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Luis Miguel Ferrer

Hossein Esmaeili
Delia Lacasta
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Juan José Ramos

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 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... V Defects of the nervous system...................................................................................................................................................... 31

Skin defects...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Authors............................................................................................................................................. VI Albinism.................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Congenital photosensitization.............................................................................................................................................. 32
Foreword........................................................................................................................................VIII Hypertrichosis....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Hypotrichosis......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Preface............................................................................................................................................... X Cutaneous asthenia.............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Skin aplasia............................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Bullous epidermolysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Cardiovascular system................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 1: Persistent atrial and ventricular perforation..................................................................................................................... 34
Congenital diseases ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Tetralogy of Fallot.................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Craniofacial congenital disorders.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Patent ductus arteriosus...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Acephaly and anencephaly..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Lymphangiomas.................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Hydrocephalus/hydranencephaly......................................................................................................................................... 3 Single monsters............................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Meningocele............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Schistosomus reflexus............................................................................................................................................................ 36
Encephalocele......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Perosomus elumbis................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Microtia and anotia.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Mola........................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Nasal defects........................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Compound monsters....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Mouth defects.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Monsters in H........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Defects of the eye and attached structures......................................................................................................................... 9 Monsters in Y......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Congenital blindness.............................................................................................................................................................11 Monsters in λ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Holoprosencephaly................................................................................................................................................................12 Foetal diseases................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Polycerism and polled animals............................................................................................................................................12 Ascites.................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Defects of the digestive system.....................................................................................................................................................14 Anasarca................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Anal atresia.............................................................................................................................................................................14 Congenital goitre................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Intestinal hypoplasia..............................................................................................................................................................14
Gallbladder defects................................................................................................................................................................15 Chapter 2:
Umbilical hernia.....................................................................................................................................................................15 Diseases affecting newborn lambs and kids ........................................................................................................................... 41
Urinary system defects...................................................................................................................................................................16 Peripartum asphyxia............................................................................................................................................................ 42
Renal hypoplasia....................................................................................................................................................................16 Umbilical cord-associated disorders................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Hydronephrosis......................................................................................................................................................................16 Premature neonates............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Polycystic kidney....................................................................................................................................................................17 Hypothermia and starvation................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Persistent urachus.................................................................................................................................................................17 Poor colostrum intake...........................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Hypospadias............................................................................................................................................................................18 Injuries and accidents............................................................................................................................................................................................................50
Defects of the reproductive system..............................................................................................................................................19
Scrotal hernia.........................................................................................................................................................................19 Chapter 3:
Intersex....................................................................................................................................................................................19 Respiratory disorders ............................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Polymastia and polythelia.................................................................................................................................................... 22 Respiratory disorders in lambs and kids.................................................................................................................................... 54
Gynecomastia........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 Rhinitis.................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Defects of the locomotor system.................................................................................................................................................. 24 Tracheitis................................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Tendon retraction.................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Clinical signs of lower respiratory tract disorders........................................................................................................... 55
Osteochondrodysplasia........................................................................................................................................................ 25 Ribs fractures and pneumonia............................................................................................................................................ 57
Spinal malformations........................................................................................................................................................... 26 Deviant swallowing and gangrenous pneumonia............................................................................................................. 59
Hindlimbs paresia................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Ovine respiratory complex (ORC)........................................................................................................................................ 60
Amelia and polymelia........................................................................................................................................................... 28 Verminous pneumonia.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Polydactyly and syndactyly.................................................................................................................................................. 30 Pulmonary aspergillosis...................................................................................................................................................... 66
Multiple malformations........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Pulmonary cysticercosis...................................................................................................................................................... 66
Purulent pneumonia............................................................................................................................................................. 66
 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pulmonary necrobacilosis....................................................................................................................................................67 Lamb dysentery................................................................................................................................................................... 139

Emphysematous blebs and bullas.......................................................................................................................................67 Cryptosporidiosis................................................................................................................................................................ 142
Adults: upper respiratory tract.................................................................................................................................................... 68 Coccidiosis........................................................................................................................................................................... 145
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................ 68 Campylobacteriosis.............................................................................................................................................................151
Rhinitis and nasal deformities............................................................................................................................................. 70 Terminal ileitis......................................................................................................................................................................152
Acute rhinitis.......................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Other digestive clostridiosis............................................................................................................................................... 154
Chronic rhinitis...................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Abomasitis............................................................................................................................................................................159
Purulent rhinitis.................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Intestinal strangulation, volvulus and invagination......................................................................................................... 160
Obstructive rhinopathy associated with pithomycotoxicosis........................................................................................... 72 Ruminal disorders...............................................................................................................................................................161
Chronic proliferative rhinitis................................................................................................................................................ 73 Visceral cysticercosis......................................................................................................................................................... 166
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA)...............................................................................................................................74 Omphalitis-liver/abscess syndrome..................................................................................................................................170
Tumours................................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Adult animals ................................................................................................................................................................................ 174
Oestrosis.................................................................................................................................................................................76 Oral cavity: soft tissues............................................................................................................................................................174
Conidiobolomycosis.............................................................................................................................................................. 78 Mucosal colour changes.....................................................................................................................................................174
Pythiosis................................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Salivary glands.....................................................................................................................................................................176
Sinusitis.................................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Soft tissue tumours.............................................................................................................................................................177
Laryngeal hemiplegia........................................................................................................................................................... 80 Parasites in the mouth........................................................................................................................................................178
Laryngitis and tracheitis...................................................................................................................................................... 80 Spikelets in soft tissues.......................................................................................................................................................179
Tracheal ring rupture............................................................................................................................................................ 82 Cutaneous horn....................................................................................................................................................................181
Tracheal crush....................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Plants that can cause damage in the oral mucosa......................................................................................................... 182
Adults: lower respiratory tract..................................................................................................................................................... 86 Chemical agents.................................................................................................................................................................. 183
General aspects of respiratory diseases........................................................................................................................... 86 Photosensitisation............................................................................................................................................................... 183
Foreign body aspiration and inhalation pneumonia.......................................................................................................... 87 Traumatic oral disorders.................................................................................................................................................... 184
Gangrenous pneumonia....................................................................................................................................................... 89 Inflammations associated with local or multisystemic infectious disorders............................................................... 185
Pleuritis with pleural adhesions.......................................................................................................................................... 91 Actinobacillosis.................................................................................................................................................................... 187
Pulmonary atelectasis.......................................................................................................................................................... 92 Others................................................................................................................................................................................... 187
Pulmonary haemorrhages...................................................................................................................................................94 Oral cavity: hard tissues.......................................................................................................................................................... 188
Emphysema........................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Prognathism and brachygnathism.................................................................................................................................... 188
Pleural effusion......................................................................................................................................................................96 Inverted and ectopic teeth.................................................................................................................................................. 189
Purulent pneumonia and thorax cavity abscesses........................................................................................................... 97 Crossbite.............................................................................................................................................................................. 190
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) (visceral form)................................................................................................................... 99 Dental pigmentation............................................................................................................................................................ 190
Tuberculosis..........................................................................................................................................................................101 Incisors separation and loss (broken mouth)...................................................................................................................191
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)........................................................................................................................ 102 Incisors food impaction.......................................................................................................................................................194
Pulmonary lentiviruses (Maedi)......................................................................................................................................... 104 Molar food impaction...........................................................................................................................................................194
Ovine respiratory complex (ORC)...................................................................................................................................... 106 Loss of molar aligment........................................................................................................................................................197
Other bacterial infections of the lung................................................................................................................................110 Asymmetry and fistulas......................................................................................................................................................197
Verminous pneumonia.........................................................................................................................................................111 Actinomycosis...................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Hydatidosis............................................................................................................................................................................113 Oropharynx and oesophagus................................................................................................................................................. 200
Cysticercosis.........................................................................................................................................................................113 Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) lesions in the oropharynx............................................................................................... 200
Infiltrative mycotic granuloma............................................................................................................................................114 Foreign bodies in the oropharynx..................................................................................................................................... 201
Leukosis................................................................................................................................................................................115 Sarcocystosis....................................................................................................................................................................... 202
Scar retractions and aseptic caverns................................................................................................................................115 Oesophagitis and ulcers..................................................................................................................................................... 203
Iatrogenic pneumonia due to vaccine injection in the lung.............................................................................................116 Megaoesophagus................................................................................................................................................................ 204
External pressure of the oesophagus.............................................................................................................................. 205
Chapter 4: Injuries due to improper management............................................................................................................................. 206
Digestive system disorders ................................................................................................................................................................ 117 Stomach..................................................................................................................................................................................... 208
Young animals ............................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Rumen overload.................................................................................................................................................................. 208
Trauma..................................................................................................................................................................................118 Bloat.......................................................................................................................................................................................210
High milk consumption diarrhoea......................................................................................................................................119 Ruminal alkalosis.................................................................................................................................................................211
Hypoglycaemia and endotoxic colibacillosis (watery mouth syndrome)...................................................................... 120 Ruminal acidosis..................................................................................................................................................................212
Enteric colibacillosis............................................................................................................................................................124 Acute ruminitis.....................................................................................................................................................................214
Septicaemic colibacillosis.................................................................................................................................................. 128 Ruminal ulcers.....................................................................................................................................................................214
Haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia......................................................................................................................................... 133 Hyperkeratosis y parakeratosis.........................................................................................................................................215
Salivary abomasum disease (SAD)................................................................................................................................... 135 Bezoars.................................................................................................................................................................................216
 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreign bodies......................................................................................................................................................................217 Chapter 5:

Ruminal parasitosis.............................................................................................................................................................218 Urinary system disorders ................................................................................................................................................................... 297
Reticulum disorders............................................................................................................................................................218 Renal torsion........................................................................................................................................................................ 298
Omasum................................................................................................................................................................................219 Kidney sequestration.......................................................................................................................................................... 299
Parasitic abomasitis............................................................................................................................................................219 Renal hyperaemia and haemorrhages............................................................................................................................. 299
Infectious abomasitis.......................................................................................................................................................... 221 Bilateral renomegaly.......................................................................................................................................................... 300
Abomasal ulcers................................................................................................................................................................. 222 Abnormal pigmentation...................................................................................................................................................... 300
Vagal indigestion or Hoflund syndrome........................................................................................................................... 223 Kidney infarction.................................................................................................................................................................. 302
Intestine..................................................................................................................................................................................... 224 Renal cyst and polycystic kidneys..................................................................................................................................... 303
Enteritis................................................................................................................................................................................ 224 Purulent nephritis............................................................................................................................................................... 303
Haemorrhages and ulcers................................................................................................................................................. 225 Pulpy kidney......................................................................................................................................................................... 305
Type D enterotoxaemia or pulpy kidney............................................................................................................................ 226 Renal cortical necrosis. Shock kidney and nephrotic syndrome.................................................................................. 306
Type A enterotoxaemia........................................................................................................................................................ 230 Renal leukosis...................................................................................................................................................................... 307
Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis................................................................................................................................ 232 Calcifications in renal tubules........................................................................................................................................... 307
Intestinal parasitism........................................................................................................................................................... 234 Tubular necrosis.................................................................................................................................................................. 307
Intestinal adenocarcinoma................................................................................................................................................. 237 Glomerulonephrosis........................................................................................................................................................... 308
Other intestinal affections.................................................................................................................................................. 237 Medullary crest necrosis................................................................................................................................................... 308
Faeces.................................................................................................................................................................................. 238 Interstitial nephritis............................................................................................................................................................. 309
Miscellaneous disorders of the digestive system............................................................................................................... 242 Alterations of renal pelvic fat..............................................................................................................................................310
Diaphragmatic hernia......................................................................................................................................................... 242 Urolithiasis and hydronephrosis........................................................................................................................................310
Abdominal wall hernia........................................................................................................................................................ 243 Pyelonephritis.......................................................................................................................................................................313
Abdominal haemorrhages................................................................................................................................................. 244 Cystitis...................................................................................................................................................................................314
Visceral cysticercosis......................................................................................................................................................... 245 Urethritis...............................................................................................................................................................................315
Fat necrosis......................................................................................................................................................................... 246 Persistent urachus...............................................................................................................................................................315
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in the abdominal cavity................................................................................................... 246 Urine changes.......................................................................................................................................................................316
Peritonitis............................................................................................................................................................................. 247 Adrenal tumours..................................................................................................................................................................317
Ascites.................................................................................................................................................................................. 249
Rectal prolapse................................................................................................................................................................... 250 Chapter 6:
Rectum vaginal fistula.........................................................................................................................................................251 Diseases of the male ............................................................................................................................................................................... 319
Liver disorders......................................................................................................................................................................... 252 Disorders of the male reproductive system............................................................................................................................. 320
Hepatic melanosis............................................................................................................................................................... 252 Disorders of the scrotum and its contents........................................................................................................................... 320
Hepatic jaundice.................................................................................................................................................................. 252 Forked scrotum or testicular separation......................................................................................................................... 320
Hepatic haemorrhages....................................................................................................................................................... 253 Scrotal skin disorders........................................................................................................................................................ 320
Hepatic telangiectasia........................................................................................................................................................ 254 Periorchitis........................................................................................................................................................................... 323
Hepatic aneurysms............................................................................................................................................................. 254 Scrotal hernia...................................................................................................................................................................... 325
Hepatocellular carcinoma.................................................................................................................................................. 255 Hydrocele, pyocele and haematocele............................................................................................................................... 327
Leukosis............................................................................................................................................................................... 255 Monorchidism and cryptorchidism................................................................................................................................... 328
Fatty necrosis and pregnancy toxaemia........................................................................................................................... 256 Testicular hypoplasia and atrophy.................................................................................................................................... 329
Focal hepatitis..................................................................................................................................................................... 259 Albuginitis............................................................................................................................................................................ 330
Necrotic hepatitis................................................................................................................................................................ 259 Testicular flaccidity............................................................................................................................................................. 330
Cirrhosis............................................................................................................................................................................... 260 Testicular mineralization.................................................................................................................................................... 331
Hepatic abscesses and caseous lymphadenitis...............................................................................................................261 Orchitis................................................................................................................................................................................. 332
Tuberculosis..........................................................................................................................................................................261 Epididymitis.......................................................................................................................................................................... 334
Dicrocoeliosis...................................................................................................................................................................... 262 Testicular caseous lymphadenitis..................................................................................................................................... 336
Fasciolosis........................................................................................................................................................................... 263 Varicocele............................................................................................................................................................................. 336
Cysticercosis........................................................................................................................................................................ 264 Disorders of the penis and prepuce...................................................................................................................................... 338
Hydatidosis........................................................................................................................................................................... 266 Penis-prepuce adhesions.................................................................................................................................................. 338
Biliary obstruction............................................................................................................................................................... 268 Phimosis and paraphimosis.............................................................................................................................................. 338
Infectious diseases........................................................................................................................................................................ 270 Penis paralysis.................................................................................................................................................................... 339
Bluetongue (BT)................................................................................................................................................................... 270 Foreign material in the glans............................................................................................................................................. 339
Foot and mouth disease (FMD)...........................................................................................................................................274 Posthitis................................................................................................................................................................................ 340
Contagious ecthyma (Orf)................................................................................................................................................... 280 Prepuce prolapse................................................................................................................................................................ 342
Sheep and goat pox............................................................................................................................................................. 286 Malignant oedema............................................................................................................................................................... 342
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)..................................................................................................................................... 292 Incidental injury of prepuce................................................................................................................................................ 343
 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abscesses in the prepuce-penis....................................................................................................................................... 343 Chapter 8:

Male apron........................................................................................................................................................................... 344 Locomotor system disorders ......................................................................................................................................................... 409
Intersexes............................................................................................................................................................................. 344 Young animals.................................................................................................................................................................................410
Urethral failure.................................................................................................................................................................... 345 Congenital lameness...........................................................................................................................................................410
Other disorders of the male reproductive system.............................................................................................................. 346 Disorders of muscular origin: white muscle disease......................................................................................................411
Inflammation of the vesicular and prostatic glands........................................................................................................ 346 Other disorders of muscular origin...................................................................................................................................413
Inflammation of the bulbourethral glands....................................................................................................................... 346 Disorders of bone origin......................................................................................................................................................415
Gynecomastia...................................................................................................................................................................... 347 Polyarthritis..........................................................................................................................................................................417
Supernumerary nipples in males..................................................................................................................................... 347 Finger and hoof conditions................................................................................................................................................. 420
Typical non-reproductive disorder of the male................................................................................................................... 348 Lameness of neurologic origin ......................................................................................................................................... 422
Fights and injuries............................................................................................................................................................... 348 Iatrogenic lameness........................................................................................................................................................... 425
Adult animals................................................................................................................................................................................. 428
Chapter 7: Disorders of skin origin .......................................................................................................................................................... 428
Diseases of the female .......................................................................................................................................................................... 351 Skin infections and parasites............................................................................................................................................. 428
Disorders of the female reproductive system......................................................................................................................... 352 Skin damage due to irrigation deficit................................................................................................................................ 430
Reproductive system............................................................................................................................................................... 352 Erosions and decubitus ulcers.......................................................................................................................................... 430
Parasites in vulva................................................................................................................................................................ 352 Bites...................................................................................................................................................................................... 431
Vulvar hypoplasia................................................................................................................................................................ 353 Musculoskeletal secondary infections............................................................................................................................. 432
Vulvar wounds...................................................................................................................................................................... 354 Tumours............................................................................................................................................................................... 433
Vulvar swelling and oedema.............................................................................................................................................. 355 Disorders of muscular origin ................................................................................................................................................ 434
Vaginitis................................................................................................................................................................................ 357 Tumours............................................................................................................................................................................... 434
Foreign bodies in the vagina.............................................................................................................................................. 359 Iatrogenic muscle necrosis................................................................................................................................................ 434
Vaginal tumours.................................................................................................................................................................. 360 Disorders of vascular origin .................................................................................................................................................. 435
Uterine haemorrhages....................................................................................................................................................... 360 Oedema................................................................................................................................................................................ 435
Metritis..................................................................................................................................................................................361 Thrombosis.......................................................................................................................................................................... 435
Endometrial cystic hyperplasia......................................................................................................................................... 362 Malignant oedema............................................................................................................................................................... 435
Hydrometra and mucometra............................................................................................................................................. 363 Disorders of bone, joint and tendon origin........................................................................................................................... 437
Salpingitis............................................................................................................................................................................. 363 Fractures.............................................................................................................................................................................. 437
Ovarian abscesses.............................................................................................................................................................. 364 Dislocations and dysplasias............................................................................................................................................... 439
Uterus oedema.................................................................................................................................................................... 364 Bursitis and hygroma......................................................................................................................................................... 440
Cysticercosis in uterus....................................................................................................................................................... 365 Arthritis and arthrosis........................................................................................................................................................ 441
Pregnancy and lambing/kidding disorders......................................................................................................................... 366 Tendon disorders.................................................................................................................................................................444
Abortion without expulsion................................................................................................................................................ 366 Osteomalacia....................................................................................................................................................................... 445
Abortion. Foetal death and expulsion............................................................................................................................... 368 Feet disorders........................................................................................................................................................................... 446
Nutrition-related abortions............................................................................................................................................... 380 Disorders of the interdigital space and coronary band.................................................................................................. 446
Vaginal prolapse.................................................................................................................................................................. 380 Laminitis............................................................................................................................................................................... 451
Obstetrical disorders.......................................................................................................................................................... 382 Other hoof disorders........................................................................................................................................................... 454
Placental retention.............................................................................................................................................................. 388 Disorders of neurological origin............................................................................................................................................ 460
Uterine tear.......................................................................................................................................................................... 388 Disorders of central origin................................................................................................................................................. 460
Uterine prolapse................................................................................................................................................................. 389 Medullary affections........................................................................................................................................................... 462
Postpartum paresia............................................................................................................................................................ 389 Disorders in peripheral nerves......................................................................................................................................... 463
Mammary gland disorders..................................................................................................................................................... 390
Mammary oedema.............................................................................................................................................................. 390 Chapter 9:
Contagious ecthyma........................................................................................................................................................... 390 Nervous system disorders ................................................................................................................................................................. 465
Impetigo................................................................................................................................................................................ 391 Young animals................................................................................................................................................................................ 466
Pelodera spp. dermatitis..................................................................................................................................................... 391 Congenital defects.............................................................................................................................................................. 466
Cutaneous myiasis.............................................................................................................................................................. 392 Border disease. Hairy shaker lambs................................................................................................................................ 466
Simulotoxicosis.................................................................................................................................................................... 392 Tetanus and tetany.............................................................................................................................................................. 466
Pruritus................................................................................................................................................................................ 393 Congenital myotonia .......................................................................................................................................................... 467
Carcinoma............................................................................................................................................................................ 393 Encephalitis and meningoencephalitis............................................................................................................................. 468
Warts.................................................................................................................................................................................... 394 Poliencephalomalacia or cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)............................................................................................. 469
Mastitis................................................................................................................................................................................. 394 Enzootic ataxia or swayback...............................................................................................................................................471
Disorders of the nipples and udder cistern...................................................................................................................... 405 Organophosphate poisoning...............................................................................................................................................471
 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Adult animals................................................................................................................................................................................. 472 Chapter 11:

Intracranial central nervous lesions..................................................................................................................................... 472 Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders ............................................................................................................................... 539
Spongiform encephalopathy or scrapie ........................................................................................................................... 472 Diseases produced by prions................................................................................................................................................. 544
Aujeszky’s disease or pseudorabies................................................................................................................................. 473 Scrapie.................................................................................................................................................................................. 544
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV)...................................................................................................................................474 Diseases caused by viruses.................................................................................................................................................... 544
Listeriosis............................................................................................................................................................................. 475 Aujezsky’s disease.............................................................................................................................................................. 544
Other bacterial meningoencephalities .............................................................................................................................476 Contagious ecthyma (Orf)................................................................................................................................................... 545
Tetanus................................................................................................................................................................................. 478 Contagious ulcerative dermatosis (CUD)......................................................................................................................... 546
Botulism............................................................................................................................................................................... 479 Bluetongue........................................................................................................................................................................... 546
Coenurosis........................................................................................................................................................................... 480 Foot and mouth disease (FMD).......................................................................................................................................... 547
Hydatidosis........................................................................................................................................................................... 482 Sheep and goat pox............................................................................................................................................................. 547
Pregnancy toxaemia or ketosis.......................................................................................................................................... 482 Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)..................................................................................................................................... 548
Poliencephalomalacia........................................................................................................................................................ 483 Bacteriological skin disorders............................................................................................................................................... 548
Brain tumours..................................................................................................................................................................... 484 Dermatophilosis (cutaneous streptothricosis)................................................................................................................ 548
Other disorders of the central nervous system............................................................................................................... 484 Fleece-rot............................................................................................................................................................................ 550
Cranial nerves disorders........................................................................................................................................................ 487 Cutaneous staphylococci................................................................................................................................................... 550
Spinal cord conditions............................................................................................................................................................. 492 Skin clostridiosis................................................................................................................................................................. 553
Spinal cord lesions.............................................................................................................................................................. 492 Abscesses............................................................................................................................................................................ 555
Caseous lymphadenitis (superficial or cutaneous form)................................................................................................ 556
Chapter 10: Disorders of the skin of the interdigital space................................................................................................................. 558
Ocular disorders ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 495 Fungal and yeast skin disorders............................................................................................................................................ 558
Young animals.................................................................................................................................................................................496 Dermatophytosis or ringworm.......................................................................................................................................... 558
Congenital disorders...........................................................................................................................................................496 Disorders caused by parasitic arthropods and nematodes...............................................................................................561
Blindness associated with E. coli....................................................................................................................................... 498 Mange....................................................................................................................................................................................561
Adult animals................................................................................................................................................................................. 500 Ticks...................................................................................................................................................................................... 564
Periorbital disorders of the eyelid and conjunctiva............................................................................................................ 500 Lice........................................................................................................................................................................................ 566
Ocular trauma..................................................................................................................................................................... 500 Fleas..................................................................................................................................................................................... 567
Conditions of the sinus and infraorbital recess............................................................................................................... 500 Flies and other insects....................................................................................................................................................... 568
Dermoid cysts...................................................................................................................................................................... 501 Worms.................................................................................................................................................................................. 572
Blepharodermatitis............................................................................................................................................................. 501 Nutritional diseases................................................................................................................................................................. 573
Periocular dermatitis of other aetiologies....................................................................................................................... 504 Micromineral and vitamin deficiencies............................................................................................................................. 573
Traumatic blepharitis.......................................................................................................................................................... 506 Wool loss and wool ingestion............................................................................................................................................. 575
Palpebral disorders............................................................................................................................................................ 507 Poisoning.............................................................................................................................................................................. 577
Periocular tumours..............................................................................................................................................................510 Photosensitisation or acute photosensitising dermatitis.................................................................................................. 578
Dermatosis............................................................................................................................................................................511 Photosensitisation: clinical signs...................................................................................................................................... 578
Conditions of the conjunctival region.....................................................................................................................................512 Photosensitisation: etiopathogenesis............................................................................................................................... 580
Conjunctivitis........................................................................................................................................................................512 Injuries of environmental origin............................................................................................................................................ 582
Variations in the colour of the conjunctiva........................................................................................................................514 Injuries due to mechanical causes.................................................................................................................................... 582
Chemosis...............................................................................................................................................................................515 Injuries from physical causes............................................................................................................................................ 586
Foreign bodies......................................................................................................................................................................516 Immune-mediated diseases................................................................................................................................................... 589
Nictitating membrane or third eyelid conditions..............................................................................................................516 Pemphigus foliaceous........................................................................................................................................................... 589
Conditions of the eyeball..........................................................................................................................................................517 Allergic contact dermatitis................................................................................................................................................. 590
Volume changes...................................................................................................................................................................517 Skin reaction to drugs......................................................................................................................................................... 590
Glaucoma..............................................................................................................................................................................518 Neoplasia................................................................................................................................................................................... 591
Alterations of the position in the ocular orbit....................................................................................................................519 Most frequent tumours in small ruminants’ skin........................................................................................................... 591
Corneal disorders............................................................................................................................................................... 521 Trauma....................................................................................................................................................................................... 595
Disorders of the uvea.......................................................................................................................................................... 528 Traumatic skin injuries....................................................................................................................................................... 595
Disorders of the contents of the anterior chamber......................................................................................................... 531
Pupil disorders.................................................................................................................................................................... 531
Crystalline disorders.......................................................................................................................................................... 532
Conditions of the fundus of the eye................................................................................................................................... 534
Bulbar and retrobulbar tumours....................................................................................................................................... 536
Neurological disorders with ocular alterations............................................................................................................... 537
 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 12:
Circulatory and haemopoietic systems disorders ........................................................................................................ 599
Heart.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 600
Pericarditis........................................................................................................................................................................... 600
Pericardial effusion............................................................................................................................................................. 602
Serous atrophy.................................................................................................................................................................... 602
Myocardial conditions......................................................................................................................................................... 603
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis............................................................................................................................................. 608
Spleen disorders...................................................................................................................................................................... 608
Splenomegaly...................................................................................................................................................................... 608
Tumours............................................................................................................................................................................... 609
Abscesses............................................................................................................................................................................ 609
Bone marrow disorders.......................................................................................................................................................... 609
Changes in colour............................................................................................................................................................... 609
Affections of the thymus......................................................................................................................................................... 609
Thymoma............................................................................................................................................................................. 609
Blood and blood vessels..........................................................................................................................................................610
Haemorrhages.....................................................................................................................................................................610
Changes in blood colour......................................................................................................................................................611
Abnormal blood vessels......................................................................................................................................................612
Anthrax..................................................................................................................................................................................613
Copper poisoning.................................................................................................................................................................614
Babesiosis.............................................................................................................................................................................615
Haemolymphatic nodes.......................................................................................................................................................615
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.....................................................................................................................................616
Diseases affecting the lymphatic vessels.........................................................................................................................616
Lymphadenitis......................................................................................................................................................................617

Alphabetical index..................................................................................................................................................................................... 618

 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES DISEASES AFFECTING NEWBORN LAMBS AND KIDS

HYPOTHERMIA AND STARVATION C E

A A

B
B

D F

2.4. Hypothermia. This process can be environmental, in 2.5. Clinical signs. Hypothermic animals present a char-
the case of low external temperatures, air currents, humid acteristic posture: shrunken and with a slightly marked
floors and little bedding, as well as due to lack of attention abdomen due to the absence or little ingested food (A and
from the mother when she does not properly clean and dry B). Frequently, they are close to a mother with little milk
the lamb (A and B). It can also be due to starvation, when (C) or bleating in search of her mother (D). The problem is
the animal does not take colostrum in the first hours of aggravated in very prolific litters (E) or with siblings with a
life or receives insufficient milk during the following days, significant difference in birth weight (F).
before starting to take solid food.

44 45
 RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
LAMBS AND KIDS

A A
VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA

3.26. Histopathology. Parasites can be seen in the histo-

B logic sections of the lung parenchyma. Picture courtesy of
Dr. J. A. Castillo.
B

3.25. Verminous pneumonia. In grazing lambs or kids, 3.27. Larvae in faeces. The coprological test allows us
3.24. Chronic: evolution of the process. Occasionally, same as in adults, parasitic nodules of small pulmonary to differentiate the larvae from the small and large lung
animals may end up presenting gangrenous pneumonia strongyles can be found on the dorsal area of the lung (A). strongyles since they present very different sizes. Picture
3.23. Chronic: fibrous pleurisy. Fibrinous pleurisy pro- (A) due to difficulty in breathing, or a lesion exacerbation Likewise, atelectasis caused by Dictyocaulus filaria is ob- courtesy of Dr. J. A. Castillo.
gresses to fibrous pleurisy with pleural adhesions (A and B). may occur (B). served in the diaphragmatic lobes (B).

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 RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
ADULTS: UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

TRACHEAL RING RUPTURE A

TRACHEAL CRUSH

B
B

D E

3.72. Tracheal ring rupture. Separation of two tracheal 3.73. Postmortem findings. In this case, the dissection
rings is rare, but it can occur after receiving a solid blow of the area at necropsy let us observe the healed lesion 3.74. Tracheal crush. Various external pressures exerted by feeders, trauma, etc., can affect the cervical part of the
against a thin and robust structure (tensioned fencing (A and B) that allowed the animal to live. The opening of trachea, finding up to 15% of affected animals in some flocks. These injuries can be punctual, affecting one or several
wire). This condition can be easily detected during the the trachea showed a retracted fibrous scar that almost rings (A), or cause the crushing of a large part or all of the cervical trachea, affecting several rings (B). The cross-sec-
clinical examination. completely closed the tracheal lumen (C and D), making tions of the trachea allow us to observe the anomalies in its structure (C). Both external (D) and internal (E) observa-
breathing difficult. tions show the changes in the shape of the rings and the tracheitis that usually accompanies the process.

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 RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
ADULTS: LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

INFILTRATIVE MYCOTIC GRANULOMA LEUKOSIS SCAR RETRACTIONS AND ASEPTIC

CAVERNS
A C A
A

B D
B

3.135. Mycotic granuloma in the lung. The fungus acts infiltratively in an Aspergillus fumigatus infection, leaving the lung
enlarged and deformed (A). The parenchyma breaks easily, showing a grainy appearance (B and C) and being completely
smooth when cut (D). The granuloma can also infiltrate the costal wall and the thoracolumbar vertebrae, causing loco-
motor disorders in the hindlimbs.

3.137. Postmortem findings. Ovine leukosis is a very rare

disease, possibly related to the bovine leukosis virus. It can
be found in a multisystemic way, forming white nodules in
the parenchyma of different organs (A). At the respiratory 3.138. Scar retractions. After suffering chronic pneumon-
3.136. Histopathological image. The histopathological study of the lung allows us to see the structures of Aspergillus level, we can find it in the thoracic cavity wall, lung and ic disorders, it is possible to find lungs with atrophied are-
fumigatus distributed throughout the granuloma. Picture courtesy of Dr. M.J. Buitrago. mediastinal lymph nodes (B-D). as, possibly of scar origin (A-C).

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ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
YOUNG ANIMAL

4.32. Abomasal petechiae. When removing abomasal 4.34. Intestinal fluid in colibacillary diarrhoea. The open- 4.36. Catarrhal-haemorrhagic enteritis. Haemorrhagic 4.37. Mixed diarrhoea caused by E. coli and Cryptosporid-
content, petechiae can be seen in the surface of the abo- ing of the intestine lets the bright yellow contents flow. enteritis can affect almost the entire digestive package, ium. Throughout this period, the lamb may be simultane-
masum that stains its content. Sometimes, large milk especially at the end of the first week of life and the be- ously infected by Cryptosporidium sp. In these cases, the
clots can also be found together with the petechiae. ginning of the second. At this time, Escherichia coli and affected intestinal loops contain a more greenish material,
Clostridium perfringens type B predominate in bacterial easily visible when the intestine is opened.
isolates.
A A
A B

B B
C

4.33. Catarrhal enteritis. The intestine shows catarrhal 4.35. Intestinal loops affected by catarrhal and haem-
enteritis, with reactive Peyer’s patches, with very marked orrhagic enteritis. In some intestinal loops, catarrhal en-
blood vessels and yellowish contents (A and B). teritis evolves to haemorrhagic, with more bloody content 4.38. Haemorrhagic enteritis. Over time, enteritis found is predominantly haemorrhagic, and E. coli is less frequently
that stains the previous yellow (A and B). isolated and Cl. perfringens type B is usually found, and even type D in animals that reach the third week of life (A-C).

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 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
ORAL CAVITY: SOFT TISSUES

PLANTS THAT CAN CAUSE DAMAGE IN THE ORAL MUCOSA CHEMICAL AGENTS

A E

4.142. Sialorrhea. Some chemicals with very high or low pH and some plants (see the previous point) can cause irritation
and the consequent increase in the production of saliva and hypersalivation. The same clinical signs are observed in the
consumption of bitter-tasting diets that stimulate the production of saliva.

C
PHOTOSENSITISATION (see chapter 11, page 578)

F A B

4.141. Plants that can cause damage in the oral mucosa. Some plants can damage the skin of the face and the inner 4.143. Photosensitisation. Different physical, chemical and biological agents can cause inflammation and oedema
mucous membranes. The most important are classified as: sharp (Xanthium spinosum) (A and B), urticants (Urtica sp.) (C in the face and lips. Different degrees of facial swelling and oedema caused by photosensitisation can be seen in the
and D) and irritants (Phytolaca americana) (E and F). images (A and B).

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 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
STOMACH

A
ABOMASAL ULCERS VAGAL INDIGESTION OR HOFLUND SYNDROME

A A

B
B

4.231. Abomasal ulcers. These ulcers can have a very

varied aetiology, mainly related to the pH of its content and
4.229. Clostridial abomasitis. Many microorganisms can infectious agents such as Clostridium. 4.233. Posterior vagal syndrome. Disorders of the vagus
cause abomasitis, but those of the genus Clostridium are nerve branch that innervates the pylorus can affect its
usually the most frequent. Clostridium septicum causes functionality and cause retention and increase in digestive
acute haemorrhagic abomasitis (A), while Clostridium sor- content (A). In small ruminants, these conditions can be
dellii causes abomasitis with emphysema of the abomasal caused by the pressure of calcified cysticerci in the omen-
mucosa (B). tum of the pyloric proximities (B).
C

4.234. Reflux ulcers. In this disorder, it is common to find 4.235. Pyloric ulcers (see abomasal ulcers). Vagal indi-
4.230. Rupture of the abomasum. Some severe aboma- 4.232. Pyloric ulcer. When abomasal ulcers are near the stomach ulcers due to the reflux of hydrochloric acid from gestion can be caused by the presence of ulcers in the vi-
sitis can lead to rupture of the abomasum and subsequent pylorus, these can interfere with its function, causing the the abomasum. cinity of the pylorus (A), generating retention of the content
peritonitis and death. posterior vagal syndrome and food retention. (B and C).

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 ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS

GLOMERULONEPHROSIS MEDULLARY CREST NECROSIS INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

A A A

B
B

5.24. Medullary crest necrosis. It is a necrosis of the 5.25. Interstitial nephritis. Interstitial nephritis is charac-
5.23. Renal amyloidosis. The affected kidneys are en- medullary crest caused by the ischemia of the inner me- terised by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the
larged with many white dots on their surface that go deep dulla and can be primary or secondary. Primary lesions tubules and the renal interstitium associated with septi-
into the cortical section (A-C). These are deposits of am- occur in animals treated with NSAIDs. Secondary crest caemia, poisoning or certain treatments. The kidneys are
yloid substance and are associated with chronic purulent necrosis is caused by factors such as pyelitis/pyelone- turgid, and there may be adhesions of the injured areas to 5.26. Chronic interstitial nephritis. These lesions tend to
processes, especially gangrenous pneumonia and puru- phritis, pelvic calculi and reduced blood flow in the vasa the renal capsule deepening into the renal parenchyma and become chronic and heal, leaving images of retracted kid-
lent mastitis. recta. making it difficult to detach the renal capsule (A and B). neys with a very evident whitish stippling (A and B).

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 DISEASES OF THE MALE
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
DISORDERS OF THE SCROTUM AND ITS CONTENTS

J
PERIORCHITIS

A C

6.8. Scrotal warts. 6.9. Skin tags.

B

A B

6.10. Scrotal scabies. (A and B).

6.11. Atopic alopecia. 6.12. Normal pigmentation. Normal pigmentation of the

scrotum may be confused with abnormal conditions.

A B

6.14. Periorchitis. Inflammation of the layers surrounding the testicle (vaginal, subcutaneous tissue and fasciae) can have
6.13. Castration with Burdizzo pliers. This type of castration is in disuse or prohibited in most countries. It leaves skin an infectious or traumatic origin and cause an increase in the volume of the scrotal content (A). Occasionally, fibrinous
lesions for a long time (A), but also the marks in the scrotal content can be observed at the level of the vas deferens and masses accumulate between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis (B). Microbial contamination can cause fibrino-purulent
even on the pampiniform plexus (B). masses (C and D).

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ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
YOUNG ANIMALS

A
LAMENESS OF NEUROLOGIC ORIGIN

A A B

B
B

8.23. Congenital hypomyelogenesis. An intense demyelination is observed in the brain of a newborn lamb that diet due
to enzootic illness.

A B

C C

8.22. Enzootic ataxia or swayback. Enzootic ataxia is

8.21. Section of the hoof. Sectioning the hooves lets us caused by a copper deficiency. It is a locomotor process
see haemorrhages, oedemas and thrombi in the chorion resulting from an alteration in nerve impulse transmis-
(A). In some cases, separation and rotation of the third sion, primarily affecting the hind limbs. The process main-
phalanx can be observed (B), which is appreciated in vivo ly affects young animals in the first days of life (A) up to 2-3 8.24. Lameness associated with myelitis. After caudotomy or tail docking, especially in surgical procedures, an infection
by radiography (C) or computed tomography. months (B and C). can spread to the medullary canal, and cause myelitis with hindlimb paresis (A and B).

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 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM DISORDERS
ATLAS OF SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
DISORDERS OF VASCULAR ORIGIN

DISORDERS OF MUSCULAR ORIGIN DISORDERS OF VASCULAR ORIGIN

TUMOURS IATROGENIC MUSCLE NECROSIS OEDEMA MALIGNANT OEDEMA

A A

8.46. Oedema. Oedema of the declining areas of the body

and limbs is frequent in animals at the end of pregnancy,
as well as a consequence of cardiac, renal or hepatic dis-
orders, in addition to appearing in digestive disorders with
severe hypoproteinemia or infections. The picture shows
B
oedema associated with a heart condition caused by an
abscess that compressed the atria and hindered venous
return.

THROMBOSIS C

8.48. Malignant oedema. Malignant oedema is an acute,

generally fatal toxaemia usually caused by Clostridium sep-
8.44. Muscle necrosis. The application of substances by ticum. It causes anorexia and high fever. The local lesions
the intramuscular route in the thigh is relatively frequent. develop within 6-48 hours and are soft swellings (A) that
If the technique is inadequate or the product does not have 8.47. Thrombosis. Thrombi can be located in different crackle under pressure (B) and extend rapidly because of
the required quality, it can generate necrosis in the injec- vessels, affecting the vascularisation of the area. The im- the formation of large quantities of exudate that infiltrate
8.45. Tumours. Muscle tumours affecting the limbs can tion site (A). Sometimes, there may be a strong reaction age shows a thrombus located in the saphenous vein that the subcutaneous and intramuscular connective tissue of
also affect locomotor function. with encystment of the necrotic area (B). affected locomotion. the affected areas (C).

434 435