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INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL
PHYSICS
Unit 5 Physics in practice

Tuesday 25 January 2022 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements 1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
2
• a protractor.
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 5
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
6
• Answer all questions.
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
TOTAL
• All working must be shown.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box
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Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 A student takes measurements to determine the density of the rubber used to make
a solid ball.

0 1 . 1 She measures the diameter d of the ball five times using a vernier caliper.
Table 1 shows her measurements.

Table 1

d / cm 4.02 3.91 3.99 3.97 4.05

Figure 1 shows the ball and vernier caliper for one of the measurements shown in
Table 1.

Figure 1

State the measurement of d that is shown in Figure 1.

[1 mark]

d= cm

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0 1 . 2 Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the mean value of d. box

[1 mark]

absolute uncertainty = cm

0 1 . 3 Determine the percentage uncertainty in the mean value of d.

[2 marks]

percentage uncertainty =

The student measures the mass of the ball to be (48.7 ± 0.1) g.

0 1 . 4 Calculate, in kg m−3, the density of the rubber used to make the solid ball.
[2 marks]

density = kg m−3

0 1 . 5 Calculate the absolute uncertainty in your value for Question 01.4.

[2 marks]

absolute uncertainty = kg m−3 8

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0 2 Gamma rays are passed through a lead absorber of thickness x. The gamma box

count rate is measured by a detector. Figure 2 shows the apparatus used.

Figure 2

The corrected count rate C is determined for a range of values of x.

Table 2 shows the results together with some values of ln(C / counts s−1).

Table 2

x / cm C / counts s−1 ln(C / counts s−1)

0.50 2967 8.00

1.00 1873 7.54

1.50 1183

2.00 746

2.50 471

0 2 . 1 Complete Table 2.
[1 mark]

Question 2 continues on the next page

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Theory predicts that the relationship between C and x is: box

C = C0 e − μ ρ x

where µ = a constant for lead

ρ = density of lead = 11.3 g cm−3
C0 = corrected count rate with no absorber present.

0 2 . 2 Plot, on Figure 3, a graph of ln(C / counts s−1) against x.

[2 marks]

Figure 3

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0 2 . 3 Determine µ. box

State an appropriate unit for your answer.

[3 marks]

µ=

unit =

0 2 . 4 Show that C0 is approximately 5000 counts s−1.

[2 marks]

0 2 . 5 C0
Determine the thickness of lead that will reduce C to a value equal to .
2
[2 marks]

thickness = cm

0 2 . 6 C0
Deduce the thickness of lead that will reduce C to a value equal to .
32
[1 mark]

thickness = cm 11

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0 3 A student wants to determine the input power and the output power of a transformer. box

The transformer has a variable resistor connected across the output.

0 3 . 1 Draw, on Figure 4, a circuit that the student can use. The circuit symbol for a
step-up transformer is provided for you in Figure 4.
[2 marks]

Figure 4

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0 3 . 2 The student wants to investigate the variation of the transformer’s efficiency with box

output power. The input voltage is fixed at 6.0 V rms.

Describe a suitable procedure for this investigation using the circuit that you have
drawn in Figure 4.
Your description should include:

• how the output power of the transformer is varied

• the measurements made and the types of meters used
• the procedure needed to ensure the accuracy of the measurements
• how the data are analysed.
[5 marks]

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0 4 A stationary wave is created in a column of air in a pipe that is open at one end. box

Sound from a small loudspeaker above the open end of the pipe creates the
stationary wave.
Figure 5 shows a first-harmonic stationary wave in a pipe of length l.

Figure 5

In practice, the stationary wave extends a short distance e above the end of the pipe.
e is known as the end correction and is a constant for any particular pipe.

λ
For this first harmonic, occupies a length of l + e where λ is the wavelength of the
4
sound.

0 4 . 1 1
Show that is given by:
f
1 4 4e
= l+
f v v

where v is the speed of sound in air and f is the frequency of the first harmonic.
[2 marks]

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Figure 6 shows apparatus used to determine the speed of sound in air. box

An air column is created in the upper part of a measuring cylinder by partly filling the
cylinder with water.

A loudspeaker connected to a signal generator is held above the air column.

The frequency of the sound is gradually increased from zero until the sound suddenly
becomes much louder. At this point, the frequency f of the first harmonic of the
stationary wave is equal to the frequency of the signal from the signal generator.

Figure 6

l is measured with a metre ruler.

f is recorded from the signal generator.

The length l of the air column is varied by changing the volume of water in the
measuring cylinder.

f is measured for a range of values of l.

Question 4 continues on the next page

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1 box
Figure 7 is a plot of against l.
f

Figure 7

0 4 . 2 1
The values of l have an uncertainty of ± 0.5 cm. The uncertainty in is negligible.
f
Draw, on Figure 7, error bars to show the uncertainty in l.
[1 mark]

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0 4 . 3 Draw, on Figure 7, best-fit lines of the minimum and the maximum gradients box

consistent with the data.

[1 mark]

0 4 . 4 The best estimate of the gradient of the graph in Figure 7 is 0.0119 s m−1.

Show that v is approximately 340 m s−1.

[1 mark]

0 4 . 5 Theory suggests that e is approximately 1.4 cm.

Deduce whether the data in Figure 7 support this theory.

[3 marks]

0 4 . 6 Suggest two improvements to the experimental method that would lead to a reduction
in the uncertainties in your calculated values of v and e.

The uncertainty in f is negligible.

[2 marks]

2
10

END OF SECTION A

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Answer all questions in this section.

0 5 Figure 8 shows a man cleaning windows on a tall building. He is attached by a

harness and friction brake to a rope suspended from point P at the top of the building.

The rope has a mass of 18 kg and an unstretched length of 295 m. The rope obeys
Hooke’s law.
The ground is 309 m below P.

The total mass of the man, including his equipment, is 98 kg.

Figure 8

The friction brake exerts a force F on the rope.

The magnitude of F can be changed by adjusting the brake. The man adjusts the
brake until he is sliding down the rope at a constant speed of 1.5 m s−1.

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0 5 . 1 Explain why the maximum tension in the rope is approximately 1140 N when the man box

is sliding down the rope at a constant speed of 1.5 m s−1.

[3 marks]

When the man arrives at a dirty window, he increases F. An impulse acts on him and
he decelerates from 1.5 m s−1 to rest.

0 5 . 2 Show that the magnitude of this impulse is approximately 150 N s.

[1 mark]

Question 5 continues on the next page

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0 5 . 3 Figure 9 shows the variation of F with time. The graph starts before the impulse box

begins and extends for a short time after the impulse ends.

Figure 9

Determine t, the duration of the impulse.

[3 marks]

t= s

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The man reaches the bottom of the rope and stops. He is now suspended in box

equilibrium above the ground.

0 5 . 4 Show that the average tension in the rope is now approximately 1050 N.
[2 marks]

0 5 . 5 Calculate the distance above the ground of the bottom end of the rope.

cross-sectional area of rope = 3.14 cm2

Young modulus of the rope material = 3.51 × 108 Pa
[3 marks]

distance = m 12

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0 6 A car battery has an emf of 12.0 V. box

A car’s lights consist of two 36 W lamps and two 18 W lamps.

The battery can keep the car’s lights on at full power for 8.0 h before the battery is
discharged.

0 6 . 1 Calculate the energy that the battery transfers to the lights in 8.0 h.
[1 mark]

energy = J

0 6 . 2 Calculate the charge that passes through the battery in 8.0 h.

[1 mark]

charge = C

Figure 10 is a graph of current I against terminal potential difference V for a solar

panel in full sunshine.

Figure 10

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Figure 11 shows a circuit that uses the solar panel and a semiconductor diode to box

charge the battery.

Figure 11

0 6 . 3 The panel is placed outside, initially in full sunshine, and the circuit is connected
continuously for a period of 24 h.

Explain why the semiconductor diode is needed.

[2 marks]

0 6 . 4 When the battery is connected as shown in Figure 11 the terminal potential difference
of the solar panel becomes equal to the sum of the battery emf and the pd across the
diode.
The pd across the diode is 0.60 V.
The emf of the battery remains constant at 12 V.

Determine the power P delivered by the solar panel when it is in full sunshine.
[2 marks]

P= W
Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 5 State and explain the value of V when the solar panel delivers its maximum possible box

power in full sunshine.

[2 marks]

When the battery is connected as shown in Figure 11 the solar panel delivers
significantly less than its maximum possible power.
The circuit in Figure 12 can be used to ensure that the solar panel is operating closer
to its maximum possible power.

Figure 12

Between one and twelve diodes can be included in the circuit by selecting the position
of the rotary switch.

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0 6 . 6 Explain how the circuit in Figure 12 can be used to ensure that the solar panel is box

operating at its maximum possible power.

In your explanation, suggest the number of diodes needed in the circuit.

[2 marks]

10

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0 7 Figure 13 shows a model steam turbine that consists of a hollow metal cylinder box

supported on a vertical axis by two bearings. The cylinder can rotate about this
vertical axis.
Initially, the cylinder contains 0.010 kg of water and is stationary. A burner heats the
water which starts to boil.
The cylinder begins to rotate when jets of steam first emerge from the four nozzles.
Steam is ejected at the same steady rate from each nozzle.

Figure 13

The water in the cylinder starts to boil at time t = 0 and is completely boiled away
at t = 355 s.

0 7 . 1 Show that during this time the rate of heat transfer to the water in the cylinder is
approximately 64 W.

specific latent heat of water = 2260 kJ kg−1

[2 marks]

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0 7 . 2 Assume that all of the heat transfer takes place through the base of the metal cylinder. box

Estimate the temperature difference across the base of the cylinder.

thermal conductivity of metal = 111 W m−1 K−1

radius r of cylinder = 1.60 × 10−2 m
thickness of base of the cylinder = 1.2 × 10−3 m
[3 marks]

temperature difference = K

0 7 . 3 Show that approximately 7 mg of steam is ejected from each nozzle per second.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 4 Explain why the cylinder experiences a resultant torque.

Refer to momentum in your answer.
[3 marks]

Question 7 continues on the next page

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Figure 14 shows the variation of the cylinder’s rotational frequency with time box

from t = 0 to t = 225 s.

Figure 14

0 7 . 5 Calculate the angular acceleration of the cylinder from t = 0 to t = 225 s.

[3 marks]

angular acceleration = rad s−2

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0 7 . 6 −4
The ejection of steam from the nozzles exerts a total torque of 1.94 × 10 N m on the box

cylinder.
The perpendicular distance R from the nozzle to the axis of rotation, as shown in
Figure 13, is 2.5 cm.

Calculate the speed at which steam is ejected from one nozzle.

[3 marks]

speed = m s−1

Question 7 continues on the next page

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Figure 15 shows the variation of the rotational frequency with time until the cylinder box

stops rotating.

Figure 15

0 7 . 7 The cylinder experiences a frictional torque.

Explain, without calculation, how the magnitude of the frictional torque can be
determined using data from Figure 15.

The moment of inertia of the cylinder is known.

[3 marks]

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0 7 . 8 The centre of mass of the cylinder does not exactly coincide with its vertical axis. box

This causes the cylinder to vibrate slightly as it rotates.

Between t = 230 s and t = 250 s, the angular acceleration of the cylinder decreases
significantly and the cylinder vibrates with a greater amplitude.

After t = 250 s, the amplitude of these vibrations decreases and the angular
acceleration increases again.

Suggest an explanation for the changes in amplitude of vibration and for the changes
in angular acceleration.
[3 marks]

22

END OF QUESTIONS

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