In class notes 11/9/2023

Indian Warfare
- The Shawnee Confederation (Tecumseh, “The Prophet”)
- The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) : $6 a scalp
The Prophet
- Wanted to stop trading with the Americans → felt they were ruining the way of life of
Native Americans
- Stop drinking whiskey → believed it was Americans way of making Native Americans
stupid and taking advantage of each other
The War of 1811
- William Henry Harrison defeats Prophet → drives them back to the Prophets town and
burned their city
-

Book Notes

10.3 Responsibility Breeds Moderation

- Jefferson inaugurated in 1801 & Washington DC = capital

■ 5 years US minister to France → fluent in French & knew world
■ Inaugural address → said minority should be represented as well → recognized
both Federalist & Republicans
■ Unconventional → dressed in sloppy attire, messages to Congress read by clerk,
etc.
○ Conscious/Insecure
○ Inconsistent → private citizen while also public official
- Washington DC = simplistic, Philadelphia = elegant (former capital)
- Win of Dem-Repub over Federalist = first party overturn
■ Jefferson showed moderation → but Fed appointees in office
 ■ Dem-Repubs couldn’t build following like Feds → political parties continued
either way

10.4 Jeffersonian Restraint

- Undo-Fed abuses like Alien/Sedition acts

■ Naturalization Law of 1802 → Reduced naturalization from 14 years to 5
■ Removed Excise Tax → targeted poor farmers
○ Cost fed gov $1 Mil
○ Albert Gallatin = Sec of Treasury → strict economy to reduce national
debt
- Left Fed framework → Fed programs to pay off debt, kept bank, didn’t repeal tariff

10.5 The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary

- Judiciary Act of 1801 → last law passed by Fed Congress → 16 new fed judgeships +
more offices
■ Judges called “midnight judges” because they were signed in last minute
- Resentment → lifetime post w/anti-Jeffersonian partisans → angered Republicans
■ Look to repeal Act → got rid of midnight judges
- Eye out for Chief Justice John Marshall → cousin of TJ
■ Strong-willed, powerful, served at Valley Forge → lifelong Fed bc he wanted
strong central gov
■ Fed party died out but his words stayed → massive influence
■ Midnight judge gave opportunity → William Marbury learned James Madison
was scamming money
○ Jeffersonians dismissive → Marshall rejected case & avoided political
showdown
○ Marshall ruled part of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional → Supreme
Court = new powers not previously assigned
 ● Judicial Review - Supreme Court has final say on Constitution →
slap in face for Jeffersonians
■ Counter to this → Jeffersonains tried to impeach Samuel Chase → didn’t work &
couldn’t pass in Senate

10.6 Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

- Jefferson reduces military establishment to 2500 men → less “republican” ideals more
idea of transcending above wars & Europe affairs
- Republicans distrusted large standing armies → dictatorship??
- Navies less feared but Jefferson doesn’t want to spend money on war stuff
■ Reality check when North African Pirates blackmailing ships in Mediterranean
■ Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US → cutdown flagstaff of American consulate
→ gauntlet thrown in Jefferson’s face
○ Launched infant navy to shores of Tripoli → peace treaty in 1805
○ Tripolitan War → small gunboats fascinated Jefferson → made a
“mosquito fleet”
● Fast but frail → won Jefferson votes bc no inc taxes

10.7 The Louisiana Godsend

- Pact signed in 1800 → Napoleon induced king of Spain to give France trans-Mississippi
region of Louisiana
- 1802 Spain withdrew right of deposit by Pickeny’s Treaty → angered farmers who talked
about storming New Orleans
■ Deposit privileges = floated produce down Mississippi to await oceangoing
vessels
- Thomas Jefferson urged to do something → if Napoleon got hands on Louisiana, would
take long to kick him back out → another war
■ Sent James Monroe to Paris to buy New Orleans for max of $10 mil
 ■ Said if French took Louisiana → US would ally w/Britain
- Napoleon sold for 2 reasons
■ Failed to conquer Haiti which was sugar-rich
○ Slave Rebellion in 1791 created semi-independent nation
○ Yellow fever also killed French Troops
■ Britain conflict about to end after 20 months → scared he would have to give
them Louisiana
○ Hoped US would handle British

10.8 Louisiana in the Long View

- Louisiana Purchase: Richest river valley in world → “Valley of Democracy”

■ Jefferson hoped framers would move west → believed self-sufficient farmers
were only citizens who could be relied upon to make decision for healthy
democracy
■ New democratic face → French Lousianians learned Washington gov agreed to
have legal code based off French law instead of English → Louisiana still French
today
- Indians forced out of homes → expansion for slavery
- All European powers out of America → break from Old World
- Corps of Discovery: Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
■ Went from St. Louis to North Dakota to northern prairies, Rockies, and Columbia
River
■ 2 ½ year of exploration → scientific discovery, maps, knowledge of Indians
○ Herds of Buffalo in Great Plains, Blackfoot Indians in Montana
○ Also showed how trail to Pacific was possible

10.10 A Precarious Neutrality

- Reelection in 1804 → Jefferson drops VP candidate Burr

 ■ Burr ran for gov of NY → blames Hamilton who questioned competence &
challenged him to duel
○ Killed Hamilton w/one shot → Hamilton refused to fire
○ Burr’s career died & so did Fed party
- Jefferson won w/overwhelming majority
- After getting rid of Louisiana, Napoleon reignites war w/Britain → US stuck w/old affairs
■ France most powerful on land, Britain overseas
■ Couldn’t hurt directly → indirect blows
○ London gov launched Orders in Council: closed Euro ports under French
control to control foreign shipping UNLESS first stopped @ British post
○ Napoleon seized merchant ships → including American
■ Impressment: Forcible enlistment of sailors → British concept & stole thousands
of men
○ Chesapeake Affair: Royal warship overhauled U.S. frigate off coast of
Virginia → Captain refused to cooperate & British killed 3 men
○ Jefferson could’ve launched war but didn't

10.11 The Hated Embargo

- Dangerous situation → national honor = defend but war = anti-Republican plus weak
navy & army bc of Jefferson
- Jefferson realizes both France & Britain use US for raw materials
■ Embargo Act: Prohibited export of all goods from US → peaceful coercion
○ Showed US’s neutrality if successful, if fail = demise of Republic & sucked
into war
● Hurt New England more than British and France were doing → hit
economy hard
● Hurt south too bc piles of cotton, grain, tobacco & nowhere to
send
 ○ Illicit trade boom → Canadian border
● Turtle used as symbol - revived Federalist party
● Dem-Repubs threatened → repealed Embargo 3 days before
Jefferson’s retirement
■ Substituted w/Non-Intercourse Act
○ Reopened trade w/everyone except France & England
○ Didn’t have as big impact on British & French
● British blessed w/bumper crops & Latin America ports opened for
trade
● France could afford w/out US → Napoleon had control over most
of Europe
- Jefferson misunderstood unpopularity of embargo → so hated that it started revolt
■ New England picked up on manufacturing
- Still, everything led to war in 1812

10.12 Madison’s Gamble

- Madison becomes pres as conflict roars to climax → oath in 1809

■ Light, bald, weak voice but cripples as President → could not dominate Congress
- Non-Intercourse Act about to expire → Congress dismantled embargo completely
w/Macon’s Bill No. 2
■ Madison angered bc showed US was dependent on other nations → left it
dangling for either Britain or France to stop attacking & start trading
○ Napoleon took his chance → trade restrictions lifted if French decrees
disappeared
○ Madison didn’t trust Napoleon but realized US-France trade could inspire
Britain to remove restrictions
● Britain did not’ repeal Orders in Council → thought US could trade
with them or noone → embargo against Britain placed again
 - Madison’s Gamble fails

10.13 Tecumseh and the Prophet

- Twelfth Congress on fire to fight → older “submission men” replaced w/younger “war
hawks”
■ Detested how sailors were being treated & further Orders in Council hurt
American trade
■ Wiped out Indian threat in trans-Allegheny wilderness → Indians pushed out
west
- Two brothers, Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa - “The Prophet” → time to take action
■ Great Lakes - France had left & US was moving in so Indians couldn’t stay neutral
■ Both brothers made confederacy of native American tribes east of Mississippi →
gave up western ideals like colorful clothing, alcohol, etc.
- Congress convinced that scalp-buyers in Canada were helping Indians → fall of 1811
William Henry Harrison gathered army & marched on headquarters
■ Tecumseh absent - recruiting support in the south
■ Prophet attacked Harrison’s army → Battle of Tippecanoe
○ Made WHH a national hero - discredited Prophet & drove Tecumseh into
alliance w/British
○ Fought w/redcoats until 1813 - end of Indian confederacy

10.14 Mr. Madison’s War

- Spring of 1812 - War w/Britain is inevitable → Britain pointing Indians plus war hawks
pressuring
■ Wipe out Canada → Indians couldn’t be supplied plus would hurt the British
- Madison → restore confidence in Republican experiment
■ Previously Dem-Repub ideas led to more internal conflict but now time for
assertion of American rights
 ○ Democracy & could protect itself → war fever spread - test to determine
competence
- Asks Congress to declare war - June, 1 1812 → congress obliged in 2 weeks
■ Support came from South, West, & Republican-popular states like Pennsylvania
& Virginia
■ Federalists hated but support in New England
○ Feds symp w/Britain → hated Napoleon & didn’t trust him
○ Sent money to Canada & helped British armies invade NY → governors
refused to permit militias to serve outside of state
- Once again divided US but no other choice than to fight the war

11.1 On to Canada over Land and Lakes

- War of 1812 - Reg army was poorly trained - some generals were from Rev War years
prior so old & senile
■ Canada imp battleground bc British weakest there
○ Could’ve attacked Montreal bc everything would have collapsed but
instead went for Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain → failed
■ British captured Michilimackinac → control of upper Great Lakes is very IMP - led
by Issac Brock
■ Several American invasions unsuccessful in 1813 BUT success w/navy
○ Better gunners & manned by non-press-gang crews
○ Better ships than British
■ Oliver Hazard Perry made fleet of green-timbered ships - captured British fleet →
redcoats retreat from Detroit and Fort Malden → beaten @ Battle of Thames
- By 1814, Americans barely holding out → Napoleon’s adversaries vanished but left
British available to fight US
■ Crushing blow into NY in 1814 but Thomas Macdonough flipped w/close victory
■ Army forced to retreat & saved upper NY
11.2 Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

- 2nd British force landed in Chesapeake Bay 1814

■ Went to Washington & burned Capitol & White House
■ Baltimore held strong → fleet hammered Fort McHenry but could not capture
○ Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner while being detained on a
British ship
- 3rd blow @ New Orleans
■ Hit entire Mississippi River Valley
○ Andrew Jackson placed in command right after crushing SW indians @
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
○ Made up of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, militiamen from
LA, KT, TN
■ British army blundered in 1815 → killed 2000 in half an hour compared to 70
Americans
■ Battle of New Orleans = hope bc new victory → Andrew Jackson = national hero
- Royal Navy retaliated by naval blockade along cost → economic life like fishing was
crippled

11.3 The Treaty of Ghent

- Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation - brought 5 American peacemakers to

Belgian city of Ghent in 1814
■ Led by John Quiny Adams - son of John Adams
- British envoys made demands for neutralized buffer state in GL region, control of GL, &
part of Maine but Americans rejected
■ News of American victories made London more willing to compromise
■ Congress of Vienna - new Napoleonic proposed maps so British occupied
- Treaty of Ghent signed 1814 was armistice to stop fighting = no grievances
■ No mention of Indian menace, search & seizure, Orders in Council, impressment,
& confiscations
 ■ Not a win for US but gave US confidence

11.4 Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

- New England still defiant - trade w/enemy in Canada

■ Extremists became more vocal - minority proposed succession
■ “Blue Light” Federalists - shone lights to alert British cruisers to stop escape of
American ships
- Hartford Convention - Massachusetts issued - group of Feds contemplating treason
■ Less radical than thought - final report was moderate
○ Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
○ 2/3rd Congress vote for proposing embargos, admitting states, or
declaring wars
○ Abolish 3/5ths clause, limit presidents to single term, not allow 2 pres
back to back from same state
■ Carried demands to Washington - last of Fed party
○ Still talks of succession in New England but never implemented
11.5 The Aftermath of War

- Small war - only 6,000 Americans wounded

- Ended in stalemate but had losers - Native Americans
■ Iroquois nations fell
■ Tecumseh weakened by Battle of Tippecanoe
○ Death stopped alliance in northern tribes but message in south lived on
■ Creeks in Alabama began killing Creeks w/white ways of life → knows as Red
Sticks
○ Came in conflict w/US army
- Creek War supplied by Spanish forces in florida → fought by Creeks & some Cherokee
against Americans
■ Jackson defeated red sticks in 1814 → Treaty of Fort Jackson to give Americans
20 mil acres of land
■ Indian allies had no choice but to accept → lost land in Old Northwest & land
north of ohio River
■ New gen of leaders for America → Jackson & Harrison w/good reputations to
presidency
- Candians mad w/Treaty of Ghent
■ No buffer state
■ Rush-Bagot Agreement: Limited naval armament on lakes - better relations
brought border down
- Napoleon’s defeat @ Waterloo = Europe exhausted → Americans ditched east

11.6 Nascent Nationalism

- Increased nationalism bc of war → didn’t win but thought they won

- Literature from Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper got recognition → North
American Review began 1815
 - Ashes of Washington turned into capital
- Navy improved after beating from North Africa

11.7 “The American System”

- American cities small but mechanization began --< textile mills sprouting
■ American manufacturing for cotton & wool
■ Artisan shops breaking down & machines became popular
- British flooding American market w/goods → cutting prices below new American
factories
■ Effort to gain back lost ground → seemed as if new target on manufacturing
instead of on land
■ Tariff of 1816: 20-25% on imports - safeguards for American market
- Henry Clay plan for profitable home market → scheme called American System
■ Strong banking system which has easy/abundant credit
■ Protective tariff
■ Network of roads/canals (Ohio Valley especially)
○ Foodstuffs/raw materials from South and West → manufactured goods
back from North and East
○ Invading Canada failed partially bc of no roads → Congress made move to
pay $1.5 mil to states but Madison vetoed saying unconstitutionality

11.13 John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

- Aggressive Chief Justice John Marshall → McCulloch vs. Maryland

■ State of Maryland to destroy branch of Bank of US by imposing taxes → declared
bank constitutional
■ Power to tax involves power to destroy & power to create implies power to
preserve
- Favored loose construction → Constitution derived from consent of people
 ■ Intended to endure for ages → adapted to crises of human affairs
- Cohens v. Virginia - Opportunity for Marshall to defend fed power
■ Cohen brothers guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets BUT Marshall showed how
judicial branch had rights to review state supreme courts
- Gibbons v. Ogden - Interstate commerce only controlled by Congress - blow @ states’
rights
-

11.14 Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

- Fletcher v. Peck - Georgia granted 35 mil acres to private speculators → Marshall said
grant was contract & Constitution forbids state laws “impairing’ contracts
■ Fed laws over state laws
- Dartmouth College v. Woodward
■ College granted charter by King George III but NH changed it → Dartmouth
appealed
■ Marshall ruled original charter must stand
- Marshall & Daniel Webster good friends → similar decisions one in Senate & other in
Supreme Court

11.5 The Aftermath of the War

- The War of 1812 was a small war → six thousand Americans killed or wounded
- Ended in a stalemate
- Neither side was able to subdue the other
- Native Americans were the clear loser
- Often fought besides their allies
- Iroquois nations of Upper New York remained neutral
- Tecumseh and his allies aided the British
 - Tecumseh's death sealed the fate of Indian cooperation among the
Northern tribes, but hirs message lived on in the South (Creeks in
Alabama)

- Creeks began killing other Creeks in 1813 for had taken on white ways of life
- Known as “Red Sticks” → came into conflict with the United States Army
- Led to the Creek War
- Red Sticks were supplied by the Spanish forces in Florida, fought against their
fellow Creeks, some Cherokee, and a variety of American militias.
- Andrew Jackon defeated the last Red Sticks in 1814
→ Imposed the illegal Treaty of Fort Jackson on all the Creeks
- Obliged them to cede over 20 million acres of territory

- Native Americans had no choice but to accept terms imposed by the America
- Lost areas of forested land north of the Ohio River

- The war inaugurate a new generation of leaders

- Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison emerged as war heroes and both
rode that popularity all the way to the presidency

- What were some of the positives that came out of the War of 1812
- Manufacturing prospered
- Increased American independence
- Lowered dependence on Europe

- Canadian nationalism and patriotism

- Received a powerful stimulus during the clash
- Felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent
 - Aggrieved because they could not achieve an Indian buffer state

- Rush-Ragot agreement
- Limited naval armament on the lakes
- Better relations between US and Canada brought border fortifications down
- Resulted in USA and Canada sharing the world's longest unfortified boundary
5527 miles longs
- Napoleon's Defeat
- Defeated in June at Waterloo (1815)
- Old World → returns to conservatism
- American people largely unaffected by European developments
→ focused towards the task of building their democracy

11-15 Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida (Moderation)

- Robust nationalism of the years after the War of 1812 reflected in the shaping of foreign
policy

Monroe Administration
- Teamed up with John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)
- Negotiated Anglo-American Convention of 1818 with Britain
- Allowed Americans to share the “Newfoundland” fisheries with Canada
- Fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana
- Provided for a 10 year joint occupation of the Oregon Country, without
surrender of the rights or claims of America or Britain

- Americans already claimed West Florida

- American settlers tore down the Spanish Flag in 1810
- Congress ratified the “grab” in 1812
 - An epidemic of revolutions broke out in South America
- Chile, Argentina, Venezuela → Americans cheered on the creation of sister
republics
- Caused Spain to remove troops from Florida to combat the rebels

- Andrew Jackson saw opportunity in the undefended swamplands

- Jackson secured a commission to enter Spanish territory, punish the Indians, and
recapture all the runaways
- Still had to respect all Spanish posts

- Early in 1818 Jackson swept across the Florida border

- Hung two Indian chiefs
- Executed two british subjects
- Seized the two most important Spanish posts (St. Marks and Pensacola)
- President Monroe consulted the cabinet where everyone except John Quincy
Adams wanted to disavow him
- John Quincy Adams demanded concessions from Spain
- Florida Purchase Treaty in 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty) → Spain ceded Florida and
claims to Oregon in exchange for America’s abandonment of claims to Texas

11-16 The Menace of Monarchy in America

- After Napoleon's empire fell, the rethroned autocrats of Europe banded together in a
Monarchial Protective Association
- Wanted to restore the “good old days”
- Wanted to stamp out the democratic tendencies that had sprouts from the
ideals of the French Revolution
Monarchical Protective Association
- Smothered the embers of popular rebellions in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823)
- Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France, who were acting in partnership, were to send
powerful fleets and armies to the revolted colonies of Spanish America and there
restore the autocratic Spanish King
- Americans were alarmed by this
- Americans feared that if the European powers intervene in the New World, the cause of
republicanism would suffer irreparable harm
- Also feared for the physical security of the United States among close proximity
of powerful enemy forces

Russian push from present day Alaska, had already published the menace of monarchy to
North America
- In 1821 the tsar of Russia issued a decree extending Russian jurisdiction over one
hundred miles of the open sea down to the line of 51, an area that embraced most of
the coast of present day British Columbia
- Russians had already established trading posts as far south as San Francisco Bay
- American fear grew that the Russians wanted to cut the republic off from
California

Great Britain still the Ruler of the Seas, was now beginning to play a lone hand role on the
complicated international stage
- Recoiled from joining hands with the continental European powers in crushing the
newly won liberties of the Spanish Americans
- These revolutionaries had thrown open their monopoly bound ports to outside trade,
and British shippers, as well as Americans, had found the profits sweet
 - In August 1823 George Canning (British foreign secretary) approached the American
minister in London → asked if the USA would combine with British in joint declaration
renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning
the European despots to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics
- American minister didn't know what to do so so he referred the plan to his
superiors in Washington

11-17 Monroe and His Doctrine

- Secretary Adams was weary of of Britain's bearing gifts

- Adams questioned why Britain the country with the greatest navy in the world would
want to ally with the USA
- Adams thought he detected the joker in the Canning proposal
- British feared that the aggressive Yankees would one day seize Spanish territory
in the Americas which could jeopardize Britain’s possession in the Caribbean
- If Canning could get US support in upholding integrity in the New World,
America’s own hand would be morally tied
- Adams believed a self-denying alliance with Britain would not only hamper
American expansion, but it was also unnecessary
- Adams suspected that the European powers had not hatched any plans for
invading the Americas
- Britain navy would prevent approaching hostile fleets anyway because of
South American markets
- Distress of the Old World set the stage once again for an American
diplomatic soup

The Monroe Doctrine

- Born in late 1823 when Adams won over Monroe into his nationalistic way of thinking
- Monroe issued a strong warning to European powers in his annual message to Congress
 - Main features were noncolonization and nonintervention
- Monroe directed his message primarily at Russia in the Northwest
- He claimed in effect that the era of colonization in the Americas was over and
hunting season was permanently closed
- What great powers had they might keep, but neither they nor the Old World
governments could seize or otherwise acquire more
- Monroe also warned against foreign intervention
- He was concerned with Spanish American republics
- He directed the crowned heads of Europe to keep their hated monarchical
systems out of this hemisphere
- US would not interfere in the war that the Greeks were fighting against the Turks
for their independence

Monroe Doctrine Appraised

- Monarchs of Europe were angered at Monroe’s doctrine

- Deeply offended by Monroe’s declaration because of the difference between
Americas announcements and and its puny military strength
- Europeans couldn't attack because they would be helpless before the British
Navy

- Monroe's warning made little splash in the new republics to the South
- Only a few knew of the message and most knew Uncle Sam was only concerned
about defending himself against future invasions
- Recognized the British navy stood between them and hostile Europe not James
Monroes

- The Russian tsar had decided to retreat even before Monroe's message
- Did this through the Russo-American Treaty of 1824
 - Monroe was concerned about the security of USA not other Latin American countries
- The USA has never permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near
its strategic Caribbean vitals, but in the absence of the British navy or other
allies, the strength of the Monroe Doctrine has never been greater than
America's power to reject the trespasser

- The Monroe Doctrine had a lots of ups and downs

- It was not a pledge or agreement
- It was simply a personalized statement of the policy of President monroe

- The Monroe Doctrine was largely an expression of the post 1812 nationalism energizing
the USA
- Proved to be the most famous of all the long lived offspring of that nationalism

12-1 The Corrupt Bargain of 1824

- James Monroe the last of the Virginia Dynasty completes his second term
- Four Candidates Emerged
- John Quincey Adams of Massachusetts
- Henry Clay of Kentucky
- William H Crawford of Georgia
- Andrew Jackson of Tennessee
All four rivals professed to be “Republicans”

- The results of the campaign were interesting and confusing

 - Jackson had the strongest personal appeal especially in the West, where he
campaigned against the forces of corruption (deep state) and privilege in
government resonated deeply (deep state again) → Similar to Trumpism
- Had almost as many popular votes as his rivals but failed to win a majority of the
electoral votes
- House of Representatives chose among the top three → Clay had to pick
- Clay hated Andrew Jackson → assured John Quincey Adams of his support
- Adams made Henry Clay the new secretary of state
- Jackson claimed Adam bribed Clay and they “stole the election” → enraged the
common man
- The Common man wanted to revolt

12-2 A Yankee Misfit in the White House

- Adams was irritable, sarcastic, and tactless but was extremely smart
- Well versed in statecraft → foreign policy
- One of the most successful secretaries of states but one of the least successful
presidents
- First minority president, less than 1/3rd of voters had voted for him
- Would never win popular support
- His enemies accused him of being corrupt, but his political allies wished that he would
be more corrupt → wanted more of his political allies to hold office
→ Adams declined
- Only removed twelve public servants from the federal payroll → angered Adams
followers
- Adams nationalism gave him further woes
- Urged congress to construct roads and canals
- Renewed George Washington’s proposal for a national university → advocated for
federal support
- Public reaction was unfavorable
 - Public saw it as a waste of public funds
- South was mad since if the gov took on financial burdens they would keep tariffs
to make money
- Also afraid federal gov could meddle in local affairs such as education and
roads, and try to put their hands on slavery

12-3 Land and the “Five Civilized Tribes”

- Adams land policy antagonized large parts of the country
- Westerners wanted wide open expansion and wanted to remove Indians
- William Clark lost election because people believed he accommodate too much
to Indians
- In the southeast, white settlement encroached on the lands of the so-called Five
Civilized Tribes → Cherokee,Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole
- These tribes were deemed “civilized” because their ways of life
resembled those of whites → practiced farming, acquired slaves, many
where christian

- Cherokee man named Sequoyah had developed an alphabet for the Cherokee
language → Cherokee wrote a constitution and produced a newspaper - the
Cherokee Phoenix
- Aimed at whites who had justified the seizure of Native American land
with claims that Indians were not using it, or that they were “uncivilized”,
the Five Civilized Tribes represented a serious challenge

- Southern states pushed to remove Indian nations → Georgia led the way seeking
to expel the Cherokee
- Adams attempted deal fairly with the Indians, but GA governor resisted
the efforts of the Washington government to interpose federal authority
on behalf of the cherokees
 - Another nail was driven in Adam’s political coffin

12-4 Going Whole Hog for Jackson in 1828

- Andrew Jackson’s next presidential campaign started on February 9, 1825, the day of
John Quincy Adams election by the house (Just like Trump)
- Before the election of 1828 the temporarily united Republicans of the Era of Good
feelings had split into two camps → National Republicans with Adams and Democratic-
Republicans with Jackson
- Jackson’s followers presented him as the champion of the common man
- Denounced Adams as a corrupt aristocrat who had thwarted the will of the people
- Jackson was rich but his supporters believed he was the only one to right the wrongs
that had been done (exactly like Trump)
- Adams supporters described Jackson’s mother as a prostitute and his wife as an
adultress
- Jackson’s supporters attacked Adam for having “gaming tables” and “gambling
furniture”
- Accused adam of being a pimp
- On elections at the electorate split on sectional lines
- Jackson’s strongest support came from the West and the South
- Middle and the old Northwest were divided
- Adams won New England and some of the Northeast
- Jackson triumphed winning popular and electoral votes
- Old Hickory had trounced adams by an electoral count of 178 - 83

12-13 The Birth of the Whigs

- Jackson’s opponents touted him as “King Andrew I” and began to coalesce as the Whigs
- The Whig party contained many diverse elements that it was initially mocked at first as
“an organized incompatibility”
 - Emerged as an identifiable group in the Senate, where Clay, Webster, and
Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his removal
of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States
- Whigs developed into a potent national political force by attracting other groups
alienated by Jackson
- Whigs believed they were conservatives, yet they were progressive in their
support of government programs and reforms
- Called for canals, railroads, and telegraph lines
- Supported institutions like prisons, asylums, and public schools
- Supported market economy → drew in support from manufacturers in
the North, planters in the South, and merchants and bankers in all
sections

- The egalitarian Anti-Masons portrayed Jackson, and his NY successor Martin Van Buren,
as imperious aristocrats
- Turned Jacksonian rhetoric on its head: Whigs claims to be the defenders of the
common man and declared the Democrats were the party of cronyism and
corruption

The Election of 1836

- Martin Van Buren was Jackson’s choice as his successor
- Too old to serve third term (Jackson)
- Jackson rigged the nominating convention and rammed his favorite down the throats of
the delegates
- Van Buren was supported by the Jacksonites without wild enthusiasm, even though he
had promised “to tread generally” in the military based footsteps of his predecessor
- Whigs did not nominate a single candidate → wanted to scatter the vote so it could be
broken by the house of representatives
- Henry Clay was the favorite → Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe
 - Van Buren won by the close popular vote and EC 170 - 124

12-15 Big Woes for the “Little Magician”

- Martin Van Buren (8th President) was the first to be born under the American flag
- “Machine-Made candidate”
- Incurred resentment of many democrats
- Jackson had been dynamic MVB seemed to rattle about in the military boots of
Jackson
- Inherited AJ’s mantle without his popularity, MVB also inherited the presidents
enemies

- Led short lived rebellions in Canada in 1837

- Because of political reform but aggravated by unregulated immigration from the
United States
- MVB attempted to stay neutral which led to wail “Woe to MVB”

- Antislavery agitators in the North Were Mad

- Jackson left to Van Buren the makings of a depression

12-16 Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasure

- Improvements in transportation and communication connected the growing nation as
never before
- Roads, canals, steamboats, and early railroads made the products of one region
available hundreds or thousands of miles away
- This movement of money and goods meant the value of a bank note in kentucky
could affect prices in England (info was slow-moving and inaccurate)

- The panic of 1837 was a symptom of this rapid but irregular growth
- Fluctuating currencies, rampant speculation, and hazards of enterprise over long
distances, and rumors of failures among businesses sparked failures in other
places
- Quick ways to get rich created unstable investments in hazardous ventures
- Jacksonian finance, including the Bank War and the Specie Circular, gave an
additional jolt to an already teetering structure
- Failures of crops deepened the distress
- Grain prices were forced so high that mobs in New York City stormed
warehouses and broke open flour barrels
- Failure of banks in Britain created tremors and this caused British investors to
call in foreign loans
- The resulting pinch in the USA with other setbacks started the beginning
of the panic
- Europe’s economic distresses have often become America’s distress