຺າໄ ແຈ ໄ ºñ©¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
?
Did you open the door yet? ຽ຺າໄ ແຈÄໄ ¢¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
?
Did you wash your hands ຽ຺າໄ ແຈì
ໄ û¾¤´õÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you wash your face ຽ຺າໄ ແຈ¦
ໄ ¸¹-û¾ÀÀìû¸ ¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you brush your teeth ຽ຺າໄ ແຈ«
ໄ øÀÀ¢û¸ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did your comb your hair ຽ຺າໄ ແຈ¹
ໄ ¸ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you warn them yet? ຽ຺າໄ ແຈÀໄ ªõº-À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤?
?
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M-3
Yes (already came.). ´¾ÀÀìû¸.
Yes (already stopped.). À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸.
Yes (already gone, finished). ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
M-4
Not yet. ¨ñ¤.
M-5
Chat, talk ìö´
With ¡ñ®
Meet, find ຑໄ
See À¹ñ-
Result °ö-
Join »ú¸´
Participate »ú¸´
Ceremony ²òêó
Hear a sermon ³ñ¤Àê©
Did you get a chance to ? ຽ຺າໄ êñ-Ä©ûìö´¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð?
eat with him?
Did you get a chance to ? ຽ຺າໄ êñ-Ä©ûຑ ຺ຍ¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð?
meet her?
Were you able to see any ? ຽ຺າໄ êñ-Ä©ûÀ¹ñ-°ö-¹¨ñ¤®ð?
results (in the time available) ?
Did you get to the ceremony ? ຽ຺າໄ êñ-Ä©û»ú¸´²òêó®ð?
in time to participate?
Did you get a chance to ? ຽ຺າໄ êñ-Ä©û³ñ¤Àê©®ð?
hear the sermon?
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M- 6
Read ºú¾-
Only, but ÀÀªú
Speak ຽທ຺ໄາ
With, along -ð¾
Word £ð¾
Put out a fire ´º©Ä³
Burn Ĺ´û
Shake hand ¥ñ®´õ
Return ¡ñ® į/ ´¾
I was able to read only ¢ûº¨êñ-Ä©ûºú¾-¯›´ ÀÀªú¦º¤¹ö¸.
two books (in the time
available).
I had a chance to speak ¢ûº¨êñ-Ä©ûຽທ຺ໄາ-ð¾ 쾸ÀÀªú
only two or three words ¦º¤-¦¾´£ð¾.
with him.
I was able to put out the ¢ûº¨êñ-Ä©û´º©Ä³¡úº-´ñ-
fire before the house
ຆິĹ´ûÀ»õº-.
burned down.
I had a chance to shake ¢ûº¨êñ-Ä©û¥ñ®´õ¡ñ®ຽຑິໃ ຌ¡úº-
hands with him before he ຽຑິໃ ຌຆິ¡ñ®Ä¯.
returned.
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C-1
A. Did you close the door yet ? A.
?
B. Yes . B.
C-2
A. Did you write the letter yet ? A. ?
B. Not yet . B.
C-3
A. Did you wash your hands yet ? A. ?
B. Yes , I've already washed my B.
hands.
C-4
A. Did you get to meet him ? A. ?
B. Yes , I got to meet him before he B.
returned .
C-5
A. He almost didn't get to talk to A.
them, isn't that so ? ?
B. That's right. He only got to saj B.
two or three words to them .
ຄໃ ຺ ùÉ-ñ¡»¼-«¾´¡ñ- ຽຍິໃ ຄ¸ú¾ ຏູÃໄ ©¡½ê¿ ບ ັຌéÁìû¸¹ìõ¨ñ¤. «û¾ªº®¸ú¾ "®Ò" ¹ìõ "¨ñ¤" ¡ðຄໃ ຺ ®º¡Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
ùÉÀ¹©°ö-¸ú¾ " ນົື¨ñ¤?" ¹ìõ«û¾À¢ö¾çªº®¸ú¾: "...Áìû¸." ¡ðຄໃ ຺ «¾´¸ú¾: "ªÒįÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ¥½À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?"
NOTES
1) means 'to have been able to do something in the available time'. It may
occur in the negative with the meaning 'not to have got something done when it was supposed
to have been done.'
'I was able to put out the fire before
the house burned down.'
'I haven't got your book read yet.'
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'I've only got two books read.'
2) andare'aspect words', i . e ., they indicate the state of an action,
whether it is completed() or whether it remains incomplete . is a
preverb and occurs before VP:
'I haven't got around to translating it yet.'
may occur alone in (a) responses to questions:
Q ? 'Have you combed your hair yet?'
A ' not yet.' Or (b) in parallel senteces like the question above.
3) When an affirmative sentence with and the negative from of the same sentence
with are joined with 'or', the negative sentence is reduced to and
follows the affirmative sentence;
Affirmative: 'You have brushed your teeth.'
Negative : .
'You haven't brushed your teeth yet.'
When combined with?
'Have you brushed your teeth yet or not?'
APLLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I haven't had a chance to write a letter to my friend yet.)
(b)
(He's written a letter, but he hasn't had a chance to mail it yet.)
(c) ?
(Have you had any news from them yet or not?)
(d)
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(He hasn't eaten breakfast, because he hasn't had a chance to wash his face yet.)
(e)
(He hasn't got a comb so he hasn't yet been able to comb his hair.)
(f)
(He has already translated the book for them, but they haven't yet got around
to paying him.)
(g) ?
(Have you told him to close the door yet or not?)
(h)
(If the door isn't opened yet, that means he hasn't arrived yet.)
(i)
(I haven't yet been able to wash my clothes because I haven't had time yet.)
(j)
(He hasn't yet been able to come inspect their work.)
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CYCLE- 67
M-1
Fix ÀÀ¯¤
Repair
ÀÀ¯¤
Give an interview ùû¦ð¾²¾©
Count -ñ®
Money À¤ò-
Investigate ¦ô®¦¸-
Interrogate
¦º®¦¸-
Record Sound ®ñ-êô¡¦¼¤
Dismantle ´û¾¤
Disassemble ´û¾¤
Gun ¯õ-
Has he finished giving the 쾸ແຈÃໄ ¹û¦ð¾²¾©ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
interview? ?
Has he finished counting ? 쾸ແຈ-
ໄ ñ®À¤ò-ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
money?
Has he finished the ? 쾸ແຈ¦
ໄ ô®¦¸-ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
investigation?
Has he finished the ? 쾸ແຈ¦
ໄ º®¦¸-ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
interrogation?
Has he finished recording? 쾸ແຈ®
ໄ ñ-êô¡¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
?
Has he finished taking the 쾸ແຈຓ
ໄ າຄ¯õ
ໄ -ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
gun apart? ?
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M-2
Yes, (he has) finished. ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
No, (he has) not finished yet. ®Ò, ¨ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸.
Not yet, (he has) not finished yet. ¨ñ¤, ¨ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸.
M-3
Record sound ºñ©¦¼¤
Decorate Àºû
Clear (a forest) «¾¤
Forest ¯ú¾
Plow Ä«
Rice paddy -¾
Sickle ¡ú¼¸
Rice ຽຂ຺ໄາ
Strike, slap, flail ³¾©
Harrow £¾©
He has finished recording. 쾸ແຈº
ໄ ñ©¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
He has finished decorating 쾸ແຈ ໄ ÀºûÀ»õº-ÀÀìû¸ໆ
the house.
He has finished clearing 쾸ແຈ ໄ «¾¤¯ú¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
the wood.
He has finished plowing 쾸ແຈ ໄ Ä«-¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
the rice field.
He has finished harvesting 쾸ແຈ ໄ ¡ú¼¸ຽຂ຺ໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice.
He has finished threshing 쾸ແຈ ໄ ³¾©ຽຂ຺ໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice by hand.
He has finished harrowing 쾸ແຈ ໄ £¾©-¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice field.
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M-4
Pound (in mortar) ªð¾
Cook by boiling ¹÷¤
Cooked, ripe ¦÷¡
Cook by steaming ໜຶໄຄ
ໄໃ ຄຸ ຽຂ຺ໄາ ¨ñ¤®Ò¦÷¡.
He hasn't finished 쾸ແຈນ
cooking the rice.
ໄ ຶໄຄຽຂ຺ໄາ ງ ັຄ®Ò¦÷¡.
He hasn't finished 쾸ແຈໜ
cooking the (sticky) rice.
M-5
Sharpen, sharp ÀÀ¹ì´
Crayon ¦ð
Comb ¹¸ó
Get dressed -÷ú¤ຽືໃ ບຄ
What is he going to do ÀÀ¹ì´¦ðÀÀìû¸ໆ 쾸
after he finished ? ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
sharpening the pencils?
Is he going to get dressed ¹¸ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸ໆ 쾸
after he finishes combing ? ຆິ-÷ú¤ຽືໃ ບຄ®ð?
his hair?
C-1
A. ? A. Have you finished fixing your car?
B. B. Yes, I have.
C-2
A. A. Have you finished taking your gun
? apart?
B. B. No, I haven't finished yet.
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C-3
A. ? A. Have you finished the letter?
B. . B. No, I haven't finished the book?
C-4
A. ? A. Have you finished checking the book?
B. . B. Yes, I have finished checking the book.
C-5
A. ? A. Has he finished ?
B. B. No, he hasn't finished cooking the rice.
C-6
A. ? A. What is he gonig to do when he
finishes cooking ?
B. B. When he finishes cooking he will call
us to the table.
NOTES
1) as an Aspect particle indicating 'action completed at a particular time' and as a
secondary verb meanning 'to complete some activity' may occur in one sentence, thus
'He has already finished marking repairs on the car.'
in normal speech the second occurs in reduced from as
2) The response to..? questions may be:
Question: 'Have you finished fixing your car yet?'
?
Affirmative
Response:
(a) 'Yes, I have.'
(b) 'Yes, I've finished making the repairs
to my car already.'
Negative:
(a) 'No, I haven't finished yet.'
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(b) 'No, I haven't finished yet,'
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3) VP +corresponds closely in meaning to English past participial
constructions 'having... ed', etc. When VP + precedes NP + VP, there is
an indication that the action referred to in the initial VP occurred before that in the second
VP .Compare English and Lao:
English: Having done his work, he went to bed.(or)
Atfer he did...
Lao:
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(The road is not yet completed so they don't let cars pass through.)
(b)
(When the firing is over, the soldiers as a group take their guns apart and oil
them simultaneously.)
(c)
(The farmer hasn't finished plowing so he hasn't started harrowing yet.)
(d)
(When the harvesting is done, the farmers as a group knock the heads off
the rice stalks.)
(e)
(When everything is sold out, the female vendor counts her money [to see
how much she took in]).
(f)
(If he hasn't finished doing this work, he will not go home.)
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(g) ?
(In order to farm one has to clear the forest, once the forest is cleared, one
brings a plough in and ploughs the land).
(h)
(After the interrogation is compled, the police lets them go home.)
(i)
(The interrogation has been completed but the process is not over yet, there still
are recordings that have to be made.)
(j)
(When the decoration of the house has been finished, she will invite friends
over for a party.)
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CYCLE- 68
M-1
Work À»ñ©¸¼¡
Write the book ¢¼-¯›´
Drive the car ¢ñ®ìö©
Build the house ¯÷¡À»õº-
Cut the hair ªñ©°ö´
Watch the house ຽຐ຺ໄາÀ»õº-
Type the letter ²ò´¹-ñ¤¦õ
Who do you work for? ? ຽ຺າໄ À»ñ©¸¼¡Ã¹ûð?
Who do you write the book for?? ຽ຺າໄ ¢¼-¯›´Ã¹ûð?
Who do you drive the car for? ? ຽ຺າໄ ¢ñ®ìö©Ã¹ûð?
Who do you build the house for?? ຽ຺າໄ ¯÷¡À»õº-ùûð?
Who did you cut the hair for? ? ຽ຺າໄ ªññ©°ö´Ã¹ûð?
Who do you watch the house for? ? ຽ຺າໄ ຽຐ຺ໄາÀ»õº-ùûð?
Who do you type the letter for? ?ຽ຺າໄ ²ò´¹-ñ¤¦õùûð?
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M-2
Go and get įÀºö¾
Send the letter ຘໃຄ຺ ¹-ñ¤¦õ
Fix the car ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
Wash the car ìû¾¤ìö©
Cook £ö¸¡ò-
Arrange the books ´û¼-¯›´
I am going to get for him. ¢ûº¨ຆິįÀºö¾Ã¹û쾸.
I will send the letter for him. ¢ûº¨ ຆິຘໃຄ຺ ¹-ñ¤¦õùû쾸.
I will fix the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆິÀÀ¯¤ìö©Ã¹û쾸.
I will wash the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆິìû¾¤ìö©Ã¹û쾸.
I will cook for him. ¢ûº¨ຆິ£ö¸¡ò-ùû쾸.
I will arrange the books for him. ¢ûº¨ຆິ´û¼-¯›´Ã¹û쾸.
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M-3
Servant £ö-çû
Carpenter §ú¾¤Ä´û
Secretary À좾-÷¡¾-
Mechanic
-¾¨§ú¾¤
Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´
What is the servant ? £ö-çûຆÀິ »ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽ຺າໄ ?
to do for you?
What is the carpenter ? §ú¾¤Ä´û ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽ຺າໄ ?
going to do for you?
What is the secretary ຽຖຂາຌຸກາຌຆິຽປັຈນງ ັຄເນຽໄ ຺າໄ û?
going to do for you? ?
What is the mechanic ? -¾¨§ú¾¤ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ û?
going to do for you?
What's the barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ຆິ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ û?
goingto do for you? ?
C-1
A. Who are you going to fix A. ? the
car for?
B. I will fix(the car) for him. B.
C-2
A. Who will take it for you? A. ?
B. The servant will take it B.
for me.
C-3
A. What's the mechanic A.?
going to do for you?
B. He will fix the car for me. B.
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NOTES
1) in the construction VP + + NP indicates that the activity referred to in
VP is either done (a) for the benefit of, or (b) in place of the person (s) referred to in NP.
'He drives for me (in place of me).'
'He cuts my hair (for my benefit).'
has many other meanings but the most of them relate in some way to one or the other
of the two categories stated above . parallels English for in only a few instances.
2) indicates that some activity is carried out for the mutual benefit of the parties
participating in it.'They cook for each other.'
3) + NP may contrast with 'oneself' in use.
'I'll cook for him, because he can't cook
for himself.'
4) + VP is used to indicate that all the members of a group engage in
simultaneous and identical action.
'All the farmers flail rice stalks at the same
time.'
5) occurs in informal usage for 'they'.It is commonly used with
children.It may also be used for unidentified person.
is also used for 'they', but it is used only for persons of higher status.It also
means 'he, she'.
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(He said he would like to come work for me.)
(b)
(My chauffeur will go drive for him two days.)
(c)
(Students don't like to spend money on haircuts, so they cut each other's hair.)
(d)
(The secretary said she would finish typing the letter for me today.)
(e)
(I'll cook for her because she doesn't know how to cook herself.)
(f)
(He doesn't know how to fix a car himself, so he will hire a mechanic to come
fix it for him.)
(g)
(I don't know what the carpenter is going to do for me either.)
(h
(I'll put these things in the car and go sell them for her.)
(i)
(The chiddren all pitch in and wash the car for me because they want me to take
them to the zoo.)
(j)
(I'm not happy due to the fact that the barber cut my hair too short.)
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CYCLE-69
M-1
Work À»ñ©¡¾-
Have a lot of money
´óÀ¤ò-¹ì¾¨
Engage in sport ນົິໄຌ¡óì¾
Run ÀÀìú-
See many cities À¹ñ-¹ì¾¨À´õº¤
Listen to the song ³ñ¤À²¤
I want to work. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À»ñ©¡¾-.
I want to have a lot of money. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡´óÀ¤ò-¹ì¾¨.
I want to engage in sports. ¢ûº¨µ¾ນົິໄຌ¡óì¾.
I want to run. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡ÀÀìú-.
I want to see many cities. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À¹ñ-¹ì¾¨À´õº¤.
I want to listen to the song. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡³ñ¤À²¤.
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M-2
Come to see (someone) ´¾¹¾
Stay with me µøú-ð¾¢ûº¨
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾-
Concentrate on ຉຄັ ໄ Ã¥
Stop smoking À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾
Begin working ຽຖີໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾-
I want him to come to see me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸´¾¹¾¢ûº¨.
I want him to stay with me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸µøú-ð¾¢ûº¨.
I want him to get married. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ÀÀªú¤¤¾-.
I want him to concentrate ັໄ
¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ຉຄÃ¥»¼-.
on studying.
I want her to stop smoking. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾.
I want him to begin working. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ຽຖີໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾-.
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M-3
Teacher -¾¨£ø
Government ìñ©«½®¾-
Monk £ø®¾
Children À©ñ¡-ûº¨
Your children ìø¡ຽ຺າໄ
What does the teacher -¾¨£øµ¾¡ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
want you to do? ?
What does the government ìñ©«½®¾-µ¾¡Ã¹ûຽ຺າໄ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
want you do? ?
What does the monk want ູຍາດາກເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ຽປັຈນງ ັຄ?
you to do? ?
What do the children À©ñ¡-ûº¨ µ¾¡ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ຽປັຈນງ ັຄ?
want you to do? ?
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C-1
A. What do you want to do? A. ?
B. I want to hear the songs. B.
C-2
A. What do you want me to do? A. ?
B. I want you to stay with him. B.
C-3.
A. What does the teacher A. ?
want you to do?
B. He want me to concentrate B. .
on studying.
ຄໃ ຺ ຖະ¸ñ¤ µú¾¯úº¨Ã¹É-ñ¡»¼-çû£¿¸ú¾ "µ¾¡" µú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. ¦ú¸-´¾¡À¢ö¾ກ´ñ¡ຽທ຺ໄາ¸ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡ì¾¸Ä¯ຉະ
ນົ າຈ." Áêꆥ½ຽທ຺ໄາ¸ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹É 쾸įªì¾©."
NOTES
)
VP means 'to want, would like (to do something)'.
'I would like to have lots of money.'
When the Suject of the sentence and the person performing the action are not the same
person, + VP is used.
'I want her to be a teacher.'
2) means 'simultaneously' or 'at the same time'.
'I don't think they will arrive simultaneously.'
3) ton 'oneself, itself, themselves' is used in place of or when the suject of
the sentence and the person (s) referred to later are the same person:
'All parents would like to have their children
concentrate on studying.'
(and ton refer to the same people.)
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APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide,
(a)
(She isn't 18 yet, but she would like to get a job.)
(b)
(He would like to engage in sports, but his health isn't good.)
(c)
(If one person wants to walk and another wants to run, they may not arrive at
the same time.)
(d)
(I would like to have him come see the growth and progress in the country.)
(e)
(Each individual parent would like to have his children concentrate on their
studies.)
(f)
(I wish him well, so I would like to have him stop smoking.)
(g)
(Some parents want their daughters to get married so as to ease their concerns.
[and to alleviate some of their responsibilities]) .
(h)
(I would like to have him continue staying with me due to he fact that he hasn't
finished his studies yet.)
(i)
(The Governemt would like for the people to have a good standard of living.)
(j)
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(The monk told the novice to study hard to gain knowledge.)
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CYCLE- 70
M-1
Cook £ö¸¡ò-
Shine shoes °ñ©À¡ó®
Wash dishes ìû¾¤«û¸¨§¾´
Type the letter ²ò´¹-ñ¤¦õ
Watch the children À®…¤ìö¡
Watch the house À±í¾À»õº-
I had/let her cook for ຂບ
ໄ ງເນຖ
ໄ າທ£ö¸¡ò-ເນຂ
ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
Me
I had/let him shine ຂບ
ໄ ງເນຖ
ໄ າທ°ñ©À¡ó®ເນຂ
ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
my shoes for me.
I had/let her wash ຂບ
ໄ ງເນຖ
ໄ າທຖາໄ ຄຊທ
ໄ ງຆາຓເນຂ
ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
the dishes for me.
I had/let him type the ຂບ
ໄ ງເນຖ
ໄ າທຑິຓໜ ັຄຘືເນຂ
ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
letter for me.
I had/let her watch ຂບ
ໄ ງເນຖ
ໄ າທຽຍິໃ ຄຽຈັກຌບ
ໄ ງເນຂ
ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
the children for me.
I had/let him watch ຂບ ໄ າທຽຐ຺ໄາຽປືບຌເນຂ
ໄ ງເນຖ ໄ ບ
ໄ ງ
the house for me
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M-2
Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©
Wash car ìû¾¤ìö©
Check ¡¸©
Draw ÀÀªû´
Pay ¥ú¾¨
Turn on the light Īûij
Turn off the light ´º©Ä³
Who will you let drive ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùûð¢ñ®ìö© ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
for you? ?
Who will you let wash the ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùûðìû¾¤ìö©ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
car for you? ?
Who will you let check it ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùû𡸩ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
?
for you?
Who will you let pay it ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùûð¥ú¾¨ເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
for you? ?
Who will you let turn on ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùûðĪûijເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
the light for you? ?
Who will you let turn off ຽ຺າໄ ຆິùû𴺩ijເນຽໄ ຺າໄ ?
the light for you? ?
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C-1
A. What will he have you do A.
for him. ?
B. He will have me shine B.
shoes for him.
C-2
A. Who will they have look A.
after their children for them? ?
B. Their neighbor.
B.
C-3
A. What were you going to A.
have him do for you? ?
B. I was going to have him B.
type letters for me.
îô©š¡îÁ´úກາຌçû "ùÉ" ¦º¤ªÒ. ຄໃ ຺ ²¾-ñ¡»¼-ຖຶໃ ຓ ¹ìõê¸-£õ-ຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ´ñ¹¨ï¤Á©úê†À¢ô¾ຽ຺າໄ ¨ñ¤®Òໃ ື ¹ìõ¨ñ¤
çûµú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. «û¾¹¾¡¨ñ¤´ó ¡ðຄໃ ຺ ²¾À¢ö¾ç§ûº´£õ-ù´úºó¡.
NOTES
1) frequently occurs twice in a sentence, once with the meaning ' on behafl of, for the
benefit of ' (benefactive meaning as in Cycle 68) and once with the meaning 'to have, let,
cause (someone to do something)' (causative meaning as in Cycle 69):
'I had her cook for me.'
NP (benefactive) may be omited if it has the same referent as NP (Subject), as
in the example above and in this example :
'The teachers let him drive for them.'
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APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English and check your answers:
(a)
(b) ?
(c)
(d)
(e)
?
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
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CYCLE-71
M-1
Table ª½
Dictionary ¸ñຈ¥ະ-¾-÷¡ö´
Cabinet ªøû
Light bulb ©º¡Ä³³û¾
Chain ¦¾¨Â¦û
Soap ¦½®ø
What is this table made of? ? ª½šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹¨ï¤?
What is this dictionary made of? ທ ັຈະ¾õ¡ô´¹ô¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
?
What is this cabinet made of? ? ªûöšÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹¨ï¤?
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M-2
Chain (jewelry) ¦¾¨¦ûº¨
Belt ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸
Window ¯úº¤µû¼´
Tray ²¾«¾©
Scissors ´ó©ªñ©
Iron À¹ìñ¡
Wires ¦¾¨Ä³
Copper 꺤ÀÀ©¤
Plastic ¯ì¾©¦½ªò¡
Chemical ຽືໃ ບຄÀ£´ó
This chain is made of gold. ¦¾¨¦ûº¨šÀ»ï©©û¸¨£î¾.
This belt is made of leather. ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ï¤.
¯úº¤µû¼´šÀ»ï©©û¸¨ÀÀ¡û¸.
This window is made of
glass.
These scissors are made ´ñ©ªï©šÀ»ï©©û¸¨À¹ìï¡.
of iron.
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M-3
Flag ê÷¤
Paper À¥Éຍ
Paper flag ê÷¤À¥Éງ
Rope À§õº¡
-óຖ ຺ຄ
Nylon
Clothes ຽືໃ ບຄ -ú÷¤
Fur ¢ö-¦ñ©
Bed ª¼¤
Wood Ä´û
A flag which is made of ໄ ¸ú¾ ê÷¤À¥Éງ.
ê÷¤ີໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨À¥É¼ຽບີຌ
paper is called a paper flag.
A rope which is made of ໄ ¸ú¾
À§õº¡ີໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨-óຖ ຺ຄຽບີຌ
nylon is called a nylon À§õº¡-óຖ ຺ຄ.
rope.
Clothes which are made ໄ ¸ú¾
ຽືໃ ບຄ-÷ú¤ີໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨¢ö-¦ñ©ຽບີຌ
of fur are called fur clothing. ຽືໃ ບຄ-÷ú¤¢ö-¦ñ©.
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M-4
Shoes À¡ó®
Rubber µ¾¤
Pot ໝໄ
Earth
©ò-
Scarves °û¾ÀÀ²
Silk ແໝ
How do we call shoes ໄ À¡ó®ີໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨µ¾¤¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
that are made of rubber? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call pots that ໄ ໝໄ ີໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨©ò-¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
are made of earth ware? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call scarves ໄ °û¾ÀÀ²ີໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨ແໝ¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
that are made of silk? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
C-1
A.What is this table made of? A.?
B. This table is made of metal (iron). B.
C-2
A. What do we call flag that A.
are made of paper? ?
B. We call them paper flags. B.
C-3
A.Silk rope is rope that is A.
made of wood, is that right? ?
C-4
A. What's a silk rope made of? A.?
B. Silk rope is rope made of silk. B.
ຄໃ ຺ «¾´-ñ¡»¼-ຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ºñ-éÀ»ñ©©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤? ຽປ຺າຽບີຌ
ໄ ´ñ-¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? 캤ùÉ-ñ¡»¼-ຽທ຺ໄາ ê¼®£÷--½ ²¾®
¢º¤ªú¾¤ໆຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷! ຽຆັໃ ຌ: ª½Ä´û©ó¡¸ú¾Âª½À¹ìñ¡®ð?
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NOTES
1) means ' to be made of '.The response to the question .......
'What is .... made of?' is some type of material, such as glass, paper, iron, etc..
Q: ? 'What is this cabinet made of?'
A 'This cabinet is made of wood.'
2) 'that, which, who ' functions as a Noun Phrase substitute and as a connective in
NP + + VP constructions: ' A flag (that is) made of paper'
3) .? (Lit.how do we call) 'What do we call ... ?' is used in
requesting the name of something
? 'What do we call shoes that are
made of rubber ?'
APPLICATION
Complete the following senteces.
(a) _____________________
(Eye glasses are made of glass.)
(b) ___________________
(Tables are made of metal and wood.)
(c) ______________________
(Watches are made of silver.)
(d) ______________________________
(Cars are made of iron.)
(e) _______________________
(Car tires are made of rubber.)
(f) ____________
(Rope that is made of silk is called silk rope.)
(g) ______________
(Doors that are made of glass are called glass doors.
(h) ______________
(Baskets that are made of rattan are called rattan baskets.)
(i) __________
(Shoes that are made of leather are called leather shoes.)
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(j) _________
(Bags that are made of plastic are called plastic bags.)
2) Answer the following questions:
(a) ?
(What do we call a pot that is made of copper ?)
(b) ?
(What do we call rings that are made of gold ?)
(c) ?
(What do we call pens that are made of plastic ?)
(d) ?
(What do we call bags that are made of leather ?)
(e) ?
(What do we call house that are made of bamboo ?)
(f) ?
(What do we call a chair that is made of rattan ?)
(g) ?
(What do we call a dish that is made of metal ?)
(h) ?
(What do we call socks that are made of cotton?)
(I) ?
(What do we call a blouse that is made of silk?)
(j) ?
(What do we call plates that are made of paper?)
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CYCLE-72
M-1
Write ¢¼-
Cut ªñ©
Dig ¢÷©
Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ´ú-Õ
Travel
À©ó-꾤
What did he write with? ? 쾸ແຈ¢
ໄ ¼-©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
What does he cut (it) with? ? 쾸ªñ©©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
What did he cross the 쾸ແຈ¢
ໄ û¾´ÀÀ´ú-Õ©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
river with? ?
How did he travel? 쾸ແຈÀໄ ©ó-꾤©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
?
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M-2
Cut ªñ©
Saw ຽຖືໃ ບງ
Tie ´ñ©
Rattan ¹¸¾¨
Dig ¢÷©
Hoe ¥ö¡
Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ´ú-Õ
Airplanes ຽປືບ®ò-
Plow Ä«
Plow the rice field Ä«-¾
Paddle the boat ²¾¨À»õº
Paddle Ä´û²¾¨
They will cut with saws. À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ຆິªñ© ©û¸¨ຽຖືໃ ບງ.
They will dig with hoes. À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ຆິ¢÷©©û¸¨¥ö¡.
They will travel with À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ຆິÀ©ó-꾤
airplanes. ©û¸¨ຽປືບຌ®ò-.
They plow the rice field À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ Ä«-¾©û¸¨Ä«.
with plows.
They paddle the À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ²¾¨À»õº©û¸¨Ä´û²¾¨.
boat with paddles.
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C-1
A. What will you write with? A.?
B. I will write with a pan. B.
C-2
A.He will cut wood with a hoe, is that right? A.
? B. No, he will cut wood with a saw.
B.
ຄໃ ຺ ¦ö´´÷©¯ñ-¹¾Ã©¯ñ-¹¾-…¤¢› Áìû¸Ã¹É-ñ¡»¼-ຽທ຺ໄາ²¾¦¾ ®º¡¸ðêñꆥ½Á¡ûÄ¢¯ï¹¾ ີໃ ¦ö´´÷© ¢›Àຍິໃ ¤©÷! «û¾
¹¾¡¸ú¾ ¡½ê¿ຘິໃ ¤Ã©ຘິໃ ¤-…¤ ©û¸¨¸òêóé¸òêó-…¤ ®Ò¦¿ຽຖັ ©°ö- À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ £ò©¸ú¾ ¥½´ó꾤Á¡ûÄ¢Ä©É µú¾¤Ã©ºó¡Á©ú?
NOTES
1) VP
NP (Instrument)is used to indicate what device or means is
used to perform some activity:
'They cut the wood with a saw.'
'They'll tie it up with rattan.'
APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j) .
2. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
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(Some people eat with their hands.)
(b)
(I wrapped it with sheets of plastic.)
(c)
(He attached it with a paper clip.)
(d)
(He received the news by radio.)
(e)
(My old sister will return by train.)
(f)
(Chinese eat with chopsticks.)
(g) .
(They stir it with a spoon.)
(h)
(Wipe it off with a soft cloth.)
(i)
(Raise the car with a jack.)
(j)
(Pull it with a chain.)
(k)
(Tie it with a rope.)
(l)
(Clean it with a brush.)
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(m)
(Wash out your mouth with mouth wash.)
(n)
(Cook with gas.)
(o)
(Open it with a can opener.)
(p)
(His eyes were bound with a black cloth.)
(q)
(Paint it with yellow paint.)
(r)
(Dry the dishes with a cloth.)
(s)
(Polish it with a cloth.)
(t)
(Drive the nail with a hammer.)
(u)
(Track it by radar.)
(v)
(Run it on electrical current.)
(w)
(Work with patience.)
(x)
(Don't drive carelessly.)
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CYCLE-73
M-1
Make a fire ©ñ¤Ä³
Underlay »º¤
Place beneath »º¤
Sit ຌຄໃ ັ
Drain
ì½®¾¨
Water ຌາໄ
Survey, inspect ¦ð¾ì¸©
Look ຽຍິໃ ຄ
Select Àìõº¡
Choose Àìõº¡
Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä´û
Have one's meal ກິຌຽຂ຺ໄາ
Wrap around ²ñ-
Hand ´õ
What will you use ? ຽ຺າໄ ຆິçû¹¨ñ¤©ñ¤Ä³?
for making a fire?
What will you use to ? ຽ຺າໄ ຆິçû¹¨ñ¤ì½®¾¨ຌາ?
ໄ
drain the water?
What will you use ? ຽ຺າໄ ຆິçû¹¨ñ¤¡ò-ຽຂ຺ໄາ?
to eat with?
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M-2
Charcoal «ú¾-
Binoculars ¡ûº¤¦úº¤
Children À©ñ¡-ûº¨
Spoon ®ú¸¤
Fork ¦ûº´
Machine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Engine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Motor À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Cloth °û¾
I'll use charcoal for making ¢ûº¨ຆິçû«ú¾-©ñ¤Ä³.
a fire.
I'll use a spoon and ໄ ຓ¡ò-ຽຂ຺ໄາ
¢ûº¨ຆິçû®ú¸¤ກ ັຍຘບ
fork to eat with.
I'll use a machine for ¢ûº¨ຆິເຆຽໄ ືໃ ບຄ¥ñ¡ì½®¾¨-Õ.
irrigating the water.
C-1
A.What will you use for building fire? A. ?
B. I'll use charcoal for a fire. B.
C-2
A. What will you use paper for? A. ? B
I'll use paper to sit on. B.
ຄໃ ຺ «¾´-ñ¡»¼-¢º¤ ຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷ ¸ú¾ À¸ì¾À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ¡½ê¿¸¼¡¤¾-µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤-…¤ «û¾¸ú¾®Ò´ó¢º¤ çûÁ-¸Ã©Á-¸-…¤ À¢ö¾
ຽ຺າໄ ¥½Ãຆຘ
ໄ ໃ ຄ຺
ິ ©Áê-? ຽຉືບຌ¸ú¾ ຽຓືໃ ບ®Ò´ó¦ûº´ ¹ìõ ®ú¸¤ À»ö¾¡ðªûº¤Ã§û´õ¡ò-ຽຂ຺ໄາ ນົື ຘິໃ ຄº•ຌ Ã꿺¤š.
NOTES
'to use' + NP + VP may be used in a similar way to + NP, i.e. to indicate the
means or device used for accomplishing something.Compare the two sentences:
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(Lit. I use spoon fork to eat.)
I eat with a spoon and fork.'
kin 'I eat with a spoon and fork.'
may be used with persons as well as things, but should only be used by a person of
superior status to one of lower status.
'I have my child go shopping for me.'
(I use my child go buy things for.)
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(H)
(b)
(They used razors to shave their heads with.)
(c)
(He uses effort to work until he is successful.)
(d) ?
.
(He is not clever since he has never used his head to advantage.)
(e)
(He uses money as a tool.)
(f)
(He didn't use a dictionary while translating the book.)
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(g)
(He uses a clean cloth to wrap his wounds with.)
(h) .
(I've never used dollars. I've only used kips.)
(i)
(He doesn't use his car carefully so it's always out of repair.)
(j)
(He uses his servant for (to go) shopping.)
(k)
(He doesn't know how to use a camera so he didn't get any pictures.)
(l) ?
(He doesn't want to be a servant since he doesn't want to be used by others.)
(m)
(Use a map for laying plans.)
(n)
(Laotians used water buffaloes for plowing.)
(o) Parker.
(He uses a Parker pen.)
(p)
(He uses his eyesight to hypnotize.)
(q) ?
(This car can't be used since its motor is dead.)
(r) .
(Everybody likes to use things that are of good quality.)
(s)
(He doesn't know how to use it.)
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2) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a) ?
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) ?
(f)
(g)
(h) ?
(i)
(j)
.
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CYCLE- 74
M-1
Calendar ¯½ªòêò-
Clock ´¤
Watch ´¤
Belt
¦¾¨ÀÀº¸
Gun ¯õ-
Army ¡º¤êñ®
Armed forces ¡º¤êñ®
Fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤
Ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹´ð
What's a calendar for? ¯½ªòêò-´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
?
What is a watch for? ? ´¤´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What is a belt for? ? ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What's an army for? ? ¡º¤êñ®´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What's a fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
for? ?
What's an ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹´ð´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
for? ?
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M-2
Load on ®ñ-ê÷¡
Transport ®ñ-ê÷¡
Tell time ®º¡À¸ì¾
Fasten »ñ©
Date ¸ñ-êó
Defend ¯ûº¤¡ñ-
Put out fire ´º©Ä³
An ambulance is for ìö©Â»¤¹´ð´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®®ñ-ê÷¡
transporting sick persons. £ö-À¥ñ®.
A clock is for telling time. ´¤´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡À¸ì¾.
A calendar is for giving ¯½ªòêò-´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡¸ñ-êó.
the date.
An armed force is for ¡º¤êñ®´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¯ûº¤¡ñ-¯½Àê©.
defending the country.
A fire engine is for ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤´óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®´º©Ä³.
putting out fires.
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C-1
A. What's a gun for? A. ?
B. A gun's for shooting. B.
C-2
A. What do we use an A.
ambulance for? ?
B. We use an ambulance for B.
transporting sick persons.
C-3
A. Is it true that an army is A.
for putting out fires? ?
B.No, an army is for B.
defending a country.
ຄໃ ຺ ùû-ñ¡»¼- ຆີÁ
ໄ ¥¤À«ò¤°ö-¯ະÂນ¨© ¢º¤ຘິໃ ຄ¢º¤Áªúì½µú¾¤ ຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷! ºñ-é´óĸû¦¿ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ ´ó¯ະÂນ¨©
µú¾¤Ã©? Áªú¤Àìœ-º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ ©¨²ະ¨¾¨¾´ ùû´ï¡ú¼¸¢ûº¤¡ï®¸¼¡¤¾ê†Áêû¥ð¤ ¢º¤-ñ¡»¼-.
NOTES
' to be on hand for use as ' occurs in the construction:
NP + + VP
'A watch is for telling time.'
The negative of this construction seldom occurs.It is
NP + + ....
....
' Shoes are not for .....'
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APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) ?
(e) ?
(f) ?
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j) .
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CYCLE -75
M-1
In the past ÀÀªú¡úº-
Previously ÀÀªú¡úº-
In the past ໃ ໄີ
ຉກ
Previously ໃ ີໄ
ຉກ
Time ¨¾´
Period ¨¾´
When ຽຓືໃ ບ
Before ¡úº-
First ¡úº-
Day ´œ
Night £õ-
Last night ´œ£óš
Finish ÀÀìû¸
Over ÀÀìû¸
Last ÀÀìû¸
Where were you previously? ? ÀÀªú¡úº-ຽ຺າໄ µúøæ?
Where were you previously? ? ໃ ຽີໄ ຺າໄ ດູເໃ ຘ?
ຉກ
Where were you at the ¨¾´¢ûº¨®Ò¦½®¾¨ ຽ຺າໄ ດູເໃ ຘ?
time that I was sick? ?
Where were you two years ຽຓືໃ ບ¦º¤¯ó¡úº- ຽ຺າໄ ດູເໃ ຘ?
ago? ?
Where were you last night? ´œ£õ-ຌີໄ ຽ຺າໄ ດູເໃ ຘ?
?
Where were you last Monday? -´œ¸ñ-¥ñ-ÀÀìû¸ຌີໄ ຽ຺າໄ ດູເໃ ຘ?
?
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M-2
Present ¯ñ©¥÷®ñ-
Nowadays ¯ñ©¥÷®ñ-
Stationed ¯½¥ð¾
Near ຓໃ
Close ຓໃ
Recently
ຽຓືໃ ບຓໃ ໂຌີໄ
Long time ©ö-
Not long ago ຽຓືໃ ບ®Ò©ôš
Pass ¡¾¨
Go past ¡¾¨
Last year ¯ñ¡¾¨š
Now ©¼¸š
At the present ©¼¸š
Presently he is being sent ¯ï©¥õ®ïš 쾸«õ¡ຘໃຄ຺ į¯½¥ð¾
to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Recently he was sent to ຽຓືໃ ບ®Ò©ôš 쾸«õ¡ຘໃຄ຺ į¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Not long ago he was sent ຽຓືໃ ບ®Ò©ôš ຖາທຊືກຘໃຄ຺ ແຎ¯½¥ð¾
to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Last year he was sent to ¯ñ¡¾¨š 쾸«õ¡ຘໃຄ຺ į¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§.
Now he is being sent to ©¼¸š 쾸«õ¡ຘໃຄ຺ į¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§.
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C-1
A.. Where is he stationed A. ?
now?
B. Right now he is stationed B.
at Pakse.
C-2
A. Where was he before? A. ?
B. Before he was in Laos. B.
C-3
A. What was he doing there? A. ?
B. He was sent to be B.
stationed there.
ຄໃ ຺ ùû-ñ¡»¼-«¾´¡ñ-À«ò¤ຽຍືບ
ໄ ຄ¹ìñ¤¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽຍິໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ À¸ì¾Ã© ຏູÃໄ ©À»ñ©¹¨ñງ? ຢ
່ æ? Áì½ ©ö- ¯¾-é? ¹ìõ¸ú¾
´óÀ¹©¡¾-ªú¾¤ໆÀ¯ñ-įÃ-ê¿-º¤Ã©ຌຶໃ ຄ? ªະຫ캩êñ¤¯½¦ö®¡¾-ªú¾¤ໆ ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ..
NOTES
1) The following list of time expressions is given for your convenience:
(a) Days of the week in order:
(b) M
?
(c) 'today', 'yesterday', 'tomorrow',
'day after tomorrow', 'day before yesterday'.
tå_å kC_Cn
(d) 'previously', 'before', sC¦ CNpii kC_Cn' 2 years ago'.
tå_å kI\i
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'the last week', 'recently'
'not long ago',
'last Tuesday',
'next Friday', 'last year'
diaw nI\i
'now', pii na³a 'next year', na|j we|ela|a n\an'at that time'.
pa|tcu|bannI\i ',
(e) 'in June 1965',
'when I was living in ...', etc.
APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) 1967
(In August 1967 I was living in Vientiane.)
(b)
(Last Thursday he went to visit his friend in the hospital.)
(c)
(I met his older sister when I was studying in Saigon.)
(d)
(H)
(e)
(Not long ago I went to Pakse by boat.)
(f) .
(Last year I still didn't how to take pictures.)
(g) ?
(Do you expect to build a house next month?)
(h)
(Last night he took them out on the town.)
(i) .
(Two weeks ago I didn't have any rice left.Now I have six bags.)
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(j)
(This contract was signed not long ago.)
(k) ?
(Was he still locked up last Tuesday?)
(l)
(Recently he paid off all his debts.)
(m) 1945.
(I left military service on September 19, 1945.)
(n)
(They were released last night at 10:30 p.m.)
(o)
(I was out of work last year.)
(p)
(At present he works at the American Embassy in Vientiane.)
(q)
(Her older brother died in July last year.)
(r) ?
(When I was a child, I like to study geography.)
(s)
(At that time I was still studying at the teacher training college.)
(t)
(The day before yesterday my mother came to visit us.)
(u)
(Every night I go to bed at 10:30 p.m.)
Answers: 1 (l) (m)
(n)(o)(p)(q)
(r)(s)(t)
(u)(v)(w)(x)
(y)
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(v) .
(I'll get to meet her in Chicago next December.)
(w)
(He was still asleep at 2:00 p.m.)
(x)
(Shops in Vientiane open at 9:00 a.m. every day.)
(y)
(I subscribe to a weekly newspaper.)
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CYCLE- 76
M-1
After ¹ìñ¤¥¾¡
Move ¨û¾¨
Join ªÒ
Extend ªÒ
Next ªÒį
Later on (future) ªÒį
next, later on (past) ªÒ´¾
After that he will get to move ¹ì拉¾¡˜ì¾ທຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨
out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾--º¡.
After this he will get to move ¹ì拉¾¡šì¾¸ຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨
out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾--º¡.
Later on he got to move ªÒ´¾ì¾¸ຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯
out to the country side. µøú®û¾--º¡.
Then he will get to move ªÒįì¾ທ ຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯
out to the country side. µøú®û¾--º¡.
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M-2
From ÀÀªú
Since then
ÀÀªú˜´¾
From now on ÀÀªúšÄ¯
Until ¥ö-
Reach À«ò¤
Get to À«ò¤
Soon ເຌຓໃ ໂຌີໄ
Future º½-¾£ö©
Near áû
Fast ĸ
In the very near Ã-ĸໆš
From that time on, did he ÀÀªú˜´¾ 쾸ĩû¨û¾¨
get to move anywhere? ? įæ®ð?
From now on will he get ÀÀªúšÄ¯ 쾸ຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨
to move anywhere? ? įæ®ð?
In the near future will he ú¾¾£ô©ºïáûš 쾸ຆິ
get to move anywhere? Ä©û¨û¾¨Ä¯Ã¦®ð?
?
In the very near future Ã-ĸໆ- šì¾¸ຆິÄ©û¨û¾¨
will he get to move ? įæ®ð?
anywhere?
C-1
A. Later on did he get tomove anywhere? A.
B. Yes, later on he got to B.
move out to the country side.
C-2
A. He will be transferred very soon, is that right?
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A. ?
B. That's right, he will be B.
transferred very soon.
A. Where will he be A. ?
transferred to?
B. He will be transferred B.
out and stationed in
the countryside.
¡¾±ò¡§ûº´ê†©ñµú¾¤…¤ ¦¿ìï®®ô©»¼š ¡ð£õ ¡¾-Áªú¤Àìœ-º¤¯½¡º® À²¾½´ó£¿¦ñ®¡ú¼¸¡ñ®À¸ì¾ ¹ì¾¨£¿. êú¾-
¥½¦¾´¾©ຽຖ຺ໃ າÀ윺 ັໄ
- ¤ ຉຄÁªú º½©ó©Ä¯¥ö-À«ò¤º½-¾£ö©Ä©û µú¾¤®Ò´ó¯ñ-¹¾Àìó¨.
NOTES
1) Certain types of time expressions can only be explained with reference to the 'present time'.
On the diagram below 'present time' is represented by the line in the center of the page.
'past' 'present' 'future'
from now on' 'from now on'
'later on' 'then'
'after that' 'after this'
'soon'
'until now'
*
'in the near future'
*
'in the very near future'
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APPLICATION
1) Read the sentences below carefully and apply the time expression that fits the best.
In some cases more than one answer is acceptable.
(a)
(b)
.
(c)
.
(d)
?
(e)
(f)
?
(g)
(h)
(i)
die
to be pregnant
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(j)
?
,
?
.
anxious, uneasy
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CYCLE-77
M-1
How much longer ºó¡©ö-¯¾-é
How many more years ºó¡¥ñ¡¯ó
How much farther ºó¡Ä¡¯¾-é
How many more days ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ
How many more hours ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆໃທ຺ ´¤
How much longer will you ຽ຺າໄ ຆິµöúš ºó¡©ö-¯¾-é?
be here? ?
How many more years will ຽ຺າໄ ຆິÀ¯ñ-ê½¹¾- ºó¡¥ñ¡¯ó?
you be in the service? ?
How much farther will ຽ຺າໄ ຆິį ºó¡Ä¡¯¾-é?
you walk? ?
How many more days will you be ຽ຺າໄ ຆິ-º-µøú»¤¹´ð ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ?
confined in the hospital? ?
How many more hours will ຽ຺າໄ ຆິÀ»ï©¸¼¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆໃທ຺ ´¤?
you be working here? ?
How many more years ຽ຺າໄ ຆິº¾ແ¦µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡¯ó?
will you live here? ?
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M-2
Two more weeks ºó¡¦º¤º¾êò©
About two or three days ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´´œ
About six or seven ºó¡¯½´¾-¹ö¡ ນົືÀ¥ñ©À©õº-
more months
Approximately ten -ñ¡»¼-ºó¡Ã-쾸¦ò®£ö-
more students
Between 15 to 20 books Ã-ì½¹¸ú¾¤¦ò®¹û¾¹¾
§¾¸¹ö¸
I will study Lao language ¢ûº¨ຆິ»¼-²¾¦¾ì¾¸ºó¡
for two more weeks. ¦º¤º¾êò©.
I will stay here for about ¢ûº¨ຆິ²ï¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´´œ.
two or three more days.
I will be working here for ¢ûº¨ຆິÀ»ï©¡¾µöúš ºó¡¯½´¾-
about six or seven more ¹ö¡-À¥ñ©À©õº-.
months.
I will have approximately ¢ûº¨ ຆິ´ó-ñ¡»¼- ºó¡Ã-쾸¦ò®
ten more students. £ö-.
I will be able to buy ¢ûº¨ຆິ§œ¯›´Ä©ûºó¡ Ã-ì½¹¸ú¾¤
between 15 to 20 more ¦ò®¹û¾¹¾§¾¸¹ö¸.
books.
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M-3
Leave the military ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾-
Receive salary Ä©û»ñ®À¤ò-À©õº-
Arrive (here) ´¾»º©
Study »¼-
Complete ¦ð¾Àìñ©
Join the military ຽຂ຺ໄາÀ¯ñ-ê½¹¾-
Leave ¥¾¡Ä¯
Go away ¥¾¡Ä¯
How much longer before ¨ñ¤ºó¡©ö-¯¾-é 쾸¥…¤ຆິ ແຈ ໄ
he gets to leave the ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾-?
service? ?
¨ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡º¾êò© 쾸¥…¤ຆິແຈ ໄ
How many more weeks
before he gets his salary? ? »ñ®À¤ò-À©õº-?
About how many more ¨ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾-¥ñ¡ຆໃທ຺ ´¤
hours before he arrives? 쾸¥…¤ຆິ´¾»º©?
?
Approximately how many ¨ñ¤ºó¡Ã-쾸¥ñ¡¯ó 쾸¥…¤ຆິ
more years before he finishes »¼-¦ð¾Àìñ©?
his studies? ?
How many more month ¨ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡À©õº- 쾸¥…ຄຆິຽຂ຺ໄາ
before he joins the À¯ñ-ê½¹¾-?
service? ?
How many more minutes ¨ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡-¾êó 쾸¥…¤ຆິ¥¾¡
before he leaves you? ? ຽ຺າໄ į?
How many more days before ¨ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡ຓືໄ 쾸¥…¤ຆິ ÀÀ¯¤
?
he finishes fixing cars? ìö©ÀÀìû¸?
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M-4
Four ຘີໃ
Hour ຆໃທ຺ ´¤
Not a very long time ®Ò©ö-¯¾-é
Not many hours ®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆໃທ຺ ´¤
Four or five days ຘີໃ -¹û¾´œ
Less than a month ®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº-
Not more than three weeks ®ÒÀ¡ó-¦¾´º¾êò©
Exactly half an hour ຽິໃ ຄຆໃທ຺ ´¤²ð©ó
In about four more hours. ¨ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾-ຘີໃ ຆໃທ຺ ´¤.
In not much longer. ¨ñ¤ºó¡®Ò©ö-¯¾-é.
In not many more hours. ¨ñ¤ºó¡®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆໃທ຺ ´¤.
In four or five days ¨ñ¤ºó¡ຘີໃ -¹û¾´œ.
In less than a month. ¨ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº-.
In not more than three weeks. ¨ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ¡ó-¦¾´º¾êò©.
In exactly half an hour. ¨ñ¤ºó¡ຽິໃ ຄຆໃທ຺ ´¤²ð©ó.
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C-1
A. How much longer will you A.
studying the Lao language? ?
B. I'll be studying Lao for thirty B.
more weeks.
C-2
A. About how many more year A.
will you be in the service? ?
B. I'll be in the service for about B.
two more years.
C-3
A. Approximately how many A.
more hours will you walk? ?
B. I'll walk for approximately B.
two more hours.
C-4
A. How many more weeks A.
will you be with her? ?
B. I'll be with her about two or B.
three more weeks.
C-5
A. How many more hours A.
before he arrives? ?
B. In not many more hours. B.
C-6
A. How much longer before he A.
gets his salary? ?
B. In not more than two weeks. B.
C-7
A. How many more month before A.
he gets out of the service? ?
B. In less than a month. B.
C-8
A. How much longer before A.
he arrives [there]? ?
B. In one and a half more hours. B.
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£¿¸ú¾"¨ñ¤"š -ñ¡»¼-¡ðÀ£ó¨Ä©û»¼-´¾¡úº-Áìû¸, ´óÁªú "ºó¡" Àê‣¾˜ê†À¢ô¾ຽ຺າໄ ªûº¤¹ñ©Ã§û. ຄໃ ຺ ùû -ñ¡»¼- «¾´
¡ñ-ຽຍິໃ ຄ¸ú¾ ¨ñ¤ºó¡©ö-¯¾-éð ຆິÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ¨ñ¤ºó¡©ö-¯¾-饽´óÀ¹©¡¾- µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤-…¤À¡ó©¢›? Áì½
ªÒ˜Ä¯À©?
NOTES
1) means 'to be more, additional'.When it is followed by Time Expressions, it
refers to a period of time beginning at the present and continuing.The focus is on the
amount of time involved.
'I will be a soldier for six more years.'
2) + Time Expressions also refers to a period of time beginning at the present
time and continuing, but the focus is on an event which will take place after a certain
period of time.
'In six more years I'll get out of the service.'
+ Time Expression at the beginning of the sentences; whereas, + Time
Expression comes at the end.
APPLICACTION
1. Fill in the blanks below using the English as a guide:
(a)
(How many more minutes will she stand there?
(b)
(I'll teach at this school for approximately 3 more years.)
(c)
(How much longer will she have to type?)
(d)
(In about 2 more days he will be out of bread.)
(e)
(How much longer will she be asleep?)
(f)
(It will not be more than three weeks before he recovers.)
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(g)
(I will not wait here many minutes more.)
(h)
(In less than six hours more I'll go home.)
(i)
(In about 10 minutes more he'll be out of work.)
(j)
(In 5 or 6 more days the book will be finished.)
(k) ?
(How many more weeks before he gets drafted into the army?)
(l) ?
(How much longer do you plan to stay here?)
(m)
(In less than half a day I will have the opportunity to meet him.)
(n)
(It will not be very many more years before I retire.)
(o) ?
(How many more weeks will you go to attend the conference abroad.)
(p)
(It will not be many more hours before I can go to bed.)
(q)
(How many more books will you buy?)
(r)
(How much more time do we have to study?)
2) Cover the Lao and see if you can translate the English back into Lao.
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CYCLE- 78
M-1
Normally ª¾´êð¾´½©¾
Mainly ¦ú¸-´¾¡
Sometimes 쾤ຽືໃ ບ
Some days 쾤´œ
Generally
©¨຺ໃ ທįÀÀìû¸
In particular ©¨¦½À²¾½
Sometimes ®¾¤À¸ì¾
What kind of food do they ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ ¢ະຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò-
normally like to eat? ? º¾¹¾-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ¦ú¸-´¾¡ ¢ະຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò- º¾¹¾-
mainly like eat? ? ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ©¨຺ໃ ທįÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò-
ike to eat generally? ? º¾¹¾-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡
like to eat in particular? ? ¡ò-º¾¹¾-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
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M-2
Spicy food º¾¹¾-À°ñ©
Salty food º¾¹¾-À£ñ´
Sweets ¢º¤¹¸¾-
Sour food º¾¹¾-ຘຓໄ຺
Bland food º¾¹¾-¥õ©
Native food º¾¹¾-ຑືໄຌÀ´õº¤
Exotic food º¾¹¾-ªú¾¤¯½Àê©
They normally like to eat ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò-
spicy food. º¾¹¾-À°ñ©.
They mainly like eat salty ¦ú¸-´¾¡ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò- º¾¹¾-À£ñ´.
food.
Sometimes they like to 쾤ຽືໃ ບ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò-¢º¤¹¸¾-.
have sweets.
Some days they like eat 쾤ຓືໄ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò- º¾¹¾-ຘຓ຺ໄ
sour food.
Generally they like bland ©¨êö¸Ä¯ÀÀìû¸À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡ ¡ò-
food. º¾¹¾-¥õ©.
Particularly they like to ©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡
eat native food. ¡ò-º¾¹¾-ຑືໄຌÀ´õº¤.
Sometimes they like to ®¾¤À¸ì¾ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´ñ¡¡ò-
eat exotic food. º¾¹¾-ªú¾¤¯½Àê©.
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C-1
A. Normally what kind of A.
food do you like to eat? ?
B. Normally I like spicy food B.
C-2
A. What kind of food will you have? A. ?
B. I will have Japanese food. B.
A. The Japanese food is bland isn't it? A. ?
B. That's right, normally the Japanese B.
like to eat bland food.
¢¼-Àìœ-º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ ©¨®ñ쨾¨À«ò¤-ò¦ñ¨ ¢º¤®õ¡£ôꆦô´´õ©¢›ຏູ-
ໄ …¤¸ú¾ 쾤ຽືໃ ບ쾸´ñ¡À»ñ© ¹¨ñ¤? Áì½
®¾¤À¸ì¾º•ºó¡À©? ຈຄໃ ັ ¤šªÒໆį. ©¼¸šï¡»¼¢º¤êú¾¡î£¸¥½ຽທ຺ໄາ²¾¦¾ 쾸ĩû ¹ì¾¨Àªó®Áìû¸. ¦½˜,
êú¾-¥ö¤§¸-À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ຖ ຺ຓÀìœ-º¤ªú¾¤ໆ ê†À¡ñ©ຂຶ-
ໄ ¯½¥¿¸ñ- ©¨ ùûÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ ´óº¡¾©Ä©ûຽທ຺ໄາ¹ì¾¨ê†¦õ©. ê駱¡î
À²າະùûÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ À¡ó©£¸¾´À£ó¨§ò- Ã-¡¾-¦½Á©¤ັຈຘະ-½¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ À¯ñ-²¾¦¾ì¾¸. ªÒįÀ¢ö¾ ຽ຺າໄ ¡ð¥½
£úº¨ໆ´ó£¸¾´À§•ໝ ັໄ
- ຌເ-ªö -Àº¤ ¹ì¾¨ງິໃ ຄໂ¢›.
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APPLICATION
1. Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide:
(a)
(Normally I don't get up until 10 o'clock.)
(b)
(Sometimes she stays up late watching TV.)
(c)
(My wife dislikes dogs in particular.)
(d)
(Some days in Winter it rains all day.)
(e)
(Most farmers use water buffaloes for plowing rice fields.)
(f)
(I usually eat lunch by myself.)
(g)
(Normally I work on Saturday.)
(h) ?
(They mainly eat fish and sea food.)
(i)
(Normally he speaks English.)
(j)
(Sometimes I have to wait 2 hours for her to come home.)
(k)
(She generally comes 20 to 30 minutes late.)
(l)
(I like dessert in particular.)
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CYCLE- 79
M-1
Must ¥½ªûº¤
Ought to £¸-¥½
Might º¾©¥½
Be likely £õຆິ
It will be necessary ¥ð¾À¯ñ-ªûº¤
Probably £ö¤¥½
«û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆິį 쾸¥½ªûº¤
If he is going, he must
choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he ought «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ຆິį 쾸£¸-¥½
to choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he might «û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆິį 쾸º¾©¥½
choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he will be «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆິį 쾸£õຆິ Àìõº¡
likely to choose a guide. Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, it will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆິį 쾸¥ð¾À¯ñ-
be necessary for him to ªûº¤Àìõº¡Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
choose a guide.
If he is going, he will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆິį 쾸£ö¤¥½
probably choose a guide. Àìõº¡ Àºö¾-¾¨ê¾¤.
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M-2
Be fired «õ¡Äìúºº¡
Appoint ÀÀªú¤ຉຄັ ໄ
Chief ¹ö¸¹-û¾
Boss -¾¨
Chosen to be the chairman «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À¯ñ-¯½ê¾-
Decide to let you stay ªñ©¦ò-åùûÀຽ຺າໄ µøú
Consent to letting you take leave À¹ñ-©óùûຽ຺າໄ ì¾²ñ¡
Issue an order to arrest him ໃ ັ ùû¥ñ®ì¾¸
ºº¡£ð¾ຘຄ
Agree to free them ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
be fired. «õ¡Äìúºº¡.
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
be appointed to be a chief. ັ ໄ -¹ö¸¹-û¾.
«õ¡ÀÀªú¤ຉຄÀ¯ñ
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
be chosen to be the «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À¯ñ-¯½ê¾-.
chairman.
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
decide to let you stay. ªñ©¦ò-åùûຽ຺າໄ µúø.
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
consent to letting youtake leave. À¹ñ-©óùûຽ຺າໄ ì¾²ñ¡.
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
issue an order to arrest him. ໃ ັ ùû¥ñ®ì¾¸.
ºº¡£ð¾ຘຄ
Before he goes, he might ¡úº-쾸 ຆິį쾸º¾©¥½
agree to free them. ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
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C-1
A. What is he going to do before he goes? A.
?
B. He will choose a guide. B.
C-2
A. Might he do something A.
before he goes? (is it probable) ?
B. Before he goes, he might B.
decide to free them.
C-3
A. Before he goes, will it be A.
necessary for him to let
you take leave? ?
B. Yes, before he goes, it is B.
necessary for him to let
me take leave.
¨ï¤ºñ¡®ÒÀê‣¾Ã©®ô©»¼ ¯›´¹ô¸š¡î¥½¥ô®Áìû¸. ¦½˜ຈ ່ ງໝ ຶ ມ´£õ-ÀìÛ¨ໆ. Áì½ «û¾À¹ñ-¸ú¾ À¢ö¾
່ ນ²¾-ñ¡»¼-
Àຈ
ໍ້ າ¨ñ¤ºúºນªº-é ¡ðຈ ່ ອ´ó¡¾-¦ö-ê½-¾¡ñ- êú¾-¡ðº¾©¥½¥¿À¯ñ-ªûº¤Ã§û £¿
່ ງ²¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾±ô¡§ûº´ºó¡. Àມ
ù´úÀ¯ñ-®¾¤£¿. Áªú¡¾-ùû£¿Ã¹´úÁ¡ú-ñ¡»¼-¹ì¾¨À¡ó-į º¾©¥½À»ñ©Ã¹û-ñ¡»¼-À¡ó©£¸¾´ທໍ້ «º¨¡ðÄ©û.
NOTES
1) Words which occur in the position between NO (Subject) and MV are called 'preverbs'.
One of the most important groups of preverbs are the 'modals':
. Each of these words is used
in a wide range of situations, and there is some overlap in their usage in Lao. It is, therefore,
difficult to indicate their meaning briefly.The following description is meant as a general guide
only.The only good way to learn how to use them is to observe the situations in which Lao
speakers use each them and to imitate their usage.
(a) () 'm, have to'. The situation requires it.
'We have to pay our electric bill.'
(b) 'should, ought to'. Social or normal obligation or expectation.
'You shouldn't eat too much.
(c) 'may, might'. 'Likelihood, expectation, possibility.'
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'He may be very ill.'
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(d) 'may, might'. Similar to
'It may be so.'
(e) 'it is likely'. Probability.
'It is likely that he doesn't know.'
APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
?
(She probably won't sell out her goods, since there aren't very many people going to the
market today.)
(b) ?
(They don't have a car and there are no cars on this road.They must necessarily walk.)
(c) ?
(He may come since he will have finished his work today.)
(d)
(Maintaining good health is the thing we must do.)
(e)
b
(It's two hours past the time now.He must not be coming at all.)
(f)
(He has to pay the rent on his house at the beginning of each month.)
(g)
(He will have to go pick up his wife before going to eat.)
(h)
(If you apologize to him, he may forgive you.)
(i)
He's been going for 4 hours already.He must have arrived by now.)
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(j) my
(If (we) know it's not good, we shouldn't do it.)
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(k) ?
(He may not eat since the food is very hot (peppery).)
(l)
(Children should listen to the advice of their parents.)
(m)
During the times when he is out of work, he must seek money by any means or other.)
(n)
?
(He may die since the doctor doesn't have any medicine to cure him.)
(o)
?
(He will have to go buy food at the market because he doesn't have any food.)
(p)
(When he has money, he should save it for time of need.)
(q)
Now he is very poor.He has to beg for food.)
(r)
(There's not much gas in the car, we may not get there.)
(s)
?
(I think he may not be able to go at all because he has a lot of work.)
(t)
(They are very much in love.I think they should be very happy after they get married.)
(u)
Answers: 1
(k)?(l)(m)(n)?(o)(p)
(q)(r)(s) (t)?(u)
(v)(w)?are practically interchangeable and
?
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(I heard she has been wanting to go to the movies for a long time, if you ask her, she may
go.)
(v)
?
(He will have to go look for them because he needs them.)
(w)
(Parents should train their children so that when they grow up they'll be good people.)
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CYCLE- 80
M-1
Laos
À´õº¤ì¾¸
See À¹ñ-
Animal ¦ñ©
Strange ¯½¹ì¾©
Taste §ó´
Meat ໄ
ຆີຌ
Flesh ໄ
ຆີຌ
Water buffalo £¸¾¨
Newspaper ¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Criticize ªòª¼-
Compliment ¨ûº¤
Drafted «õ¡À¡-
Have you ever been to Laos?
ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨Ä©ûįÀ´õº¤ì¾¸®ð?
?
Have you ever seen a ? ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨À¹ñ-¦ñ©¯½¹ì¾©®ð?
strange animal?
Have you ever tasted ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨§ó´ຆີຌ
ໄ £¸¾¨®ð?
water buffalo meat? ?
Have you ever read the ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨Ä©ûºú¾-¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Xat Lao Newspaper? ? §¾©ì¾¸®ð?
Have you ever beencriticized? ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡ªòª¼-®ð?
?
Have you ever been ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
complimented by them? ? ¨ûº¤¨ð®ð?
Have you ever been drafted? ຽ຺າໄ À£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¡-À¯ñ-
? ê½¹¾-®ð?
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M-2
Yes. (I have .. . .) À£ó¨.
No. (I have never . ) ®Ò, ¨ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨.
M-3
Have been to Laos Ä©ûįÀ´õº¤ì¾¸
Experiment êö©ìº¤
Yes, I have been to Laos À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨Ä©ûįÀ´õº¤ì¾¸
many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽືໃ ບÀÀìû¸.
Yes, I have experimented À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨ແຈ ໄ êö©ìº¤
many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽືໃ ບÀÀìû¸.
M-4
Use this kind çûÀÀ¸š
Smoke ¦ø®
Opium µ¾ຐິໃ ຌ
Think £ò©
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾-
No, I have never used this ®Ò, ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©ûçû
kind at all. ÀÀ¸š¥ï¡ຽືໃ ບ
No, I have never smoked ®Ò, ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©û¦ø®
opium at all. µ¾ຐິໃ ຌ¥ñ¡ຽືໃ ບ
No, I have never thought ®Ò, ¢ûº¨¨ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨£ò©¥½
of getting married at all. ÀÀªú¤¤¾-¥ñ¡ຽືໃ ບ
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C-1
A. Have you ever been criticized? A. ?
B. Yes. B.
C-2
A. Has he ever been to Laos? A. ?
B. No. B.
C-3
A. Have you ever read the Sat A.
Lao Newspaper? ?
B. Yes, I have read the Sat B. Lao
Newspaper two or three times
already.
C-4
A. Have you ever been A.
arrested by the police? ?
B No, I have never been B.
arrested by the police.
່ ງ ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾-çû£¿¸ú¾ " À£ó¨ ". À¢ö¾Àຈ
îô©š¡î´ñÁªúùû«¾´ï¡»¼Àບ ໍ້ າÀ£ó¨ ¹ìõ ®ÒÀ£ó¨À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Á©ú?
NOTES
1) + VP is used to indicate that someone has experienced something.
'I have been to Laos.'
? 'Have you ever had a cold?'
2) + VP corresponds roughly to the passive in English. It occurs only with a very
limited numbers of verbs, most of which have unpleasant connotations.
?? 'Were you criticized?'
If an Agent is indicated, it occurs after before VP:
(He was by a policeman arrested)
'He was arrested by the policeman.'
3) The two constructions above frequently occur together:
? 'Have you ever been locked up?'
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APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I have never seen that man before in my life.)
(b) ?
(Were you ever arrested by the police?)
(c)
(My younger sister was bitten 3 times by a dog.)
(d)
(Her oldest son was killed in the war.)
(e)
(They have never lived in Luang Prabang.)
(f) .
(Last year she had the flu 2 times.)
(g)
(He has never been out of a job.)
(h) ? .
(Have you ever been to war? Not yet.)
(i) ?
(Were you drafted? Yes, I was.)
(j) ? .
(Have you read today's newspaper? Yes, 2 or 3 times.)
(k)
(He has never been completely out of debt.)
(l)
(I have never learned how to repair cars.)
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CYCLE- 81
M-1
Go with me į-ð¾¢ûº¨
Have ´ó
Money À¤ò-
Respect -ñ®«õ
Religion ¦¾¦-¾
Buddhism ¦¾¦-¾²÷©
Believe in Buddhism -ñ®«õ¦¾¦-¾²÷©
Exchange for ÀÀì¡ (Àºö¾)
Follow ªò©ª¾´
Keep up ªò©ª¾´
News ¢ú¾¸
Represent ª¾¤¹-û¾
Representative ໍ້ ª¾¤¹-û¾
ຜ
Volunteer º¾¦¾¦´ñ¡
Is there anybody going with me? ´óðຆິį-ð¾¢ûº¨®ð?
?
Is there anybody who has money?? ´óð´óÀ¤ò-®ð?
Is there anyone that believes in ´óð-ñ®«õ¦¾ດ¦ະຫ-¾²÷©®ð?
Buddhism? ?
Is there anybody who wants to ´ó𵾡ÀÀì¡Àºö¾
exchange (other money) ? À¤ò-©쾮ð?
for dollars?
Is there anybody who wants ´ñ𵾡ªð©ª¾´¢ú¾¸š®î?
to keep up with the news? ?
Is there anybody who wants ໍ້ ª¾¤¹-û¾
´ó𵾡À¯ñ-ຜ
to be our representative? ? ²¸¡À»ö¾®ð?
Is there anybody who ´ó𵾡º¾¦¾¦ະຫ´ñ¡®ð?
wants volunteer? ?
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M-2
Help §úº¨À¹ìõº
Assist §úº¨À¹ìõº
Guarantee ¯½¡ñ-
Safety £¸¾´¯º©Ä²
Report 쾨¤¾-
Lay out a plan ¸¾¤ÀÀ°-¡¾-
Supervise £¸®£÷´
Give them advice ùû£ð¾ÀÀ-½-ð¾
Yes, we will go help them. ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆິį§úº¨À¹ìõºÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
Yes, we will guarantee ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆິ¯½¡ñ-£¸¾´¯º©Ä²
their safety. ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
Yes, we will make reports ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆິÀ»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾-ùûຽຑິໃ ຌ.
to him.
Yes, we will lay out the ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆິÀ¯ñ-ຜ
ໍ້ ¸¾¤ÀÀ°-¡¾-.
plan.
Yes, we will supervise ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆິ£¸®£÷´À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
them.
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M-3
There is no one to go help ®Ò´óð ຆິį§úº¨À¹ìõº úÀ¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
them.
There is no one to ®Ò´óð ຆິ¯½¡ñ-£¸¾´¯º©Ä²
guarantee their safety. ¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
There is no one to make ®Ò´óðÀ»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾-ùຽຑິໃ ຌ.
reports to them.
There is no one to give ®Ò´óðùû£ð¾ÀÀ-½-ð¾ÀÀ¡ú À¢ö¾ຽ຺າໄ
advice to them.
C-1
A. Is there anybody that is going to help A.?
him?
B. Yes, I will go help him. B.
C-2
A. Is there anybody who wants to A.
? keep up with this news?
B. Yes, she wants to keep up B.
with this news.
A. Is there anybody who A.? who
wants to volunteer?
B. No, nobody does. B.
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NOTES
1) The verb may have Sentence Complements when it occurs without NP (Subject).
(NP ) VP (Q)
V S
NP VP
VP NP
mI|i pha¦ j mI|i NÌ|n (bCC)
'There is someone (who) has money.'
The indefinite pronoun 'someone, anyone' (as contrasted with question word
'who') can not occur as NP (Subject) except in included sentences.
APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
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?
(h) ?
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CYCLE - 82
M-1
Oil ໍ້ າ´ñ-
ນ
Get from Ä©û´¾¥¾¡
Pig ¹´ø
Water ນໍ້ າ
Come outof ºº¡´¾¥¾¡
Eyes ª¾
Envoy êø©
Military ê½¹¾-
Crab ¡½¯ø
Live º¾ແ¦
Sea ê½Àì
Fish ¯¾
Fresh water ໍ້ າ¥õ©
ນ
How do we call liquid that ໄ າີໃ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ ໄ ºº¡´¾¥¾¡
comes out of the eyes? ? ª¾ ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call an envoy ໄ êø©ີໃ À¯ñ-ê½¹¾-
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who is in the military service? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
continued...
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M-1 Continued
What do we call crabs ໄ ¡½¯ີໃ øº¾ແ¦µøúÃ-
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
that live in the sea? ? ê½Àì ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
What do we call fish that ໄ ຎາີໃ º¾ແ¦µøúÃ-
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
ive in fresh water? ? -Õ¥õ© ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
M-2
Lard ໄ -¹´ø
ຌາ´ñ
Orange juice ໄ
ຌາ¹´¾¡¡û ¼¤
Honey ໄ ໄຄ
ຌາຽຏິ
Tears ໄ
ຌາª¾
Military attache êø©ê½¹¾-
Sea crabs ¡½¯øê½Àì
Fresh water fish ໄ ©
¯¾ຌາ¥õ
We call the liquid that ໄ ຌາີໃ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ ໄ ºº¡´¾
comes out of the eyes, ໄ
¥¾¡ª¾¸ú¾ ຌາª¾.
tears.
We call an envoy who is ໄ êø©ີໃ À¯ñ-ê½¹¾-
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
in the military service, ¸ú¾ êø©ê½¹¾-.
a military attache.
continued...
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M-2 Continued
We call fish that live in ໄ ¯¾ີໃ º¾ແ¦ດູໃ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
fresh-water, fresh-water ໄ ©¸ú¾ ¯¾ຌາ¥õ
ຌາ¥õ ໄ ©.
fish.
C-1
A. What is fresh-water fish? A. ?
B. Fresh-water fish are fish B.
that live in fresh-water.
îô©»¼®ô©š ∑ ®ö©ªÒໆį -ñ¡»¼-¡ð´óÁªú¥½±ô¡¹ñ©¡ú¼ທ¡ñ® §º¡ຽຂ຺ໄາÃ¥ ¹´¾¨¢º¤£¿¹ìõທາໃ ¯½¡º®
£¿ªú¾¤ໆ ∑²¾¦¾¨ï¤´ñºñ¡¹ì¾¨¸ðêñ¡¸ú¾šË ຄໃ ຺ £ò©ື-Àºö¾´¾¦º-À¢ö¾çªÚ´Àຍິໃ ¤©÷!
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CYCLE- 83
M-1
Shy
º¾¨
Lazy ¢š£û¾
Afraid µû¾-
Lie
ªö¸½
Steal ìñ¡
Cheat ¡¤
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-່ທº¾¨µøúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who is always shy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ ຺ຌີໃ¢š£û¾µöúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who is always lazy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ µû¾-µøúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who is always afraid? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ຉ ຺ທະµøúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who's given to lying? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ìñ¡µøúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who's given to stealing? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
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M-2
Forgetful ìõ´
Grumble ແ®ú
Stingy ¢š«†
Brag £÷¨
Drunk À´ö¾
Cry Ĺû
We call a person who's
ໄ ຺ຌີໃຖືຓ µøúຽຖືໄບງໂ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
given to forgetting, a
¸ú¾ £ô¢šìó´.
forgetful person.
We call a person who's ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¢š«†µöúຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
given to stinginess, a ¸ú¾ £ô¢š«†.
stingy person.
We call a person who is ໄ £ö-ີໃ À´ö¾ຽຖືໄບງໆ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
always drunk, a drunkard. ¸ú¾ £ô¢šÀ´ô¾.
We call a person who's ໄ £ö-ີໃ ເນດ
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ ໄ ຽູໃ ຖືໄບງໆ
given to crying, a cry baby. ¸ú¾ £ô¢šÄ¹û.
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M-3
Jailbird £ô¢š£÷¡
Cardshark £ô¢šÄ²û
Opium addict
£ô¢šµ¾
Sickly person £ô¢š²½¨¾©
Leper £ô¢šêö©
Alcoholic £ö-¢šຽນົ຺ໄ າ
What's a jailbird? ? £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What's a opium addict?? £ô¢šµ¾ ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What's a sickly person? £ö-¢š²½¨¾© ÀÀ´ú-£ö-
? ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
? £ô¢šຽນົ຺ໄ າ ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ÀÀ-¸Ã©?
What's an alcoholic?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 396
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M-4
In and out of jail, (to be) ªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝີ
Play cards ນົິໄຌIJû
Gambling ¡¾-²½-ñ-
Addicted to opium ªò©µ¾ຐິໃ ຌ
Drink to excess ຺ໄ
ຈືໃ ຓຽນູົາ¹ì¾¨À¡ó -į
Always sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨µøú¦ະຽໝີ
A jailbird is a person £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝີ.
who is in and out of jail.
A cardsharp is a person £ô¢šÄ² ûÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ນົິໄຌIJû
who plays cards for money À¯ñ-¡¾-²½-ñ-.
An opium addict is a person £ô¢šµ¾ÀÀ´ú£ô່ທªò©µ¾ຐິໃ ຌ.
who is addicted to opium.
An alcoholic is a person £ö-ຂີຽໄ ນົ຺ໄ າÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ່ ດມຽນົ຺ໄ າ
who drinks to excess. ນົ¾¨À¡ó-į.
C-1
A. What do we call a person A.
who is always shy? ? B. We
call a person who is B. always shy, a
shy person.
C-2
A. What's a jailbird? A.
?
B. A jailbird is the person B.
who is in and out of jail.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 397
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CYCLE - 84
M-1
Work with wood À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä´û
Fix cars ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
Work with electricity À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä³³û¾
Build houses ¯÷¡À»õº-
Make things out of gold ªó£ð¾
Make things out of iron ªóÀ¹ìñ¡
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö©¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who fixes cars? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who works with electricity? ij³û¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¯÷¡À»õº-¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who builds houses? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person who ໄ £ö-ີໃ ªó£ð¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
makes things out of gold??
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 398
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M-2
A wood worker §ú¾¤Ä´û
Car mechanic §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
An electrician §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾
House-builder
§ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº-
A watch repair man §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤Â´¤
A blacksmith §ú¾¤ªóÀ¹ìñ¡
A goldsmith §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾
We call a person who fixes ໄ £ö- ີໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö©¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
cars, a car mechanic. §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©.
ໄ £ö-ີໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®
We call a person who works À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
with electricity, electrician. ij³û¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾.
We call a person who builds ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¯÷¡À»õº-¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
houses, a house builder. §ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº-.
We call a person who makes ໄ £ö-ີໃ ªó£ð¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾.
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
things out of gold,
a goldsmith.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 399
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M-3
Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´
Builder
§ú¾¤ກໃ ¦û¾¤
Photographer §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®
Tailor §ú¾¤ªñ©Àືໃ º¤-ú÷¤
Painter §ú¾¤ê¾¦ó
Painter §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´
ໄ ໃ ີ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
What does a barber do? §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ´ú- ຏູ
?
What does a builder do? §ú¾¤ກໃ ¦û¾¤ÀÀ´ú- ຏູໄ ີໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
?
What does a photographer ໄ ໃ ີÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
§ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ´ú- ຏູ
?
ໄ ໃ ີÀ»ñ©
What does a tailor do? §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤-ú÷¤ÀÀ´ú- ຏູ
? ¹¨ñ¤?
ໄ ໃ ີÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
What does a painter do? §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ´ú- ຏູ
?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 400
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M-4
Know how to cut hair ªñ©°ö´À¯ñ-
Know how to build ກໃ ¦û¾¤À¯ñ-
Know how to tailor ªñ©À£Úº¤-ú÷¤À¯ñ-
Know how to take pictures «ú¾¨»ø®À¯ñ-
Know how to paint 꾦óÀ¯ñ-
Know how to paint (pictures)
ÀÀªû´»ø®À¯ñ-
A barber is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ´ú- £ö-ີໃ ªñ©°ö´À¯ñ-.
knows how to cut hair.
A builder is a person who §ú¾¤ກໃ ¦û¾¤ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ກໃ ¦û¾¤À¯ñ-.
knows how to build.
A tailor is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤-ú÷¤ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ªñ©
Knows how to make ຽືໃ ບຄ-ú÷¤À¯ñ-.
clothing. .
A photographer is a person §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ «ú¾¨»ø®À¯ñ-.
who knows how to take
pictures.
A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ 꾦óÀ¯ñ-.
knows how to paint. .
A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ÀÀªû´»ø®À¯ñ-.
knows how to paint
pictures.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 401
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C-1
A. What do we call a person A.
who works with wood? ?
B. We call a person who works B.
with wood, a woodworker.
C-2
A. What does a barber do? A.
?
B. A barber is a person who B.
knows how to cut hair. .
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 402
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CYCLE - 85
M-1
Go to school į»¤»¼-
Study (at a high level) ¦ô¡¦¾
Travel êúº¤êú¼¸
Rob other people ¯÷û-£ö-º•
Investigate ¦õ®¦¸-
Fight in a war ປ ຺ຍÀ¦ò¡
Compose songs ÀÀªú¤À²¤
What do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ į»¤»¼-¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
?
who goes to school?
What do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¦ô¡¦¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who studies at a high level? ?
What do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ êúº¤êú¼¸¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who is travelling? ?
ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¯÷û-£ö-º•¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
?
who robs other people?
What do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¦õ®¦¸-¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who investigates? ?
What do we call a person ໄ £ö-ີໃ ປ ຺ຍÀ¦ò¡¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
who fights in a war? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 403
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M-2
Pilot a plane ¢ñ®À»õº®ò-
Pilot -ñ¡®ò-
Writer -ñ¡¢¼-
Dance well ັ ໄ ¾À¡„¤
Àຉìî
Dancer ັໄ ¾
-ñ¡Àຉ-ìð
Like to go out and face danger ´ñ¡ºº¡°½¥ö-IJ
Good in singing »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤
Singer -ñ¡»ûº¤
Boxer -ñ¡´¸¨
We call the person who ໄ £ö- ີໃ ¢ñ®À»õº®ò-¸ú¾ -ñ¡®ò-.
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
pilots a plane, a pilot.
We call the person who ໄ £ö-ີໃ ¢¼-¯›´¸ú¾ -ñ¡¢¼-.
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
writes books, an author.
We call the person who ໄ £ö-ີໃ ´ñ¡ºº¡°½¥ö-IJ¸ú¾
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
likes to go out and faces -ñ¡°½¥ö-IJ.
danger, a daredevil.
ໄ £ö-ີໃ »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤¸ú¾
We call the person who is À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
good in singing, a singer. -ñ¡»ûº¤.
We call the person who ໄ £ö-ີໃ ªñ´¸¨À¡„¤¸ú¾ -ñ¡´¸¨.
À»ö¾ຽບີຌ
boxes well, a boxer.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 404
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M-3
Musician -ñ¡©ö-ຉຕີ
Scientist -ñ¡¸ò꨾¦¾©
Diplomat -ñ¡¡¾-êø©
Politician -ñ¡¡¾-À´õº¤
Athlete -ñ¡¡óì¾
Journalist -ñ¡¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Prisoner -ñ¡Âê©
What's a musician? ? -ñ¡©ö-ªóëÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a scientist? ?-ñ¡¸ò꨾¦¾©ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a diplomat? ? -ñ¡¡¾-êø©ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a politician? ? -ñ¡¡¾-À´õº¤ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's an athlete? ? -ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a journalist? ? -ñ¡¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a prisoner? ? -ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ´ú- ¹¨ñ¤?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 405
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M-4
Play music well ນົິໄຌ©ôªëñÀ¡„¤
Study and carry out research ຺ໄ
¦ô¡¦¾-£¸û ¾ê¾¤©û¾-
in the field of science. ¸ò꨾¦¾©
Official in the embassy ຽ຺າໄ ¹-û¾ີໃ 꾤¡¾-
µúøÃ-¦½«¾-êø©
Work in politics ນົີໄຌ¡¾-À´õº¤
Play sport ນົິໄຌ¡óì¾
Write for anewspaper ¢¼-¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Imprisoned ªò©£÷¡
A musician is a person -ñ¡©ö-ªëóÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ນົິໄຌ
who plays music well. ©ö-ຉຕີຽ¡„¤.
A diplomat is a person -ñ¡¡¾-êø©ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ
who is an official in the À¯ñ-ຽ຺າໄ ¹-û¾ີໃ 꾤¡¾-
embassy. µøúÃ-¦½«¾-êø©.
A politician is a person -ñ¡¡¾-À´õº¤ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ນົີໄຌ
who works in politics. ¡¾-À´õº¤.
A athlete is a person -ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ´ú-£ö-ີໃ ນົີໄຌ¡óì¾.
who plays sports.
continued...
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 406
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M-4 Continued
A journalist is a person who -ñ¡¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ´ú- £ö-ີໃ ¢¼-
writes for a newspaper. ¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹-ñ¤¦õ²ò´.
A prisoner is a person -ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ´ú- £ö-ີໃ ªò©£÷¡.
who is imprisoned.
C-1
A. What do we call a person A.
who goes to school? ?
B. We call a person who B.
goes to school, a student.
C-2
A. What do we call a person A.
who pilots a plane? ?
B. We call a person who B.
pilots a plane, a pilot.
C-3
A. What's a musician? A. ?
B. A musician is a person B.
who plays music well.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM 407
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